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id="toc-Mannans-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mixed_linkage_β-glucans" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mixed_linkage_β-glucans"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Mixed linkage β-glucans</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mixed_linkage_β-glucans-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Xyloglucans" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Xyloglucans"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Xyloglucans</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Xyloglucans-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Biosynthesis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Biosynthesis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Biosynthesis</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Biosynthesis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Applications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Applications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Applications</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Applications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Natural_functions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Natural_functions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Natural functions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Natural_functions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Extraction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Extraction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Extraction</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Extraction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span 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Available in 35 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-35" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">35 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D9%8A%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%B3%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B2" title="هيميسليلوز – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="هيميسليلوز" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B9%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%9C" title="হেমিসেলুলোজ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="হেমিসেলুলোজ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemiceluloza" title="Hemiceluloza – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Hemiceluloza" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemicel%C2%B7lulosa" title="Hemicel·lulosa – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Hemicel·lulosa" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemicelul%C3%B3za" title="Hemicelulóza – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Hemicelulóza" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemicellulose" title="Hemicellulose – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Hemicellulose" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemicellulose" title="Hemicellulose – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Hemicellulose" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemitselluloos" title="Hemitselluloos – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Hemitselluloos" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%97%CE%BC%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%85%CF%84%CF%84%CE%B1%CF%81%CE%AF%CE%BD%CE%B5%CF%82" title="Ημικυτταρίνες – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ημικυτταρίνες" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemicelulosa" title="Hemicelulosa – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Hemicelulosa" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemizelulosa" title="Hemizelulosa – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Hemizelulosa" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D9%85%DB%8C%E2%80%8C%D8%B3%D9%84%D9%88%D9%84%D8%B2" title="همی‌سلولز – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="همی‌سلولز" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%A9micellulose" title="Hémicellulose – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Hémicellulose" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemicelulosa" title="Hemicelulosa – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Hemicelulosa" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%97%A4%EB%AF%B8%EC%85%80%EB%A3%B0%EB%A1%9C%EC%8A%A4" title="헤미셀룰로스 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="헤미셀룰로스" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemiceluloza" title="Hemiceluloza – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Hemiceluloza" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemiselulosa" title="Hemiselulosa – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Hemiselulosa" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emicellulosa" title="Emicellulosa – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Emicellulosa" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%A6%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%96" title="המיצלולוז – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="המיצלולוז" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemicelulozes" title="Hemicelulozes – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Hemicelulozes" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemicellulose" title="Hemicellulose – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Hemicellulose" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%98%E3%83%9F%E3%82%BB%E3%83%AB%E3%83%AD%E3%83%BC%E3%82%B9" title="ヘミセルロース – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ヘミセルロース" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemicellulose" title="Hemicellulose – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Hemicellulose" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemicelulozy" title="Hemicelulozy – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Hemicelulozy" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemicelulose" title="Hemicelulose – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Hemicelulose" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemiceluloz%C4%83" title="Hemiceluloză – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Hemiceluloză" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BB%D1%8E%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B7%D1%8B" title="Гемицеллюлозы – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Гемицеллюлозы" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemiceluloza" title="Hemiceluloza – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Hemiceluloza" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B0" title="Хемицелулоза – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Хемицелулоза" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemiselluloosa" title="Hemiselluloosa – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Hemiselluloosa" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemicellulosa" title="Hemicellulosa – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Hemicellulosa" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemisel%C3%BCloz" title="Hemiselüloz – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Hemiselüloz" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8E%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B0" title="Геміцелюлоза – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Геміцелюлоза" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemixenluloza" title="Hemixenluloza – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Hemixenluloza" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8D%8A%E7%BA%A4%E7%BB%B4%E7%B4%A0" title="半纤维素 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="半纤维素" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q407490#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div 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data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Class of plant cell wall polysaccharides</div> <p>A <b>hemicellulose</b> (also known as <b>polyose</b>) is one of a number of <a href="/wiki/Heteropolymer" class="mw-redirect" title="Heteropolymer">heteropolymers</a> (matrix polysaccharides), such as <a href="/wiki/Arabinoxylan" title="Arabinoxylan">arabinoxylans</a>, present along with <a href="/wiki/Cellulose" title="Cellulose">cellulose</a> in almost all <a href="/wiki/Embryophyte" title="Embryophyte">terrestrial plant</a> <a href="/wiki/Cell_wall" title="Cell wall">cell walls</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Scheller_HV_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Scheller_HV-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cellulose is crystalline, strong, and resistant to <a href="/wiki/Hydrolysis" title="Hydrolysis">hydrolysis</a>. Hemicelluloses are branched, shorter in length than cellulose, and also show a propensity to crystallize.