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class="u-clearfix"> <div class="c-article-teaser-text"> Point strongly to transboundary industrial emissions as the source </div> </div> </div> <div class="c-article-author-list-container u-clearfix"> <ul class="c-article-author-list c-article-author-list--short" data-test="authors-list" data-component-authors-activator="authors-list"> By <li class="c-article-author-list__item"><a data-test="author-name" data-track="click" data-track-label="view author info" href="https://www-nature-com.translate.goog/articles/d44151-024-00192-7?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#author-0" data-author-popup="author-0"> Sahana Ghosh</a></li> </ul> <div class="u-js-hide u-hide-print cleared" data-test="author-info"> <ol class="c-article-authors-listing u-list-reset"> <li class="c-article-authors-listing__item"><span class="c-article-authors-search__title u-h3 js-search-name">Sahana Ghosh</span> <div id="author-0"> <div class="c-article-authors-search__list"> <div 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Mountain coral (<i>Porites lutea</i>) on a coral reef. Placebo365/iStock/Getty</span><span></span></p> </figcaption> </picture> </figure> <p>A study of corals from Lakshadweep islands finds that despite India phasing out leaded petrol, lead pollution in the western Indian Ocean doubled between 1990 and 2013, with most of it probably arising from transboundary human-generated aerosols<sup><a href="https://www-nature-com.translate.goog/articles/d44151-024-00192-7?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#ref-CR1" data-track="click" data-action="anchor-link" data-track-label="go to reference" data-track-category="references">1</a></sup>.</p> <p>India’s phasing out of leaded petrol was complete by 2000. However, lead (Pb) continued to enter the ocean through industrial emissions, marking a shift in the source from petrol to possibly industrial aerosols carried by winds from east Africa and the Indian subcontinent, according to isotope geochemist, Sambuddha Misra at the Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru.</p> <p>“While one pollution source faded, another took its place, highlighting the need for monitoring the long-term impacts of human activities on oceanic and environmental Pb levels, guiding pollution management, and environmental protection policies,” says Misra.</p> <p>The authors say it’s important to consider that legacy lead from past use of leaded gasoline may also account for the elevated Pb levels in Lakshadweep waters. “Given the persistent increase in Pb levels and marked human influence in the Indian Ocean, a natural recovery similar to the Atlantic will not occur without additional mitigation efforts,” he adds.</p> <h2>Reconstructing lead levels from corals</h2> <p>The team exploited the longevity of the <i>Porites lutea</i> coral and its ability to lock heavy metals like Pb into their calcium carbonate skeletons in a way that is influenced by the surrounding seawater pH. The concentration of these metals in annual growth bands—like tree rings—can reflect anthropogenic influences and environmental changes over time.</p> <p>From Lakshadweep samples, they measured the lead-to-calcium ratio in coral growth bands to assess the Pb concentration, while analysing Pb isotope ratios to trace the metal's source. Each region has a distinct Pb isotope signature in its anthropogenic emissions, so the geochemistry of this coral reflects the trends, patterns, and anomalies in anthropogenic Pb emissions from these regions, says Misra.</p> <p>Between 1990 and 2013, the Pb concentration in surface seawater near Lakshadweep doubled from ~50 pmol/kg to ~107 pmol/kg. "We were not expecting this magnitude of rise," he adds.</p> <h2>Blending seawater and other coral records</h2> <p>Seawater sampling data from GEOTRACES stations, an international programme to study the global marine biogeochemical cycles of trace elements and their isotope, correlate the increasing trend.</p> <p>To establish a broader understanding of Pb pollution in the Indian Ocean, the researchers incorporated seven other coral-based Pb records from the central and eastern Indian Ocean.</p> <p>A comparison of these records with the Lakshadweep coral showed lower lead isotope ratios, indicating heavy pollution from human sources in the western Indian Ocean.</p> <p>In the east (Bay of Bengal), coral had higher ratios, pointing to natural Pb largely from river sediments, which are more than ten times more abundant, explains Misra. Lakshadweep receives minimal river run-off, making the contribution of sediment Pb negligible.</p> <p>By inputting isotopic and Pb/Ca ratios from potential sources—such as aerosols from India and Pakistan, crustal inputs from local rivers, and surface waters from the Arabian Sea and the Bay of Bengal—into an advanced statistical model, the researchers estimated that 23% to 89% of the Pb probably originates from human-generated aerosols.</p> <p>Monsoon-driven shifts in wind direction play a key role in carrying Pb-laden aerosols from the Indian subcontinent to the ocean, shaping Pb deposition patterns recorded in coral. Notably, in 1992, 1993, and 1997, the coral shows unusually high Pb/Ca levels, indicating spikes in Pb deposition. Pb isotopic ratios from these years match those of aerosols from Pakistan, suggesting that winter winds transported these aerosols southward to Lakshadweep during the non-monsoon season, notes co-author, Waliur Rahman at the National Centre for Polar and Ocean Research in Goa.</p> <p>The findings highlight the strong link between ocean productivity, sea surface temperature changes, and atmospheric inputs, says Jayanarayanan Kuttipurath, a climate scientist at IIT Kharagpur. “Detailed analyses of aerosol composition and seawater chemistry are needed to quantify how aerosols contribute to rising Pb levels,” he adds.</p> </div> <p><em>doi: https://doi.org/10.1038/d44151-024-00192-7</em></p> <div id="references" class="c-article-references__container"> <section aria-labelledby="Bib1"> <div class="c-article-section" id="Bib1-section"> <h2 class="c-article-section__title js-section-title" id="Bib1">References</h2> <div class="c-article-section__content" id="Bib1-content"> <div 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