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class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Early_life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Early life</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-University_professor_and_early_advocacy_for_German_customs_union:_1817–1820" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#University_professor_and_early_advocacy_for_German_customs_union:_1817–1820"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>University professor and early advocacy for German customs union: 1817–1820</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-University_professor_and_early_advocacy_for_German_customs_union:_1817–1820-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Member_of_Württemberg_parliament_and_imprisonment:_1820–1824" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Member_of_Württemberg_parliament_and_imprisonment:_1820–1824"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Member of Württemberg parliament and imprisonment: 1820–1824</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Member_of_Württemberg_parliament_and_imprisonment:_1820–1824-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Exile_in_United_States:_1825–1833" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Exile_in_United_States:_1825–1833"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Exile in United States: 1825–1833</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Exile_in_United_States:_1825–1833-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Leipzig,_railway_promotion_and_encyclopedist:_1833–1837" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Leipzig,_railway_promotion_and_encyclopedist:_1833–1837"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Leipzig, railway promotion and encyclopedist: 1833–1837</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Leipzig,_railway_promotion_and_encyclopedist:_1833–1837-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Journalism_and_The_National_System:_1837–1841" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Journalism_and_The_National_System:_1837–1841"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6</span> <span>Journalism and <i>The National System</i>: 1837–1841</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Journalism_and_The_National_System:_1837–1841-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Later_years:_1841–1846" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Later_years:_1841–1846"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.7</span> <span>Later years: 1841–1846</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Later_years:_1841–1846-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Views" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Views"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Views</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Views-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Views subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Views-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Nationalist_view_of_political_economy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nationalist_view_of_political_economy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Nationalist view of political economy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nationalist_view_of_political_economy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Stages_of_economic_development" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Stages_of_economic_development"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Stages of economic development</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Stages_of_economic_development-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Railways" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Railways"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Railways</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Railways-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Britain_and_world_trade" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Britain_and_world_trade"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Britain and world trade</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Britain_and_world_trade-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Influences" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Influences"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Influences</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Influences-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Personal_life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Personal_life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Personal life</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Personal_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Legacy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Works_in_English_translation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Works_in_English_translation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Works in English translation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Works_in_English_translation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Bibliography subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Books_and_book_chapters" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Books_and_book_chapters"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Books and book chapters</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Books_and_book_chapters-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Articles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Articles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Articles</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Articles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Friedrich List</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 34 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-34" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">34 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AF%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B4_%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%AA" title="فريدريش لست – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="فريدريش لست" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fridrix_List" title="Fridrix List – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Fridrix List" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_List" title="Friedrich List – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Friedrich List" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_List" title="Friedrich List – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Friedrich List" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_List" title="Friedrich List – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Friedrich List" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_List" title="Friedrich List – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Friedrich List" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_List" title="Friedrich List – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Friedrich List" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_List" title="Friedrich List – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Friedrich List" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%AF%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%B4_%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%B3%D8%AA" title="فریدریش لیست – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="فریدریش لیست" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_List" title="Friedrich List – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Friedrich List" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%94%84%EB%A6%AC%EB%93%9C%EB%A6%AC%ED%9E%88_%EB%A6%AC%EC%8A%A4%ED%8A%B8" title="프리드리히 리스트 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="프리드리히 리스트" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_List" title="Friedrich List – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Friedrich List" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_List" title="Friedrich List – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Friedrich List" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_List" title="Friedrich List – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Friedrich List" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_List" title="Friedrich List – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Friedrich List" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%93%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%9A_%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%A1%D7%98" title="פרידריך ליסט – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="פרידריך ליסט" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Fridericus_List" title="Daniel Fridericus List – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Daniel Fridericus List" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_List" title="Friedrich List – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Friedrich List" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AF%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B4_%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%AA" title="فريدريش لست – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="فريدريش لست" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_List" title="Friedrich List – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Friedrich List" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%95%E3%83%AA%E3%83%BC%E3%83%89%E3%83%AA%E3%83%83%E3%83%92%E3%83%BB%E3%83%AA%E3%82%B9%E3%83%88" title="フリードリッヒ・リスト – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="フリードリッヒ・リスト" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_List" title="Friedrich List – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Friedrich List" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_Fridrix" title="List Fridrix – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="List Fridrix" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%AF%D8%B1%DB%8C%DA%A9_%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%B3%D8%AA" title="فریدریک لیست – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="فریدریک لیست" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_List" title="Friedrich List – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Friedrich List" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_List" title="Friedrich List – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Friedrich List" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82,_%D0%94%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C_%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%85" title="Лист, Даниель Фридрих – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Лист, Даниель Фридрих" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_List" title="Friedrich List – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Friedrich List" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_List" title="Friedrich List – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Friedrich List" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_List" title="Friedrich List – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Friedrich List" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_List" title="Friedrich List – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Friedrich List" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D1%96%D0%B4%D1%80%D1%96%D1%85_%D0%9B%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82" title="Фрідріх Ліст – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Фрідріх Ліст" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_List" title="Friedrich 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searchaux" style="display:none">German-born American economist (1789–1846)</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Friedrich List</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Friedrich_List_1845_crop.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Friedrich_List_1845_crop.jpg/220px-Friedrich_List_1845_crop.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="240" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Friedrich_List_1845_crop.jpg/330px-Friedrich_List_1845_crop.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Friedrich_List_1845_crop.jpg/440px-Friedrich_List_1845_crop.jpg 2x" data-file-width="831" data-file-height="905" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Lithography of List by <a href="/wiki/Josef_Kriehuber" title="Josef Kriehuber">Josef Kriehuber</a>, 1845</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">Daniel Friedrich List</div><br /><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1789-08-06</span>)</span>6 August 1789<br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Reutlingen" title="Reutlingen">Reutlingen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_W%C3%BCrttemberg" title="Duchy of Württemberg">Duchy of Württemberg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">30 November 1846<span style="display:none">(1846-11-30)</span> (aged 57)<br /><div style="display:inline" class="deathplace"><a href="/wiki/Kufstein" title="Kufstein">Kufstein</a>, <a href="/wiki/County_of_Tyrol" title="County of Tyrol">County of Tyrol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Austrian_Empire" title="Austrian Empire">Austrian Empire</a>, <a href="/wiki/German_Confederation" title="German Confederation">German Confederation</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Nationality</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Germans" title="Germans">German</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Academic career</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Field</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Economics" title="Economics">Economics</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">School or<br />tradition</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Historical_school_of_economics" title="Historical school of economics">Historical School</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Influences</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Jean-Antoine_Chaptal" title="Jean-Antoine Chaptal">Jean-Antoine Chaptal</a> · <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Hamilton" title="Alexander Hamilton">Alexander Hamilton</a> · <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Raymond" title="Daniel Raymond">Daniel Raymond</a> · <a href="/wiki/Adolphe_Thiers" title="Adolphe Thiers">Adolphe Thiers</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Contributions</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/National_innovation_system" title="National innovation system">National innovation system</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Historical_school_of_economics" title="Historical school of economics">Historical school of economics</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Signature</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span class="infobox-signature skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Fredrich_List_signature_1845.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Fredrich_List_signature_1845.svg/150px-Fredrich_List_signature_1845.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="43" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Fredrich_List_signature_1845.svg/225px-Fredrich_List_signature_1845.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Fredrich_List_signature_1845.svg/300px-Fredrich_List_signature_1845.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="200" /></a></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Daniel Friedrich List</b> (6 August 1789 – 30 November 1846) was a German entrepreneur, diplomat, <a href="/wiki/Economist" title="Economist">economist</a> and <a href="/wiki/Political_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Political theory">political theorist</a> who developed the <a href="/wiki/Economic_nationalism" title="Economic nationalism">nationalist theory of political economy</a> in both Europe and the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFreeman1995_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFreeman1995-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHelleiner2020_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHelleiner2020-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHelleiner2021_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHelleiner2021-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Britannica_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Britannica-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was a forefather of the German <a href="/wiki/Historical_school_of_economics" title="Historical school of economics">historical school of economics</a> and argued for the <a href="/wiki/Zollverein" title="Zollverein">Zollverein</a> (a pan-German customs union) from a nationalist standpoint.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETribe200736_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETribe200736-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He advocated raising tariffs on imported goods while supporting free trade of domestic goods and stated the cost of a tariff should be seen as an investment in a nation's future productivity.<sup id="cite_ref-Britannica_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Britannica-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His theories and writing also influenced the <a href="/wiki/American_School_(economics)" title="American School (economics)">American school of economics</a>. </p><p>List was a political liberal<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHagemannWendler201858–62_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHagemannWendler201858–62-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> who collaborated with <a href="/wiki/Karl_von_Rotteck" title="Karl von Rotteck">Karl von Rotteck</a> and <a href="/wiki/Carl_Theodor_Welcker" title="Carl Theodor Welcker">Carl Theodor Welcker</a> on the <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rotteck-Welckersches_Staatslexikon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rotteck-Welckersches Staatslexikon (page does not exist)">Rotteck-Welckersches Staatslexikon</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotteck-Welckersches_Staatslexikon" class="extiw" title="de:Rotteck-Welckersches Staatslexikon">de</a>]</span></i>, an encyclopedia of political science that advocated <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_liberalism" title="Constitutional liberalism">constitutional liberalism</a> and which influenced the <i><a href="/wiki/Vorm%C3%A4rz" title="Vormärz">Vormärz</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWendler201412,_135–137_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWendler201412,_135–137-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the time in Europe, liberal and nationalist ideas were almost inseparably linked, and political liberalism was not yet attached to what was later considered "economic liberalism."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHagemannWendler201858–62_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHagemannWendler201858–62-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Emmanuel_Todd" title="Emmanuel Todd">Emmanuel Todd</a> considers List a forerunner to <a href="/wiki/John_Maynard_Keynes" title="John Maynard Keynes">John Maynard Keynes</a> as a theorist of "moderate or regulated capitalism."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWendler2014220_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWendler2014220-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Biography">Biography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Friedrich_List&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Biography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_life">Early life</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Friedrich_List&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Early life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Daniel Friedrich List was born in the <a href="/wiki/Free_imperial_city" title="Free imperial city">free imperial city</a> of <a href="/wiki/Reutlingen" title="Reutlingen">Reutlingen</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_W%C3%BCrttemberg" title="Duchy of Württemberg">Duchy of Württemberg</a>. His date of birth is uncertain, but his baptism is usually given as August 6, 1789.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHirst19091_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHirst19091-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His father, Johannes (1746–1813), was a prosperous <a href="/wiki/Tanner_(occupation)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tanner (occupation)">master tanner</a> and a city official, and his mother was Maria Magdalena (née Schäfer). Daniel Friedrich was the second son and youngest child in his family.