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They can be hydrolyzed by dilute <a href="/wiki/Acid" title="Acid">acid</a> or <a href="/wiki/Base_(chemistry)" title="Base (chemistry)">base</a> as well as a myriad of <a href="/wiki/Cellulase" title="Cellulase">hemicellulase</a> enzymes. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hemicellulose.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Hemicellulose.png/220px-Hemicellulose.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="190" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/69/Hemicellulose.png 1.5x" data-file-width="327" data-file-height="283" /></a><figcaption>Most common molecular motif of hemicellulose</figcaption></figure> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Composition">Composition</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hemicellulose&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Composition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Diverse kinds of hemicelluloses are known. Important examples include <a href="/wiki/Xylan" title="Xylan">xylan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Glucuronoxylan" title="Glucuronoxylan">glucuronoxylan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arabinoxylan" title="Arabinoxylan">arabinoxylan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Glucomannan" title="Glucomannan">glucomannan</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Xyloglucan" title="Xyloglucan">xyloglucan</a>. </p><p>Hemicelluloses are <a href="/wiki/Polysaccharide" title="Polysaccharide">polysaccharides</a> often associated with <a href="/wiki/Cellulose" title="Cellulose">cellulose</a>, but with distinct compositions and structures. Whereas cellulose is derived exclusively from <a href="/wiki/Glucose" title="Glucose">glucose</a>, hemicelluloses are composed of diverse sugars, and can include the five-carbon sugars <a href="/wiki/Xylose" title="Xylose">xylose</a> and <a href="/wiki/Arabinose" title="Arabinose">arabinose</a>, the six-carbon sugars glucose, <a href="/wiki/Mannose" title="Mannose">mannose</a> and <a href="/wiki/Galactose" title="Galactose">galactose</a>, and the six-carbon <a href="/wiki/Deoxy_sugar" title="Deoxy sugar">deoxy sugar</a> <a href="/wiki/Rhamnose" title="Rhamnose">rhamnose</a>. Hemicelluloses contain most of the D-<a href="/wiki/Pentose" title="Pentose">pentose</a> sugars, and occasionally small amounts of L-sugars as well. Xylose is in most cases the sugar monomer present in the largest amount, although in softwoods mannose can be the most abundant sugar. Not only regular sugars can be found in hemicellulose, but also their acidified forms, for instance <a href="/wiki/Glucuronic_acid" title="Glucuronic acid">glucuronic acid</a> and <a href="/wiki/Galacturonic_acid" class="mw-redirect" title="Galacturonic acid">galacturonic acid</a> can be present.<sup id="cite_ref-Ebringerová-2005_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ebringerová-2005-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Heinze-2005_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Heinze-2005-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Structural_comparison_to_cellulose">Structural comparison to cellulose</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hemicellulose&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Structural comparison to cellulose"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Unlike cellulose, hemicelluloses consist of shorter chains – 500–3,000 sugar units. In contrast, each polymer of cellulose comprises 7,000–15,000 glucose molecules.<sup id="cite_ref-Gibson-2013_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gibson-2013-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition, hemicelluloses may be branched <a href="/wiki/Polymer" title="Polymer">polymers</a>, while cellulose is unbranched. Hemicelluloses are embedded in the cell walls of plants, sometimes in chains that form a '<a href="/wiki/Matrix_(biology)" title="Matrix (biology)">ground</a>' – they bind with <a href="/wiki/Pectin" title="Pectin">pectin</a> to cellulose to form a network of cross-linked fibres.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Plant_cell_wall_diagram-en.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Plant_cell_wall_diagram-en.svg/195px-Plant_cell_wall_diagram-en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="195" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Plant_cell_wall_diagram-en.svg/293px-Plant_cell_wall_diagram-en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Plant_cell_wall_diagram-en.svg/390px-Plant_cell_wall_diagram-en.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="497" data-file-height="288" /></a><figcaption>Section of a cell wall; hemicellulose in green</figcaption></figure> <p>Based on the structural difference, like backbone linkages and side groups, as well as other factors, like abundance and distributions in plants, hemicelluloses can be categorized into four groups as following:<sup id="cite_ref-Heinze-2005_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Heinze-2005-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 1) xylans, 2) <a href="/wiki/Mannan_(polysaccharide)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mannan (polysaccharide)">mannans</a>; 3) <a href="/wiki/Mixed-linkage_glucan" title="Mixed-linkage glucan">mixed linkage β-glucans</a>; 4) xyloglucans. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Xylans">Xylans</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hemicellulose&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Xylans"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><p> Xylans usually consist of a backbone of β-(1→4)-linked xylose residues and can be further divided into homoxylans and heteroxylans. Homoxylans have a backbone of D-xylopyranose residues linked by β(1→4) glycosidic linkages. Homoxylans mainly have structural functions. Heteroxylans such as glucuronoxylans, glucuronoarabinoxylans, and complex heteroxylans, have a backbone of D-xylopyranose and short carbohydrate branches. For example, glucuronoxylan has a substitution with α-(1→2)-linked glucuronosyl and 4-O-methyl glucuronosyl residues. Arabinoxylans and glucuronoarabinoxylans contain arabinose residues attached to the backbone<sup id="cite_ref-Scheller-2010_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Scheller-2010-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Xylan_hardwood.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Xylan_hardwood.svg/279px-Xylan_hardwood.svg.png" decoding="async" width="279" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Xylan_hardwood.svg/419px-Xylan_hardwood.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Xylan_hardwood.svg/558px-Xylan_hardwood.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="620" data-file-height="178" /></a><figcaption>Xylan in hardwood<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mannans">Mannans</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hemicellulose&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Mannans"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The mannan-type hemicellulose can be classified into two types based on their main chain difference, <a href="/wiki/Galactomannan" title="Galactomannan">galactomannans</a> and glucomannans. Galactomannans have only β-(1→4) linked D-mannopyranose residues in linear chains. Glucomannans consist of both β-(1→4) linked D-mannopyranose and β-(1→4) linked D-glucopyranose residues in the main chains. As for the side chains, D-galactopyranose residues tend to be 6-linked to both types as the single side chains with various amount.<sup id="cite_ref-Scheller_HV_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Scheller_HV-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mixed_linkage_β-glucans"><span id="Mixed_linkage_.CE.B2-glucans"></span>Mixed linkage β-glucans</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hemicellulose&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Mixed linkage β-glucans"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><p> The conformation of the mixed linkage <a href="/wiki/Glucan" title="Glucan">glucan</a> chains usually contains blocks of β-(1→4) D-Glucopyranose separated by single β-(1→3) D-Glucopyranose. The population of β-(1→4) and β-(1→3) are about 70% and 30%. These glucans primarily consist of cellotriosyl (C<sub>18</sub>H<sub>32</sub>O<sub>16</sub>) and cellotraosyl (C<sub>24</sub>H<sub>42</sub>O<sub>21</sub>)segments in random order. There are some study show the molar ratio of cellotriosyl/cellotraosyl for oat (2.1-2.4), barley (2.8-3.3), and wheat (4.2-4.5).