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In his ministry he promoted doctrines deemed unorthodox by many which led to lasting controversy, and caused the second major [[schism (religion)|schism]] within the [[Religious Society of Friends]] (the first caused by [[George Keith (missionary)|George Keith]] in 1691).<ref name="(Landsman, 1985)">{{cite book |last1=Landsman |first1=Ned C. |title=Scotland and Its First American Colony, 1683–1765 |date=1985 |publisher=Princeton University Press |location=Princeton |isbn=0-691-04724-3 |pages=163–176 |edition=first}}</ref> Elias Hicks was the older cousin of the painter [[Edward Hicks]]. ==Early life== Elias Hicks was born in [[Hempstead, New York]], in 1748, the son of John Hicks (1711–1789) and Martha Hicks (née Smith; 1709–1759), who were farmers. He was a carpenter by trade and in his early twenties he became a Quaker like his father.<ref name="hall">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-eBX522JniwC&pg=PA169 |title=American Religious Leaders|page=169|author=Timothy L. Hall|publisher=Infobase Publishing|year=2003|isbn=9781438108063|access-date=March 15, 2013}}</ref> On January 2, 1771, Hicks married a fellow Quaker, Jemima Seaman, at the [[Westbury, New York|Westbury]] [[Friends meeting house|Meeting House]] and they had eleven children, only five of whom reached adulthood. Hicks eventually became a farmer, settling on his wife's parents' farm in [[Jericho, New York]], in what is now known as the Elias Hicks House.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.lifwg.org/Portals/0/Documents/Hicks%20House.pdf|publisher=Women's Fund of Long Island|title=About the Historic Elias Hicks House|access-date=February 15, 2013}}{{Dead link|date=September 2024 |fix-attempted=yes |url=}}</ref> There he and his wife provided, as did other Jericho Quakers, free board and lodging to any traveler on the Jericho [[toll road|Turnpike]] rather than have them seek accommodation in [[tavern]]s for the night.<ref name="community">{{cite journal|url=http://westburyquakers.org/qt/archive/files/EliasHicks.htm|title=Elias Hicks, Quaker preacher|journal=Long Island Community Foundation|access-date=March 15, 2013|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121029061749/http://westburyquakers.org/qt/archive/files/EliasHicks.htm|archive-date=October 29, 2012}}</ref> In 1778, Hicks helped to build the [[Jericho Friends Meeting House Complex|Friends meeting house in Jericho]], which remains a place of Quaker worship. Hicks preached actively in Quaker meeting, and by 1778 he was acknowledged as a [[Recorded Minister|recorded minister]].<ref name="hall" /> Hicks was regarded as a gifted speaker with a strong voice and dramatic flair. He drew large crowds when he was said to be attending meetings, sometimes in the thousands. In November 1829, the young [[Walt Whitman]] heard Hicks preach at Morrison's Hotel in [[Brooklyn]], and later said, "Always Elias Hicks gives the service of pointing to the fountain of all naked theology, all religion, all worship, all the truth to which you are possibly eligible—namely in yourself and your inherent relations. Others talk of Bibles, saints, churches, exhortations, vicarious atonements—the canons outside of yourself and apart from man—Elias Hicks points to the religion inside of man's very own nature. This he incessantly labors to kindle, nourish, educate, bring forward and strengthen."<ref name="community"/> ==Anti-slavery activism== Elias Hicks was one of the early [[Quakers in the abolition movement|Quaker abolitionists]]. In 1778 on Long Island, he joined with fellow Quakers who had begun [[manumission|manumitting]] their slaves as early as March 1776 (James Titus and Phebe Willets Mott Dodge<ref>Swarthmore Friends Historical Library, Westbury Manumissions RecGrp RG2/NY/W453 3.0 1775–1798</ref>). The Quakers at Westbury Meeting were amongst the first in New York to do so<ref name="mott">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HOvvDbNNfbkC&pg=PA35|title=Lucretia Mott's Heresy: Abolition and Women's Rights in Nineteenth-Century America|author=Carol Faulkner|publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press|year=2011|page=35|isbn=978-0812205008|access-date=February 18, 2013}}</ref> and, gradually following their example, all Westbury Quaker slaves were freed by 1799. In 1794, Hicks was a founder of the Charity Society of Jericho and Westbury Meetings, established to give aid to local poor African Americans and provide their children with education.