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHirst19092–4_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHirst19092–4-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was educated at the town's Latin School. As an apprentice at his father's tanning business, List showed little interest in manual labor. He was apprenticed as a bureaucratic clerk at <a href="/wiki/Blaubeuren" title="Blaubeuren">Blaubeuren</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHirst19092–4_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHirst19092–4-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After passing his examination, he entered the administrative service in 1805 and became Taxes and Warehouses Commissioner in <a href="/wiki/Schelklingen" title="Schelklingen">Schelklingen</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHirst19092–4_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHirst19092–4-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="University_professor_and_early_advocacy_for_German_customs_union:_1817–1820"><span id="University_professor_and_early_advocacy_for_German_customs_union:_1817.E2.80.931820"></span>University professor and early advocacy for German customs union: 1817–1820</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Friedrich_List&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: University professor and early advocacy for German customs union: 1817–1820"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>At age 23 in 1811, List was promoted to a post at <a href="/wiki/T%C3%BCbingen" title="Tübingen">Tübingen</a>. While there, he regularly attended lectures at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_T%C3%BCbingen" title="University of Tübingen">University of Tübingen</a> and expanded his reading. He also made the acquaintance of the future minister <a href="/w/index.php?title=Johannes_von_Schlayer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Johannes von Schlayer (page does not exist)">Johannes von Schlayer</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannes_von_Schlayer" class="extiw" title="de:Johannes von Schlayer">de</a>]</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHirst19092–4_11-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHirst19092–4-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1816, List's position in the bureaucracy was improved as the succession of King <a href="/wiki/William_I_of_W%C3%BCrttemberg" title="William I of Württemberg">William I of Württemberg</a> ushered in a period of reform. Under minister <a href="/w/index.php?title=Karl_August_von_Wangenheim&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Karl August von Wangenheim (page does not exist)">Karl August von Wangenheim</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_August_von_Wangenheim" class="extiw" title="de:Karl August von Wangenheim">de</a>]</span>, later his sponsor, List rose quickly through the bureaucracy. He moved to the Ministry of Finance in <a href="/wiki/Stuttgart" title="Stuttgart">Stuttgart</a> and rose to the position of chief auditor and accountant in 1816. In that role, he commissioned surveys among emigrants from Baden and Württemberg for the purpose of studying the increase in emigration and enacting countermeasures.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Von Wangenheim, who had meanwhile been appointed Minister for Church and School Affairs for the Duchy, commissioned List to propose reforms to university civil service training. List proposed establishing a political science faculty alongside the standard legal training, arguing in 1817: </p> <blockquote><p>"No one in our University has any conception of a national economy. No one teaches the science of agriculture, forestry, mining, industry, or trade. ... [T]he forms of government are in such a truly barbarous state, that if an official of the seventeenth century rose again from the dead he could at once take up his old work, though he would assuredly be astonished to find the advances that had been made during the interval in the simplest process of manufacture."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHirst19098_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHirst19098-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>This proposal was accepted and the institution opened in Tübingen on October 17, 1817. Despite lacking a university degree, List was appointed professor of public administration science at the insistence of Von Wangenheim. The established professors and the university committees opposed the appointment on the grounds that List had only achieved his position through <a href="/wiki/Patronage" title="Patronage">patronage</a>, and they accused him of incompetence. </p><p>List published his thoughts on these reform in the short book <i>Die Staatskunde und Staatspraxis Württembergs</i> (1818). He further published arguments for constitutional liberalism in the magazine <i>Volksfreund aus Schwaben, a national newspaper for morality, freedom and law</i>. His journalistic activities drew suspicion from the new Württemberg government, and List was compelled to submit a petition to the king to defend himself against accusations of subversion. </p><p>In 1819, List traveled to <a href="/wiki/Frankfurt" title="Frankfurt">Frankfurt</a> and organized local merchants to establish the General German Trade and Industry Association. This association, which was later renamed the "Association of German Merchants and Manufacturers", is considered the first German business association of the modern era. List thus stands at the beginning of the economic association system that has been typical of German economic history since the 19th century.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> List formulated the association's opposition to customs borders between the various German states and first envisioned the creation of a large German common market as a necessary prerequisite for the industrialization of Germany.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With regard to the foreign trade policy of this desired new internal market, List advocated a retaliatory tariff that would compensate for the trade barriers that existed for German traders abroad. This tariff was intended to protect German economic interests, but it was not yet the idea of an educational tariff that he later developed.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The association initiated a petition drive and lobbied German governments and princes to promote these policies. </p> <blockquote><p>"Thirty-eight customs and toll lines in Germany paralyze internal traffic and produce approximately the same effect as if every limb of the human body were ligated so that the blood did not overflow into another. In order to trade from Hamburg to Austria, from Berlin to Switzerland, one has to cross ten states, study ten customs and toll regulations, and pay ten times the transit toll."<br />– Extract from the petition of the General German Trade and Industry Association of 14 April 1819 to the Federal Assembly, formulated by Friedrich List<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Federal_Convention_(German_Confederation)" title="Federal Convention (German Confederation)">Bundestag</a> did not recognize the trade association and instead referred the signatories to the individual state governments. These, however, strictly rejected outside interference in state affairs, and List's activism lost the trust of <a href="/wiki/William_I_of_W%C3%BCrttemberg" title="William I of Württemberg">King Wilhelm I</a>. In order to forestall his dismissal as professor, List resigned his office.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Instead, List turned his focus to actiivsm. He became editor-in-chief of the newspaper <i>Organ for the German Trade and Industry</i>, founded on July 1, 1818 and managing director of the Trade and Industry Association. In the latter role, he traveled to various German capitals and unsuccessfully sought dialogue with the governments. Among other places, he traveled to Vienna in 1820, where a pan-German follow-up conference to the <a href="/wiki/Carlsbad_Decrees" title="Carlsbad Decrees">Carlsbad Assembly</a> was held. There, List presented an expanded memorandum advocating for the broad principles of free trade. He also presented suggestions for an industrial exhibition or the establishment of an overseas trading company. Despite these failures, Wangenheim, who had become the Württemberg delegate to the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Convention_(German_Confederation)" title="Federal Convention (German Confederation)">Bundestag</a>, relied on List to develop plans for a <a href="/w/index.php?title=South_German_customs_union&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="South German customs union (page does not exist)">south German customs union</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/south_German_customs_union" class="extiw" title="de:south German customs union">de</a>]</span>, which eventually became a reality in 1828. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Member_of_Württemberg_parliament_and_imprisonment:_1820–1824"><span id="Member_of_W.C3.BCrttemberg_parliament_and_imprisonment:_1820.E2.80.931824"></span>Member of Württemberg parliament and imprisonment: 1820–1824</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Friedrich_List&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Member of Württemberg parliament and imprisonment: 1820–1824"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>By 1819, List had been elected to the Württemberg state parliament, but his election was invalid, having not reached the minimum age of 30. In 1820, he was elected to the state parliament from <a href="/wiki/Reutlingen" title="Reutlingen">Reutlingen</a>. </p><p>As a member of parliament, he continued his campaign for democracy and free trade. In his "Reutlingen Petition " of January 1821, he criticized the prevailing bureaucracy and economic policy, arguing, "A superficial look at the internal conditions of Württemberg must convince the unbiased observer that the legislation and administration of our fatherland suffer from fundamental defects that are consuming the marrow of the country and destroying civil liberties."<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> List further argued that Württemberg suffered under a “world of bureaucrats separated from the people, spread over the whole country and concentrated in the ministries, ignorant of the needs of the people and the conditions of civil life, … opposing every influence of the citizen as if it were a threat to the state.”<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To remedy the issue, List proposed strong local self-government, including free elections to local authorities and independent local jurisdiction. However, his petition was confiscated by police before it could be distributed. Under pressure from King Wilhelm I, the conservative parliament withdrew his political immunity in a vote on February 24, 1821.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On April 6, 1822, List was sentenced to ten months imprisonment at <a href="/wiki/Hohenasperg" title="Hohenasperg">Hohenasperg</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He fled and evaded capture for two years in <a href="/wiki/Baden" title="Baden">Baden</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alsace" title="Alsace">Alsace</a> and <a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a> but returned to serve his sentence in 1824, having been unable to build a secure life in exile. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Exile_in_United_States:_1825–1833"><span id="Exile_in_United_States:_1825.E2.80.931833"></span>Exile in United States: 1825–1833</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Friedrich_List&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Exile in United States: 1825–1833"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After serving five months of his sentence at Hohenasperg, List was pardoned in exchange for agreeing to emigrate to the <a href="/wiki/United_States_of_America" class="mw-redirect" title="United States of America">United States of America</a>. He initially worked as a farmer, with little success. After one year, he sold his farm and moved to <a href="/wiki/Reading,_Pennsylvania" title="Reading, Pennsylvania">Reading, Pennsylvania</a>, where he became editor-in-chief of the German-language <i>Reading Adler</i> from 1826 to 1830.<sup id="cite_ref-appletons_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-appletons-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-nie_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nie-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After discovering a coal deposit in 1827, he and several partners founded a coal mine. In 1831, they also founded the Little Schuylkill Navigation, Railroad and Coal Company, which opened a railroad line to transport the coal, making List an early American railroad pioneer.<sup id="cite_ref-appletons_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-appletons-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Through these ventures, he gained a certain amount of wealth and financial independence, which he lost again in the wake of the <a href="/wiki/Panic_of_1837" title="Panic of 1837">Panic of 1837</a>. </p><p>While in the United States, List further developed arguments for economic nationalism, joining American entrepreneurs in demanding the introduction of <a href="/wiki/Protectionism" title="Protectionism">protective tariffs</a> in 1827. List also came into contact with the ideas of <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Hamilton" title="Alexander Hamilton">Alexander Hamilton</a> and contributed, among other works, to the 1827 publication <i>Outlines of American Political Economy</i>, in which he provided economic support for the demand for trade protections.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He began to distance himself from <a href="/wiki/Adam_Smith" title="Adam Smith">Adam Smith</a>'s theories of free trade as the basis for his customs union proposals, instead arguing that protective tariffs would empower the United States and Germany, which lagged behind England in industrialization, to develop domestic economic sovereignty. In <i>Outlines of Political Economy</i>, List drew heavily on <a href="/wiki/Jean-Antoine_Chaptal" title="Jean-Antoine Chaptal">Jean-Antoine Chaptal</a>'s work <i>De l’industrie française</i> (1819) and the emerging <a href="/wiki/Historical_school_of_economics" title="Historical school of economics">historical school of economics</a> to argue that economic policy should vary depending on the needs of individual states.<sup id="cite_ref-nie_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nie-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETodd201515,_125,_146–153_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETodd201515,_125,_146–153-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some argue (e.g., Chang, 2002) that List's American exile inspired his pronounced "<a href="/wiki/National_System" class="mw-redirect" title="National System">National System</a>", which found realization in <a href="/wiki/Henry_Clay" title="Henry Clay">Henry Clay</a>'s <a href="/wiki/American_System_(economic_plan)" title="American System (economic plan)">American System</a>. Others deny this (e.g., Daastøl, 2011), since List argued for a German customs union as early as 1819 and his views in the United States were framed as pragmatic rather than dogmatic and were influenced by liberal protectionists such as Chaptal and <a href="/wiki/Adolphe_Thiers" title="Adolphe Thiers">Adolphe Thiers</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETodd201515,_125,_146–153_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETodd201515,_125,_146–153-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The protectionist campaign brought List into the presidential election of 1828, in which he supported <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Jackson" title="Andrew Jackson">Andrew Jackson</a>. Jackson granted List American citizenship in 1830 and appointed him consul to <a href="/wiki/Hamburg" title="Hamburg">Hamburg</a> in 1830, though this appointment was not confirmed by the United States Senate,<sup id="cite_ref-nie_24-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nie-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Baden" title="Grand Duchy of Baden">Grand Duchy of Baden</a> at <a href="/wiki/Leipzig" title="Leipzig">Leipzig</a> in 1833, providing him <a href="/wiki/Diplomatic_immunity" title="Diplomatic immunity">diplomatic immunity</a> and protection from prosecution in Württemberg. However, the position did not provide a fixed salary, and List soon neglected his duties. While in Leipzig, List traveled frequently to <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a> to promote American-French trade relations. He met frequently with <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Heine" title="Heinrich Heine">Heinrich Heine</a> and, through his daughters, befriended the musicians <a href="/wiki/Robert_Schumann" title="Robert Schumann">Robert</a> and <a href="/wiki/Clara_Schumann" title="Clara Schumann">Clara Schumann</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Leipzig,_railway_promotion_and_encyclopedist:_1833–1837"><span id="Leipzig.2C_railway_promotion_and_encyclopedist:_1833.E2.80.931837"></span>Leipzig, railway promotion and encyclopedist: 1833–1837</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Friedrich_List&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Leipzig, railway promotion and encyclopedist: 1833–1837"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Friedrich_List_und_die_erste_grosse_Eisenbahn_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Friedrich_List_und_die_erste_grosse_Eisenbahn_2.jpg/220px-Friedrich_List_und_die_erste_grosse_Eisenbahn_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="270" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Friedrich_List_und_die_erste_grosse_Eisenbahn_2.jpg/330px-Friedrich_List_und_die_erste_grosse_Eisenbahn_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Friedrich_List_und_die_erste_grosse_Eisenbahn_2.jpg/440px-Friedrich_List_und_die_erste_grosse_Eisenbahn_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1683" data-file-height="2064" /></a><figcaption>List's design for a greater German railway network, published after his death</figcaption></figure> <p>Soon after his arrival in Leipzig in 1833, List began to promote the construction of a greater German railway network. For List, overcoming the inner-German customs barriers and the construction of railways were the "Siamese twins" of German economic history and thus necessary steps towards the economic development of the German states.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He wrote a short paper, which he distributed free of charge in large numbers, arguing for the economic advantages of such a railway, which would enable cheap, fast and regular mass transport, and therefore promote the development of the division of labor, the choice of location for commercial enterprises and ultimately, a developed consumer economy. On the basis of this paper, a committee was founded that drew up a convincing cost and profitability analysis, negotiated the necessary concessions with the government and finally issued shares to finance the route. The <a href="/wiki/Leipzig%E2%80%93Dresden_railway" title="Leipzig–Dresden railway">Leipzig–Dresden railway</a>, established in 1839, was the first German long-distance railway line. Most other German railway projects were also based on List's model of organization.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>He subsequently attempted to initiate similar projects in other German states or publicly supported existing projects. In 1835, for example, he advocated a route from <a href="/wiki/Mannheim" title="Mannheim">Mannheim</a> to <a href="/wiki/Basel" title="Basel">Basel</a>, another from <a href="/wiki/Magdeburg" title="Magdeburg">Magdeburg</a> to <a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a> and a connection from there to Hamburg. In order to promote these proposals and his economic program, List founded the <i>Eisenbahnjournal und National-Magazin für die Fortschritt in Handel, Gewerbe und Ackerbau</i> in 1835. Forty issues of this magazine were published, concluding in 1837. </p><p>In Leipzig, List also proposed an encyclopedia of political science, the <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rotteck-Welckersches_Staatslexikon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rotteck-Welckersches Staatslexikon (page does not exist)">Rotteck-Welckersches Staatslexikon</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotteck-Welckersches_Staatslexikon" class="extiw" title="de:Rotteck-Welckersches Staatslexikon">de</a>]</span></i> working with <a href="/wiki/Karl_von_Rotteck" title="Karl von Rotteck">Karl von Rotteck</a> and <a href="/wiki/Carl_Theodor_Welcker" title="Carl Theodor Welcker">Carl Theodor Welcker</a> as co-editors. Significant tensions quickly arose, particularly with Welcker, until List was pushed out of the project. The encyclopedia, published in 1834, is considered one of the most important texts of early German liberalism. It provided a common intellectual basis for the emerging German liberal movement and was therefore a significant contribution to its cohesion across the German states. Franz Schnabel described the first edition of 1834 as the "basic book of <a href="/wiki/Vorm%C3%A4rz" title="Vormärz">Vormärz</a> liberalism."<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> List contributed articles focused on industry and technology, including railways, steamships, workers, wages and labor-saving machines.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Despite his achievements, List himself received little material benefit from his involvement in railway politics, apart from a few bonuses. When his income from his American investments decreased following the <a href="/wiki/Panic_of_1837" title="Panic of 1837">Panic of 1837</a>, List had to give up his voluntary activism and look for new ways of earning money. In addition, his attempt to be rehabilitated in Württemberg failed in 1836, after a corresponding petition for clemency had been rejected. List decided to relocate permanently to Paris. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Journalism_and_The_National_System:_1837–1841"><span id="Journalism_and_The_National_System:_1837.E2.80.931841"></span>Journalism and <i>The National System</i>: 1837–1841</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Friedrich_List&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Journalism and The National System: 1837–1841"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Paris, List wrote regularly for the leading German newspaper, <i><a href="/wiki/Allgemeine_Zeitung" title="Allgemeine Zeitung">Allgemeine Zeitung</a></i>, as a correspondent on French domestic politics. He also returned to his work on general political economy. His 1837 work <i>The Natural System of Political Economy</i> renewed interest in his ideas in Germany, such that from 1839 to 1840, he was able to publish numerous essays on trade policy and legislation, which would later for the basis of his <a href="/wiki/Magnum_opus" class="mw-redirect" title="Magnum opus">magnum opus</a>. </p><p>In 1840, List returned to Germany following the death of his only son, Oskar, in the service of the <a href="/wiki/French_Foreign_Legion" title="French Foreign Legion">French Foreign Legion</a>. He settled in <a href="/wiki/Augsburg" title="Augsburg">Augsburg</a>, initially continuing his work as a journalist. In 1841, he published his main work, <i>The National System of Political Economy</i>, inspired by the work of <a href="/wiki/J%C3%A9r%C3%B4me-Adolphe_Blanqui" title="Jérôme-Adolphe Blanqui">Jérôme-Adolphe Blanqui</a>, <i>Histoire de l'economique politique en Europe</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As in his earlier writings, List argued that economic development was the product of legal, social and political factors and that industrialization was the necessary initial spark of a self-reinforcing process of development. Therefore, to promote industrialization, List advocated for the establishment of a unified <a href="/wiki/Nation-state" class="mw-redirect" title="Nation-state">nation-state</a> and a protective tariff against foreign goods, until an internationally competitive domestic industry could be developed.