<sup id="cite_ref-Scheller_HV_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Scheller_HV-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Gibson-2013_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gibson-2013-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Beta-D-glucopyranose-2D-skeletal.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Beta-D-glucopyranose-2D-skeletal.svg/171px-Beta-D-glucopyranose-2D-skeletal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="171" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Beta-D-glucopyranose-2D-skeletal.svg/257px-Beta-D-glucopyranose-2D-skeletal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Beta-D-glucopyranose-2D-skeletal.svg/342px-Beta-D-glucopyranose-2D-skeletal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="149" data-file-height="87" /></a><figcaption>Beta-D-glucopyranose with carbon positions.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Xyloglucans">Xyloglucans</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hemicellulose&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Xyloglucans"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Xyloglucans have a backbone similar to cellulose with α-D-xylopyranose residues at position 6. To better describe different side chains, a single letter code notation is used for each side chain type. G -- unbranched Glc residue; X -- α-d-Xyl-(1→6)-Glc. L -- β-Gal , S -- α-l-Araf, F-- α-l-Fuc. These are the most common side chains.<sup id="cite_ref-Gibson-2013_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gibson-2013-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The two most common types of xyloglucans in plant cell walls are identified as XXXG and XXGG.<sup id="cite_ref-Scheller_HV_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Scheller_HV-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Biosynthesis">Biosynthesis</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hemicellulose&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Biosynthesis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Hemicelluloses are synthesised from sugar nucleotides in the cell's <a href="/wiki/Golgi_apparatus" title="Golgi apparatus">Golgi apparatus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Zhu-2019_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zhu-2019-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Two models explain their synthesis: 1) a '2 component model' where modification occurs at two transmembrane proteins, and 2) a '1 component model' where modification occurs only at one transmembrane protein. After synthesis, hemicelluloses are transported to the plasma membrane via Golgi vesicles. </p><p>Each kind of hemicellulose is biosynthesized by specialized enzymes.<sup id="cite_ref-Zhu-2019_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zhu-2019-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Pauly-2013_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pauly-2013-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Mannan chain backbones are synthesized by cellulose synthase-like protein family A (CSLA) and possibly enzymes in cellulose synthase-like protein family D (CSLD).<sup id="cite_ref-Zhu-2019_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zhu-2019-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Pauly-2013_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pauly-2013-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mannan synthase, a particular enzyme in CSLA, is responsible for the addition of mannose units to the backbone.<sup id="cite_ref-Zhu-2019_8-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zhu-2019-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Pauly-2013_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pauly-2013-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The galactose side-chains of some mannans are added by galactomannan galactosyltransferase.<sup id="cite_ref-Zhu-2019_8-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zhu-2019-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Pauly-2013_9-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pauly-2013-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Acetylation" title="Acetylation">Acetylation</a> of mannans is mediated by a mannan O-acetyltransferase, however, this enzyme has not been definitively identified.<sup id="cite_ref-Pauly-2013_9-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pauly-2013-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Xyloglucan backbone synthesis is mediated by cellulose synthase-like protein family C (CSLC), particularly <a href="/wiki/Glucan_synthase" class="mw-redirect" title="Glucan synthase">glucan synthase</a>, which adds glucose units to the chain.<sup id="cite_ref-Zhu-2019_8-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zhu-2019-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Pauly-2013_9-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pauly-2013-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Backbone synthesis of xyloglucan is also mediated in some way by <a href="/wiki/Xylosyltransferase" title="Xylosyltransferase">xylosyltransferase</a>, but this mechanism is separate to its transferase function and remains unclear.<sup id="cite_ref-Pauly-2013_9-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pauly-2013-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Xylosyltransferase in its transferase function is, however, utilized for the addition of xylose to the side-chain.<sup id="cite_ref-Zhu-2019_8-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zhu-2019-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Pauly-2013_9-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pauly-2013-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other enzymes utilized for side-chain synthesis of xyloglucan include <a href="/wiki/Galactosyltransferase" title="Galactosyltransferase">galactosyltransferase</a> (which is responsible for the addition of [galactose and of which two different forms are utilized), <a href="/wiki/Fucosyltransferase" title="Fucosyltransferase">fucosyltransferase</a> (which is responsible for the addition of fucose), and <a href="/wiki/Acetyltransferase" title="Acetyltransferase">acetyltransferase</a> (which is responsible for acetylation).<sup id="cite_ref-Zhu-2019_8-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zhu-2019-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Pauly-2013_9-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pauly-2013-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Xylan backbone synthesis, unlike that of the other hemicelluloses, is not mediated by any cellulose synthase-like proteins.<sup id="cite_ref-Pauly-2013_9-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pauly-2013-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Instead, xylan synthase is responsible for backbone synthesis, facilitating the addition of xylose.<sup id="cite_ref-Pauly-2013_9-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pauly-2013-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Several genes for xylan synthases have been identified.<sup id="cite_ref-Pauly-2013_9-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pauly-2013-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Several other enzymes are utilized for the addition and modification of the side-chain units of xylan, including <a href="/wiki/Glucuronosyltransferase" title="Glucuronosyltransferase">glucuronosyltransferase</a> (which adds [glucuronic acid units), xylosyltransferase (which adds additional xylose units), <a href="/wiki/Arabinosyltransferase" title="Arabinosyltransferase">arabinosyltransferase</a> (which adds arabinose), <a href="/wiki/Methyltransferase" title="Methyltransferase">methyltransferase</a> (responsible for <a href="/wiki/Methylation" title="Methylation">methylation</a>), and acetyltransferase] (responsible for acetylation).<sup id="cite_ref-Pauly-2013_9-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pauly-2013-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Given that mixed-linkage glucan is a non-branched homopolymer of glucose, there is no side-chain synthesis, only the addition of glucose to the backbone in two linkages, β1-3 and β1-4.