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GDsjkMsIJ0UC&q=westbury+slaves|title= A History of Westbury, Long Island|pages=23, 24|author=Richard Panchyk|publisher=The History Press|year=2007 |isbn= 9781596292130|access-date=February 18, 2013}}</ref> In 1811, Hicks wrote ''Observations on the Slavery of Africans and Their Descendants'' and in it he linked the moral issue of [[abolitionism in the United States|emancipation]] to the Quaker [[Peace Testimony]], by stating that slavery was the product of war. He identified economic reasons for the perpetuation of slavery: <blockquote>Q. 10. By what class of the people is the slavery of the Africans and their descendants supported and encouraged? A. Principally by the purchasers and consumers of the produce of the slaves' labour; as the profits arising from the produce of their labour, is the only stimulus or inducement for making slaves.</blockquote> and he advocated a consumer [[boycott]] of slave-produced goods to remove the economic reasons for their existence: <blockquote>Q. 11. What effect would it have on the slave holders and their slaves, should the people of the United States of America and the inhabitants of Great Britain, refuse to purchase or make use of any goods that are the product of Slavery? A. It would doubtless have a particular effect on the slave holders, by circumscribing their avarice, and preventing their heaping up riches, and living in a state of luxury and excess on the gain of oppression …<ref>{{ cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CQEqAAAAYAAJ&q=slaves+property&pg=PA9|title=Letters of Elias Hicks, Observations on the Slavery of Africans and Their Descendents, (1811)|pages=11, 12|author=Elias Hicks|publisher=Isaac T. Hopper|year=1834|access-date=2013-02-18}}</ref></blockquote> ''Observations on the Slavery of Africans and Their Descendents'' gave the [[free produce movement]] its central argument. This movement promoted an embargo of all goods produced by slave labor, which were mainly cotton cloth and cane sugar, in favor of produce from the paid labor of free people. Though the free produce movement was not intended to be a religious response to slavery, most of the free produce stores were Quaker in origin, as with the first such store, that of [[Benjamin Lundy]] in [[Baltimore]] in 1826.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZkHbZwEACAAJ|title=The Role of Elias Hicks in the Free-produce Movement Among the Society of Friends in the United States|author=Louis L. D'Antuono|publisher=Hunter College, Department of History|year=1971|access-date=February 18, 2013}}</ref> Hicks supported Lundy's scheme to assist the emigration of freed slaves to [[Haiti]] and in 1824, he hosted a meeting on how to facilitate this at his home in Jericho.<ref>{{ cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=45KUZihR_3IC&q=%22elias+hicks+%22+quaker+new+york+1817&pg=PA90|title= Haiti and the U.S.: African American Emigration and the Recognition Debate|page=90|author=Sara Connors Fanning|year=2008|isbn= 9780549636335|access-date=February 18, 2013}}</ref> In the late 1820s, he argued in favor of raising funds to buy slaves and settle them as free people in the American Southwest.<ref>{{ cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9X0rc6E9EGkC&q=%22benjamin+lundy%22+%22elias+hicks%22&pg=PA6|title=Back to Africa: Benjamin Coates and the Colonization Movement in America|page=6|editor1=Emma J. Lapsansky-Werner|editor2=Margaret Hope Bacon|publisher= Penn State Press|year=2010|isbn=9780271045719|access-date=February 18, 2013}}</ref> Hicks influenced the abolition of slavery in his home state, from the partial abolition of the ''1799 Gradual Abolition Act'' to the ''1817 Gradual Manumission in New York State Act'' which led to the final emancipation of all remaining slaves within the state on July 4, 1827. ==Doctrinal views== {{essay-like|section|date=April 2023}}Hicks ministry would be part of the first schism within Quakerism, the 1827-1828 Hicksite-Orthodox split. The central doctrinal focus of the [[Quakers#Hicksite–Orthodox split|Hicksite-Orthodox split]] was the role of the Bible and Jesus Christ. Both Hicksites and Orthodox Quakers viewed their positions as continuations of the original Quakers views.