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>List continued to promote his ideas in the German context, arguing that the liberal tariffs established by the <a href="/wiki/Zollverein" title="Zollverein">Zollverein</a> in 1834 had primarily promoted Prussian interests within Germany, and that the greater German economy should establish an "educational" tariff to counter the superior productivity of England. In 1844, the Zollverein set moderate protective tariffs focused on iron and yarn, stimulating economic development for a time but allowing technology transfers and the importation of necessary finished goods from England.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Later_years:_1841–1846"><span id="Later_years:_1841.E2.80.931846"></span>Later years: 1841–1846</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Friedrich_List&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Later years: 1841–1846"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1841, the Württemberg government restored List's "civic honor", though his hopes of a position in the southern German states was not fulfilled. He continued to argue for protective tariffs, but became increasingly withdrawn due to ill health. In 1841, he declined an offer to edit the <i><a href="/wiki/Rheinische_Zeitung" title="Rheinische Zeitung">Rheinische Zeitung</a></i>, a new liberal <a href="/wiki/Cologne" title="Cologne">Cologne</a> newspaper, and the role went to <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gustav_H%C3%B6fken&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gustav Höfken (page does not exist)">Gustav Höfken</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gustav_H%C3%B6fken" class="extiw" title="de:Gustav Höfken">de</a>]</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Karl Marx</a> eventually took the post.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHenderson198385_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHenderson198385-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He also rejected an offer from Russian Minister of Finance <a href="/wiki/Georg_Ludwig_Cancrin" title="Georg Ludwig Cancrin">Georg Ludwig Cancrin</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1843, he established the <i>Zollvereinsblatt</i> in <a href="/wiki/Augsburg" title="Augsburg">Augsburg</a>, a newspaper in which continued his advocacy for the enlargement of the <a href="/wiki/Zollverein" title="Zollverein">Zollverein</a> and the organization of a national commercial system.<sup id="cite_ref-appletons_23-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-appletons-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After a long lecture tour in 1844, he returned to Augsburg in 1845.<sup id="cite_ref-nie_24-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nie-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As the Zollverein moved toward a policy of free trade and List's ideas fell out of public interest, his publisher withdrew and he continued the <i>Zollvereinsblatt</i> at his own expense. He visited <a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a> with a view to forming a commercial alliance between that country and Germany but was unsuccessful.<sup id="cite_ref-appletons_23-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-appletons-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1846, with his property lost in another American crisis and his health failing, List traveled to <a href="/wiki/Tyrol" title="Tyrol">Tyrol</a> and committed <a href="/wiki/Suicide" title="Suicide">suicide</a> in <a href="/wiki/Kufstein" title="Kufstein">Kufstein</a> on November 30 with a seven-inch travel pistol.<sup id="cite_ref-Britannica_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Britannica-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since the autopsy showed that List was "afflicted with such a degree of melancholy that free thought and action was impossible", he was afforded a Christian burial.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In an obituary, List's long-time opponent Altvater<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="The material near this tag possibly uses too-vague attribution or weasel words. (August 2024)">who?</span></a></i>]</sup> wrote: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>“It was List who stimulated a general sense of national economy in Germany, without which no nation can adequately shape its destiny.”</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Obituary in the Baltic Sea Stock Exchange News of January 1, 1847<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Views">Views</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Friedrich_List&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Views"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Friedrich_List" title="Special:EditPage/Friedrich List">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Friedrich+List%22">"Friedrich List"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Friedrich+List%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Friedrich+List%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Friedrich+List%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Friedrich+List%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Friedrich+List%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">February 2023</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-More_footnotes_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style ambox-More_footnotes_needed" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg/40px-Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg/60px-Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg/80px-Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section includes a list of <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#General_references" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">general references</a>, but <b>it lacks sufficient corresponding <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#Inline_citations" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">inline citations</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help to <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Reliability" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Reliability">improve</a> this section by <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:When_to_cite" title="Wikipedia:When to cite">introducing</a> more precise citations.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">February 2023</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nationalist_view_of_political_economy">Nationalist view of political economy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Friedrich_List&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Nationalist view of political economy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:List_-_Nationale_System_der_politischen_%C3%96konomie,_1930_-_5860425.tif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/List_-_Nationale_System_der_politischen_%C3%96konomie%2C_1930_-_5860425.tif/lossy-page1-220px-List_-_Nationale_System_der_politischen_%C3%96konomie%2C_1930_-_5860425.tif.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="340" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/List_-_Nationale_System_der_politischen_%C3%96konomie%2C_1930_-_5860425.tif/lossy-page1-330px-List_-_Nationale_System_der_politischen_%C3%96konomie%2C_1930_-_5860425.tif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/List_-_Nationale_System_der_politischen_%C3%96konomie%2C_1930_-_5860425.tif/lossy-page1-440px-List_-_Nationale_System_der_politischen_%C3%96konomie%2C_1930_-_5860425.tif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2387" data-file-height="3694" /></a><figcaption><i>Das nationale System der politischen Ökonomie</i>, 1930<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239334494">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks" style="border: 4px double #154E9D; border-spacing:0.2em 0;color: var(--color-base, #000);"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">This article is part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Conservatism_in_Germany" title="Category:Conservatism in Germany">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background:#154E9D; padding-top:0.25em; font-size:160%; font-weight:normal; color:white; line-height:1em"><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Germany" title="Conservatism in Germany"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#FFF">Conservatism in Germany</span></a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wappen_Deutsches_Reich_-_Reichsadler_1889.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Wappen_Deutsches_Reich_-_Reichsadler_1889.svg/80px-Wappen_Deutsches_Reich_-_Reichsadler_1889.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Wappen_Deutsches_Reich_-_Reichsadler_1889.svg/120px-Wappen_Deutsches_Reich_-_Reichsadler_1889.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Wappen_Deutsches_Reich_-_Reichsadler_1889.svg/160px-Wappen_Deutsches_Reich_-_Reichsadler_1889.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1286" data-file-height="1600" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #154E9D; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Ideologies</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agrarian_conservatism_in_Germany" title="Agrarian conservatism in Germany">Agrarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_democracy" title="Christian democracy">Christian democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_conservatism" title="Liberal conservatism">Liberal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ordoliberalism" title="Ordoliberalism">Ordo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ritter_School" title="Ritter School">Ritter School</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchism_in_German-speaking_countries" title="Monarchism in German-speaking countries">Monarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_nationalism" title="German nationalism">Nationalist</a> <ul><li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Neue_Rechte" title="Neue Rechte">Neue Rechte</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/V%C3%B6lkisch_nationalism" title="Völkisch nationalism">Völkisch</a></i></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paternalistic_conservatism" title="Paternalistic conservatism">Paternalistic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/State_Socialism_(Germany)" title="State Socialism (Germany)">State Socialism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prussianism" title="Prussianism">Prussianism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prussian_cameralism" class="mw-redirect" title="Prussian cameralism">Cameralistic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prussian_socialism" class="mw-redirect" title="Prussian socialism">Socialist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Revolution" title="Conservative Revolution">Revolutionary</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Revolution#Young_conservatives" title="Conservative Revolution">Young</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Romanticism" title="German Romanticism">Romanticism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Right_Hegelians" title="Right Hegelians">Right-Hegelianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Historical_School" class="mw-redirect" title="German Historical School">Historical School</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #154E9D; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Principles</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Authority" title="Authority">Authority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_values" title="Christian values">Christian values</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duty" title="Duty">Duty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elitism" title="Elitism">Elitism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_nobility" title="German nobility">Aristocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meritocracy" title="Meritocracy">Meritocracy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gemeinschaft_and_Gesellschaft" title="Gemeinschaft and Gesellschaft"><i>Gemeinschaft</i></a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Geopolitik" title="Geopolitik">Geopolitik</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanisation" title="Germanisation">Germanisation</a></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Heimat" title="Heimat">Heimat</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_colonial_empire" title="German colonial empire">Imperialism</a></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/In_Treue_fest" title="In Treue fest">In Treue fest</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Germany" title="Culture of Germany">Kultur</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medievalism" title="Medievalism">Medievalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchism#Germany" title="Monarchism">Monarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organicism#In_politics_and_sociology" title="Organicism">Organicism</a></li> <li> <a href="/wiki/Patriotism" title="Patriotism">Patriotism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_theology#Germany" title="Political theology">Political theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prussian_virtues" title="Prussian virtues">Prussian virtues</a></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Sittlichkeit" title="Sittlichkeit">Sittlichkeit</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_market_economy#Germany" title="Social market economy">Social market economy</a></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Sonderweg" title="Sonderweg">Sonderweg</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subsidiarity" title="Subsidiarity">Subsidiarity</a></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Volk" title="Volk">Volk</a></i></span> <ul><li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Geist#Volksgeist" title="Geist">Volksgeist</a></i></span></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #154E9D; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">History</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/20_July_plot" title="20 July plot">20 July plot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Socialist_Laws" title="Anti-Socialist Laws">Anti-Socialist Laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlsbad_Decrees" title="Carlsbad Decrees">Carlsbad Decrees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erkl%C3%A4rung_2018" title="Erklärung 2018"><i>Erklärung</i> 2018</a></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Freikorps" title="Freikorps">Freikorps</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Confederation" title="German Confederation">German Confederation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Reich" title="German Reich">German <i>Reich</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">German Empire</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_reunification" title="German reunification">German reunification</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Heidelberg_Manifesto" title="Heidelberg Manifesto">Heidelberg Manifesto</a></i></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Historikerstreit" title="Historikerstreit">Historikerstreit</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Junker_(Prussia)" title="Junker (Prussia)">The Junkers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchism_in_Bavaria_after_1918" title="Monarchism in Bavaria after 1918">Monarchism in Bavaria after 1918</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oster_conspiracy" title="Oster conspiracy">Oster conspiracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George-Kreis" title="George-Kreis">George-Kreis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weimar_culture#Berlin's_reputation_for_decadence" title="Weimar culture">Perceived Weimar decadence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leipzig_school_(sociology)" title="Leipzig school (sociology)">Leipzig school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C3%B6lkisch_movement" title="Völkisch movement">Völkisch movement</a> <ul><li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Wandervogel" title="Wandervogel">Wandervogel</a></i></span></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #154E9D; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Intellectuals</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Benedict_XVI" title="Pope Benedict XVI">Benedict XVI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norbert_Bolz" title="Norbert Bolz">Norbert Bolz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emerich_Coreth" title="Emerich Coreth">Emerich Coreth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henning_Eichberg" title="Henning Eichberg">Eichberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Freyer" title="Hans Freyer">Freyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans-Georg_Gadamer" title="Hans-Georg Gadamer">Gadamer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clemens_August_Graf_von_Galen" title="Clemens August Graf von Galen">von Galen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arnold_Gehlen" title="Arnold Gehlen">Gehlen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Gogarten" title="Friedrich Gogarten">Gogarten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_G%C3%B6rres" title="Joseph Görres">Görres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Georg_Hamann" title="Johann Georg Hamann">Hamann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Heidegger" title="Martin Heidegger">Heidegger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Gottfried_Herder" title="Johann Gottfried Herder">Herder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Hielscher" title="Friedrich Hielscher">Hielscher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dietrich_von_Hildebrand" title="Dietrich von Hildebrand">von Hildebrand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_J%C3%BCnger" title="Ernst Jünger">Jünger (Ernst)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Georg_J%C3%BCnger" title="Friedrich Georg Jünger">Jünger (Friedrich)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Kantorowicz" title="Ernst Kantorowicz">Kantorowicz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Klages" title="Ludwig Klages">Klages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Kommerell" title="Max Kommerell">Kommerell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reinhart_Koselleck" title="Reinhart Koselleck">Koselleck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_von_Lilienfeld" title="Paul von Lilienfeld">von Lilienfeld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konrad_Lorenz" title="Konrad Lorenz">Lorenz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_L%C3%B6with" title="Karl Löwith">Löwith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermann_L%C3%BCbbe" title="Hermann Lübbe">Lübbe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Mann" title="Thomas Mann">Mann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Moeller_van_den_Bruck" title="Arthur Moeller van den Bruck">Moeller van den Bruck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_M%C3%BCller" title="Adam Müller">Müller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Nolte" title="Ernst Nolte">Nolte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novalis" title="Novalis">Novalis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josef_Pieper" title="Josef Pieper">Pieper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helmuth_Plessner" title="Helmuth Plessner">Plessner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leopold_von_Ranke" title="Leopold von Ranke">von Ranke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Reck-Malleczewen" title="Friedrich Reck-Malleczewen">Reck-Malleczewen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerhard_Ritter" title="Gerhard Ritter">Ritter (Gerhard)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joachim_Ritter" title="Joachim Ritter">Ritter (Joachim)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_R%C3%B6pke" title="Wilhelm Röpke">Röpke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_R%C3%BCstow" title="Alexander Rüstow">Rüstow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_von_Salomon" title="Ernst von Salomon">von Salomon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Scheler" title="Max Scheler">Scheler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helmut_Schelsky" title="Helmut Schelsky">Schelsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Schlegel" title="Friedrich Schlegel">Schlegel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Schmitt" title="Carl Schmitt">Schmitt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rolf_Peter_Sieferle" title="Rolf Peter Sieferle">Sieferle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Sloterdijk" title="Peter Sloterdijk">Sloterdijk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Werner_Sombart" title="Werner Sombart">Sombart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Spaemann" title="Robert Spaemann">Spaemann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oswald_Spengler" title="Oswald Spengler">Spengler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Steinbuch" title="Karl Steinbuch">Steinbuch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_T%C3%B6nnies" title="Ferdinand Tönnies">Tönnies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_von_Treitschke" title="Heinrich von Treitschke">von Treitschke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Voegelin" title="Eric Voegelin">Voegelin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Weber" title="Alfred Weber">Weber</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #154E9D; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Literature</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Addresses_to_the_German_Nation" title="Addresses to the German Nation">Addresses to the German