<sup id="cite_ref-Pauly-2013_9-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pauly-2013-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Backbone synthesis is mediated by enzymes in cellulose synthase-like protein families F and H (CSLF and CSLH), specifically glucan synthase.<sup id="cite_ref-Zhu-2019_8-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zhu-2019-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Pauly-2013_9-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pauly-2013-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Several forms of glucan synthase from CSLF and CSLH have been identified.<sup id="cite_ref-Zhu-2019_8-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zhu-2019-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Pauly-2013_9-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pauly-2013-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> All of them are responsible for addition of glucose to the backbone and all are capable of producing both β1-3 and β1-4 linkages, however, it is unknown how much each specific enzyme contributes to the distribution of β1-3 and β1-4 linkages.<sup id="cite_ref-Zhu-2019_8-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zhu-2019-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Pauly-2013_9-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pauly-2013-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Applications">Applications</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hemicellulose&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Applications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/Sulfite_process" title="Sulfite process">sulfite pulp process</a> the hemicellulose is largely hydrolysed by the acid pulping liquor ending up in the brown liquor where the fermentable <a href="/wiki/Hexose" title="Hexose">hexose</a> sugars (around 2%) can be used for producing <a href="/wiki/Ethanol" title="Ethanol">ethanol</a>. This process was primarily applied to calcium sulfite brown liquors.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Arabinogalactan" title="Arabinogalactan">Arabinogalactan</a></b></li></ul> <p>Arabinogalactans can be used as <a href="/wiki/Emulsifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Emulsifier">emulsifiers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stabilizer_(chemistry)" title="Stabilizer (chemistry)">stabilizers</a> and <a href="/wiki/Binder_(material)" title="Binder (material)">binders</a> according to <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?path=/prelim@title21/chapter9&edition=prelim">the Federal Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act</a>. Arabinogalactans can also be used as bonding agent in <a href="/wiki/Sugar_substitute" title="Sugar substitute">sweeteners</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><b>Xylan</b></li></ul> <p>The films based on xylan show low oxygen permeability and thus are of potential interest as packaging for oxygen-sensitive products.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Agar_plate_with_colonies.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Agar_plate_with_colonies.jpg/220px-Agar_plate_with_colonies.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Agar_plate_with_colonies.jpg/330px-Agar_plate_with_colonies.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Agar_plate_with_colonies.jpg/440px-Agar_plate_with_colonies.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="450" /></a><figcaption>A Petri dish with <a href="/wiki/Bacteria" title="Bacteria">bacterial</a> colonies on an <a href="/wiki/Agar" title="Agar">agar</a>-based <a href="/wiki/Growth_medium" title="Growth medium">growth medium</a></figcaption></figure> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Agar" title="Agar">Agar</a></b></li></ul> <p>Agar is used in making jellies and puddings. It is also growth medium with other nutrients for <a href="/wiki/Microorganisms" class="mw-redirect" title="Microorganisms">microorganisms</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Spiridon-2008_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Spiridon-2008-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Curdlan" title="Curdlan">Curdlan</a></b></li></ul> <p>Curdlan can be used in fat replacement to produce diet food while having a taste and a mouth feel of real fat containing products.<sup id="cite_ref-Spiridon-2008_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Spiridon-2008-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Beta-glucan" title="Beta-glucan">beta-glucan</a></b></li></ul> <p>b-glucans have an important role in <a href="/wiki/Food_supplement" class="mw-redirect" title="Food supplement">food supplement</a> while b-glucans are also promising in health-related issues, especially in immune reactions and the treatment of cancer.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Xanthan_gum" title="Xanthan gum">Xanthan</a></b></li></ul> <p>Xanthan, with other <a href="/wiki/Polysaccharides" class="mw-redirect" title="Polysaccharides">polysaccharides</a> can form gels that have high solution <a href="/wiki/Viscosity" title="Viscosity">viscosity</a> which can be used in the oil industry to thicken drilling mud. In the food industry, xanthan is used in products such as dressings and sauces.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Alginic_acid" title="Alginic acid">Alginate</a></b></li></ul> <p>Alginate is an important role in the development of <a href="/wiki/Antimicrobial" title="Antimicrobial">antimicrobial</a> textiles due to its characteristics of environmental friendliness, and high industrialization level as a sustainable <a href="/wiki/Biopolymer" title="Biopolymer">biopolymer</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Natural_functions">Natural functions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hemicellulose&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Natural functions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hemicellulose_acting_in_the_plant_cell_wall.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Hemicellulose_acting_in_the_plant_cell_wall.jpg/220px-Hemicellulose_acting_in_the_plant_cell_wall.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="119" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Hemicellulose_acting_in_the_plant_cell_wall.jpg/330px-Hemicellulose_acting_in_the_plant_cell_wall.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Hemicellulose_acting_in_the_plant_cell_wall.jpg/440px-Hemicellulose_acting_in_the_plant_cell_wall.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3988" data-file-height="2151" /></a><figcaption>Hemicellulose contribution to structural support within plant cells</figcaption></figure> <p>As a <a href="/wiki/Polysaccharides" class="mw-redirect" title="Polysaccharides">polysaccharide</a> compound in plant cell walls similar to cellulose, hemicellulose helps cellulose in the strengthening of plant cell walls.<sup id="cite_ref-Scheller-2010_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Scheller-2010-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hemicellulose interacts with the <a href="/wiki/Cellulose" title="Cellulose">cellulose</a> by providing cross-linking of <a href="/wiki/Cellulose" title="Cellulose">cellulose</a> <a href="/wiki/Microfibrils" class="mw-redirect" title="Microfibrils">microfibrils</a>: hemicellulose will search for voids in the cell wall during its formation and provide support around cellulose <a href="/wiki/Fibrils" class="mw-redirect" title="Fibrils">fibrils</a> in order to equip the cell wall with the maximum possible strength it can provide.<sup id="cite_ref-Scheller-2010_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Scheller-2010-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hemicellulose dominates the <a href="/wiki/Middle_lamella" title="Middle lamella">middle lamella</a> of the plant cell, unlike <a href="/wiki/Cellulose" title="Cellulose">cellulose</a> which is primarily found in the secondary layers. This allows for hemicellulose to provide middle-ground support for the cellulose on the outer layers of the plant cell. In few cell walls, hemicellulose will also interact with <a href="/wiki/Lignin" title="Lignin">lignin</a> to provide structural tissue support of more vascular plants.<sup id="cite_ref-Ebringerová-2005_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ebringerová-2005-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Extraction">Extraction</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hemicellulose&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Extraction"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are many ways to obtain hemicellulose; all of these rely on extraction methods through hardwood or softwood trees milled into smaller samples. In hardwoods the main hemicellulose extract is glucuronoxlyan (acetylated xylans), while galactoglucomannan is found in softwoods.