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Schism and Reform: Circa 1800-1900 |url=https://www.pym.org/faith-and-practice/historical-background/3-schism-and-reform-circa-1800-1900/ |access-date=2023-11-24 |website=www.pym.org}}</ref> Though historians such as Glen Crothers argues that the schism resulted from the [[Second Great Awakening]] in the United States leading to Orthodox Quakers adopting more Biblical views as influenced by American [[Evangelicalism|Evangelicals]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Internal Revolutions: The Hicksite Schism and Its Consequences |url=https://academic.oup.com/florida-scholarship-online/book/17192/chapter-abstract/174569306?redirectedFrom=fulltext |access-date=2023-11-24 |website=Oxford University Press}}</ref> Elias Hicks argued that [[Inward light|Inward Light]] in each individual is the primary focus of an individual’s faith over creed or doctrine,<ref name=":0" /> which follows George Fox and early Quaker concepts of inward light as “the presence of Christ in the heart,” God’s presence in each person, and the [[Holy Spirit]] speaking through each person. (The interchangeable use of Jesus, God, and the Holy Spirit is due to his and early Quaker rejection of the [[Trinity]].)<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Janney |first=Samuel M. |title=History of the Religious Society of Friends, from its Rise to the year 1828 |publisher=Quaker Heron Press |year=2008}}</ref> As a consequence, the [[Bible]] was to Hicks a secondary source of faith and understanding of God, as it is written entirely and divinely inspired by the Holy Spirit. He wrote<blockquote>I confirm my doctrine abundantly from their testimony: and I have always endeavored sincerely to place them [the scriptures] in their true place and station, but never dare exalt them above what they themselves declare; and as no spring can rise higher than its fountain, so likewise the Scriptures can only direct to the fountain from whence they originated - the spirit of truth: as saith the apostle, 'The things of God knoweth no man, but the Spirit of God;' therefore when the Scriptures have directed and pointed us to this light within, or Spirit of Truth, there they must stop - it is their ultimatum - the top stone of what they can do And no other external testimony of men or books can do any more.<ref name=":1" /></blockquote>Hicks sparked great controversy for writing in letters to his friends that the scriptures created more harm than good, because different factions of Christians held the Bible in too high a regard and without using the inward light as the primary source of understanding with which to interpret the Bible.<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{cite journal | last=Hicks | first=Elias | date=n.d. |title=The Blood of Jesus A Sermon and Prayer Delivered by ELIAS HICKS, at Darby Meeting, Philadelphia Yearly Meeting, November 15, 1826 | journal=The Quaker | volume=1 | number=1 | pages=1–22 |url=http://www.qhpress.org/quakerpages/qhoa/hicksdarby.htm |access-date=2013-02-15}}</ref> In a personal letter he wrote<blockquote>For it is my candid belief, that those that hold and believe the Scriptures to be the only rule of faith and practice, to these it does much more hurt than good. And has anything tended more to divide Christendom into sects and parties than the Scriptures? and by which so many cruel and bloody wars have been promulgated [promoted]. And yet at the same time, may it not be one of the best books, if rightly used under the guidance of the Holy Spirit? But, if abused, like every other blessing, it becomes a curse. Therefore to these it always does more hurt than good; and thou knowest that these comprehend far the greatest part of Christendom!