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MHRA Style Guide - Wikipedia
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id="toc-MHRA_Style_Guide-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div 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أسلوب جمعية أبحاث الإنسانيات المعاصرة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/MHRA_Style_Guide" title="MHRA Style Guide – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="MHRA Style Guide" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gu%C3%ADa_de_estilo_da_MHRA" title="Guía de estilo da MHRA – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Guía de estilo da MHRA" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a 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screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks plainlist"><caption class="sidebar-outer-title"><a href="/wiki/Style_guide" title="Style guide">Style guides</a></caption><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div style="font-style: italic;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ACS_style" title="ACS style">ACS style</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AIP_style" title="AIP style">AIP style</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AMA_Manual_of_Style" title="AMA Manual of Style">AMA Manual of Style</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AP_Stylebook" title="AP Stylebook">AP Stylebook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/APA_style" title="APA style">APA Style</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ASA_style" title="ASA style">The ASA Style Guide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Guide_to_Legal_Citation" title="Australian Guide to Legal Citation">Australian Guide to Legal Citation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bluebook" title="Bluebook">The Bluebook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Business_Style_Handbook" title="The Business Style Handbook">The Business Style Handbook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/California_Style_Manual" title="California Style Manual">California Style Manual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Cambridge_Guide_to_English_Usage" title="The Cambridge Guide to English Usage">The Cambridge Guide to English Usage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Chicago_Manual_of_Style" title="The Chicago Manual of Style">The Chicago Manual of Style</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citing_Medicine" title="Citing Medicine">Citing Medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Elements_of_Style" title="The Elements of Style">The Elements of Style</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Elements_of_Typographic_Style" title="The Elements of Typographic Style">The Elements of Typographic Style</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_Dictionary_of_Modern_English_Usage" title="A Dictionary of Modern English Usage">Fowler's Modern English Usage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garner%27s_Modern_English_Usage" title="Garner's Modern English Usage">Garner's Modern English Usage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_style" title="IEEE style">IEEE style</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_690" title="ISO 690">ISO 690</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">MHRA Style Guide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Manual_of_Style" title="Microsoft Manual of Style">Microsoft Manual of Style</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MLA_Handbook" title="MLA Handbook">MLA Handbook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times_Manual_of_Style_and_Usage" title="The New York Times Manual of Style and Usage">The New York Times Manual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hart%27s_Rules" title="Hart's Rules">The Oxford Guide to Style/New Hart's Rules</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxford_Standard_for_Citation_of_Legal_Authorities" title="Oxford Standard for Citation of Legal Authorities">Oxford Standard for Citation of Legal Authorities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Science_Editors" title="Council of Science Editors">Scientific Style and Format (CSE style)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_Manual_for_Writers_of_Research_Papers,_Theses,_and_Dissertations" title="A Manual for Writers of Research Papers, Theses, and Dissertations">Turabian: A Manual for Writers</a></li></ul> </div> <ul><li><hr /></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_style_guide_abbreviations" title="List of style guide abbreviations">List of style guide abbreviations</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Styles" title="Template:Styles"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Styles" title="Template talk:Styles"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Styles" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Styles"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:OED2_volumes.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/OED2_volumes.jpg/220px-OED2_volumes.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/OED2_volumes.jpg/330px-OED2_volumes.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/OED2_volumes.jpg/440px-OED2_volumes.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2500" data-file-height="1850" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <p>The <i><b>MHRA Style Guide: A Handbook for Authors, Editors, and Writers of Theses</b></i>—formerly the <i><b>MHRA Style Book</b></i>—is an academic <a href="/wiki/Style_guide" title="Style guide">style guide</a> published by the <a href="/wiki/Modern_Humanities_Research_Association" title="Modern Humanities Research Association">Modern Humanities Research Association</a>. It is most widely used in the <a href="/wiki/Arts" class="mw-redirect" title="Arts">arts</a> and <a href="/wiki/Humanities" title="Humanities">humanities</a> in the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>, where the MHRA is based. </p><p>Initially, the Book and Guide were only available for sale in the UK and in the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>. As of 2015,<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MHRA_Style_Guide&action=edit">[update]</a></sup> 50,000 copies of all editions, published between 1971 and 2013, have been sold worldwide.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Availability">Availability</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=MHRA_Style_Guide&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Availability"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The 4th edition of the Style Guide (published in February 2024) can be downloaded free of charge,<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as a <a href="/wiki/PDF" title="PDF">PDF</a> formatted document, from the MHRA's official website.<sup id="cite_ref-onlineversion_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-onlineversion-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since 2017, an online version is available, in full<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and in a condensed Quick Guide format. Both online versions are also free of charge.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Print versions of the most current edition continue to be offered.