<sup id="cite_ref-Gallina-2018_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gallina-2018-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Li-2013_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Li-2013-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Prior to extraction the wood typically must be milled into wood chips of various sizes depending on the reactor used. Following this, a hot water extraction process, also known as autohydrolysis or hydrothermal treatment, is utilized with the addition of acids and bases to change the yield size and properties.<sup id="cite_ref-Gallina-2018_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gallina-2018-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Li-2013_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Li-2013-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The main advantage to hot water extraction is that it offers a method where the only chemical that is needed is water, making this environmentally friendly and cheap.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The goal of hot water treatment is to remove as much hemicellulose from the wood as possible. This is done through the hydrolysis of the hemicellulose to achieve smaller oligomers and xylose. Xylose when dehydrated becomes furfural.<sup id="cite_ref-Tunc-2008_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tunc-2008-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When xylose and furfural<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Template:Typo_help_inline" title="Template:Typo help inline"><span title="Expert help is needed to correct the spelling of this word or mark it as OK. (December 2020)">check spelling</span></a></i>]</sup> are the goal, acid catalysts, such as formic acid, are added to increase the transition of polysaccharide to monosaccharides. This catalyst also has been shown to also utilize a solvent effect to be aid the reaction.<sup id="cite_ref-Tunc-2008_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tunc-2008-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>One method of pretreatment is to soak the wood with diluted acids (with concentrations around 4%). This converts the hemicellulose into monosaccharides. When pretreatment is done with bases (for instance sodium or potassium hydroxide) this destroys the structure of the lignin.<sup id="cite_ref-Li-2013_19-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Li-2013-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This changes the structure from crystalline to amorphous. Hydrothermal pretreatment is another method.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag needs further explanation. (July 2021)">further explanation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> This offers advantages such as no toxic or corrosive solvents are needed, nor are special reactors, and no extra costs to dispose of hazardous chemicals.<sup id="cite_ref-Gallina-2018_18-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gallina-2018-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The hot water extraction process is done in batch reactors, semi-continuous reactors, or slurry continuous reactors. For batch and semi-continuous reactors wood samples can be used in conditions such as chips or pellets while a slurry reactor must have particles as small as 200 to 300 micrometers.<sup id="cite_ref-Li-2013_19-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Li-2013-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While the particle size decreases the yield production decreases as well.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is due to the increase of cellulose.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The hot water process is operated at a temperature range of 160 to 240 degrees Celsius in order to maintain the liquid phase. This is done above the normal boiling point of water to increase the solubilization of the hemicellulose and the depolymerization of polysaccharides.<sup id="cite_ref-Tunc-2008_21-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tunc-2008-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This process can take several minutes to several hours depending on the temperature and pH of the system.<sup id="cite_ref-Li-2013_19-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Li-2013-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Higher temperatures paired with higher extraction times lead to higher yields. A maximum yield is obtained at a pH of 3.5.<sup id="cite_ref-Gallina-2018_18-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gallina-2018-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> If below, the extraction yield exponentially decreases. In order to control pH, sodium bicarbonate is generally added.<sup id="cite_ref-Gallina-2018_18-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gallina-2018-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The sodium bicarbonate inhibits the <a href="/wiki/Autolysis_(biology)" title="Autolysis (biology)">autolysis</a> of acetyl groups as well as inhibiting glycosyl bonds. Depending on the temperature and time the hemicellulose can be further converted into oligomers, monomers and lignin.<sup id="cite_ref-Gallina-2018_18-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gallina-2018-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hemicellulose&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cellulose" title="Cellulose">Cellulose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lignin" title="Lignin">Lignin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polysaccharide" title="Polysaccharide">Polysaccharides</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hemicellulose&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Scheller_HV-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Scheller_HV_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Scheller_HV_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Scheller_HV_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Scheller_HV_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Scheller HV, Ulvskov P.<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20192742">Hemicelluloses.</a> // Annu Rev Plant Biol. 2010;61:263-89. <a href="//doi.org/10.1146/annurev-arplant-042809-112315" class="extiw" title="doi:10.1146/annurev-arplant-042809-112315">doi: 10.1146/annurev-arplant-042809-112315</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFSmithCurryYangBarnes2022" class="citation journal cs1">Smith, Peter J.; Curry, Thomas M.; Yang, Jeong-Yeh; Barnes, William J.; Ziegler, Samantha J.; Mittal, Ashutosh; Moremen, Kelley W.; York, William S.; Bomble, Yannick J.; Peña, Maria J.; Urbanowicz, Breeanna R. (2022-07-13). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9284610">"Enzymatic Synthesis of Xylan Microparticles with Tunable Morphologies"</a>. <i>ACS Materials Au</i>. <b>2</b> (4): 440–452. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021%2Facsmaterialsau.2c00006">10.1021/acsmaterialsau.2c00006</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2694-2461">2694-2461</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9284610">9284610</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35856073">35856073</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=ACS+Materials+Au&rft.atitle=Enzymatic+Synthesis+of+Xylan+Microparticles+with+Tunable+Morphologies&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=440-452&rft.date=2022-07-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC9284610%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=2694-2461&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F35856073&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1021%2Facsmaterialsau.2c00006&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Peter+J.&rft.au=Curry%2C+Thomas+M.&rft.au=Yang%2C+Jeong-Yeh&rft.au=Barnes%2C+William+J.&rft.au=Ziegler%2C+Samantha+J.&rft.au=Mittal%2C+Ashutosh&rft.au=Moremen%2C+Kelley+W.&rft.au=York%2C+William+S.&rft.au=Bomble%2C+Yannick+J.&rft.au=Pe%C3%B1a%2C+Maria+J.