<ref name=":1" /></blockquote>Regarding [[Jesus|Jesus Christ]], Hicks wrote that the miracles Jesus performed were meant to prove the existence of God. He argued that Jesus was the savior of the Jewish people by replacing the law put forth by Moses. He also argued that Jesus provided the path to salvation for all people exemplified by his life, which was perfectly and entirely guided and united with the Holy Spirit through his inward light. To Hicks, Jesus divinity by being united with God and the Holy Spirit occurred at two points of Jesus’ life, his [[Annunciation|divine conception]] and his baptism by [[John the Baptist]].<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /> Regarding [[Salvation in Christianity|salvation]], Hicks firstly rejected the concept of [[original sin]]. Because of this, he did not argue that the sacrifice of Jesus’ body or his blood provided salvation, nor that faith in him does so. Rather that salvation came through living as Jesus exemplified, that is, in accordance and unity with the Holy Spirit/Inward Light. Consequently Hicks implicitly refutes doctrines of salvation such as [[penal substitution]], or [[predestination]].<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /> In the year 1829, "Six Queries" were proposed by Thomas Leggett, Jr., of New York, and answered by Elias Hicks. The last was as follows: {{blockquote|Sixth Query. What relation has the body of Jesus to the Saviour of man? Dost thou believe that the crucifixion of the outward body of Jesus Christ was an atonement for our sins? Hicks Answered. "In reply to the first part of this query, I answer, I believe, in unison with our ancient Friends, that it was the garment in which he performed all his mighty works, or as Paul expressed it, 'Know ye not that your body is the temple of the Holy Ghost, which is in you,' therefore he charged them not to defile those temples. What is attributed to that body, I acknowledge and give to that body, in its place, according as the Scripture attributeth it, which is through and because of that which dwelt and acted in it. "But that which sanctified and kept the body pure (and made all acceptable in him) was the life, holiness, and righteousness of the Spirit. 'And the same thing that kept his vessel pure, it is the same thing that cleanseth us." "In reply to the second part of this query, I would remark that I 'see no need of directing men to the type for the antitype, neither to the outward temple, nor yet to Jerusalem, neither to Jesus Christ or his blood [outwardly], knowing that neither the righteousness of faith, nor the word of it doth so direct." "The new and second covenant is dedicated with the blood, the life of Christ Jesus, which is the alone atonement unto God, by which all his people are washed, sanctified, cleansed, and redeemed to God."}} Hicks rejected the existence of an external [[Devil]]. He never spoke of eternal [[Hell]] but he expressed the importance of the soul's union "now" in preparation for the "realms of eternity" and how the soul's condemnation is elected through our free agency, not by God's foreordination.<ref name=":2">{{cite book|url= https://archive.org/details/transformationof00hamm|url-access= registration|quote= dvinity hicks.|title=The Transformation of American Quakerism: Orthodox Friends, 1800–1907|author=Thomas D. Hamm|page=[https://archive.org/details/transformationof00hamm/page/16 16]|publisher=Indiana University Press|year= 1988|isbn= 9780253360045|access-date=February 15, 2013}}</ref> Hicks rejected of the notion of an outward Devil as the source of evil, but rather emphasized that it was the human 'passions' or 'propensities'. Hicks stressed that basic urges, including all sexual passions, were neither implanted by an external evil, but all were aspects of human nature as created by God. Hicks claimed, in his sermon ''Let Brotherly Love Continue'' at the [[Byberry, Philadelphia|Byberry]] Friends Meeting in 1824 that: <blockquote>He gave us passions—if we may call them passions—in order that we might seek after those things which we need, and which we had a right to experience and know.<ref>{{cite book|url=http://www.qhpress.org/quakerpages/qhoa/hicks1824.htm|title=LET BROTHERLY LOVE CONTINUE/STRENGTHENING THE HAND OF THE OPPRESSOR/FALLEN ANGELS A Sermon Delivered by ELIAS HICKS, at Byberry Friends Meeting, 8th day 12th month, 1824|access-date=2013-02-15}}</ref> </blockquote> Hicks taught that all wrongdoing and suffering occurred in the world as the consequence of "an excess in the indulgence of propensities. Independent of the regulating influence of God's light."