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mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Grammar subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Grammar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Affixes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Affixes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Affixes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Affixes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Prefixes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prefixes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.1</span> <span>Prefixes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prefixes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Suffixes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Suffixes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.2</span> <span>Suffixes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Suffixes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Infixes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Infixes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.3</span> <span>Infixes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Infixes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Circumfixes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Circumfixes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.4</span> <span>Circumfixes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Circumfixes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reduplication" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reduplication"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Reduplication</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reduplication-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nouns" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nouns"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Nouns</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nouns-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Verbs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Verbs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Verbs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Verbs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Adjectives" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Adjectives"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>Adjectives</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Adjectives-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Numerals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Numerals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.6</span> <span>Numerals</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Numerals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pronouns" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pronouns"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.7</span> <span>Pronouns</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pronouns-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Personal_pronouns" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Personal_pronouns"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.7.1</span> <span>Personal pronouns</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Personal_pronouns-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demonstrative_pronouns" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demonstrative_pronouns"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.7.2</span> <span>Demonstrative pronouns</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Demonstrative_pronouns-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Interrogative_pronouns" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Interrogative_pronouns"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.7.3</span> <span>Interrogative pronouns</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Interrogative_pronouns-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vocabulary" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vocabulary"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Vocabulary</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Vocabulary-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Vocabulary subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Vocabulary-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Numerals_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Numerals_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Numerals</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Numerals_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Directions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Directions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Directions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Directions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Personal_pronouns_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Personal_pronouns_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Personal pronouns</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Personal_pronouns_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Interrogatives_pronouns" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Interrogatives_pronouns"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Interrogatives pronouns</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Interrogatives_pronouns-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nouns_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nouns_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.5</span> <span>Nouns</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nouns_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Verbs_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Verbs_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.6</span> <span>Verbs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Verbs_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Adjectives_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Adjectives_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.7</span> <span>Adjectives</span> </div> </a> <ul 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searchaux" style="display:none">Malayic language spoken in Indonesia</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above above" style="font-size:125%; color: black; background-color: pink;">Belitung Malay</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size:110%; color: black; background-color: pink;">Sedentary Belitung Malay</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size:110%; color: black; background-color: pink;"><span title="Bangka-language text"><i lang="mfb">base Belitong</i></span><br />بهاس بليتوڠ</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Pronunciation</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">ba.sə bəli.toŋ</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Native to</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bangka_Belitung" class="mw-redirect" title="Bangka Belitung">Bangka Belitung</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Region</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Belitung_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Belitung Island">Belitung</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Ethnicity</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Malay_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Malay people">Belitung Malay</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chinese_in_the_Bangka_Belitung_Islands" title="Chinese in the Bangka Belitung Islands">Belitung Chinese</a>, etc.