&rft.au=Urbanowicz%2C+Breeanna+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC9284610&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHemicellulose" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ebringerová-2005-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ebringerová-2005_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ebringerová-2005_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEbringerováHromádkováHeinze2005" class="citation cs2">Ebringerová, Anna; Hromádková, Zdenka; Heinze, Thomas (2005), Heinze, Thomas (ed.), "Hemicellulose", <i>Polysaccharides I: Structure, Characterization and Use</i>, Advances in Polymer Science, Springer, pp. 1–67, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fb136816">10.1007/b136816</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-540-31583-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-540-31583-4"><bdi>978-3-540-31583-4</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Polysaccharides+I%3A+Structure%2C+Characterization+and+Use&rft.atitle=Hemicellulose&rft.pages=1-67&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fb136816&rft.isbn=978-3-540-31583-4&rft.aulast=Ebringerov%C3%A1&rft.aufirst=Anna&rft.au=Hrom%C3%A1dkov%C3%A1%2C+Zdenka&rft.au=Heinze%2C+Thomas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHemicellulose" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Heinze-2005-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Heinze-2005_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Heinze-2005_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeinze2005" class="citation book cs1">Heinze, Thomas (2005). <i>Polysaccharides I : structure, characterisation and use</i>. 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title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Industrial+%26+Engineering+Chemistry+Research&rft.atitle=Hemicellulose+Extraction+of+Mixed+Southern+Hardwood+with+Water+at+150+%C2%B0C%3A+Effect+of+Time&rft.volume=47&rft.issue=18&rft.pages=7031-7037&rft.date=2008-09-17&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1021%2Fie8007105&rft.issn=0888-5885&rft.aulast=Tunc&rft.aufirst=M.+Sefik&rft.au=van+Heiningen%2C+Adriaan+R.+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHemicellulose" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAyrilmis_N,_Kwon_J,_Han_T2017" class="citation journal cs1">Ayrilmis N, Kwon J, Han T (October 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3906%2Ftar-1704-63">"Effect of Wood Chip Size on Hemicellulose Extraction and Technological Properties of Flakeboard"</a>. <i>Turkish Journal of Agriculture & Forestry</i>. <b>41</b>: 331–337. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3906%2Ftar-1704-63">10.3906/tar-1704-63</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Turkish+Journal+of+Agriculture+%26+Forestry&rft.atitle=Effect+of+Wood+Chip+Size+on+Hemicellulose+Extraction+and+Technological+Properties+of+Flakeboard&rft.volume=41&rft.pages=331-337&rft.date=2017-10&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3906%2Ftar-1704-63&rft.au=Ayrilmis+N%2C+Kwon+J%2C+Han+T&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.3906%252Ftar-1704-63&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHemicellulose" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hemicellulose&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.nchu.edu.tw/pweb/users/taiwanfir/lesson/10393.pdf">Structure and Properties of Hemicellulose</a> /David Wang's Wood Chemistry Class</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Carbohydrates" title="Template:Carbohydrates"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Carbohydrates" title="Template talk:Carbohydrates"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Carbohydrates" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Carbohydrates"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Types_of_carbohydrates" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Types of <a href="/wiki/Carbohydrate" title="Carbohydrate">carbohydrates</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aldose" title="Aldose">Aldose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ketose" title="Ketose">Ketose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Furanose" title="Furanose">Furanose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyranose" title="Pyranose">Pyranose</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geometry</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anomer" title="Anomer">Anomer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyclohexane_conformation" title="Cyclohexane conformation">Cyclohexane conformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epimer" title="Epimer">Epimer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mutarotation" title="Mutarotation">Mutarotation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Monosaccharide" title="Monosaccharide">Monosaccharides</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Diose" title="Diose">Dioses</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Aldodiose <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glycolaldehyde" title="Glycolaldehyde">Glycolaldehyde</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Triose" title="Triose">Trioses</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Aldotriose <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glyceraldehyde" title="Glyceraldehyde">Glyceraldehyde</a></li></ul></li> <li>Ketotriose <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dihydroxyacetone" title="Dihydroxyacetone">Dihydroxyacetone</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tetrose" title="Tetrose">Tetroses</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Aldotetroses <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Erythrose" title="Erythrose">Erythrose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Threose" title="Threose">Threose</a></li></ul></li> <li>Ketotetrose <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Erythrulose" title="Erythrulose">Erythrulose</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pentose" title="Pentose">Pentoses</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Aldopentoses <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arabinose" title="Arabinose">Arabinose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyxose" title="Lyxose">Lyxose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ribose" title="Ribose">Ribose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xylose" title="Xylose">Xylose</a></li></ul></li> <li>Ketopentoses <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ribulose" title="Ribulose">Ribulose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xylulose" title="Xylulose">Xylulose</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deoxy_sugar" title="Deoxy sugar">Deoxy sugars</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deoxyribose" title="Deoxyribose">Deoxyribose</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hexose" title="Hexose">Hexoses</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aldohexose" class="mw-redirect" title="Aldohexose">Aldohexoses</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allose" title="Allose">Allose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Altrose" title="Altrose">Altrose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galactose" title="Galactose">Galactose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glucose" title="Glucose">Glucose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulose" title="Gulose">Gulose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idose" title="Idose">Idose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mannose" title="Mannose">Mannose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talose" title="Talose">Talose</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ketohexose" class="mw-redirect" title="Ketohexose">Ketohexoses</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fructose" title="Fructose">Fructose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psicose" title="Psicose">Psicose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sorbose" title="Sorbose">Sorbose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tagatose" title="Tagatose">Tagatose</a></li></ul></li> <li>Deoxy sugars <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fucose" title="Fucose">Fucose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuculose" title="Fuculose">Fuculose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhamnose" title="Rhamnose">Rhamnose</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Heptose" title="Heptose">Heptoses</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Ketoheptoses <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mannoheptulose" title="Mannoheptulose">Mannoheptulose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sedoheptulose" title="Sedoheptulose">Sedoheptulose</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Above 7</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Octose" title="Octose">Octoses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonose" title="Nonose">Nonoses</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neuraminic_acid" title="Neuraminic