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.mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%;"><div class="fn" style="font-size:125%;">Pietro De Francisci</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Pietro_De_Francisci_crop.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/03/Pietro_De_Francisci_crop.gif" decoding="async" width="166" height="217" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="166" data-file-height="217" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Justice_(Italy)" title="Minister of Justice (Italy)">Minister of Justice</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy" title="Kingdom of Italy">Kingdom of Italy</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />20 July 1932 – 24 January 1935</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Alfredo_Rocco" title="Alfredo Rocco">Alfredo Rocco</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Arrigo_Solmi" title="Arrigo Solmi">Arrigo Solmi</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">Member of the <a href="/wiki/Chamber_of_Deputies_of_the_Kingdom_of_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="Chamber of Deputies of the Kingdom of Italy">Chamber of Deputies of the Kingdom of Italy</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />20 April 1929 – 2 March 1939</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">Member of the <a href="/wiki/Chamber_of_Fasces_and_Corporations" title="Chamber of Fasces and Corporations">Chamber of Fasces and Corporations</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />23 March 1939 – 5 August 1943</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Personal details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1883-12-18</span>)</span>18 December 1883<br /><a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy" title="Kingdom of Italy">Kingdom of Italy</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">31 January 1971<span style="display:none">(1971-01-31)</span> (aged 87)<br /><a href="/wiki/Formia" title="Formia">Formia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Political party</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/National_Fascist_Party" title="National Fascist Party">National Fascist Party</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top: 1px solid right;"><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><a href="/wiki/Baron" title="Baron">Baron</a> <b>Pietro De Francisci</b> (18 December 1883 in <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a> – 31 January 1971 in <a href="/wiki/Formia" title="Formia">Formia</a>) was an Italian jurist and <a href="/wiki/Fascist" class="mw-redirect" title="Fascist">Fascist</a> politician who served as <a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Justice_(Italy)" title="Minister of Justice (Italy)">Minister of Justice</a> from 1932 to 1935. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Biography">Biography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pietro_De_Francisci&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Biography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The son of a ministerial inspector, he was born in Rome but in 1887 he moved to <a href="/wiki/Milan" title="Milan">Milan</a> with his family. In the early 1900s he worked as secretary of an <a href="/wiki/Anti-divorce" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-divorce">anti-divorce</a> committee, which allowed him to gain ties to vast circles of the <a href="/wiki/Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic">Catholic</a> world, including <a href="/wiki/Roman_law" title="Roman law">Roman law</a> scholars <a href="/wiki/Contardo_Ferrini" title="Contardo Ferrini">Contardo Ferrini</a> and Pietro Bonfante, with whom he graduated in law in 1905 and whose ideas he embraced.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> De Francisci participated in the formation of the Papyrological School of Milan (1913-1914) and directed its juridical part, chairing the panel for the publication of its studies and editing the legal part of the magazine <i>Aegyptus</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He became a free lecturer in history of Roman law in 1912, and full professor on 1 July 1924; in December of the same year he was transferred to the <a href="/wiki/Sapienza_University_of_Rome" title="Sapienza University of Rome">University of Rome</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After the end of the <a href="/wiki/First_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First World War">First World War</a> (in which he participated from 1916, first as an <a href="/wiki/Infantry" title="Infantry">infantry</a> officer and later in the <a href="/wiki/Intelligence" title="Intelligence">intelligence</a> service), in November 1918, he was placed at the disposal of the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_War_Council" title="Supreme War Council">Supreme War Council</a> in <a href="/wiki/Versailles" class="mw-redirect" title="Versailles">Versailles</a> to carry out preparatory studies for the talks of the peace conference, and later became head of the press office of the Italian delegation at the <a href="/wiki/Versailles_Conference" class="mw-redirect" title="Versailles Conference">Versailles Conference</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1924 he published his most successful work relating to <a href="/wiki/Private_law" title="Private law">private law</a>, <i>Il trasferimento della proprietà. Storia e critica della dottrina</i>, and on the following year he became dean of the Faculty of Law at the University of Rome.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With the 1927 essay <i>La missione del giurista</i> he criticized the German legal approach which claimed to identify law with the will of the state, while extolling the <a href="/wiki/Fascist_state" class="mw-redirect" title="Fascist state">Fascist state</a> as the guarantor of the moral, political and economic unity of the nation.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1930 he became <a href="/wiki/Rector_(academia)" title="Rector (academia)">rector</a> of the <a href="/wiki/La_Sapienza_University" class="mw-redirect" title="La Sapienza University">La Sapienza University</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Having joined the <a href="/wiki/National_Fascist_Party" title="National Fascist Party">National Fascist Party</a> in 1923, he was commissioner of the Fascist federation of <a href="/wiki/Carnaro" class="mw-redirect" title="Carnaro">Carnaro</a> between January and March 1924, and then briefly held the same role in <a href="/wiki/Padua" title="Padua">Padua</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1929 he was elected to the <a href="/wiki/Italian_Chamber_of_Deputies" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian Chamber of Deputies">Italian Chamber of Deputies</a>, and from 20 July 1932 to 24 January 1935 he served as <a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Justice" class="mw-redirect" title="Minister of Justice">Minister of Justice</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Mussolini_Cabinet" class="mw-redirect" title="Mussolini Cabinet">Mussolini Cabinet</a>, succeeding <a href="/wiki/Alfredo_Rocco" title="Alfredo Rocco">Alfredo Rocco</a> and being in turn replaced by <a href="/wiki/Arrigo_Solmi" title="Arrigo Solmi">Arrigo Solmi</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He then returned to teaching, and with the essay <i>Idee per un rinnovamento della scienza del diritto</i> (1939) he affirmed that law is an expression of the "will to be" of the group and is concretized in the establishment of an order that tends to be implemented through power, which results in tension between the will of the group and that of the individual.