Nation</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1806)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Elements_of_the_Philosophy_of_Right" title="Elements of the Philosophy of Right">Elements of the Philosophy of Right</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1820)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_National_System_of_Political_Economy" class="mw-redirect" title="The National System of Political Economy">The National System</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1837)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Degeneration_(Nordau)" title="Degeneration (Nordau)">Degeneration</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1892)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ressentiment_(book)" title="Ressentiment (book)">Ressentiment</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1912)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Reflections_of_a_Nonpolitical_Man" title="Reflections of a Nonpolitical Man">Reflections of a Nonpolitical Man</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1918)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Decline_of_the_West" title="The Decline of the West">The Decline of the West</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1918, 1922)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ideology_and_Utopia" title="Ideology and Utopia">Ideology and Utopia</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1929)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Man_and_Technics" title="Man and Technics">Man and Technics</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1931)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Concept_of_the_Political" title="The Concept of the Political">The Concept of the Political</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1932)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/On_the_Marble_Cliffs" title="On the Marble Cliffs">On the Marble Cliffs</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1939)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Man._His_Nature_and_Place_in_the_World" class="mw-redirect" title="Man. His Nature and Place in the World">Man</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1940)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Diary_of_a_Man_in_Despair" title="Diary of a Man in Despair">Diary of a Man in Despair</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1947)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Questionnaire_(Salomon_novel)" title="The Questionnaire (Salomon novel)">The Questionnaire</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1951)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fascism_in_Its_Epoch" title="Fascism in Its Epoch">Fascism in Its Epoch</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1963)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Envy:_A_Theory_of_Social_Behavior" title="Envy: A Theory of Social Behavior">Envy</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1966)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Moral_und_Hypermoral" title="Moral und Hypermoral">Moral und Hypermoral</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1969)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rules_for_the_Human_Park" class="mw-redirect" title="Rules for the Human Park">Rules for the Human Park</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1999)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Germany_Abolishes_Itself" title="Germany Abolishes Itself">Germany Abolishes Itself</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2010)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Finis_Germania" title="Finis Germania">Finis Germania</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2017)</span></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #154E9D; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Commentators</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Anrich" title="Ernst Anrich">Anrich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stefan_Aust" title="Stefan Aust">Aust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henryk_M._Broder" title="Henryk M. Broder">Broder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%BCnther_Deschner" title="Günther Deschner">Deschner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Fasbender" title="Thomas Fasbender">Thomas Fasbender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eva_Herman" title="Eva Herman">Herman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gertrud_H%C3%B6hler" title="Gertrud Höhler">Höhler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andreas_Krause_Landt" title="Andreas Krause Landt">Krause Landt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabriele_Kuby" title="Gabriele Kuby">Kuby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermann_L%C3%B6ns" title="Hermann Löns">Hermann Löns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerhard_L%C3%B6wenthal" title="Gerhard Löwenthal">Löwenthal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%BCnter_Maschke" title="Günter Maschke">Maschke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golo_Mann" title="Golo Mann">Mann (Golo)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reinhart_Maurer" title="Reinhart Maurer">Maurer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tilman_Nagel" title="Tilman Nagel">Nagel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerhard_Nebel" title="Gerhard Nebel">Nebel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elisabeth_Noelle-Neumann" title="Elisabeth Noelle-Neumann">Noelle-Neumann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Otte" title="Max Otte">Otte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akif_Pirin%C3%A7ci" title="Akif Pirinçci">Pirinçci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klaus_Rainer_R%C3%B6hl" title="Klaus Rainer Röhl">Röhl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C3%BCdiger_Safranski" title="Rüdiger Safranski">Safranski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thilo_Sarrazin" title="Thilo Sarrazin">Sarrazin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caspar_von_Schrenck-Notzing" title="Caspar von Schrenck-Notzing">von Schrenck-Notzing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heimo_Schwilk" title="Heimo Schwilk">Schwilk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dieter_Stein" title="Dieter Stein">Stein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Botho_Strauss" title="Botho Strauss">Strauss (Botho)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_St%C3%BCrmer" title="Michael Stürmer">Stürmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roland_Tichy" title="Roland Tichy">Tichy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karlheinz_Wei%C3%9Fmann" title="Karlheinz Weißmann">Weißmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Zehrer" title="Hans Zehrer">Zehrer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rainer_Zitelmann" title="Rainer Zitelmann">Zitelmann</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #154E9D; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Politicians</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Konrad_Adenauer" title="Konrad Adenauer">Adenauer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Ancillon" title="Friedrich Ancillon">Ancillon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uwe_Barschel" title="Uwe Barschel">Barschel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_von_Bismarck" title="Otto von Bismarck">von Bismarck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_von_Bose" title="Herbert von Bose">von Bose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantin_Fehrenbach" title="Constantin Fehrenbach">Fehrenbach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Filbinger" title="Hans Filbinger">Filbinger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Ludwig_von_Gerlach" title="Ernst Ludwig von Gerlach">von Gerlach</a></li> <li> <a href="/wiki/Carl_Friedrich_Goerdeler" title="Carl Friedrich Goerdeler">Goerdeler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Held" title="Heinrich Held">Held</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_von_Hindenburg" title="Paul von Hindenburg">von Hindenburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Hugenberg" title="Alfred Hugenberg">Hugenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marc_Jongen" title="Marc Jongen">Jongen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edgar_Jung" title="Edgar Jung">Jung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Kapp" title="Wolfgang Kapp">Kapp</a></li> <li> <a href="/wiki/Helmut_Kohl" title="Helmut Kohl">Kohl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximilian_Krah" title="Maximilian Krah">Krah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lutz_Graf_Schwerin_von_Krosigk" title="Lutz Graf Schwerin von Krosigk">von Krosigk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vera_Lengsfeld" title="Vera Lengsfeld">Lengsfeld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans-Georg_Maa%C3%9Fen" title="Hans-Georg Maaßen">Maaßen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans-Joachim_von_Merkatz" title="Hans-Joachim von Merkatz">von Merkatz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angela_Merkel" title="Angela Merkel">Merkel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Merz" title="Friedrich Merz">Merz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georg_Michaelis" title="Georg Michaelis">Michaelis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franz_von_Papen" title="Franz von Papen">von Papen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frauke_Petry" title="Frauke Petry">Petry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_von_Radowitz" title="Joseph von Radowitz">von Radowitz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermann_Rauschning" title="Hermann Rauschning">Rauschning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustav_Ritter_von_Kahr" title="Gustav Ritter von Kahr">Ritter von Kahr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albrecht_von_Roon" title="Albrecht von Roon">von Roon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fritz_Sch%C3%A4ffer" title="Fritz Schäffer">Schäffer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Sch%C3%A4ffler" title="Frank Schäffler">Schäffler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurt_von_Schleicher" title="Kurt von Schleicher">von Schleicher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Friedrich_Karl_vom_und_zum_Stein" title="Heinrich Friedrich Karl vom und zum Stein">vom und zum Stein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustav_Stresemann" title="Gustav Stresemann">Stresemann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Friedrich_Karl_vom_und_zum_Stein" title="Heinrich Friedrich Karl vom und zum Stein">vom Stein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adolf_Stoecker" title="Adolf Stoecker">Stoecker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beatrix_von_Storch" title="Beatrix von Storch">von Storch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franz_Josef_Strauss" title="Franz Josef Strauss">Strauss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermann_Wagener" title="Hermann Wagener">Wagener</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alice_Weidel" title="Alice Weidel">Weidel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuno_von_Westarp" title="Kuno von Westarp">von Westarp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_II" title="Wilhelm II">Wilhelm II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_Winnig" title="August Winnig">Winnig</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #154E9D; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Jurists</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ernst-Wolfgang_B%C3%B6ckenf%C3%B6rde" title="Ernst-Wolfgang Böckenförde">Böckenförde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_von_Gierke" title="Otto von Gierke">von Gierke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justus_M%C3%B6ser" title="Justus Möser">Möser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Carl_von_Savigny" title="Friedrich Carl von Savigny">von Savigny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Schmitt" title="Carl Schmitt">Schmitt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Julius_Stahl" title="Friedrich Julius Stahl">Stahl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Heinrich_Wackenroder" title="Wilhelm Heinrich Wackenroder">Wackenroder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermann_Wagener" title="Hermann Wagener">Wagener</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #154E9D; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Activists</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Kohlmann" title="Martin Kohlmann">Kohlmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6tz_Kubitschek" title="Götz Kubitschek">Kubitschek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elisabeth_Sabaditsch-Wolff" title="Elisabeth Sabaditsch-Wolff">Sabaditsch-Wolff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naomi_Seibt" title="Naomi Seibt">Seibt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Billy_Six" title="Billy Six">Billy Six</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claus_von_Stauffenberg" title="Claus von Stauffenberg">von Stauffenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_St%C3%BCrzenberger" title="Michael Stürzenberger">Stürzenberger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elisabeth_von_Thurn_und_Taxis" title="Elisabeth von Thurn und Taxis">von Thurn und Taxis (Elisabeth)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gloria_von_Thurn_und_Taxis" title="Gloria von Thurn und Taxis">von Thurn und Taxis (Gloria)</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #154E9D; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Parties</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"><b>Active</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alternative_for_Germany" title="Alternative for Germany">Alternative for Germany</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(AfD)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bavaria_Party" title="Bavaria Party">Bavaria Party</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(BP)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B%C3%BCndnis_Deutschland" title="Bündnis Deutschland">Bündnis Deutschland</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(BD)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Democratic_Union_of_Germany" title="Christian Democratic Union of Germany">Christian Democratic Union of Germany</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(CDU)</span> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Social_Union_in_Bavaria" title="Christian Social Union in Bavaria">Christian Social Union in Bavaria</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(CSU)</span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centre_Party_(Germany)" title="Centre Party (Germany)">Centre Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecological_Democratic_Party" title="Ecological Democratic Party">Ecological Democratic Party</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(ÖDP)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_Party_of_Germany" title="Family Party of Germany">Family Party of Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Republicans_(Germany)" title="The Republicans (Germany)">The Republicans</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(REP)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Values_Union" title="Values Union">Values Union</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(WU)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/We_Citizens_(Germany)" title="We Citizens (Germany)">We Citizens</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(WB)</span></li></ul> <p><b>Defunct</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bavarian_People%27s_Party" title="Bavarian People's Party">Bavarian People's Party</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(BVP)</span> 1918-1933</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_(Prussia)" title="Conservative Party (Prussia)">Conservative Party</a> 1848-1867</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Conservative_Party" title="Free Conservative Party">Free Conservative Party</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(FKP)</span> 1866-1918</li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Conservative_Party" title="German Conservative Party">German Conservative Party</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(DkP)</span> 1876-1918</li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Freedom_Party" title="German Freedom Party">German Freedom Party</a> 2010-2016</li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_National_People%27s_Party" title="German National People's Party">German National People's Party</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(DNVP)</span> 1918-1933</li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Party_(1947)" title="German Party (1947)">German Party</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(DP)</span> 1947-1961</li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_People%27s_Party" title="German People's Party">German People's Party</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(DVP)</span> 1918-1933</li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #154E9D; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Organizations</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Aufbau_Vereinigung" title="Aufbau Vereinigung">Aufbau Vereinigung</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Bibliothek_des_Konservatismus" title="Bibliothek des Konservatismus">Bibliothek des Konservatismus</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Desiderius-Erasmus-Stiftung" title="Desiderius-Erasmus-Stiftung">Desiderius-Erasmus-Stiftung</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Die_Deutschen_Konservativen" title="Die Deutschen Konservativen">Die Deutschen Konservativen</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forum_of_German_Catholics" title="Forum of German Catholics">Forum of German Catholics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerhard_L%C3%B6wenthal_Prize" title="Gerhard Löwenthal Prize">Gerhard Löwenthal Prize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Burschenschaft" title="German Burschenschaft">German Burschenschaft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citizens%27_Movement_Pax_Europa" title="Citizens' Movement Pax Europa">Citizens' Movement Pax Europa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanns_Seidel_Foundation" title="Hanns Seidel Foundation">Hanns Seidel Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Filbinger_Foundation" title="Hans Filbinger Foundation">Hans Filbinger Foundation</a></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Identitarian_movement#Germany" title="Identitarian movement">Identitäre Aktion</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Institut_f%C3%BCr_Staatspolitik" class="mw-redirect" title="Institut für Staatspolitik">Institut für Staatspolitik</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konrad_Adenauer_Foundation" title="Konrad Adenauer Foundation">Konrad Adenauer Foundation</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pegida" title="Pegida">PEGIDA</a></i></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Studienzentrum_Weikersheim" title="Studienzentrum Weikersheim">Studienzentrum Weikersheim</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Tradition_und_Leben" title="Tradition und Leben">Tradition und Leben</a></i></span></li></ul> <p><b>Defunct</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Germany_Foundation" title="Germany Foundation">Germany Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_Louise_League" title="Queen Louise League">Queen Louise League</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #154E9D; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Media</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="font-style:italic"> <ul><li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Die_Achse_des_Guten" title="Die Achse des Guten">Die Achse des Guten</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antaios_(magazine)" title="Antaios (magazine)">Antaios</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Defunct)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bild" title="Bild">Bild</a></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Cato_(Magazin)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cato (Magazin)">Cato</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cicero_(magazine)" title="Cicero (magazine)">Cicero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compact_(German_magazine)" title="Compact (German magazine)">COMPACT</a></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Deutsche_Rundschau" title="Deutsche Rundschau">Deutsche Rundschau</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Frankfurter_Allgemeine_Zeitung" title="Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung">Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Junge_Freiheit" title="Junge Freiheit">Junge Freiheit</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Kreuzzeitung" title="Kreuzzeitung">Kreuzzeitung</a></i></span> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Defunct)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politically_Incorrect_(blog)" title="Politically Incorrect (blog)">Politically Incorrect</a></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Preu%C3%9Fische_Allgemeine_Zeitung" title="Preußische Allgemeine Zeitung">Preußische Allgemeine Zeitung</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/S%C3%BCddeutsche_Monatshefte" title="Süddeutsche Monatshefte">Süddeutsche Monatshefte</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Der_T%C3%BCrmer" title="Der Türmer">Der Türmer</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Verlag_Antaios" class="mw-redirect" title="Verlag Antaios">Verlag Antaios</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Die_Welt" title="Die Welt">Die Welt</a></i></span> <ul><li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Welt_am_Sonntag" title="Welt am Sonntag">Welt am Sonntag</a></i></span></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #154E9D; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Related topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bavarian_nationalism" title="Bavarian nationalism">Bavarian