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Native speakers</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">313,047 (2023 estimate)<sup id="cite_ref-DUKCAPIL_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DUKCAPIL-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><span class="wrap"><a href="/wiki/Language_family" title="Language family">Language family</a></span></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Austronesian_languages" title="Austronesian languages">Austronesian</a> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:1.35em;padding-left:0"><li> <a href="/wiki/Malayo-Polynesian_languages" title="Malayo-Polynesian languages">Malayo-Polynesian</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li>(disputed)<ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Malayic_languages" title="Malayic languages">Malayic</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><b>Belitung Malay</b></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><span class="wrap"><a href="/wiki/Writing_system" title="Writing system">Writing system</a></span></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Latin_script" title="Latin script">Latin</a> (<a href="/wiki/Indonesian_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Indonesian alphabet">Indonesian alphabet</a>)<br /><a href="/wiki/Jawi_script" title="Jawi script">Jawi</a> (historical)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: pink;">Language codes</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-3" title="ISO 639-3">ISO 639-3</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">–</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><i><a href="/wiki/Glottolog" title="Glottolog">Glottolog</a></i></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/sede1248">sede1248</a></code></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Belitung_Malay_Language_Map.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Belitung_Malay_Language_Map.svg/320px-Belitung_Malay_Language_Map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="320" height="320" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Belitung_Malay_Language_Map.svg/480px-Belitung_Malay_Language_Map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Belitung_Malay_Language_Map.svg/640px-Belitung_Malay_Language_Map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="75" data-file-height="75" /></a></span><div style="text-align:left;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#0080ff; color:black;"> </span> Areas where Belitung Malay is primarily spoken</div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below noprint selfref" style="background-color:#E7E7FF;color:inherit;padding:0.3em 0.5em;text-align:left;line-height:1.3;"><b>This article contains <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA</a> phonetic symbols.</b> Without proper <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA#Rendering_issues" title="Help:IPA">rendering support</a>, you may see <a href="/wiki/Specials_(Unicode_block)#Replacement_character" title="Specials (Unicode block)">question marks, boxes, or other symbols</a> instead of <a href="/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode">Unicode</a> characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">Help:IPA</a>.</td></tr></tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236303919">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}</style> <p><b>Belitung Malay</b> (<i>base Belitong</i>, <a href="/wiki/Jawi_script" title="Jawi script">Jawi</a>: بهاس بليتوڠ), or <b>Sedentary Belitung Malay</b>, is a <a href="/wiki/Malayic_languages" title="Malayic languages">Malayic language</a> spoken in <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a>, specifically on the island of <a href="/wiki/Belitung" title="Belitung">Belitung</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Bangka_Belitung_Islands" title="Bangka Belitung Islands">Bangka Belitung Islands</a> of <a href="/wiki/Sumatra" title="Sumatra">Sumatra</a>. The language is primarily spoken by the native <a href="/wiki/Malays_(ethnic_group)" title="Malays (ethnic group)">Malay people</a> of Belitung, as well as by ethnic <a href="/wiki/Chinese_in_the_Bangka_Belitung_Islands" title="Chinese in the Bangka Belitung Islands">Chinese</a> who have inhabited Belitung for centuries, using it as a <a href="/wiki/Second_language" title="Second language">second language</a> alongside their native <a href="/wiki/Hakka_Chinese" title="Hakka Chinese">Hakka</a>. This language is distinguished from <a href="/wiki/Loncong_language" title="Loncong language">Loncong language</a>, another Malay variety spoken by nomadic <a href="/wiki/Orang_Laut" title="Orang Laut">sea gypsies</a> from Belitung. Additionally, it is spoken by migrants from other parts of Indonesia residing in Belitung, including <a href="/wiki/Javanese_people" title="Javanese people">Javanese</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sundanese_people" title="Sundanese people">Sundanese</a>, as well as by the Belitung diaspora living in various regions across Indonesia. Belitung Malay serves as the <i><a href="/wiki/Lingua_franca" title="Lingua franca">lingua franca</a></i> among the people of Belitung, encompassing not only Malays but also other ethnic groups living in the island. It is predominantly used in informal settings such as family gatherings or marketplaces. In contrast, standard Indonesian is preferred for formal situations, including government offices and schools, reflecting its status as the official and national language of Indonesia. <a href="/wiki/Code-switching" title="Code-switching">Code-switching</a> between Belitung Malay and standard Indonesian is common in the Belitung community, particularly in informal and semi-formal contexts. Other ethnic groups, such as the Chinese, also frequently code-switch and <a href="/wiki/Code-mixing" title="Code-mixing">code-mix</a> between Hakka and Belitung Malay. </p><p>Belitung Malay is a vernacular Malay variety that shares linguistic features with <a href="/wiki/Peninsular_Malaysia" title="Peninsular Malaysia">peninsular Malay</a>, Eastern Sumatra Malay, and the Malay variety of <a href="/wiki/West_Kalimantan" title="West Kalimantan">West Kalimantan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiyake_et_al.20222_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiyake_et_al.20222-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Belitung Malay exhibits a closer resemblance to the Malay spoken in <a href="/wiki/Sumatra" title="Sumatra">Sumatra</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kalimantan" title="Kalimantan">Kalimantan</a> than to standard <a href="/wiki/Jakarta" title="Jakarta">Jakarta</a> <a href="/wiki/Indonesian_language" title="Indonesian language">Indonesian</a>, particularly in terms of <a href="/wiki/Phonology" title="Phonology">phonology</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lexicon" title="Lexicon">lexicon</a>. The language has received significant influence from other languages, such as <a href="/wiki/Hakka_Chinese" title="Hakka Chinese">Hakka</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dutch_language" title="Dutch language">Dutch</a> and <a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a>, as well as <a href="/wiki/Javanese_language" title="Javanese language">Javanese</a> and standard Indonesian.