<sup id="cite_ref-onlineversion_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-onlineversion-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Publication_history">Publication history</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=MHRA_Style_Guide&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Publication history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="MHRA_Style_Book"><i>MHRA Style Book</i></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=MHRA_Style_Guide&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: MHRA Style Book"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>1971: first edition</li> <li>1978: second edition</li> <li>1981: third edition</li> <li>1991: fourth edition</li> <li>1995: fourth edition reprinted with amendments</li> <li>1996: fifth edition</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="MHRA_Style_Guide"><i>MHRA Style Guide</i></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=MHRA_Style_Guide&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: MHRA Style Guide"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>2002: first edition</li> <li>2008: second edition</li> <li>2013: third edition</li> <li>2015: third edition reprinted with minor corrections</li> <li>2024: fourth edition</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=MHRA_Style_Guide&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mhra.org.uk/publications/MHRA-Style-Guide">"About the MHRA"</a>. <i>www.mhra.org.uk</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 April</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.mhra.org.uk&rft.atitle=About+the+MHRA&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mhra.org.uk%2Fpublications%2FMHRA-Style-Guide&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMHRA+Style+Guide" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPaver2024" class="citation book cs1">Paver, Chloe (2024-02-20). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mhra.org.uk/publications/msg-m002"><i>MHRA Style Guide: Fourth Edition (2024)</i></a>. Modern Humanities Research Association. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-83954-248-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-83954-248-0"><bdi>978-1-83954-248-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=MHRA+Style+Guide%3A+Fourth+Edition+%282024%29&rft.pub=Modern+Humanities+Research+Association&rft.date=2024-02-20&rft.isbn=978-1-83954-248-0&rft.aulast=Paver&rft.aufirst=Chloe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mhra.org.uk%2Fpublications%2Fmsg-m002&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMHRA+Style+Guide" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-onlineversion-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-onlineversion_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-onlineversion_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mhra.org.uk/news/2017/05/22/mhra-style-guide-online.html">"The MHRA Style Guide Online"</a>. <i>www.mhra.org.uk</i>. UK: The Modern Humanities Research Association (MHRA). 22 May 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 April</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.mhra.org.uk&rft.atitle=The+MHRA+Style+Guide+Online&rft.date=2017-05-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mhra.org.uk%2Fnews%2F2017%2F05%2F22%2Fmhra-style-guide-online.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMHRA+Style+Guide" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mhra.org.uk/style/contents.html">"Welcome to the MHRA Style Guide Online"</a>. <i>www.mhra.org.uk</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 April</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.mhra.org.uk&rft.atitle=Welcome+to+the+MHRA+Style+Guide+Online&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mhra.org.uk%2Fstyle%2Fcontents.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMHRA+Style+Guide" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mhra.org.uk/style/quick.html">"The MHRA Style Guide Online: A Handbook for Authors and Editors • Third Edition"</a>. <i>www.mhra.org.uk</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 April</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.mhra.org.uk&rft.atitle=The+MHRA+Style+Guide+Online%3A+A+Handbook+for+Authors+and+Editors+%E2%80%A2+Third+Edition&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mhra.org.uk%2Fstyle%2Fquick.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMHRA+Style+Guide" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=MHRA_Style_Guide&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://style.mhra.org.uk/">MHRA Style Guide</a></i></li></ul> <p><br /> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1012311289">.mw-parser-output .asbox{position:relative;overflow:hidden}.mw-parser-output .asbox table{background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .asbox p{margin:0}.mw-parser-output .asbox p+p{margin-top:0.25em}.mw-parser-output .asbox-body{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output .asbox-note{font-size:smaller}.mw-parser-output .asbox .navbar{position:absolute;top:-0.75em;right:1em;display:none}</style><div role="note" class="metadata plainlinks asbox stub"><table role="presentation"><tbody><tr class="noresize"><td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Crystal128-kdict.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Stub icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Crystal128-kdict.svg/30px-Crystal128-kdict.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Crystal128-kdict.svg/45px-Crystal128-kdict.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Crystal128-kdict.svg/60px-Crystal128-kdict.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></a></span></td><td><p class="asbox-body">This article about a <a href="/wiki/Reference_work" title="Reference work">reference book</a> is a <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub" title="Wikipedia:Stub">stub</a>. You can help Wikipedia by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MHRA_Style_Guide&action=edit">expanding it</a>.</p></td></tr></tbody></table><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ref-book-stub" title="Template:Ref-book-stub"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ref-book-stub" title="Template talk:Ref-book-stub"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ref-book-stub" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ref-book-stub"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></div> <!-- NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐api‐int.codfw.main‐6d49cf5db8‐hp8qg Cached time: 20241026031217 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.266 seconds Real time usage: 0.357 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 581/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 17315/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 520/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 15/100 Expensive parser function count: 2/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 31472/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.184/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 4147264/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 0/400 --> <!-- Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 320.135 1 -total 41.20% 131.910 1 Template:Styles 40.63% 130.077 1 Template:Sidebar 37.33% 119.508 1 Template:Reflist 30.17% 96.599 4 Template:Cite_web 6.81% 21.812 1 Template:As_of 6.77% 21.672 1 Template:Italic_title 6.51% 20.836 1 Template:Ref-book-stub 5.94% 19.028 1 Template:Asbox 3.76% 12.038 1 Template:DMCA --> <!-- Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:797222-0!canonical and timestamp 20241026031217 and revision id 1253461810. 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