nationalism</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/B%C3%B6ckenf%C3%B6rde_dilemma" title="Böckenförde dilemma">Böckenförde dilemma</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_New_Right" title="European New Right">European New Right</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_collective_guilt" title="German collective guilt">Collective guilt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#Austria" title="Conservatism">Conservatism in Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#Switzerland" title="Conservatism">Conservatism in Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_multiculturalism#Germany" title="Criticism of multiculturalism">Criticism of multiculturalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_pessimism" title="Cultural pessimism">Cultural pessimism</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Free-floating_intellectuals" title="Free-floating intellectuals">Freischwebende Intelligenz</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_militarism" title="German militarism">German militarism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_and_crime_in_Germany" title="Immigration and crime in Germany">Immigrant criminality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Germany" title="Liberalism in Germany">Liberalism in Germany</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lying_press#Germany" title="Lying press">Lügenpresse</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metapolitics#Contemporary_politics" title="Metapolitics">Metapolitics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-European_nationalism" title="Pan-European nationalism">Pan-European nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Germanism" title="Pan-Germanism">Pan-Germanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophical_anthropology" title="Philosophical anthropology">Philosophical anthropology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Remigration#Germany" title="Remigration">Remigration</a></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Stahlhelm-Fraktion" title="Stahlhelm-Fraktion">Stahlhelm-Fraktion</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theory_of_generations" title="Theory of generations">Theory of generations</a></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/%C3%9Cberfremdung" title="Überfremdung">Überfremdung</a></i></span></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below plainlist" style="padding-bottom:0.22em; border-top:1px solid #AAA; border-bottom:1px solid #AAA"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg/15px-DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg/22px-DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg/30px-DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="249" data-file-height="268" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Conservatism" title="Portal:Conservatism">Conservatism portal</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/16px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/24px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/32px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Germany" title="Portal:Germany">Germany portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Conservatism_in_Germany" title="Template:Conservatism in Germany"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Conservatism_in_Germany" title="Template talk:Conservatism in Germany"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Conservatism_in_Germany" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Conservatism in Germany"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>List's theory of "national economics" differed from the doctrines of "individual economics" and "cosmopolitan economics" by <a href="/wiki/Adam_Smith" title="Adam Smith">Adam Smith</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Say" title="Jean-Baptiste Say">Jean-Baptiste Say</a>. List argued that Smithian critiques of mercantilism were "partly correct", but argued for the need for temporary tariff protection targeted to protect specific infant industries that were critical to economic growth.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>List contrasted the economic behaviour of an individual with that of a <a href="/wiki/Nation" title="Nation">nation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An individual promotes only his own personal interests but a state fosters the welfare of all its citizens. An individual may prosper from activities which harm the interests of a nation. "Slavery may be a public calamity for a country, nevertheless some people may do very well in carrying on the <a href="/wiki/History_of_slavery" title="History of slavery">slave trade</a> and in holding slaves." Likewise, activities beneficial to society may injure the interests of certain individuals. "Canals and railroads may do great good to a nation, but all waggoners will complain of this improvement. Every new invention has some inconvenience for a number of individuals, and is nevertheless a public blessing". List argued that although some government action was essential to stimulate the economy, an overzealous government might do more harm than good. "It is bad policy to regulate everything and to promote everything by employing social powers, where things may better regulate themselves and can be better promoted by private exertions; but it is no less bad policy to let those things alone which can only be promoted by interfering social power." </p><p>Due to the "universal union" that nations have with their populace, List stated that "from this political union originates their commercial union, and it is in consequence of the perpetual peace thus maintained that commercial union has become so beneficial to them. ... The result of a general free trade would not be a universal republic, but, on the contrary, a universal subjection of the less advanced nations to the predominant manufacturing, commercial and naval power, is a conclusion for which the reasons are very strong. ... A universal republic ... , i.e. a union of the nations of the earth whereby they recognise the same conditions of right among themselves and renounce self-redress, can only be realised if a large number of nationalities attain to as nearly the same degree as possible of industry and civilisation, political cultivation and power. Only with the gradual formation of this union can free trade be developed; only as a result of this union can it confer on all nations the same great advantages which are now experienced by those provinces and states which are politically united. The <a href="/wiki/Protectionism" title="Protectionism">system of protection</a>, inasmuch as it forms the only means of placing those nations which are far behind in civilisation on equal terms with the one predominating nation, appears to be the most efficient means of furthering the final union of nations, and hence also of promoting true freedom of trade."<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In his seventh letter List repeated his assertion that economists should realise that since the human race is divided into independent states, "a nation would act unwisely to endeavour to promote the welfare of the whole human race at the expense of its particular strength, welfare, and independence. It is a dictate of the law of self-preservation to make its particular advancement in power and strength the first principles of its policy". A country should not count the cost of defending the overseas trade of its merchants. And "the manufacturing and agricultural interest must be promoted and protected even by sacrifices of the majority of the individuals, if it can be proved that the nation would never acquire the necessary perfection ... without such protective measures."<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>List argued that international trade reduced the security of the states who took part in it.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrooks20051–2_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrooks20051–2-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>List argued that statesmen had two responsibilities: "one to contemporary society and one to future generations". Normally, the attention of most leaders is occupied by urgent matters, leaving little time to consider future problems. But when a country had reached a turning point in its development, its leaders were morally obliged to deal with issues that would affect the next generation. "On the threshold of a new phase in the development of their country, statesmen should be prepared to take the long view, despite the need to deal also with matters of immediate urgency."<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>List's fundamental doctrine was that a nation's true wealth is the full and many-sided development of its productive power, rather than its current exchange values. For example, its economic education should be more important than immediate production of value, and it might be right that one generation should sacrifice its gain and enjoyment to secure the strength and skill of the future. Under normal conditions, an economically mature nation should also develop agriculture, manufacture and commerce. However, the last two factors were more important since they better influenced the nation's culture and independence and were especially connected to navigation, railways and <a href="/wiki/High_technology" class="mw-redirect" title="High technology">high technology</a>, and a purely-agricultural state tended to stagnate </p><p>However, List claimed that only countries in <a href="/wiki/Temperate_region" class="mw-redirect" title="Temperate region">temperate regions</a> were adapted to grow higher forms of industry. On the other hand, <a href="/wiki/Tropical_region" class="mw-redirect" title="Tropical region">tropical regions</a> had a natural <a href="/wiki/Monopoly" title="Monopoly">monopoly</a> in the production of certain raw materials. Thus, there were a spontaneous <a href="/wiki/Division_of_labor" class="mw-redirect" title="Division of labor">division of labor</a> and a confederation of powers between both groups of countries. </p><p>List contended that Smith's economic system is not an industrial system but a mercantile system, and he called it "the exchange-value system". Contrary to Smith, he argued that the immediate private interest of individuals would not lead to the highest good of society. The nation stood between the individual and humanity, and was defined by its language, manners, historical development, culture and constitution. The unity must be the first condition of the security, well-being, progress and civilization of the individual. Private economic interests, like all others, must be subordinated to the maintenance, completion and strengthening of the nation. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Stages_of_economic_development">Stages of economic development</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Friedrich_List&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Stages of economic development"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>List theorised that nations of the temperate zone (which are furnished with all the necessary conditions) naturally pass through stages of economic development in advancing to their normal economic state. These are:<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <ol><li>Pastoral life</li> <li>Agriculture</li> <li>Agriculture united with manufactures</li> <li>Agriculture, manufactures and commerce are combined</li></ol> <p>The progress of the nation through these stages is the task of the state, which must create the required conditions for the progress by using legislation and administrative action. This view leads to List's scheme of industrial politics. Every nation should begin with free trade, stimulating and improving its <a href="/wiki/Agriculture" title="Agriculture">agriculture</a> by trade with richer and more cultivated nations, importing foreign manufactures and exporting raw products. When it is economically so far advanced that it can manufacture for itself, then protection should be used to allow the home industries to develop, and save them from being overpowered by the competition of stronger foreign industries in the home market. When the national industries have grown strong enough that this competition is not a threat, then the highest stage of progress has been reached; free trade should again become the rule, and the nation be thus thoroughly incorporated with the universal industrial union. What a nation loses in exchange during the protective period, it more than gains in the long run in productive power. The temporary expenditure is analogous to the cost of the industrial education of the individual.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <blockquote><p>In a thousand cases the power of the State is compelled to impose restrictions on private industry. It prevents the ship owner from taking on board slaves on the west coast of Africa, and taking them over to America. It imposes regulations as to the building of steamers and the rules of navigation at sea, in order that passengers and sailors may not be sacrificed to the avarice and caprice of the captains. [...] Everywhere does the State consider it to be its duty to guard the public against danger and loss, as in the sale of the necessaries of life, so also in the sale of medicines, etc.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Railways">Railways</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Friedrich_List&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Railways"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>List was the leading promoter of railways in Germany. His proposals on how to start up a system were widely adopted.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENipperdey1996165_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENipperdey1996165-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He summed up the advantages to be derived from the development of the railway system in 1841:<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ol><li>It is a means of national defence: it facilitates the concentration, distribution and direction of the army.</li> <li>It is a means to the improvement of the culture of the nation. It brings talent, knowledge and skill of every kind readily to market.</li> <li>It secures the community against dearth and famine, and <a href="/wiki/Price_stability" title="Price stability">against excessive fluctuation</a> in the prices of the necessaries of life.</li> <li>It promotes the spirit of the nation, as it has a tendency to destroy the Philistine spirit arising from isolation and <a href="/wiki/Provincialism" class="mw-redirect" title="Provincialism">provincial prejudice</a> and vanity. It binds nations by ligaments, and promotes an interchange of food and of commodities, thus making it feel to be a unit. The iron rails become a nerve system, which, on the one hand, strengthens public opinion, and, on the other hand, strengthens the power of the state for police and governmental purposes.</li></ol> <p>List drew up proposals for a national railway network before the <a href="/wiki/Adler_(locomotive)" title="Adler (locomotive)">first steam locomotive</a> ran <a href="/wiki/Bavarian_Ludwig_Railway" title="Bavarian Ludwig Railway">between Nuremberg and Fürth</a>. He suggested construction of <a href="/wiki/Leipzig-Dresden_railway" class="mw-redirect" title="Leipzig-Dresden railway">a railway between Leipzig and Dresden</a> which would soon become Germany's first long distance railway. He is honored for his early promotion of the importance of railways with a bust in <a href="/wiki/Leipzig_main_station" class="mw-redirect" title="Leipzig main station">Leipzig main station</a> as well as several streets named after him adjacent to railway stations (e.g. <a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich-List-Platz#Bebauung" class="extiw" title="de:Friedrich-List-Platz">Friedrich-List-Platz</a>). When the Swiss-German architect <a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_M%C3%A4chler" class="extiw" title="de:Martin Mächler">de:Martin Mächler</a> first proposed what is today <a href="/wiki/Berlin_main_station" class="mw-redirect" title="Berlin main station">Berlin main station</a> in 1917, he suggested the new central interchange station of the German rail network be named in honor of List. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Britain_and_world_trade">Britain and world trade</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Friedrich_List&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Britain and world trade"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>While List once had urged Germany to join other 'manufacturing nations of the second rank' to check Britain's 'insular supremacy', by 1841 he considered that the United States and Russia would become the most powerful countries<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>—a view also expressed by <a href="/wiki/Alexis_de_Tocqueville" title="Alexis de Tocqueville">Alexis de Tocqueville</a> the previous year. List hoped to persuade political leaders in England to co-operate with Germany to ward off this danger. His proposal was perhaps not so far-fetched as might appear at first sight. In 1844, the writer of an article in a leading review had declared that 'in every point of view, whether politically or commercially, we can have no better alliance than that of the German nation, spreading as it does, its 42 millions of souls without interruption over the surface of central Europe'.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The practical conclusion which List drew for Germany was that it needed for its economic progress an extended and conveniently bounded territory reaching to the seacoast both on north and south, and a vigorous expansion of manufacture and trade, and that the way to the latter lay through judicious protective legislation with a customs union comprising all German lands, and a German marine with a Navigation Act. The national German spirit, striving after independence and power through union, and the national industry, awaking from its lethargy and eager to recover lost ground, were favorable to the success of List's book, and it produced a great sensation. He ably represented the tendencies and demands of his time in his own country; his work had the effect of fixing the attention, not merely of the speculative and official classes, but of practical men generally, on questions of political economy; and his ideas were undoubtedly the economic foundation of modern Germany as applied by the practical genius of <a href="/wiki/Otto_von_Bismarck" title="Otto von Bismarck">Bismarck</a>. </p><p> List considered that <a href="/wiki/Napoleon" title="Napoleon">Napoleon</a>'s 'Continental System', aimed just at damaging Britain during a bitter long-term war, had in fact been quite good for German industry. This was the direct opposite of what was believed by the followers of <a href="/wiki/Adam_Smith" title="Adam Smith">Adam Smith</a>. As List put it: </p><blockquote><p>I perceived that the popular theory took no account of nations, but simply of the entire human race on the one hand, or of the single individual on the other. I saw clearly that free competition between two nations which are highly civilised can only be mutually beneficial in case both of them are in a nearly equal position of industrial development, and that any nation which owing to misfortunes is behind others in industry, commerce, and navigation ... must first of all strengthen her own individual powers, in order to fit herself to enter into free competition with more advanced nations. In a word, I perceived the distinction between cosmopolitical and political economy.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>List's argument was that Germany should follow actual English practice rather than the abstractions of Smith's doctrines: </p> <blockquote><p>Had the English left everything to itself—'Laissez faire, laissez aller', as the popular economical school recommends—the [German] merchants of the <a href="/wiki/Steelyard" title="Steelyard">Steelyard</a> would be still carrying on their trade in London, the Belgians would be still manufacturing cloth for the English, England would have still continued to be the sheep-farm of the <a href="/wiki/Hanseatic_League" title="Hanseatic League">Hansards</a>, just as Portugal became the vineyard of England, and has remained so till our days, owing to the stratagem of a cunning diplomatist. Indeed, it is more than probable that without her [highly protectionist] commercial policy England would never have attained to such a large measure of municipal and individual freedom as she now possesses, for such freedom is the daughter of industry and wealth.</p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Influences">Influences</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Friedrich_List&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Influences"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><p> List's hostility to free trade was first decisively shaped by the ideas of his friend <a href="/wiki/Adolphe_Thiers" title="Adolphe Thiers">Adolphe Thiers</a> and other liberal protectionists in France.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETodd201515,_125,_146–153_26-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETodd201515,_125,_146–153-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was also later influenced by <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Hamilton" title="Alexander Hamilton">Alexander Hamilton</a> and the <a href="/wiki/American_School_(economics)" title="American School (economics)">American School</a> rooted in Hamilton's economic principles, including <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Raymond" title="Daniel Raymond">Daniel Raymond</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChang2002_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChang2002-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but also by the general mode of thinking of America's first Treasury Secretary, and by his strictures on the doctrine of <a href="/wiki/Adam_Smith" title="Adam Smith">Adam Smith</a>. He opposed the cosmopolitan principle in the contemporary economical system and the absolute doctrine of <a href="/wiki/Free_trade" title="Free trade">free trade</a> which was in harmony with that principle, and instead developed the <a href="/wiki/Infant_industry_argument" title="Infant industry argument">infant industry argument</a>, to which he had been exposed by Hamilton and Raymond.