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Belitung Malay has absorbed Javanese loanwords due to Belitung's historical rule by the <a href="/wiki/Palembang_Sultanate" title="Palembang Sultanate">Palembang Sultanate</a>, where the court language, <a href="/wiki/Palembang_language" title="Palembang language">Palembang Malay</a>, was influenced by Javanese.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Additionally, Indonesian, as the official language, has also become a source of loanwords. While Belitung Malay includes words not found in standard Indonesian, the two languages are generally <a href="/wiki/Mutual_intelligibility" title="Mutual intelligibility">mutually intelligible</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Classification">Classification</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Belitung_Malay&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Classification"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Belitung Malay is a <a href="/wiki/Malayic_languages" title="Malayic languages">Malayic language</a>. Speakers of Malayic language are spread from <a href="/wiki/Brunei" title="Brunei">Brunei</a>, Indonesia, <a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a>, Singapore, <a href="/wiki/Southern_Thailand" title="Southern Thailand">Southern Thailand</a>, to the southernmost part of the <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a>. Malay is a member of the <a href="/wiki/Austronesian_languages" title="Austronesian languages">Austronesian</a> family of languages, which includes languages from <a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a>, Southeast Asia and the Pacific Ocean, with a smaller number in continental Asia. <a href="/wiki/Malagasy_language" title="Malagasy language">Malagasy</a>, a geographic outlier spoken in <a href="/wiki/Madagascar" title="Madagascar">Madagascar</a> in the Indian Ocean, is also a member of this language family. Although these languages are not necessarily <a href="/wiki/Mutual_intelligibility" title="Mutual intelligibility">mutually intelligible</a> to any extent, their similarities are often quite apparent. In more conservative languages like Malay, many roots have come with relatively little change from their common ancestor, <a href="/wiki/Proto-Austronesian_language" title="Proto-Austronesian language">Proto-Austronesian language</a>. There are many <a href="/wiki/Cognate" title="Cognate">cognates</a> found in the languages' words for kinship, health, body parts and common animals. Numbers, especially, show remarkable similarities.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Belitung Malay is closely related to other Malayic languages spoken in neighboring regions, such as <a href="/wiki/Bangka_Malay" title="Bangka Malay">Bangka Malay</a> and <a href="/wiki/Palembang_language" title="Palembang language">Palembang Malay</a>, as well as various Malay varieties found in <a href="/wiki/West_Kalimantan" title="West Kalimantan">West Kalimantan</a>, the eastern coast of <a href="/wiki/Sumatra" title="Sumatra">Sumatra</a>, and outlying islands. Since <a href="/wiki/Indonesian_language" title="Indonesian language">Indonesian</a> is a standardized form of Malay, Belitung Malay is also related to it, and the two are generally <a href="/wiki/Mutual_intelligibility" title="Mutual intelligibility">mutually intelligible</a>. However, Belitung Malay possesses unique characteristics, particularly in its phonology and lexicon, that distinguish it from Indonesian and other Malay varieties. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geographic_distribution_and_usage">Geographic distribution and usage</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Belitung_Malay&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Geographic distribution and usage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Belitung Malay is exclusively spoken on <a href="/wiki/Belitung" title="Belitung">Belitung</a> and its outlying islands. Administratively, this area consists of two regencies in the <a href="/wiki/Bangka_Belitung_Islands" title="Bangka Belitung Islands">Bangka Belitung province</a>: <a href="/wiki/Belitung_Regency" title="Belitung Regency">Belitung Regency</a> and <a href="/wiki/East_Belitung_Regency" title="East Belitung Regency">East Belitung Regency</a>. It is also spoken by Belitung diasporas living in other parts of <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a>. Belitung Malay is the mother tongue of the <a href="/wiki/Malays_(ethnic_group)" title="Malays (ethnic group)">Malay people</a> on the island. The Chinese people primarily use <a href="/wiki/Hakka_Chinese" title="Hakka Chinese">Hakka</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mandarin_Chinese" title="Mandarin Chinese">Mandarin</a> as their native tongues, though many also understand Belitung Malay as a second language and use it to communicate with Malays and other ethnic groups.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On the other hand, migrants in Belitung from other parts of <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a> speak Belitung Malay in addition to their <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Indonesia" title="Languages of Indonesia">native languages</a>, especially in the market. </p><p>Belitung Malay is a spoken language used by Belitung speakers when talking with family members, friends, and co-workers on informal occasions in markets, shops, stalls, and so forth. It also functions as a <i><a href="/wiki/Lingua_franca" title="Lingua franca">lingua franca</a></i>; non-Malay people, such as <a href="/wiki/Chinese_in_the_Bangka_Belitung_Islands" title="Chinese in the Bangka Belitung Islands">Chinese</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bugis" title="Bugis">Bugis</a>, among others in the area, often choose to speak Belitung Malay between people from different ethnic groups.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiyake_et_al.20222_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiyake_et_al.20222-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Belitung Malay is not used in formal situations in Belitung; it is not taught in schools or used in governmental offices. Instead, <a href="/wiki/Indonesian_language" title="Indonesian language">Indonesian</a>, the official language of <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a>, is learned at school. Children are exposed to Indonesian from birth through television, the internet, national ceremonial speeches, magazines, newspapers, books, and other media.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiyake_et_al.20222_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiyake_et_al.20222-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nonetheless, Belitung Malay retains its dominance as an everyday language. Increasing usage of Indonesian has led many Belitung Malay speakers to <a href="/wiki/Code-switching" title="Code-switching">code-switch</a> and <a href="/wiki/Code-mixing" title="Code-mixing">code-mix</a> between standard Indonesian and Belitung Malay.