<ref>{{cite book|url= https://archive.org/details/seriesofextempo00hick|title=A series of extemporaneous discourses: delivered in the several meetings of the Society of Friends in Philadelphia, Germantown, Abington, Byberry, Newtown, Falls, and Trenton|page=[https://archive.org/details/seriesofextempo00hick/page/166 166]|author=Elias Hicks|publisher=Joseph & Edward Parker|year=1825|access-date=February 15, 2013}}</ref> ==Hicksite–Orthodox split== This first split in Quakerism was not entirely due to Hicks' ministry and internal divisions. It was, in part, also a response within Quakerism to the influences of the [[Second Great Awakening]], the revival of Protestant evangelism that began in the 1790s as a reaction to [[religious skepticism]], [[deism]], and the [[liberal Christianity|liberal theology]] of Rational Christianity. However, doctrinal tensions among Friends due to Hicks' teachings had emerged as early as 1808 and as Hicks' influence grew, prominent visiting English evangelical public Friends, including [[William Forster (philanthropist)|William Forster]] and [[Anna Braithwaite]], were prompted to travel to New York State in the period from 1821 to 1827 to denounce his views.<ref name="mott"/><ref name="crosscurrents">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=q7B25EPMla4C&pg=PA367|title=Quaker Crosscurrents:Three Hundred Years of Friends in the New York Yearly Meetings|author=Hugh Barbour|pages=123, 124, 125|publisher=Syracuse University Press|year=1995|isbn=9780815626510|access-date=February 21, 2013}}</ref> Their presence severely exacerbated the differences among American Quakers, differences that had been underscored by the 1819 split between the American [[History of Unitarianism#Formative period|Unitarians]] and [[Congregationalism in the United States#Unitarian controversy|Congregationalists]].<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iIDIlhlnuCsC&pg=PA22|title=British Quakerism, 1860–1920: The Transformation of a Religious Community|page=23|author=Thomas C. Kennedy|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2001|isbn=9780198270355|access-date=February 21, 2013}}</ref> The influence of Anna Braithwaite was especially strong. She visited the United States between 1823 and 1827<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0ojhsW0VgooC&pg=PA658|title=A House Dividing Against Itself, 1836–1840|page=658|author=William Lloyd Garrison|publisher=Harvard University Press|year=1971|isbn=9780674526617|access-date=April 16, 2013}}</ref> and published her ''Letters and observations relating to the controversy respecting the doctrines of Elias Hicks'' in 1824<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RUIOAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA26|title=Letters and observations relating to the controversy respecting the doctrines of Elias Hicks|author=Anna Braithwaite|publisher=Printed for the Purchaser|year=1824|page=26|access-date=April 16, 2013}}</ref> in which she depicted Hicks as a radical eccentric.<ref name="mott"/> Hicks felt obliged to respond and in the same year published a letter to his ally in Philadelphia Meeting, Dr. Edwin Atlee, in ''The Misrepresentations of Anna Braithwaite''.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LZUfkpdlNtQC&pg=PA1|title=The Misrepresentations of Anna Braithwaite|author=Elias Hicks|location=Philadelphia|year=1824|access-date=April 16, 2013}}</ref> This in turn was replied to by Braithwaite in ''A Letter from Anna Braithwaite to Elias Hicks, On the Nature of his Doctrines'' in 1825.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=J9cQAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA2|title=A Letter from Anna Braithwaite to Elias Hicks, On the Nature of his Doctrines|publisher=Philadelphia|author=Anna Braithwaite|year=1825|access-date=April 16, 2013}}</ref> Neither party was persuaded by this exchange. In 1819, Hicks had devoted much energy into influencing the meeting houses in Philadelphia and this was followed by years of intense organizational turmoil.