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChang2002_51-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChang2002-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He gave prominence to the <a href="/wiki/Nationalism" title="Nationalism">national</a> idea and insisted on the special requirements of each nation according to its circumstances and especially to the degree of its development. He famously doubted the sincerity of calls to free trade from developed nations, in particular Britain: </p><blockquote><p>Any nation which by means of <a href="/wiki/Protectionism" title="Protectionism">protective</a> duties and restrictions on navigation has raised her manufacturing power and her navigation to such a degree of development that no other nation can sustain free competition with her, can do nothing wiser than to throw away these ladders of her greatness, to preach to other nations the benefits of free trade, and to declare in penitent tones that she has hitherto wandered in the paths of error, and has now for the first time succeeded in discovering the truth.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>His idea of productive powers was influenced by the philosophy of productivity of <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Wilhelm_Joseph_Schelling" title="Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph Schelling">Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph Schelling</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeuser2008_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeuser2008-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeuser1986_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeuser1986-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was acquainted with <a href="/wiki/Robert_Schumann" title="Robert Schumann">Robert Schumann</a> and <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Heine" title="Heinrich Heine">Heinrich Heine</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeuser2008_53-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeuser2008-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Personal_life">Personal life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Friedrich_List&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Personal life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During his time as a professor in Tübingen, List married the widow Karoline Neidhard, daughter of the poet <a href="/w/index.php?title=David_Christoph_Seybold&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="David Christoph Seybold (page does not exist)">David Christoph Seybold</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Christoph_Seybold" class="extiw" title="de:David Christoph Seybold">de</a>]</span> and sister of the writer and editor Ludwig Georg Friedrich Seybold and Major General <a href="/w/index.php?title=Johann_Karl_Christoph_von_Seybold&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Johann Karl Christoph von Seybold (page does not exist)">Johann Karl Christoph von Seybold</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Karl_Christoph_von_Seybold" class="extiw" title="de:Johann Karl Christoph von Seybold">de</a>]</span> (1777–1833) in <a href="/wiki/Wertheim_am_Main" title="Wertheim am Main">Wertheim</a> on February 19, 1818. List received permission from the ruler and dispensation from the University of Tübingen to marry in Baden. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Stieler,_List.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Stieler%2C_List.jpg/220px-Stieler%2C_List.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="266" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Stieler%2C_List.jpg/330px-Stieler%2C_List.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1d/Stieler%2C_List.jpg 2x" data-file-width="432" data-file-height="522" /></a><figcaption>Portrait of Elise List by <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Karl_Stieler" title="Joseph Karl Stieler">Joseph Karl Stieler</a>, housed in the <a href="/wiki/Gallery_of_Beauties" title="Gallery of Beauties">Gallery of Beauties</a> of King <a href="/wiki/Ludwig_I_of_Bavaria" title="Ludwig I of Bavaria">Ludwig I of Bavaria</a></figcaption></figure> <p>List had three children: </p> <ul><li>Emilie (born on December 10, 1818), who served as his secretary from 1833;</li> <li>Oskar (born on February 23, 1820);</li> <li>Elise (born July 1, 1822)<sup id="cite_ref-daughters_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-daughters-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and</li> <li>Karoline, known as "Lina" (born January 20, 1829), who married history painter <a href="/w/index.php?title=August_H%C3%B6vemeyer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="August Hövemeyer (page does not exist)">August Hövemeyer</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/August_H%C3%B6vemeyer" class="extiw" title="de:August Hövemeyer">de</a>]</span> on March 5, 1855.<sup id="cite_ref-daughters_55-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-daughters-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>Emilie List was a close friend of <a href="/wiki/Clara_Schumann" title="Clara Schumann">Clara Schumann</a> following their meeting in Paris in 1833, and they exchanged letters for the remainder of their lives. Elise List was a singer who performed under <a href="/wiki/Felix_Mendelssohn_Bartholdy" class="mw-redirect" title="Felix Mendelssohn Bartholdy">Felix Mendelssohn Bartholdy</a> and planned a concert tour with <a href="/wiki/Franz_Liszt" title="Franz Liszt">Franz Liszt</a> which did not come to fruition. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Friedrich_List&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Friedrich_list_statue_at_leipzig_hauptbahnhof.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Friedrich_list_statue_at_leipzig_hauptbahnhof.jpg/200px-Friedrich_list_statue_at_leipzig_hauptbahnhof.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="368" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Friedrich_list_statue_at_leipzig_hauptbahnhof.jpg/300px-Friedrich_list_statue_at_leipzig_hauptbahnhof.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Friedrich_list_statue_at_leipzig_hauptbahnhof.jpg/400px-Friedrich_list_statue_at_leipzig_hauptbahnhof.jpg 2x" data-file-width="968" data-file-height="1782" /></a><figcaption>Memorial statue at the main railway station of Leipzig</figcaption></figure> <p>List's principal work is entitled <i>Das Nationale System der Politischen Ökonomie</i> (1841) and was translated into English as <i>The National System of Political Economy</i>. </p><p>Before 1914, List and <a href="/wiki/Marx" class="mw-redirect" title="Marx">Marx</a> were the two best-known German economists and theorists of development, although Marx, unlike List, devised no policies to promote economic development. </p> <blockquote><p>This book has been more frequently translated than the works of any other German economist, except Karl Marx.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Ireland" title="Ireland">Ireland</a> he influenced <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Griffith" title="Arthur Griffith">Arthur Griffith</a> of <a href="/wiki/Sinn_F%C3%A9in" title="Sinn Féin">Sinn Féin</a> and these theories were used by the <a href="/wiki/Fianna_F%C3%A1il" title="Fianna Fáil">Fianna Fáil</a> government in the 1930s to instigate protectionism with a view to developing Irish industry. </p><p>Among others he strongly influenced was <a href="/wiki/Sergei_Witte" title="Sergei Witte">Sergei Witte</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Russian" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperial Russian">Imperial Russian</a> Minister of Finance, 1892–1903. Witte's plan for rapid industrialisation was centred around railroad construction (the <a href="/wiki/Trans-Siberian_railroad" class="mw-redirect" title="Trans-Siberian railroad">Trans-Siberian railroad</a> for example) and a policy of protectionism. At the time, it was largely considered that Russia was a backward country with an underdeveloped economy. The boom which was seen during the 1890s was largely credited to Witte's policy. </p> <p><a href="/wiki/Angus_Maddison" title="Angus Maddison">Angus Maddison</a> noted that: </p><blockquote><p>As Marx was not interested in the survival of the capitalist system, he was not really concerned with economic policy, except in so far as the labour movement was involved. There, his argument was concentrated on measures to limit the length of the working day, and to strengthen trade union bargaining power. His analysis was also largely confined to the situation in the leading capitalist country of his day—the UK—and he did not consider the policy problems of other Western countries in catching up with the lead country (as Friedrich List did). In so far as Marx was concerned with other countries, it was mainly with poor countries which were victims of Western imperialism in the merchant capitalist era.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Friedrich_List_(timbre_RFA).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Friedrich_List_%28timbre_RFA%29.jpg/220px-Friedrich_List_%28timbre_RFA%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="131" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Friedrich_List_%28timbre_RFA%29.jpg/330px-Friedrich_List_%28timbre_RFA%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Friedrich_List_%28timbre_RFA%29.jpg/440px-Friedrich_List_%28timbre_RFA%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="515" data-file-height="306" /></a><figcaption>1989 <a href="/wiki/Deutsche_Bundespost" title="Deutsche Bundespost">Deutsche Bundespost</a> stamp commemorating the 200th anniversary of List's birth</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Heterodox_economics" title="Heterodox economics">Heterodox economists</a>, such as South Korean <a href="/wiki/Ha-Joon_Chang" title="Ha-Joon Chang">Ha-Joon Chang</a> and Norwegian <a href="/wiki/Erik_Reinert" class="mw-redirect" title="Erik Reinert">Erik Reinert</a>, refer to List often explicitly when writing about suitable economic policies for developing countries. List's influence among developing nations has been considerable. Japan has followed his model.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <blockquote><p>The international economic policy of Meiji Japan was a combination of Hideyoshi's mercantilism and Friedrich List's Nationale System der Politischen Ökonomie.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELinebargerChuBurks1954326_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELinebargerChuBurks1954326-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>It has also been argued that <a href="/wiki/Deng_Xiaoping" title="Deng Xiaoping">Deng Xiaoping</a>'s post-<a href="/wiki/Maoism" title="Maoism">Mao</a> policies were inspired by List, as well as recent policies in India.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClairmonte1959_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClairmonte1959-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoianovsky20112_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoianovsky20112-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <blockquote><p>China, under Deng, took on the clear features of a 'developmental dictatorship under single-party auspices.' The PRC would then belong to a class of regimes familiar to the 20th century that have their ideological sources in classical Marxism, but better reflect the developmental, nationalist views of Friedrich List.<sup id="cite_ref-xh-list_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-xh-list-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>A 1943 German film <i><a href="/wiki/The_Endless_Road" title="The Endless Road">The Endless Road</a></i> portrayed List's life and achievements. He was played by <a href="/wiki/Eugen_Kl%C3%B6pfer" title="Eugen Klöpfer">Eugen Klöpfer</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/North_Korea" title="North Korea">North Korea</a> with its <a href="/wiki/Juche_ideology" class="mw-redirect" title="Juche ideology">Juche ideology</a> has likewise been considered by <a href="/wiki/Dieter_Senghaas" title="Dieter Senghaas">Dieter Senghaas</a> to follow an "unequaled" model of development inspired by List's "production of productive forces."<sup id="cite_ref-juttka-reisse_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-juttka-reisse-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Friedrich_List&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Friedrich_List" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Friedrich List">Friedrich List</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikiquote-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <i><b><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Friedrich_List" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/Friedrich List">Friedrich List</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economic_interventionism" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic interventionism">Economic interventionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_patriotism" title="Economic patriotism">Economic patriotism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Charles_Carey" title="Henry Charles Carey">Henry Charles Carey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raimund_Hermann_Siegfried_Moltke" title="Raimund Hermann Siegfried Moltke">Siegfried Moltke</a>, a biographer of List's</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caroline_M%C3%A4rklin" title="Caroline Märklin">Caroline Märklin</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Works_in_English_translation">Works in English translation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Friedrich_List&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Works in English translation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFList,_Friedrich" class="citation book cs1">—. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090831025208/http://socserv2.socsci.mcmaster.ca/~econ/ugcm/3ll3/list/national.html"><i>The National System of Political Economy</i></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://socserv2.socsci.mcmaster.ca/~econ/ugcm/3ll3/list/national.html">the original</a> on 2009-08-31<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-12-14</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+National+System+of+Political+Economy&rft.au=List%2C+Friedrich&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsocserv2.socsci.mcmaster.ca%2F~econ%2Fugcm%2F3ll3%2Flist%2Fnational.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFriedrich+List" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Friedrich_List&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFreeman1995-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFreeman1995_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFreeman1995">Freeman 1995</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHelleiner2020-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHelleiner2020_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHelleiner2020">Helleiner 2020</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHelleiner2021-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHelleiner2021_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHelleiner2021">Helleiner 2021</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Britannica-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Britannica_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Britannica_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Britannica_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/343324">Friedrich List</a> at the <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETribe200736-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETribe200736_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTribe2007">Tribe 2007</a>, p. 36.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHagemannWendler201858–62-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHagemannWendler201858–62_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHagemannWendler201858–62_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHagemannWendler2018">Hagemann & Wendler 2018</a>, pp. 58–62.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWendler201412,_135–137-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWendler201412,_135–137_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWendler2014">Wendler 2014</a>, pp. 12, 135–137.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWalther1984" class="citation journal cs1">Walther, Rudolf (1984). "Economic Liberalism". <i>Economy and Society</i>. <b>13</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">178–</span>207. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F03085148300000019">10.1080/03085148300000019</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Economy+and+Society&rft.atitle=Economic+Liberalism&rft.volume=13&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E178-%3C%2Fspan%3E207&rft.date=1984&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F03085148300000019&rft.aulast=Walther&rft.aufirst=Rudolf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFriedrich+List" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWendler2014220-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWendler2014220_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWendler2014">Wendler 2014</a>, p. 220.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHirst19091-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHirst19091_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHirst1909">Hirst 1909</a>, p. 1.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHirst19092–4-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHirst19092–4_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHirst19092–4_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHirst19092–4_11-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHirst19092–4_11-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHirst1909">Hirst 1909</a>, pp. 2–4.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thomas-scharnowski.de/flist/flist.htm">Friedrich Lists Auswanderungsbefragungen (1817) (Memento vom 27. September 2007 im Internet Archive)</a>, archived on January 3, 2013.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHirst19098-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHirst19098_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHirst1909">Hirst 1909</a>, p. 8.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Friedrich Seidel, <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.digitalis.uni-koeln.de/Seidel/seidel_index.html">The Problem of Poverty in the German Vormärz according to Friedrich List</a></i>. In: <i>Cologne Lectures on Social and Economic History</i>, issue 13, Cologne 1971, p. 3f.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Werner Lachmann: Entwicklungspolitik: Band 1: Grundlagen, Oldenbourg Wissenschaftsverlag, 2003, ISBN 3-486-25139-2, S. 128.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">W. O. Henderson, Editor’s Introduction: Friedrich List: The Natural System of Political Economy. ISBN 0-7146-3206-6.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">zitiert nach Hubert Kiesewetter: <i>Industrielle Revolution in Deutschland: Regionen als Wachstumsmotoren.</i> 2004, ISBN 3-515-08613-7, S. 31.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Thomas Nipperdey: <i>German History 1800–1866. The Civil World and the Strong State</i>. Munich 1998, ISBN 3-406-44038-X, p. 358.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">quoted in Jörg Schweigard: The Höllenberg. In: Die Zeit, No. 43/2004.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">quoted in <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Nipperdey" title="Thomas Nipperdey">Thomas Nipperdey</a>: <i>German History 1800–1866. The Civil World and the Strong State</i>. Munich 1998, ISBN 3-406-44038-X, p. 327.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Carl Brinkmann: Friedrich List. In: Dictionary of the Social Sciences, Vol. 6. Stuttgart et. al. 1959, p. 634.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.grin.com/document/4116">"GRIN - Friedrich List - Leben und Werk im Überblick"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=GRIN+-+Friedrich+List+-+Leben+und+Werk+im+%C3%9Cberblick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.grin.com%2Fdocument%2F4116&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFriedrich+List" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-appletons-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-appletons_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-appletons_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-appletons_23-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-appletons_23-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilsonFiske1892" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/James_Grant_Wilson" title="James Grant Wilson">Wilson, J. G.</a>; <a href="/wiki/John_Fiske_(philosopher)" title="John Fiske (philosopher)">Fiske, J.</a>, eds. (1892). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography/List, Friedrich"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Appletons%27_Cyclop%C3%A6dia_of_American_Biography/List,_Friedrich">"List, Friedrich" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Appletons%27_Cyclop%C3%A6dia_of_American_Biography" title="Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography">Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography</a></i>. New York: D. Appleton.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=List%2C+Friedrich&rft.btitle=Appletons%27+Cyclop%C3%A6dia+of+American+Biography&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=D.+Appleton&rft.date=1892&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFriedrich+List" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nie-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-nie_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nie_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nie_24-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nie_24-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGilmanPeckColby1905" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Coit_Gilman" title="Daniel Coit Gilman">Gilman, D. C.</a>; Peck, H. T.; Colby, F. M., eds. (1905). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:The New International Encyclopædia/List, Friedrich"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_New_International_Encyclop%C3%A6dia/List,_Friedrich">"List, Friedrich" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/New_International_Encyclopedia" class="mw-redirect" title="New International Encyclopedia">New International Encyclopedia</a></i> (1st ed.). New York: Dodd, Mead.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=List%2C+Friedrich&rft.btitle=New+International+Encyclopedia&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Dodd%2C+Mead&rft.date=1905&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFriedrich+List" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Carl Brinkmann: Friedrich List. In: Dictionary of the Social Sciences, Vol. 6. Stuttgart et. al. 1959, p. 634.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETodd201515,_125,_146–153-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETodd201515,_125,_146–153_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETodd201515,_125,_146–153_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETodd201515,_125,_146–153_26-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTodd2015">Todd 2015</a>, pp. 15, 125, 146–153.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hans-Werner Hahn: <i>The Industrial Revolution in Germany</i>. (Encyclopedia of German History, Vol. 49), Munich 2005, ISBN 3-486-57669-0, p. 22.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Nipperdey" title="Thomas Nipperdey">Thomas Nipperdey</a>: <i>German History 1800–1866. The Civil World and the Strong State</i>. Munich 1998, ISBN 3-406-44038-X, p. 191.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dieter Langewiesche: <i>Liberalism in Germany</i>. Frankfurt am Main 1988, ISBN 3-518-11286-4, p. 13.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Friedrich Seidel, <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.digitalis.uni-koeln.de/Seidel/seidel_index.html">The Problem of Poverty in the German Vormärz according to Friedrich List</a></i>. In: <i>Cologne Lectures on Social and Economic History</i>, issue 13, Cologne 1971, p. 12.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Carl Brinkmann: Friedrich List. In: Dictionary of the Social Sciences, Vol. 6. Stuttgart et. al. 1959, p. 434.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hans-Werner Hahn: <i>The Industrial Revolution in Germany</i>. (Encyclopedia of German History, Vol. 49), Munich 2005, ISBN 3-486-57669-0, p. 22.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hans-Werner Hahn: <i>The Industrial Revolution in Germany</i>. (Encyclopedia of German History, Vol. 49), Munich 2005, ISBN 3-486-57669-0, p. 22f.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hans-Ulrich Wehler: <i>German Social History, Vol. 3, From the 'German Double Revolution' to the Beginning of the First World War: 1849–1914</i>. 2007, ISBN 978-3-406-32263-1 , pp. 74–75.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wilhelm Klutentreter: <i>The Rheinische Zeitung of 1842/43</i>. (Dortmund Contributions to Newspaper Research 10/1). Dortmund 1966, p. 56 f and p. 57 ff.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHenderson198385-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHenderson198385_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHenderson1983">Henderson 1983</a>, p. 85.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Heinz D. Kurz: <i>Classics of Economic Thought. Vol. 1: From Adam Smith to Alfred Marschall</i>. CHBeck Publishing, 2008, ISBN 978-3-406-57357-6, p. 164.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Arne Daniels: <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.zeit.de/1989/32/bruder-du-bist-in-eine-boese-zeit-gefallen">Brother, you have fallen into an evil time</a></i>. In: Die Zeit. No. 32/1989.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Alfred E. Ott: <i>Price Formation, Technical Progress and Economic Growth</i>. Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 1996, ISBN 3-525-13230-1, p. 244.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Originally published in 1841 at <a href="/wiki/Stuttgart" title="Stuttgart">Stuttgart</a>/<a href="/wiki/T%C3%BCbingen" title="Tübingen">Tübingen</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_41-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_41-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHelleiner2023" class="citation cs2">Helleiner, Eric (2023), Bukovansky, Mlada; Keene, Edward; Reus-Smit, Christian; Spanu, Maja (eds.), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://academic.oup.com/edited-volume/46861/chapter/414171038">"Regulating Commerce"</a>, <i>The Oxford Handbook of History and International Relations</i>, Oxford University Press, pp. 334–C23P112, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Foxfordhb%2F9780198873457.013.22">10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198873457.013.22</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-887345-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-887345-7"><bdi>978-0-19-887345-7</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Oxford+Handbook+of+History+and+International+Relations&rft.atitle=Regulating+Commerce&rft.pages=334-C23P112&rft.date=2023&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Foxfordhb%2F9780198873457.013.22&rft.isbn=978-0-19-887345-7&rft.aulast=Helleiner&rft.aufirst=Eric&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Facademic.oup.com%2Fedited-volume%2F46861%2Fchapter%2F414171038&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFriedrich+List" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">National System of Political Economy, Friedrich List – p. 102–3</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">National System of Political Economy, Friedrich List—p. 150</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrooks20051–2-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrooks20051–2_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrooks2005">Brooks 2005</a>, pp. 1–2.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"The German <a href="/wiki/Zollverein" title="Zollverein">Zollverein</a>" in the <i><a href="/wiki/Edinburgh_Review" title="Edinburgh Review">Edinburgh Review</a></i>, 1844, p. 117</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Friedrich List. <i>National System of Political Economy</i>. p. 166.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENipperdey1996165-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENipperdey1996165_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNipperdey1996">Nipperdey 1996</a>, p. 165.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">List quoted in John J. Lalor, ed. <i>Cyclopædia of Political Science</i> (1881) 3:118</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The German Zollverein</i> in the <i>Edinburgh Review</i>, 1844, Vol. LXXIX, pp. 105 et seq.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The National System of Political Economy</i>, by Friedrich List, 1841, translated by Sampson S. Lloyd M.P., 1885 edition, Author's Preface, Page xxvi.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChang2002-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChang2002_51-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChang2002_51-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChang2002">Chang 2002</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The National System of Political Economy</i>, by Friedrich List, 1841, translated by Sampson S. Lloyd M.P., 1885 edition, Fourth Book, "The Politics", Chapter 33.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeuser2008-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeuser2008_53-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeuser2008_53-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHeuser2008">Heuser 2008</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeuser1986-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeuser1986_54-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHeuser1986">Heuser 1986</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-daughters-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-daughters_55-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-daughters_55-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Isabella Pfaff: Die Familie. In: Stadt Reutlingen Heimatmuseum und Stadtarchiv (Hrsg.): Friedrich List und seine Zeit: Nationalökonom, Eisenbahnpionier, Politiker, Publizist, 1789–1846: Katalog und Ausstellung zum 200. Geburtstag unter der Schirmherrschaft des Ministerpräsidenten Dr. h. c. Lothar Späth. Reutlingen 1989, ISBN 3-927228-19-2, S. 198 ff.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Henderson (1983)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Dynamic forces in Capitalist Development: A Long-Run Comparative View</i>, by <a href="/wiki/Angus_Maddison" title="Angus Maddison">Angus Maddison</a>. Oxford University Press, 1991, page 19.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">List's influence on Japanese economic policy: see "A contrary view: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://users.cyberone.com.au/myers/soros2.html"><i>How the World Works</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060117032728/http://users.cyberone.com.au/myers/soros2.html">Archived</a> 2006-01-17 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, by <a href="/wiki/James_Fallows" title="James Fallows">James Fallows</a>"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELinebargerChuBurks1954326-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELinebargerChuBurks1954326_59-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLinebargerChuBurks1954">Linebarger, Chu & Burks 1954</a>, p. 326.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEClairmonte1959-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClairmonte1959_60-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFClairmonte1959">Clairmonte 1959</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoianovsky20112-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoianovsky20112_61-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBoianovsky2011">Boianovsky 2011</a>, p. 2.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-xh-list-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-xh-list_62-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">A. James Gregor, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071201123623/http://www.polisci.berkeley.edu/courses/coursepages/Spring2005/ps137b/PRECIS16.pdf">Précis No. 16</a>, PS 137b - "Revolutionary Movements: Marxism and Fascism in East Asia" (Course Notes), 29 March 2005. Archived link, accessed 10 August 2014.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-juttka-reisse-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-juttka-reisse_63-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Juttka-Reisse, R. (1979.) <i>Agrarpolitik und Kimilsungismus in der Demokratischen Volksrepublik Korea: Ein Beitrag zum Konzept autozentrierter Entwicklung.</i> Hain: VIII—X.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <ul><li><span class="noprint"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/18px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/24px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span> </span>This article incorporates text from a publication now in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChisholm1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a>, ed. (1911). "<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/List,_Friedrich" class="extiw" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/List, Friedrich">List, Friedrich</a>". <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i> (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=List%2C+Friedrich&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFriedrich+List" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Friedrich_List&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Books_and_book_chapters">Books and book chapters</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Friedrich_List&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Books and book chapters"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnonymous1877" class="citation book cs1">Anonymous (1877). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_xE6AAAAcAAJ&q=%22,+ein+Vorlaufer+und+ein+Opfer+f%C3%BCr+das+Vaterland%22"><i>Fr. List, ein Vorlaufer und ein Opfer für das Vaterland</i></a> [<i>Friederich List: a Forerunner and a Sacrifice for the Fatherland</i>]. Vol. II. Stuttgart.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fr.+List%2C+ein+Vorlaufer+und+ein+Opfer+f%C3%BCr+das+Vaterland&rft.place=Stuttgart&rft.date=1877&rft.au=Anonymous&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_xE6AAAAcAAJ%26q%3D%2522%2C%2Bein%2BVorlaufer%2Bund%2Bein%2BOpfer%2Bf%25C3%25BCr%2Bdas%2BVaterland%2522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFriedrich+List" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoianovsky2011" class="citation book cs1">Boianovsky, Mauro (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.anpec.org.br/downloads/Encontro%202011_texto%20Boianovsky.pdf"><i>Friedrich List and the Economic Fate of Tropical Countries</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/wiki/Universidade_de_Brasilia" class="mw-redirect" title="Universidade de Brasilia">Universidade de Brasilia</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Friedrich+List+and+the+Economic+Fate+of+Tropical+Countries&rft.pub=Universidade+de+Brasilia&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Boianovsky&rft.aufirst=Mauro&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.anpec.org.br%2Fdownloads%2FEncontro%25202011_texto%2520Boianovsky.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFriedrich+List" class="Z3988"></span> (dissertation)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBolsinger2004" class="citation conference cs1">Bolsinger, Eckard (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080626025135/http://www.psa.ac.uk/journals/pdf/5/2004/Bolsinger.pdf"><i>The Foundation of Mercantile Realism: Friedrich List and International Political Economy</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. 54th Political Studies Association Annual Conference. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.psa.ac.uk/journals/pdf/5/2004/Bolsinger.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2008-06-26.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=conference&rft.btitle=The+Foundation+of+Mercantile+Realism%3A+Friedrich+List+and+International+Political+Economy&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Bolsinger&rft.aufirst=Eckard&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.psa.ac.uk%2Fjournals%2Fpdf%2F5%2F2004%2FBolsinger.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFriedrich+List" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrooks2005" class="citation book cs1">Brooks, Stephen G. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt7sjz7"><i>Producing Security: Multinational Corporations, Globalization, and the Changing Calculus of Conflict</i></a>. Vol. 102. Princeton University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2Fj.ctt7sjz7">10.2307/j.ctt7sjz7</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-13031-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-13031-6"><bdi>978-0-691-13031-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt7sjz7">j.ctt7sjz7</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Producing+Security%3A+Multinational+Corporations%2C+Globalization%2C+and+the+Changing+Calculus+of+Conflict&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2Fj.ctt7sjz7%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2Fj.ctt7sjz7&rft.isbn=978-0-691-13031-6&rft.aulast=Brooks&rft.aufirst=Stephen+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2Fj.ctt7sjz7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFriedrich+List" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBorchardtSchötz1991" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Knut_Borchardt" title="Knut Borchardt">Borchardt, Knut</a>; Schötz, Hans Otto, eds. (1991). <i>Wirtschaftspolitik in der Krise. Die (Geheim-)Konferenz der Friedrich List-Gesellschaft im Sept.1931 über Möglichkeiten und Folgen einer Kreditausweitung</i> [<i>Economic Policy in Crisis: The (Secret) Conference of the Friedrich List Society in September 1931 on the Possibilities and Consequences of Credit Expansion</i>]. Baden-Baden: Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Wirtschaftspolitik+in+der+Krise.+Die+%28Geheim-%29Konferenz+der+Friedrich+List-Gesellschaft+im+Sept.1931+%C3%BCber+M%C3%B6glichkeiten+und+Folgen+einer+Kreditausweitung&rft.place=Baden-Baden&rft.pub=Nomos+Verlagsgesellschaft&rft.date=1991&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFriedrich+List" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrügelmann1956" class="citation book cs1">Brügelmann, Hermann (1956). <i>Politische Ökonomie in kritischen Jahren. Die Friedrich List-Gesellschaft E.V., von 1925-1935</i> [<i>Political Economy in Critical Years: The Friedrich List Society from 1925-1935</i>]. Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Politische+%C3%96konomie+in+kritischen+Jahren.+Die+Friedrich+List-Gesellschaft+E.V.%2C+von+1925-1935&rft.place=T%C3%BCbingen&rft.pub=Mohr+Siebeck&rft.date=1956&rft.aulast=Br%C3%BCgelmann&rft.aufirst=Hermann&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFriedrich+List" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDaastøl2011" class="citation book cs1">Daastøl, Arno Mong (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.db-thueringen.de/servlets/DerivateServlet/Derivate-29684/Dissertation_Daastoel_a.pdf"><i>Friedrich List's Heart, Wit and Will: Mental Capital as the Productive Force of Progress</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Erfurt.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Friedrich+List%27s+Heart%2C+Wit+and+Will%3A+Mental+Capital+as+the+Productive+Force+of+Progress&rft.place=Erfurt&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Daast%C3%B8l&rft.aufirst=Arno+Mong&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.db-thueringen.de%2Fservlets%2FDerivateServlet%2FDerivate-29684%2FDissertation_Daastoel_a.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFriedrich+List" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span> (doctoral dissertation)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrith2024" class="citation book cs1">Frith, Mathew A. (2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://researchonline.federation.edu.au/vital/access/services/Download/vital:19424/SOURCE2"><i>American Protectionist Thought: The Economic Philosophy and Theory of the 19th Century American Protectionists</i></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=American+Protectionist+Thought%3A+The+Economic+Philosophy+and+Theory+of+the+19th+Century+American+Protectionists&rft.date=2024&rft.aulast=Frith&rft.aufirst=Mathew+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fresearchonline.federation.edu.au%2Fvital%2Faccess%2Fservices%2FDownload%2Fvital%3A19424%2FSOURCE2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFriedrich+List" class="Z3988"></span> (doctoral dissertation)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoldschmidt1878" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Goldschmidt, Friedrich (1878). <i>Friedrich List, Deutschlands grosser Volkswirth</i> [<i>Friedrich List, Germany's Greater National Economy</i>] (in German). Berlin: J. Springer. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/797286817">797286817</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Friedrich+List%2C+Deutschlands+grosser+Volkswirth&rft.place=Berlin&rft.pub=J.+Springer&rft.date=1878&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F797286817&rft.aulast=Goldschmidt&rft.aufirst=Friedrich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFriedrich+List" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHagemannWendler2018" class="citation book cs1">Hagemann, Harald; Wendler, Eugen (2018). <i>The Economic Thought of Friedrich List</i>. Routledge. pp. <span class="nowrap">58–</span>62.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Economic+Thought+of+Friedrich+List&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E58-%3C%2Fspan%3E62&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2018&rft.aulast=Hagemann&rft.aufirst=Harald&rft.au=Wendler%2C+Eugen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFriedrich+List" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHelleiner2021" class="citation book cs1">Helleiner, Eric (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1jEYEAAAQBAJ"><i>The Neomercantilists: A Global Intellectual History</i></a>. Cornell University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5017-6014-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-5017-6014-3"><bdi>978-1-5017-6014-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Neomercantilists%3A+A+Global+Intellectual+History&rft.pub=Cornell+University+Press&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=978-1-5017-6014-3&rft.aulast=Helleiner&rft.aufirst=Eric&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1jEYEAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFriedrich+List" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHenderson1983" class="citation book cs1">Henderson, William O. (1983). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/friedrichlisteco0000hend"><i>Friedrich List: Economist and Visionary, 1789–1846</i></a></span>. London: Frank Cass. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780714631615" title="Special:BookSources/9780714631615"><bdi>9780714631615</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Friedrich+List%3A+Economist+and+Visionary%2C+1789%E2%80%931846&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Frank+Cass&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=9780714631615&rft.aulast=Henderson&rft.aufirst=William+O.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ffriedrichlisteco0000hend&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFriedrich+List" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHirst1909" class="citation book cs1">Hirst, Margaret E. (1909). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/lifeoffriedrichl00hirsuoft"><i>Life of Friedrich List</i></a>. London.