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiyake_et_al.20222_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiyake_et_al.20222-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Phonology">Phonology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Belitung_Malay&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Phonology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Belitung Malay, like many other <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Indonesia" title="Languages of Indonesia">regional languages in Indonesia</a>, lacks a standardized phonological system. Nevertheless, many of the phonological system designed for Belitung Malay is loosely based on standard <a href="/wiki/Indonesian_orthography" title="Indonesian orthography">Indonesian orthography</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vowels">Vowels</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Belitung_Malay&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Vowels"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Like <a href="/wiki/Indonesian_language" title="Indonesian language">Indonesian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Malaysian_Malay" title="Malaysian Malay">Standard Malay</a>, Belitung Malay possesses 6 phonemic vowels <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/i,<span class="wrap"> </span>ə,<span class="wrap"> </span>e,<span class="wrap"> </span>a,<span class="wrap"> </span>o,<span class="wrap"> </span>u/</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiyake_et_al.20223_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiyake_et_al.20223-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"> <tbody><tr> <th> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Front_vowel" title="Front vowel">Front</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Central_vowel" title="Central vowel">Central</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Back_vowel" title="Back vowel">Back</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Close_vowel" title="Close vowel">Close</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close front unrounded vowel">i</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close back rounded vowel">u</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Mid_vowel" title="Mid vowel">Mid</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Mid front unrounded vowel">e</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Mid_central_vowel" title="Mid central vowel">ə</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Mid back rounded vowel">o</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Open_vowel" title="Open vowel">Open</a> </th> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Open_central_unrounded_vowel" title="Open central unrounded vowel">a</a></span> </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Notes:</b> </p> <ul><li>In writing, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Close-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close-mid front unrounded vowel">e</a>/</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Mid_central_vowel" title="Mid central vowel">ə</a>/</span> are both represented as <span class="nowrap">⟨e⟩</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiyake_et_al.20223_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiyake_et_al.20223-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Final <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Open_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open front unrounded vowel">a</a>/</span> in <i>Baku</i> Malay/Indonesian correspond to <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Mid_central_vowel" title="Mid central vowel">ə</a>/</span> in Belitung Malay, so <i>Baku</i> Malay/Indonesian <span title="Malay (macrolanguage)-language text"><i lang="ms">ada</i></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ada/</span> "to have" corresponds to Belitung Malay <span title="Malay (macrolanguage)-language text"><i lang="ms">ade</i></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/adə/</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiyake_et_al.20224_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiyake_et_al.20224-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>Baku</i> Malay/Indonesian <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Close_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close front unrounded vowel">i</a>/</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Close_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close back rounded vowel">u</a>/</span> in closed syllables correspond to lower <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Close-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close-mid front unrounded vowel">e</a>/</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Close-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close-mid back rounded vowel">o</a>/</span> in Belitung Malay, so <i>Baku</i> Malay/Indonesian <span title="Malay (macrolanguage)-language text"><i lang="ms">pasir</i></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/pasir/</span> "sand" and <span title="Malay (macrolanguage)-language text"><i lang="ms">taruh</i></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/taruh/</span> "to place" correspond to Belitung Malay <span title="Bangka-language text"><i lang="mfb">paser</i></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/paser/</span> and <span title="Bangka-language text"><i lang="mfb">tarok</i></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/taroʔ/</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiyake_et_al.20224_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiyake_et_al.20224-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Consonants">Consonants</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Belitung_Malay&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Consonants"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Belitung Malay has 19 <a href="/wiki/Consonant" title="Consonant">consonants</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiyake_et_al.20224_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiyake_et_al.20224-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2"> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Labial_consonant" title="Labial consonant">Labial</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Dental_consonant" title="Dental consonant">Dental</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Alveolar_consonant" title="Alveolar consonant">Alveolar</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Postalveolar_consonant" title="Postalveolar consonant">Postalveolar</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Velar_consonant" title="Velar consonant">Velar</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Glottal_consonant" title="Glottal consonant">Glottal</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Nasal_consonant" title="Nasal consonant">Nasal</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_nasal" title="Voiced bilabial nasal">m</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_nasal" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar nasal">n</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_nasal" title="Voiced palatal nasal">ɲ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_nasal" title="Voiced velar nasal">ŋ</a></span> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Plosive" title="Plosive">Plosive</a>/ <p><a