<ref name="crosscurrents"/> Eventually, due to both external influences and constant internal strife, matters came to a head there in 1826. After the 1826 Philadelphia Yearly Meeting, at which Hicks' sermon had stressed the importance of the Inner Light before Scripture, Quaker [[elder (Christianity)|elders]] decided to visit each meeting house in the city to examine the doctrinal soundness of all ministers and elders. This caused great resentment that culminated at the following Philadelphia Yearly Meeting in 1827. Hicks was not present<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RdcaAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA18|title=Journal of the life and religious labours of Elias Hicks|author=Elias Hicks|publisher=I.T. Hopper|year=1832|isbn=9780524023907 |access-date=February 21, 2013}}</ref> when the differences between the meeting houses ended in acrimony and division, precipitated by the inability of the Meeting to reach consensus on the appointment of a new [[clerk (Quaker)|clerk]]<ref name="crosscurrents"/> required to record its discernment. [[File:Amawalk Friends Meeting House, Yorktown, NY.jpg|thumb|left|[[Amawalk Friends Meeting House]] in [[Yorktown Heights, New York]], one of the few built by a Hicksite meeting|alt=A two-story light yellow house with reddish trim, a pointed roof on the side, a small shed-roofed addition on the left and a porch along the front.]] Though the initial separation was intended to be temporary, by 1828, there were two independent Quaker groupings in the city, both claiming to be the Philadelphia Yearly Meeting. Other yearly meetings split along similar lines during subsequent years, including those in New York, Baltimore, [[Ohio]], and [[Indiana]].<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WlTnzA6kHYwC&pg=PA166|title=Historical Dictionary of the Friends (Quakers)|page=167|author=Margery Post Abbott|publisher=Scarecrow Press|year=2011|isbn=9780810870888|access-date=February 21, 2013}}</ref> Those who followed Hicks became termed Hicksites and his critics termed Orthodox Friends, each faction considering itself to be the true expression of the legacy of the founder of the Friends, [[George Fox]]. The split was also based on marked socioeconomic factors with Hicksite Friends being mostly poor and rural and with Orthodox Friends being mostly urban and middle-class. Many of the rural country Friends kept to Quaker traditions of "plain speech" and "[[plain dress]]", both long-abandoned by Quakers in the towns and cities. Both Orthodox and Hicksite factions were active in the formation of educational institutions. To wit, Orthodox Quakers founded [[Haverford College]] and Hicksites [[Swarthmore College]]. Both the Orthodox and Hicksite Friends experienced further schisms. The main following of the Orthodox Friends followed the practices of the English Quaker [[Joseph John Gurney]] who possessed an evangelical position. As time went on, a majority of the meetings endorsed forms of worship much like those of a traditional Protestant church. Friends in line with Gurney became known as Gurneyites. Those Orthodox Friends who did not agree with the practices of the Gurneyites, led by [[John Wilbur (Quaker minister)|John Wilbur]] of Rhode Island, branched off to form the Wilburite branch of Conservative, Primitive and Independent yearly meetings. Those Hicksite Friends who did not agree with the lessened discipline within the Hicksite yearly meetings founded Congregational, or Progressive groups.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.quakerinfo.org/quakerism/branches/history#conservativefriends|title=A Brief History of the Branches of Friends {{!}} Quaker Information Center|website=www.quakerinfo.org|language=en|access-date=May 24, 2018}}</ref> In 1828, the split in American Quakerism also spread to the [[Society of Friends (Upper Canada)|Quaker community in Canada]] that had immigrated there from New York, the New England states and Pennsylvania in the 1790s. This resulted in a parallel system of Yearly Meetings in Upper Canada, as in the United States. The eventual division between Hicksites and the evangelical Orthodox Friends in the US was both deep and long-lasting. Full reconciliation between them took decades to achieve, from the first reunified [[Monthly Meeting]]s in the 1920s until finally resolved with the reunification of [[Baltimore Yearly Meeting]] in 1968.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/quakersinamerica0000hamm|url-access=registration|quote=1955.