acid">Neuraminic acid</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Multiple</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Disaccharide" title="Disaccharide">Disaccharides</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cellobiose" title="Cellobiose">Cellobiose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isomaltose" title="Isomaltose">Isomaltose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isomaltulose" title="Isomaltulose">Isomaltulose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lactose" title="Lactose">Lactose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lactulose" title="Lactulose">Lactulose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maltose" title="Maltose">Maltose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sucrose" title="Sucrose">Sucrose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trehalose" title="Trehalose">Trehalose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turanose" title="Turanose">Turanose</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Trisaccharide" title="Trisaccharide">Trisaccharides</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maltotriose" title="Maltotriose">Maltotriose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melezitose" title="Melezitose">Melezitose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raffinose" title="Raffinose">Raffinose</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tetrasaccharide" title="Tetrasaccharide">Tetrasaccharides</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stachyose" title="Stachyose">Stachyose</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other<br /> <a href="/wiki/Oligosaccharide" title="Oligosaccharide">oligosaccharides</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acarbose" title="Acarbose">Acarbose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fructooligosaccharide" title="Fructooligosaccharide">Fructooligosaccharide</a> (FOS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galactooligosaccharide" title="Galactooligosaccharide">Galactooligosaccharide</a> (GOS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isomaltooligosaccharide" title="Isomaltooligosaccharide">Isomaltooligosaccharide</a> (IMO)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maltodextrin" title="Maltodextrin">Maltodextrin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Polysaccharide" title="Polysaccharide">Polysaccharides</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beta-glucan" title="Beta-glucan">Beta-glucan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oat_beta-glucan" title="Oat beta-glucan">Oat beta-glucan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lentinan" title="Lentinan">Lentinan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schizophyllan" title="Schizophyllan">Sizofiran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zymosan" title="Zymosan">Zymosan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cellulose" title="Cellulose">Cellulose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chitin" title="Chitin">Chitin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chitosan" title="Chitosan">Chitosan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dextrin" title="Dextrin">Dextrin</a> / <a href="/wiki/Dextran" title="Dextran">Dextran</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fructose" title="Fructose">Fructose</a> / <a href="/wiki/Fructan" title="Fructan">Fructan</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Inulin" title="Inulin">Inulin</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Galactose" title="Galactose">Galactose</a> / <a href="/wiki/Galactose" title="Galactose">Galactan</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Glucose" title="Glucose">Glucose</a> / <a href="/wiki/Glucan" title="Glucan">Glucan</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glycogen" title="Glycogen">Glycogen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Hemicellulose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levan_polysaccharide" title="Levan polysaccharide">Levan beta 2→6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lignin" title="Lignin">Lignin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mannans" title="Mannans">Mannan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pectin" title="Pectin">Pectin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Starch" title="Starch">Starch</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amylopectin" title="Amylopectin">Amylopectin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amylose" title="Amylose">Amylose</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xanthan_gum" title="Xanthan gum">Xanthan gum</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Carbohydrates" title="Category:Carbohydrates">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Wood_products" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Wood_products" title="Template:Wood products"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Wood_products" title="Template talk:Wood products"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Wood_products" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Wood products"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Wood_products" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Wood" title="Wood">Wood products</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lumber" title="Lumber">Lumber</a>/<br />timber</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Batten" title="Batten">Batten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beam_(structure)" title="Beam (structure)">Beam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bressummer" title="Bressummer">Bressummer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Lumber_Standard" title="Canadian Lumber Standard">CLS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cruck" title="Cruck">Cruck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flitch_beam" title="Flitch beam">Flitch beam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wood_flooring" title="Wood flooring">Flooring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joist" title="Joist">Joist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lath" title="Lath">Lath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Log_building" title="Log building">Log building</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Log_cabin" title="Log cabin">Log cabin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Log_house" title="Log house">Log house</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molding_(decorative)" title="Molding (decorative)">Molding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panelling" title="Panelling">Panelling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plank_(wood)" title="Plank (wood)">Plank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wall_plate" title="Wall plate">Plate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post_(structural)" title="Post (structural)">Post</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purlin" title="Purlin">Purlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rafter" title="Rafter">Rafter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Railroad_tie#Wooden" title="Railroad tie">Railroad ties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reclaimed_lumber" title="Reclaimed lumber">Reclaimed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wood_shingle" title="Wood shingle">Shingle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siding_(construction)#Wood_siding" title="Siding (construction)">Siding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sill_plate" title="Sill plate">Sill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wall_stud" title="Wall stud">Stud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timber_roof_truss" title="Timber roof truss">Timber truss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treenail" title="Treenail">Treenail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Truss" title="Truss">Truss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utility_pole" title="Utility pole">Utility pole</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Engineered_wood" title="Engineered wood">Engineered<br />wood</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cross-laminated_timber" title="Cross-laminated timber">Cross-laminated timber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glued_laminated_timber" title="Glued laminated timber">Glued laminated timber</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wood_veneer" title="Wood