href="/wiki/Affricate" title="Affricate">Affricate</a> </p> </th> <th><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Voicelessness" title="Voicelessness">voiceless</a></span> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiceless bilabial plosive">p</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless alveolar plosive">t</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_affricate" title="Voiceless postalveolar affricate">t͡ʃ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_plosive" title="Voiceless velar plosive">k</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Glottal_stop" title="Glottal stop">ʔ</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Voice_(phonetics)" title="Voice (phonetics)">voiced</a></span> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiced bilabial plosive">b</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar plosive">d</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_postalveolar_affricate" title="Voiced postalveolar affricate">d͡ʒ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_plosive" title="Voiced velar plosive">ɡ</a></span> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Fricative" title="Fricative">Fricative</a> </th> <th><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Voicelessness" title="Voicelessness">voiceless</a></span> </th> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless alveolar fricative">s</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Voice_(phonetics)" title="Voice (phonetics)">voiced</a></span> </th> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiced alveolar fricative">z</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Approximant" title="Approximant">Approximant</a> </th> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_dental_lateral_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced dental lateral approximant">l</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_approximant" title="Voiced palatal approximant">j</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_labial%E2%80%93velar_approximant" title="Voiced labial–velar approximant">w</a></span> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Trill_consonant" title="Trill consonant">Trill</a> </th> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_trill" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar trill">r</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Notes:</b> </p> <ul><li>In writing, the following phonemes are represented as thus:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiyake_et_al.20223_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiyake_et_al.20223-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <ul><li><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_nasal" title="Voiced velar nasal">ŋ</a>/</span> is <span class="nowrap">⟨ng⟩</span></li> <li><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_nasal" title="Voiced palatal nasal">ɲ</a>/</span> is <span class="nowrap">⟨ny⟩</span></li> <li><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_affricate" title="Voiceless postalveolar affricate">t͡ʃ</a>/</span> is <span class="nowrap">⟨c⟩</span></li> <li><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_postalveolar_affricate" title="Voiced postalveolar affricate">d͡ʒ</a>/</span> is <span class="nowrap">⟨j⟩</span></li> <li><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Glottal_stop" title="Glottal stop">ʔ</a>/</span> is <span class="nowrap">⟨k⟩</span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Glottal_stop" title="Glottal stop">ʔ</a>/</span> only occurs root-finally.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiyake_et_al.20224_9-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiyake_et_al.20224-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Unlike <a href="/wiki/Standard_Malay" class="mw-redirect" title="Standard Malay">Standard Malay</a> and <a href="/wiki/Indonesian_language" title="Indonesian language">Indonesian</a>, Belitung Malay has no <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_glottal_fricative" title="Voiceless glottal fricative">h</a>/</span> phoneme.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiyake_et_al.20224_9-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiyake_et_al.20224-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Final <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Glottal_stop" title="Glottal stop">ʔ</a>/</span> in some root words in Belitung Malay correspond to Standard Malay/Indonesian <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_glottal_fricative" title="Voiceless glottal fricative">h</a>/</span> such as Belitung Malay <span title="Bangka-language text"><i lang="mfb">tarok</i></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/taroʔ/</span> which corresponds to Standard Malay/Indonesian <span title="Malay (macrolanguage)-language text"><i lang="ms">taruh</i></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/taruh/</span> "to place".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiyake_et_al.20224_9-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiyake_et_al.20224-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Diphthongs">Diphthongs</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Belitung_Malay&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Diphthongs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Belitung Malay features five <a href="/wiki/Diphthong" title="Diphthong">diphthongs</a>, typically found at the end of words: /ei̯/, /au̯/, /ai̯/, /oi̯/, and /ui̯/.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAzri2020II-3_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAzri2020II-3-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Examples of these diphthongs in use are shown below: </p> <ul><li>/ei̯/: /mei̯/ 'May'</li> <li>/au̯/: /surau̯/ '<a href="/wiki/Surau" title="Surau">surau</a>'</li> <li>/ai̯/: /sampai̯/ 'arrive'</li> <li>/oi̯/: /amoi̯/ 'Chinese girls' (from <a href="/wiki/Hakka_Chinese" title="Hakka Chinese">Hakka</a>)</li> <li>/ui̯/: /unt͡ʃui̯/ 'pipe'</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Grammar">Grammar</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Belitung_Malay&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Grammar"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Malay_grammar" title="Malay grammar">Malay grammar</a></div> <p>Along with <a href="/wiki/Indonesian_language" title="Indonesian language">Indonesian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malay_language" title="Malay language">standard Malay</a>, and other <a href="/wiki/Malayic_languages" title="Malayic languages">Malayic languages</a>, the word order in Belitung Malay is typically <a href="/wiki/Subject%E2%80%93verb%E2%80%93object_word_order" title="Subject–verb–object word order">subject-verb-object</a> (SVO). While there are notable exceptions, the grammar structure of Belitung Malay shares many similarities with Indonesian and Standard Malay. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Affixes">Affixes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Belitung_Malay&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Affixes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Belitung Malay has a number of <a href="/wiki/Affix" title="Affix">affixes</a> that can join with the base word to form an affixed word. In Belitung Malay, like other Malayic languages, there are four types of affixes: <a href="/wiki/Prefix" title="Prefix">prefixes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Infix" title="Infix">infixes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Suffix" title="Suffix">suffixes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Circumfix" title="Circumfix">circumfix</a>. Prefixes are affixes attached at the beginning of a word, suffixes are affixes added at the end, and infixes are affixes inserted in the middle. A circumfix or discontinuous affix partly attaches to both the front and back of the base form. Like other Malayic languages, Belitung Malay words consist of a root or a root plus derivational affixes. The root, typically bisyllabic in the shape CV(C)CV(C), serves as the core lexical unit and is usually a noun or verb. Affixes are applied to roots to modify or expand their meaning, creating new words. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Prefixes">Prefixes</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Belitung_Malay&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Prefixes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Belitung Malay, various prefixes alter the meaning of base words differently.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENapsin_et_al.198619_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENapsin_et_al.198619-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The following are examples of common prefixes in Belitung Malay, their meanings, and words: </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Prefixes </th> <th>Meaning </th> <th>Examples of base words </th> <th>Examples of derived words </th></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="5"><i>ngeN-</i> </td> <td rowspan="5">When added to the base form of verbs, it indicates 'performing the action described by the base form'. </td> <td><i>itong</i> 'count' </td> <td><i>ngitong</i> 'counting' </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>libar</i> 'wide' </td> <td><i>ngelibar</i> 'to widen' </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>rusak</i> 'broken' </td> <td><i>ngerusak</i> 'to break' </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>ilang</i> 'gone' </td> <td><i>ngilang</i> 'to disappear' </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>gigit</i> 'bite' </td> <td><i>ngegigit</i> 'to bite' </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="5"><i>peN-</i> </td> <td rowspan="5">When added to the base form of verbs, it denotes 'someone or something that performs the action'. </td> <td><i>beriq</i> 'to give' </td> <td><i>pemeriq</i> 'giver' </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>durong</i> 'to push' </td> <td><i>pendurong</i> 'pusher' </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>putong</i> 'to cut' </td> <td><i>pemutong</i> 'cutter' </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>suro</i> 'to instruct' </td> <td><i>penyuro</i> 'instructor' </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>ajar</i> 'to teach' </td> <td><i>pengajar</i> 'teacher' </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="5"><i>be-</i> </td> <td rowspan="5">When added to verbs, it signifies 'often performing the action'. With nouns, it denotes 'having', 'ascending', 'wearing', 'engaging in', or 'containing'. </td> <td><i>cakap</i> 'talk' </td> <td><i>becakap</i> 'to talk' </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>duit</i> 'money' </td> <td><i>beduit</i> 'to have money' </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>kerje</i> 'job' </td> <td><i>bekerje</i> 'to work' </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>utang</i> 'debt' </td> <td><i>berutang</i> 'to owe' </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>kibit</i> 'hold' </td> <td><i>bekibitan</i> 'to hold on' </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="5"><i>te-</i> </td> <td rowspan="5">When added to verbs, it signifies 'completed, unintentional, or capable of performing the action'. With nouns, it means 'to emit', and with adjectives, it indicates 'more'. </td> <td><i>ambiq</i> 'to take' </td> <td><i>teambiq</i> 'get taken' </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>beli</i> 'to buy' </td> <td><i>tebeli</i> 'get bought' </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>minum</i> 'to drink' </td> <td><i>teminum</i> 'get drank' </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>bawa</i> 'to bring' </td> <td><i>tebawa</i> 'get brought' </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>adok</i> 'to mix' </td> <td><i>teradok</i> 'get mixed' </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="5"><i>de-</i> </td> <td rowspan="5">When added to the base form of nouns or verbs, it signifies 'to be... by'. </td> <td><i>pukul</i> 'to hit' </td> <td><i>depukul</i> 'to be hit' </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>timbak</i> 'to shoot' </td> <td><i>detimbak</i> 'to be shot' </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>main</i> 'to play' </td> <td><i>demainkan</i> 'to be played' </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>jage</i> 'to protect' </td> <td><i>dejage</i> 'to be protected' </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>gangguq</i> 'to disturb' </td> <td><i>degangguq</i> 'to be disturbed' </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="5"><i>ke-</i> </td> <td rowspan="5">When added to the base form of verbs, it means 'to be affected by'. With adjectives, it signifies 'being viewed'. </td> <td><i>tue</i> 'old' </td> <td><i>ketue</i> 'leader', 'elder' </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>limaq</i> 'five' </td> <td><i>kelimaq</i> 'the fifth' </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>tige</i> 'three' </td> <td><i>ketige</i> 'the third' </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>ndak</i> 'intend' </td> <td><i>kendak</i> 'intention' </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>tunu</i> 'burn' </td> <td><i>ketunu</i> 'burnt' </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="5"><i>se-</i> </td> <td rowspan="5">When added to the base form of verbs, it signifies 'doing an action together with others'. With nouns, it means 'using something together', and with adjectives, it denotes 'similar'. </td> <td><i>umaq</i> 'mother' </td> <td><i>seumaq</i> 'one mother' </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>berat</i> 'heavy' </td> <td><i>seberat</i> 'as heavy as' </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>jat</i> 'evil </td> <td><i>sejat</i> 'as evil as' </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>masin</i> 'salty' </td> <td><i>semasin</i> 'as salty as' </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>tetaq</i> 'cut' </td> <td><i>setetaw</i> 'one cut' </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="5"><i>ku-</i> </td> <td rowspan="5">When added to the base form of verbs, it indicates 'ownership' or 'possession'. It is equivalent to 'my' or 'mine' in English. </td> <td><i>makan</i> 'to eat' </td> <td><i>kumakan</i> 'I eat' </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>antar</i> 'to send' </td> <td><i>kuantar</i> 'I send' </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>cariq</i> 'to find' </td> <td><i>kucariq</i> 'I find' </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>beriq</i> 'to give' </td> <td><i>kuberiq</i> 'I give' </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>gantong</i> 'to hang' </td> <td><i>kugantong</i> 'I hang' </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Suffixes">Suffixes</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Belitung_Malay&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Suffixes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Like prefixes, suffixes in Belitung Malay also alter the meaning of base words in various ways.