|title=The Quakers in America|page=[https://archive.org/details/quakersinamerica0000hamm/page/61 61]|author=Thomas D. Hamm|publisher=Columbia University Press|year=2003|access-date=February 21, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bym-rsf.org/who_we_are/history.html|title="Historical Sketch", 4. Quietism, Division and Reunion|publisher=Baltimore Yearly Meeting|year=2014|access-date=December 10, 2014}}</ref> ==Later life== On June 24, 1829, at the age of 81, Elias Hicks went on his final traveling ministry to western and central New York State, arriving home in Jericho on November 11, 1829. There, in January 1830, he suffered a stroke that left him partially paralyzed and on February 14, 1830, he suffered an incapacitating secondary stroke.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/stream/lifelaborsofelia01wilb/lifelaborsofelia01wilb_djvu.txt|title=THE LIFE AND LABORS OF ELIAS HICKS|pages=220, 221|author=Henry W Wilbur|publisher=Philadelphia, Friends' General Conference Advancement Committee|year=1910|access-date=February 20, 2013}}</ref> He died some two weeks later on February 27, 1830, his dying concern being that no cotton blanket, a product of slavery, should cover him on his deathbed.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=muBtFTkFH_EC&q=elias+hicks|title=Places of the Underground Railroad: A Geographical Guide|page=153|author1=Tom Calarco |author2=Cynthia Vogel |author3=Melissa Waddy-Thibodeaux |publisher=ABC-CLIO |year=2010|isbn=9780313381478|access-date=February 21, 2013}}</ref> Elias Hicks was interred in the Jericho Friends' Burial Ground as was earlier his wife, Jemima, who predeceased him on March 17, 1829. Samuel E. Clements a editor of the newspaper the ''Patriot'' aroused controversy when he and two friends attempted to dig up the corpse Elias Hicks to create a plaster mold of his head. <ref>Callow, 29.</ref> ==References== {{Reflist}} # *Gross, David M. ''American Quaker War Tax Resistance'' (2008) pp.&nbsp;208–210 {{ISBN|1-4382-6015-6}} ==External links== {{Commons category}} *[http://users.ipfw.edu/abbott/family/TTownsend.htm Abbott, ''The Life and Religious Experience of T. Townsend''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060906130206/http://users.ipfw.edu/abbott/family/TTownsend.htm |date=September 6, 2006 }}, Indiana University–Purdue University Fort Wayne (IPFW) *[[s:Anecdotes about Elias Hicks|Anecdotes about Elias Hicks (1888) by Walt Whitman]] *[https://archive.org/stream/adoctrinalepist00hickgoog/adoctrinalepist00hickgoog_djvu.txt Elias Hicks, A Doctrinal Epistle, 1824] *[http://www.qhpress.org/quakerpages/qhoa/hicksevans.htm Elias Hicks, "Let Love Be Without Dissimulation"], a sermon *[http://www.qhpress.org/quakerpages/qwhp/hickslave.htm Elias Hicks, "Observations on Slavery"] *[http://www.qhpress.org/quakerpages/qhoa/keys.htm Elias Hicks, "Peace, Be Still"], a sermon, QH Press *[https://web.archive.org/web/20051102094433/http://www.bestschools.org/community/history.htm History of Jericho, NY], Best Schools website *[https://web.archive.org/web/20120722020310/http://prweb0.voicenet.com/~kuenning/fot/separations.html Larry Kuenning, "Quaker Theologies in the 19th Century Separations"], December 1, 1989, submitted at Westminster Theological Seminary *[https://web.archive.org/web/20110716022259/http://antislavery.eserver.org/tracts/hicksobservations/hicksobservations.html Observations on the Slavery of Africans and Their Descendants and on the Use of the Produce of Their Labor, by Elias Hicks] – from the Antislavery Literature Project *[http://quaker.org/pacific-ym/fp/pymfp2001pg005.html Pacific Yearly Meeting 2001 ''Faith and Practice''] *{{cite web|title=Elias Hicks Manuscript Collection, Friends Historical Library of Swarthmore College|url=http://www.swarthmore.edu/library/friends/ead/Hicksmss.xml|publisher=[[Swarthmore College]]|access-date=May 3, 2016}} *[http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/author/51608 Works by Elias Hicks] at [[Project Gutenberg]] {{Quakers}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Hicks, Elias}} [[Category:1748 births]] [[Category:1830 deaths]] [[Category:18th-century Christian universalists]] 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