veneer">veneer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laminated_veneer_lumber" title="Laminated veneer lumber">LVL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parallam" class="mw-redirect" title="Parallam">parallel strand</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/I-joist" title="I-joist">I-joist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiberboard" title="Fiberboard">Fiberboard</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hardboard" title="Hardboard">hardboard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masonite" title="Masonite">Masonite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medium-density_fibreboard" title="Medium-density fibreboard">MDF</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oriented_strand_board" title="Oriented strand board">Oriented strand board</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oriented_structural_straw_board" title="Oriented structural straw board">Oriented structural straw board</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Particle_board" title="Particle board">Particle board</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plywood" title="Plywood">Plywood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Structural_insulated_panel" title="Structural insulated panel">Structural insulated panel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wood%E2%80%93plastic_composite" title="Wood–plastic composite">Wood–plastic composite</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Composite_lumber" title="Composite lumber">lumber</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Fuelwood</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charcoal" title="Charcoal">Charcoal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biochar" title="Biochar">biochar</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Firelog" title="Firelog">Firelog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Firewood" title="Firewood">Firewood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pellet_fuel" title="Pellet fuel">Pellet fuel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wood_fuel" title="Wood fuel">Wood fuel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Wood_fibre" title="Wood fibre">Fibers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cardboard" title="Cardboard">Cardboard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corrugated_fiberboard" title="Corrugated fiberboard">Corrugated fiberboard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paper" title="Paper">Paper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paperboard" title="Paperboard">Paperboard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulp_(paper)" title="Pulp (paper)">Pulp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulpwood" title="Pulpwood">Pulpwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rayon" title="Rayon">Rayon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Derivatives</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Birch-tar" class="mw-redirect" title="Birch-tar">Birch-tar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cellulose" title="Cellulose">Cellulose</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nanocellulose" title="Nanocellulose">nano</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Hemicellulose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cellulosic_ethanol" title="Cellulosic ethanol">Cellulosic ethanol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dyewoods" title="Dyewoods">Dyes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lignin" title="Lignin">Lignin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liquid_smoke" title="Liquid smoke">Liquid smoke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lye" title="Lye">Lye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methanol" title="Methanol">Methanol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyroligneous_acid" title="Pyroligneous acid">Pyroligneous acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pine_tar" title="Pine tar">Pine tar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pitch_(resin)" title="Pitch (resin)">Pitch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandalwood_oil" title="Sandalwood oil">Sandalwood oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tannin" title="Tannin">Tannin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wood_gas" title="Wood gas">Wood gas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/By-product" title="By-product">By-products</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barkdust" title="Barkdust">Barkdust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_liquor" title="Black liquor">Black liquor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramial_chipped_wood" title="Ramial chipped wood">Ramial chipped wood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sawdust" title="Sawdust">Sawdust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tall_oil" title="Tall oil">Tall oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wood_flour" class="mw-redirect" title="Wood flour">Wood flour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wood_wool" title="Wood wool">Wood wool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woodchips" title="Woodchips">Woodchips</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historical</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Axe_ties" class="mw-redirect" title="Axe ties">Axe ties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bavin_(wood)" title="Bavin (wood)">Bavin (wood)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Billet_(wood)" title="Billet (wood)">Billet (wood)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clapboard_(architecture)" class="mw-redirect" title="Clapboard (architecture)">Clapboard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dugout_(boat)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dugout (boat)">Dugout canoe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potash" title="Potash">Potash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sawdust_brandy" title="Sawdust brandy">Sawdust brandy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Split-rail_fence" title="Split-rail fence">Split-rail fence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanbark" title="Tanbark">Tanbark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timber_framing" title="Timber framing">Timber framing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mast_(sailing)" title="Mast (sailing)">Wooden masts</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biomass" title="Biomass">Biomass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Certified_wood" title="Certified wood">Certified wood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Destructive_distillation" title="Destructive distillation">Destructive distillation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dry_distillation" title="Dry distillation">Dry distillation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engineered_bamboo" title="Engineered bamboo">Engineered bamboo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forestry" title="Forestry">Forestry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_building_and_wood" title="Green building and wood">Green building and wood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_woods" title="List of woods">List of woods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mulch" title="Mulch">Mulch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-timber_forest_product" title="Non-timber forest product">Non-timber forest products</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_building" title="Natural building">Natural building</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papermaking" title="Papermaking">Papermaking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reclaimed_lumber" title="Reclaimed lumber">Reclaimed lumber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timber_recycling" title="Timber recycling">Timber recycling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wood_drying" title="Wood drying">Wood drying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wood_preservation" title="Wood preservation">Wood preservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wood_processing" title="Wood processing">Wood processing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woodworking" title="Woodworking">Woodworking</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yakisugi" title="Yakisugi">Yakisugi</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, 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