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENapsin_et_al.198622_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENapsin_et_al.198622-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The following are examples of common suffixes in Belitung Malay, their meanings, and some words: </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Suffixes </th> <th>Meaning </th> <th>Examples of base words </th> <th>Examples of derived words </th></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="5"><i>-an</i> </td> <td rowspan="5">When added to the base form of verbs, it signifies 'tool or result of performing the action indicated by the base form'. </td> <td><i>main</i> 'to play' </td> <td><i>mainan</i> 'toys' </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>makan</i> 'to eat' </td> <td><i>makanan</i> 'food' </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>pikir</i> 'to think' </td> <td><i>pikiran</i> 'thoughts' </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>cuci</i> 'to wash' </td> <td><i>cucian</i> 'laundry' </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>potong</i> 'to cut' </td> <td><i>potongan</i> 'pieces' </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="5"><i>-eq</i> </td> <td rowspan="5">When added to the base form of verbs, it signifies that the action described by the verb is directed towards or affecting an object. </td> <td><i>limpar</i> 'to throw' </td> <td><i>limpareq</i> 'to throw at something' </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>tanam</i> 'to plant' </td> <td><i>tanameq</i> 'to plant at something' </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>tulis</i> 'to write' </td> <td><i>tuliseq</i> 'to write at something' </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>kumpul</i> 'to gather' </td> <td><i>kumpuleq</i> 'to gather something' </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>datang</i> 'to visit' </td> <td><i>datangeq</i> 'to visit someone/something' </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="5"><i>-kan</i> </td> <td rowspan="5">When added to the base form of verbs, it signifies 'to put into or to make into'. With adjectives, it means 'to make more'. </td> <td><i>banyak</i> 'many' </td> <td><i>banyakkan</i> 'to add more' </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>buat</i> 'to make' </td> <td><i>buatkan</i> 'make it' </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>angkat</i> to carry' </td> <td><i>angkatkan</i> 'carry it' </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>turut</i> 'to follow' </td> <td><i>turutkan</i> 'follow it' </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>isiq</i> 'to fill' </td> <td><i>isiqkan</i> 'fill it' </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="5"><i>-e</i> </td> <td rowspan="5">When added to the base form of verbs or adjectives, it denotes to 'something related to the matter mentioned in the base form'. </td> <td><i>banyak</i> 'many' </td> <td><i>banyake</i> 'so many' </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>nakal</i> 'naughty' </td> <td><i>nakale</i> 'so naughy' </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>ruma</i> 'house' </td> <td><i>rumae</i> 'his/her house' </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>ramai</i> 'crowded' </td> <td><i>ramaie</i> 'so crowded' </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>bagus</i> 'good </td> <td><i>baguse</i> 'so good' </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Infixes">Infixes</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Belitung_Malay&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Infixes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Belitung Malay, infixation of a base word typically signifies 'many or multiple' of that particular base word.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENapsin_et_al.198623_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENapsin_et_al.198623-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The following are some examples of common infixes used in Belitung Malay: </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Infixes </th> <th>Examples of base words </th> <th>Examples of derived words </th></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2"><i>-el-</i> </td> <td><i>kupor</i> 'sound of fish jumping on the water' </td> <td><i>kelupor</i> 'sound of many fishes jumping on the water' </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>juntai</i> 'swinging' </td> <td><i>jeluntai</i> 'many people swinging' </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3"><i>-em-</i> </td> <td><i>guro</i> 'thunder' </td> <td><i>gemuro</i> 'many thunders' </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>tali</i> 'rope' </td> <td><i>temali</i> 'many ropes' </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>telepor</i> 'sound of something falling on the floor' </td> <td><i>temelepor</i> 'sound of many things falling on the floor' </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2"><i>-er-</i> </td> <td><i>gigi</i> 'tooth' </td> <td><i>gerigi</i> 'many teeth' </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>gebos</i> 'surprising sound' </td> <td><i>gerebos</i> 'many surprising sounds' </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Circumfixes">Circumfixes</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Belitung_Malay&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Circumfixes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are several circumfixes in Belitung Malay, each with its own specific meanings.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENapsin_et_al.198624_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENapsin_et_al.198624-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The following are some examples of common circumfixes used in Belitung Malay: </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Circumfixes </th> <th>Meaning </th> <th>Examples of base words </th> <th>Examples of derived words </th></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="4"><i>be-....-an</i> </td> <td rowspan="4">When added to the base form of verbs or adjectives, it signifies 'state', 'condition', or 'result of the action or process denoted by the base word'. </td> <td><i>kibit</i> 'to hold' </td> <td><i>bekibitan</i> 'to hold one another' </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>dekat</i> 'near' </td> <td><i>berdekatan</i> 'to be near each another' </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>jao</i> 'far' </td> <td><i>bejaoan</i> 'to be far from one another' </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>juntai</i> 'to swing' </td> <td><i>bejuntaian</i> 'to swing with one another' </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="4"><i>peN-....