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Life+of+Friedrich+List&rft.place=London&rft.date=1909&rft.aulast=Hirst&rft.aufirst=Margaret+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Flifeoffriedrichl00hirsuoft&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFriedrich+List" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span>, containing a bibliography and a reprint of List's <i>Petition on Behalf of the Handelsverein to the Federal Assembly</i> (1819), <i>Outlines of American Political Economy</i> (1827), <i>Philadelphia Speech</i> (1827) (to the Harrisburg Convention), and the <i>Introduction</i> to <i>The National System of Political Economy</i> (1841).</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeuser2008" class="citation book cs1">Heuser, Marie-Luise (2008). "Romantik und Gesellschaft. Die Theorie der produktiven Kräfte" [Romance and Society: The Theory of Productive Forces]. In Gerhard, Myriam (ed.). <i>Oldenburger Jahrbuch für Philosophie 2007</i> [<i>Oldenburg Yearbook for Philosophy 2007</i>]. pp. <span class="nowrap">253–</span>277. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-8142-2101-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-8142-2101-4"><bdi>978-3-8142-2101-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Romantik+und+Gesellschaft.+Die+Theorie+der+produktiven+Kr%C3%A4fte&rft.btitle=Oldenburger+Jahrbuch+f%C3%BCr+Philosophie+2007&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E253-%3C%2Fspan%3E277&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-3-8142-2101-4&rft.aulast=Heuser&rft.aufirst=Marie-Luise&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFriedrich+List" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeuser1986" class="citation book cs1">Heuser, Marie-Luise (1986). <i>Die Produktivität der Natur. Schellings Naturphilosophie und das neue Paradigma der Selbstorganisation in den Naturwissenschaften</i>. Berlin: Duncker & Humblot. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-428-06079-2" title="Special:BookSources/3-428-06079-2"><bdi>3-428-06079-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Die+Produktivit%C3%A4t+der+Natur.+Schellings+Naturphilosophie+und+das+neue+Paradigma+der+Selbstorganisation+in+den+Naturwissenschaften&rft.place=Berlin&rft.pub=Duncker+%26+Humblot&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=3-428-06079-2&rft.aulast=Heuser&rft.aufirst=Marie-Luise&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFriedrich+List" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJentsch1901" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Jentsch, Carl (1901). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/friedrichlist00jent"><i>Friedrich List</i></a></span> (in German). Berlin: Ernst Hofmann and Co.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Friedrich+List&rft.place=Berlin&rft.pub=Ernst+Hofmann+and+Co.&rft.date=1901&rft.aulast=Jentsch&rft.aufirst=Carl&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ffriedrichlist00jent&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFriedrich+List" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLinebargerChuBurks1954" class="citation book cs1">Linebarger, Paul M. A.; Chu, Chu; Burks, Ardath W. (1954). <i>Far Eastern Governments and Politics: China and Japan</i> (2nd ed.). Princeton, NJ: D. Van Nostrand.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Far+Eastern+Governments+and+Politics%3A+China+and+Japan&rft.place=Princeton%2C+NJ&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=D.+Van+Nostrand&rft.date=1954&rft.aulast=Linebarger&rft.aufirst=Paul+M.+A.&rft.au=Chu%2C+Chu&rft.au=Burks%2C+Ardath+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFriedrich+List" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNipperdey1996" class="citation book cs1">Nipperdey, Thomas (1996). <i>Germany from Napoleon to Bismarck</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Germany+from+Napoleon+to+Bismarck&rft.date=1996&rft.aulast=Nipperdey&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFriedrich+List" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSzporluk1988" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Roman_Szporluk" title="Roman Szporluk">Szporluk, Roman</a> (1988). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/communismnationa0000szpo"><i>Communism and Nationalism: Karl Marx versus Friedrich List</i></a></span>. New York: Oxford University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Communism+and+Nationalism%3A+Karl+Marx+versus+Friedrich+List&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1988&rft.aulast=Szporluk&rft.aufirst=Roman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcommunismnationa0000szpo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFriedrich+List" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThum2021" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Gregor_Thum" title="Gregor Thum">Thum, Gregor</a> (2021). "Seapower and Frontier Settlement: Friedrich List's American Vision for Germany". In Lahti, Janne (ed.). <i>German and United States Colonialism in a Connected World: Entangled Empires</i>. Cham: Palgrave Macmillan. pp. <span class="nowrap">17–</span>39.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Seapower+and+Frontier+Settlement%3A+Friedrich+List%27s+American+Vision+for+Germany&rft.btitle=German+and+United+States+Colonialism+in+a+Connected+World%3A+Entangled+Empires&rft.place=Cham&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E17-%3C%2Fspan%3E39&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2021&rft.aulast=Thum&rft.aufirst=Gregor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFriedrich+List" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTodd2015" class="citation book cs1">Todd, David (2015). <i>Free Trade and its Enemies in France, 1814–1851</i>. Cambridge University Press. pp. 15, 125 & 146–153.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Free+Trade+and+its+Enemies+in+France%2C+1814%E2%80%931851&rft.pages=15%2C+125+%26+146-153&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.aulast=Todd&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFriedrich+List" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTribe2007" class="citation book cs1">Tribe, Keith (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=stAdRFpKMdsC&pg=PA36"><i>Strategies of Economic Order</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521619431" title="Special:BookSources/9780521619431"><bdi>9780521619431</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Strategies+of+Economic+Order&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9780521619431&rft.aulast=Tribe&rft.aufirst=Keith&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DstAdRFpKMdsC%26pg%3DPA36&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFriedrich+List" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWendler2014" class="citation book cs1">Wendler, Eugen (2014). <i>Friedrich List (1789-1846): A Visionary Economist with Social Responsibility</i>. Springer.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Friedrich+List+%281789-1846%29%3A+A+Visionary+Economist+with+Social+Responsibility&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2014&rft.aulast=Wendler&rft.aufirst=Eugen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFriedrich+List" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Articles">Articles</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Friedrich_List&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Articles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChang2002" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ha_Joon_Chang" class="mw-redirect" title="Ha Joon Chang">Chang, Ha-Joon</a> (September 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.paecon.net/PAEtexts/Chang1.htm">"Kicking Away the Ladder: How the Economic and Intellectual Histories of Capitalism Have Been Re-Written to Justify Neo-Liberal Capitalism"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Post-Autistic_Economics_Review" class="mw-redirect" title="Post-Autistic Economics Review">Post-Autistic Economics Review</a></i> (15).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Post-Autistic+Economics+Review&rft.atitle=Kicking+Away+the+Ladder%3A+How+the+Economic+and+Intellectual+Histories+of+Capitalism+Have+Been+Re-Written+to+Justify+Neo-Liberal+Capitalism&rft.issue=15&rft.date=2002-09&rft.aulast=Chang&rft.aufirst=Ha-Joon&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.paecon.net%2FPAEtexts%2FChang1.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFriedrich+List" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClairmonte1959" class="citation journal cs1">Clairmonte, Frederick (February 1959). "Friedrich List and the Historical Concept of Balance Growth". <i>Indian Economic Review</i>. <b>4</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">24–</span>44.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Indian+Economic+Review&rft.atitle=Friedrich+List+and+the+Historical+Concept+of+Balance+Growth&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E24-%3C%2Fspan%3E44&rft.date=1959-02&rft.aulast=Clairmonte&rft.aufirst=Frederick&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFriedrich+List" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFInce2016" class="citation journal cs1">Ince, Onur Ulas (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13563467.2016.1115827">"Friedrich List and the Imperial Origins of the National Economy"</a>. <i>New Political Economy</i>. <b>21</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">380–</span>400. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F13563467.2016.1115827">10.1080/13563467.2016.1115827</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:147126854">147126854</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+Political+Economy&rft.atitle=Friedrich+List+and+the+Imperial+Origins+of+the+National+Economy&rft.volume=21&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E380-%3C%2Fspan%3E400&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F13563467.2016.1115827&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A147126854%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Ince&rft.aufirst=Onur+Ulas&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1080%2F13563467.2016.1115827&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFriedrich+List" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFreeman1995" class="citation journal cs1">Freeman, C. (1995). "The National System of Innovation in Historical Perspective". <i>Cambridge Journal of Economics</i>. <b>19</b>: <span class="nowrap">5–</span>24.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cambridge+Journal+of+Economics&rft.atitle=The+National+System+of+Innovation+in+Historical+Perspective&rft.volume=19&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E5-%3C%2Fspan%3E24&rft.date=1995&rft.aulast=Freeman&rft.aufirst=C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFriedrich+List" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHelleiner2020" class="citation journal cs1">Helleiner, Eric (2020-11-23). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F13563467.2020.1841137">"The Diversity of Economic Nationalism"</a>. <i>New Political Economy</i>. <b>26</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">229–</span>238. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F13563467.2020.1841137">10.1080/13563467.2020.1841137</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1356-3467">1356-3467</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+Political+Economy&rft.atitle=The+Diversity+of+Economic+Nationalism&rft.volume=26&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E229-%3C%2Fspan%3E238&rft.date=2020-11-23&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F13563467.2020.1841137&rft.issn=1356-3467&rft.aulast=Helleiner&rft.aufirst=Eric&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1080%252F13563467.2020.1841137&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFriedrich+List" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLevi-Faur1997" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_Levi-Faur" title="David Levi-Faur">Levi-Faur, David</a> (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tandf.co.uk/journals/titles/09692290.asp">"Friedrich List and the Political Economy of the Nation-State"</a>. <i>Review of International Political Economy</i>. <b>4</b>: <span class="nowrap">154–</span>178. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F096922997347887">10.1080/096922997347887</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Review+of+International+Political+Economy&rft.atitle=Friedrich+List+and+the+Political+Economy+of+the+Nation-State&rft.volume=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E154-%3C%2Fspan%3E178&rft.date=1997&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F096922997347887&rft.aulast=Levi-Faur&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tandf.co.uk%2Fjournals%2Ftitles%2F09692290.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFriedrich+List" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLevi-Faur1997" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_Levi-Faur" title="David Levi-Faur">Levi-Faur, David</a> (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayJournal?jid=RIS">"Economic Nationalism: From Friedrich List to Robert Reich"</a>. <i>Review of International Studies</i>. <b>23</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">359–</span>370. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0260210597003598">10.1017/S0260210597003598</a> (inactive 1 November 2024). <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145497541">145497541</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Review+of+International+Studies&rft.atitle=Economic+Nationalism%3A+From+Friedrich+List+to+Robert+Reich&rft.volume=23&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E359-%3C%2Fspan%3E370&rft.date=1997&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0260210597003598&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A145497541%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Levi-Faur&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjournals.cambridge.org%2Faction%2FdisplayJournal%3Fjid%3DRIS&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFriedrich+List" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024 (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_DOI_inactive_as_of_November_2024" title="Category:CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024">link</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNotz1926" class="citation journal cs1">Notz, William (June 1926). "Frederick List in America". <i>The American Economic Review</i>. <b>16</b> (2). American Economic Association: <span class="nowrap">249–</span>265. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1805356">1805356</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+American+Economic+Review&rft.atitle=Frederick+List+in+America&rft.volume=16&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E249-%3C%2Fspan%3E265&rft.date=1926-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1805356%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Notz&rft.aufirst=William&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFriedrich+List" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSelwyn2009" class="citation journal cs1">Selwyn, B. (2009). "An Historical Materialist Appraisal of Friedrich List and his Modern Day Followers". <i>New Political Economy</i>. <b>14</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">157–</span>180. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F13563460902825965">10.1080/13563460902825965</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145702401">145702401</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+Political+Economy&rft.atitle=An+Historical+Materialist+Appraisal+of+Friedrich+List+and+his+Modern+Day+Followers&rft.volume=14&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E157-%3C%2Fspan%3E180&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F13563460902825965&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A145702401%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Selwyn&rft.aufirst=B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFriedrich+List" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Friedrich_List&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_List" class="extiw" title="commons:Friedrich List"><span style="font-style:italic; font-weight:bold;">Friedrich List</span></a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20011010234648/http://members.aol.com/BevinSoc/FriedrichList.html">A Comparison Of List, Marx and Adam Smith</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070930201533/http://en.thinkexist.com/quotes/friedrich_list/">Quotations From List</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Friedrich_List" class="extiw" title="q:Friedrich List">Wikiquote - Quotations From List</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071012125147/http://www.atholbooks.org/timecapsule/articles/list_europe.html">Union Europe — List's vision of a peaceful union</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1845/03/list.htm">An unfinished review of <i>The National System of Political Economy</i> written by Karl Marx in 1845</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060106123227/http://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1845/03/list.htm">Archived</a> 2006-01-06 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://purl.org/pressemappe20/folder/pe/011531">Newspaper clippings about Friedrich List</a> in the <a href="/wiki/20th_Century_Press_Archives" title="20th Century Press Archives">20th Century Press Archives</a> of the <a href="/wiki/German_National_Library_of_Economics" title="German National Library of Economics">ZBW</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style 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Knapp">Georg Friedrich Knapp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Knies" title="Karl Knies">Karl Knies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89tienne_Laspeyres" title="Étienne Laspeyres">Étienne Laspeyres</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Friedrich List</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Polanyi" title="Karl Polanyi">Karl Polanyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leopold_von_Ranke" title="Leopold von Ranke">Leopold von Ranke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Georg_Friedrich_Roscher" title="Wilhelm Georg Friedrich Roscher">Wilhelm Roscher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustav_von_Schmoller" title="Gustav von Schmoller">Gustav von Schmoller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Schumpeter" title="Joseph Schumpeter">Joseph Schumpeter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Werner_Sombart" title="Werner Sombart">Werner Sombart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_von_Treitschke" title="Heinrich von Treitschke">Heinrich von Treitschke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adolph_Wagner" title="Adolph Wagner">Adolph Wagner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Weber" title="Max Weber">Max Weber</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Contributions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Creative_destruction" title="Creative destruction">Creative destruction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disenchantment" title="Disenchantment">Disenchantment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Double_movement" title="Double movement">Double movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economistic_fallacy" title="Economistic fallacy">Economistic fallacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Embeddedness" title="Embeddedness">Embeddedness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enlightened_absolutism" title="Enlightened absolutism">Enlightened absolutism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fictitious_commodities" title="Fictitious commodities">Fictitious commodities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ideal_type" title="Ideal type">Ideal type</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Innovation_economics" title="Innovation economics">Innovation economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron_cage" title="Iron cage">Iron cage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Price_index#Paasche_and_Laspeyres_price_indices" title="Price index">Laspeyres price index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Life_chances" title="Life chances">Life chances</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Methodenstreit" title="Methodenstreit">Methodenstreit</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methodological_individualism" title="Methodological individualism">Methodological individualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monopoly_on_violence" title="Monopoly on violence">Monopoly on violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_innovation_system" title="National innovation system">National innovation system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Identity_(philosophy)" title="Identity (philosophy)">Philosophy of identity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protestant_work_ethic" title="Protestant work ethic">Protestant work ethic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rationalization_(sociology)" title="Rationalization (sociology)">Rationalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schumpeterian_rent" title="Schumpeterian rent">Schumpeterian rent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_action" title="Social action">Social action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Substantivism" title="Substantivism">Substantivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bureaucracy#Max_Weber" title="Bureaucracy">Theory of Bureaucracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Business_cycle" title="Business cycle">Theory of business cycles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three-component_theory_of_stratification" title="Three-component theory of stratification">Three-component theory of stratification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tripartite_classification_of_authority" title="Tripartite classification of authority">Tripartite classification of authority</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Verstehen" title="Verstehen">Verstehen</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wagner%27s_law" title="Wagner's law">Wagner's law</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Werturteilsstreit" title="Werturteilsstreit">Werturteilsstreit</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q159917#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata3526" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div 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