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Having won the Mussolini Prize (awarded by the Royal Academy of Italy) for moral and historical sciences in 1931, in 1936 he became a member of the <a href="/wiki/Accademia_dei_Lincei" title="Accademia dei Lincei">Accademia dei Lincei</a> and in 1938 of the <a href="/wiki/Accademia_d%27Italia" class="mw-redirect" title="Accademia d'Italia">Accademia d'Italia</a>. In 1937 he took over from <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Gentile" title="Giovanni Gentile">Giovanni Gentile</a> in the presidency of the Fascist Institute of Culture.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1937 he became a member of the National Directorate of the Fascist Party, and in 1939 a member of the <a href="/wiki/Chamber_of_Fasces_and_Corporations" title="Chamber of Fasces and Corporations">Chamber of Fasces and Corporations</a>; Mussolini wished to appoint him President of the Chamber, but <a href="/wiki/Galeazzo_Ciano" title="Galeazzo Ciano">Galeazzo Ciano</a> opposed this decision, as he wanted <a href="/wiki/Costanzo_Ciano" title="Costanzo Ciano">his father Costanzo</a>'s replacement to be a figure of "the highest level".<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the end <a href="/wiki/Dino_Grandi" title="Dino Grandi">Dino Grandi</a> became president, and De Francisci vice president. In April 1940 Mussolini, now close to entering the <a href="/wiki/Second_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second World War">Second World War</a> alongside the <a href="/wiki/Third_Reich" class="mw-redirect" title="Third Reich">Third Reich</a>, dismissed him from all the posts he held as at this point he preferred more "warlike" men to be at the helm of the administrations; he however left De Francisci as vice president of the Chamber of Fasces and Corporations, at his request.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After the <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Fascism" class="mw-redirect" title="Fall of Fascism">fall of Fascism</a>, his role in the regime made him disliked by the new political class, and in July 1944 he was dismissed from his post as a university teacher by the <a href="/wiki/AMGOT" class="mw-redirect" title="AMGOT">AMGOT</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, he continued to devote himself to the study and writing of legal essays until on 17 January 1949 he was reinstated in his role as a teacher by the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_State" class="mw-redirect" title="Council of State">Council of State</a>, resuming teaching at the <a href="/wiki/Sapienza_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Sapienza University">Sapienza University</a> until 1954.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He occasionally wrote for <i><a href="/wiki/Il_Tempo" title="Il Tempo">Il Tempo</a></i>, directed numerous cultural institutions and kept writing a number of books and essays during the 1950s and 1960s.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He died in 1971.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pietro_De_Francisci&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a 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href="https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/pietro-de-francisci_%28Dizionario-Biografico%29/">"Treccani - la cultura italiana | Treccani, il portale del sapere"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Treccani+-+la+cultura+italiana+%26%23124%3B+Treccani%2C+il+portale+del+sapere&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.treccani.it%2Fenciclopedia%2Fpietro-de-francisci_%2528Dizionario-Biografico%2529%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APietro+De+Francisci" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://romatrepress.uniroma3.it/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/La-%C2%ABrealt%C3%A0%C2%BB-di-Pietro-de-Francisci.pdf">La "realtà" di Pietro De Francisci</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://romatrepress.uniroma3.it/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/La-%C2%ABrealt%C3%A0%C2%BB-di-Pietro-de-Francisci.pdf">La "realtà" di Pietro De Francisci</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/pietro-de-francisci_%28Dizionario-Biografico%29/">"Treccani - la cultura italiana | Treccani, il portale del sapere"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Treccani+-+la+cultura+italiana+%26%23124%3B+Treccani%2C+il+portale+del+sapere&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.treccani.it%2Fenciclopedia%2Fpietro-de-francisci_%2528Dizionario-Biografico%2529%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APietro+De+Francisci" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://romatrepress.uniroma3.it/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/La-%C2%ABrealt%C3%A0%C2%BB-di-Pietro-de-Francisci.pdf">La "realtà" di Pietro De Francisci</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/pietro-de-francisci_%28Dizionario-Biografico%29/">"Treccani - la cultura italiana | Treccani, il portale del sapere"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Treccani+-+la+cultura+italiana+%26%23124%3B+Treccani%2C+il+portale+del+sapere&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.treccani.it%2Fenciclopedia%2Fpietro-de-francisci_%2528Dizionario-Biografico%2529%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APietro+De+Francisci" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://storia.camera.it/deputato/pietro-de-francisci-18831218">Camera dei Deputati</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external 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title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Treccani+-+la+cultura+italiana+%26%23124%3B+Treccani%2C+il+portale+del+sapere&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.treccani.it%2Fenciclopedia%2Fpietro-de-francisci_%2528Dizionario-Biografico%2529%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APietro+De+Francisci" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://romatrepress.uniroma3.it/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/La-%C2%ABrealt%C3%A0%C2%BB-di-Pietro-de-Francisci.pdf">La "realtà" di Pietro De Francisci</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arcoelacorte.it/2021/06/16/pietro-de-francisci/">L'Arco e la Corte</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/pietro-de-francisci_%28Dizionario-Biografico%29/">"Treccani - la cultura italiana | Treccani, il portale del sapere"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Treccani+-+la+cultura+italiana+%26%23124%3B+Treccani%2C+il+portale+del+sapere&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.treccani.it%2Fenciclopedia%2Fpietro-de-francisci_%2528Dizionario-Biografico%2529%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APietro+De+Francisci" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external 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title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Treccani+-+la+cultura+italiana+%26%23124%3B+Treccani%2C+il+portale+del+sapere&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.treccani.it%2Fenciclopedia%2Fpietro-de-francisci_%2528Dizionario-Biografico%2529%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APietro+De+Francisci" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://storia.camera.it/deputato/pietro-de-francisci-18831218">Camera dei Deputati</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://romatrepress.uniroma3.it/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/La-%C2%ABrealt%C3%A0%C2%BB-di-Pietro-de-Francisci.pdf">La "realtà" di Pietro De Francisci</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/pietro-de-francisci_%28Dizionario-Biografico%29/">"Treccani - la cultura italiana | Treccani, il portale del sapere"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Treccani+-+la+cultura+italiana+%26%23124%3B+Treccani%2C+il+portale+del+sapere&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.treccani.it%2Fenciclopedia%2Fpietro-de-francisci_%2528Dizionario-Biografico%2529%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APietro+De+Francisci" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://romatrepress.uniroma3.it/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/La-%C2%ABrealt%C3%A0%C2%BB-di-Pietro-de-Francisci.pdf">La "realtà" di Pietro De Francisci</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/pietro-de-francisci_%28Dizionario-Biografico%29/">"Treccani - la cultura italiana | Treccani, il portale del sapere"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Treccani+-+la+cultura+italiana+%26%23124%3B+Treccani%2C+il+portale+del+sapere&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.treccani.it%2Fenciclopedia%2Fpietro-de-francisci_%2528Dizionario-Biografico%2529%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APietro+De+Francisci" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://romatrepress.uniroma3.it/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/La-%C2%ABrealt%C3%A0%C2%BB-di-Pietro-de-Francisci.pdf">La "realtà" di Pietro De Francisci</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arcoelacorte.it/2021/06/16/pietro-de-francisci/">L'Arco e la Corte</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/pietro-de-francisci_%28Dizionario-Biografico%29/">"Treccani - la cultura italiana | Treccani, il portale del sapere"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Treccani+-+la+cultura+italiana+%26%23124%3B+Treccani%2C+il+portale+del+sapere&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.treccani.it%2Fenciclopedia%2Fpietro-de-francisci_%2528Dizionario-Biografico%2529%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APietro+De+Francisci" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://romatrepress.uniroma3.it/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/La-%C2%ABrealt%C3%A0%C2%BB-di-Pietro-de-Francisci.pdf">La "realtà" di Pietro De Francisci</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arcoelacorte.it/2021/06/16/pietro-de-francisci/">L'Arco e la Corte</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gabor Hamza, Comparative Law and Antiquity, p. 249</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/pietro-de-francisci_%28Dizionario-Biografico%29/">"Treccani - la cultura italiana | Treccani, il portale del sapere"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Treccani+-+la+cultura+italiana+%26%23124%3B+Treccani%2C+il+portale+del+sapere&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.treccani.it%2Fenciclopedia%2Fpietro-de-francisci_%2528Dizionario-Biografico%2529%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APietro+De+Francisci" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.accademiadellescienze.it/accademia/soci/pietro-de-francisci">Accademia delle Scienze di Torino</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://romatrepress.uniroma3.it/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/La-%C2%ABrealt%C3%A0%C2%BB-di-Pietro-de-Francisci.pdf">La "realtà" di Pietro De Francisci</a></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3903820#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3903820#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3903820#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000109370727">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/113263440">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/505899/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJhhwTyvFXVFPvVDRvHcT3">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/116050810">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/no2004021384">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12177426j">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12177426j">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="De Francisci, Pietro"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.sbn.it/nome/LO1V090946">Italy</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=mub2017959895&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p068034261">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810661826005606">Poland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/86002">Vatican</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007288548605171">Israel</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.kbr.be/LIBRARY/doc/AUTHORITY/13919670">Belgium</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA07564933?l=en">CiNii</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="DE FRANCISCI, Pietro"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/pietro-de-francisci_(Dizionario-Biografico)">Italian People</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd116050810.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/116050810">DDB</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/030337976">IdRef</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" 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