-an</i> </td> <td rowspan="4">When added to the base form of verbs, it signifies 'actions', 'processes', 'results', or 'objects' related to the base word. </td> <td><i>kubor</i> 'to bury' </td> <td><i>penguboran</i> 'burial' </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>timbak</i> 'to shoot' </td> <td><i>penimbakan</i> 'shooting' </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>tulong</i> 'to assist' </td> <td><i>petulongan</i> 'assistance' </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>cariq</i> 'to search' </td> <td><i>pencariqan</i> 'searching' </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="4"><i>ke-....-an</i> </td> <td rowspan="4">When added to the base form of adjectives, it signifies 'too' or 'the state or quality' of the base word. </td> <td><i>aus</i> 'thirsty' </td> <td><i>keausan</i> 'thirst', 'too thirsty' </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>lapar</i> 'hungry' </td> <td><i>kelaparan</i> 'hunger', 'too hungry' </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>jujor</i> 'honest' </td> <td><i>kejujoran</i> 'honesty', 'too honest' </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>keciq</i> 'small' </td> <td><i>kekeqian</i> 'smallness', 'too small' </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="4"><i>se-....-e</i> </td> <td rowspan="4">When added to the base form of adjectives, it signifies 'completeness' or 'entirety' of the base word. </td> <td><i>bagus</i> 'good' </td> <td><i>sebaguse</i> 'as good as possible' </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>keciq</i> 'small' </td> <td><i>sekeciqe</i> 'as small as possible' </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>cepat</i> 'fast' </td> <td><i>secepate</i> 'as fast as possible' </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>gede</i> 'large' </td> <td><i>segedee</i> 'as large as possible' </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="4"><i>ngeN-....-kan</i> </td> <td rowspan="4">When added to the base form of verbs or adjectives, it indicates 'causing someone or something to perform the action denoted by the base word'. </td> <td><i>cariq</i> 'to find' </td> <td><i>ngencariqkan</i> 'to find for' </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>dudok</i> 'to sit' </td> <td><i>ngendudokkan</i> 'to sit for' </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>waris</i> 'inherit' </td> <td><i>ngewariskan</i> 'to inherit for' </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>limpar</i> 'to throw' </td> <td><i>ngelimparkan</i> 'to throw for' </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="4"><i>ngeN-....-eq</i> </td> <td rowspan="4">When added to the base form of verbs, it indicates 'doing at something'. </td> <td><i>masok</i> 'to enter' </td> <td><i>ngemasokeq</i> 'to enter something' </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>tanam</i> 'to plant' </td> <td><i>ngetanameq</i> 'to plant something' </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>limpar</i> 'to throw' </td> <td><i>ngelimpareq</i> 'to throw something' </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>gusok</i> 'to brush' </td> <td><i>ngegusokeq</i> 'to brush something' </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="4"><i>de-....-kan</i> </td> <td rowspan="4">When added to the base form of verbs, it indicates ' action done to or for someone or something'. </td> <td><i>tulis</i> 'to write' </td> <td><i>detuliskan</i> 'to be written by' </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>cariq</i> 'to find' </td> <td><i>decariqkan</i> 'to be found by' </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>terbang</i> 'to fly' </td> <td><i>deterbangkan</i> 'to be flown by' </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>beli</i> 'to buy' </td> <td><i>debelikan</i> 'to be bought by' </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="4"><i>de-....-eq</i> </td> <td rowspan="4">When added to the base form of verbs or nouns, it indicates 'action is done to or directed towards an object'. </td> <td><i>bace</i> 'to read' </td> <td><i>debaceeq</i> 'to be read' </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>cakap</i> 'talk' </td> <td><i>decakapeq</i> 'to be criticized' </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>sakit</i> 'hurt' </td> <td><i>desakiteq</i> 'to be hurt' </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>limpar</i> to throw' </td> <td><i>delimpareq</i> 'to be thrown' </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reduplication">Reduplication</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Belitung_Malay&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Reduplication"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are several types of <a href="/wiki/Reduplication" title="Reduplication">reduplication</a> in Belitung Malay: full reduplication, reduplication of base forms in complex words, reduplication with <a href="/wiki/Affix" title="Affix">affixation</a>, and reduplication with <a href="/wiki/Phoneme" title="Phoneme">phoneme</a> replacement.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENapsin_et_al.198645_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENapsin_et_al.198645-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Reduplication in Belitung Malay serves various purposes depending on the type of word. For <a href="/wiki/Noun" title="Noun">nouns</a>, it indicates pluralization or resemblance to something. <a href="/wiki/Verb" title="Verb">Verbs</a> use reduplication to denote reciprocal actions, repetitive actions, leisurely actions, or intensity. <a href="/wiki/Adjective" title="Adjective">Adjectives</a> use it to signify a high degree or intensity. Lastly, <a href="/wiki/Numeral_(linguistics)" title="Numeral (linguistics)">numerals</a> use reduplication to express collectivity.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENapsin_et_al.198649_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENapsin_et_al.198649-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In full reduplication, the entire base form is repeated without phoneme changes or the addition of affixes.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENapsin_et_al.198645_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENapsin_et_al.198645-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example: </p> <ul><li><i>itam-itam</i> 'black-black'</li> <li><i>pute-pute '</i>white-white'</li> <li><i>mikaq-mikaq</i> 'you guys'</li> <li><i>keciq-keciq</i> 'small-small'</li></ul> <p>Reduplication of base forms in complex words is the repetition of affixed words where only the base form is repeated.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENapsin_et_al.198646_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENapsin_et_al.198646-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This type of reduplication in Belitung Malay occurs in affixed words such as: </p> <ul><li><i>ngeliat-liat</i> 'to see around'</li> <li><i>deputong-putong</i> 'to cut into pieces'</li> <li><i>berjalan-jalan</i> 'to walk around'</li> <li><i>kelimaq-limaqe</i> 'all five of them'</li> <li><i>teantok-antok</i> 'to bump repeatedly'</li> <li><i>sekampong-kampong</i> 'the whole village'</li> <li><i>keciq-keciqan</i> 'small scale'</li> <li><i>takut-takuteq</i> 'to scare repeatedly'</li> <li><i>dekat-dekatkan</i> 'to get closer repeatedly'</li> <li><i>cucuq-cucuqe</i> 'his/her grandchildren'</li></ul> <p>Repetition with affixation involves repetition of the base form occurs with the addition of affixes, usually <a href="/wiki/Circumfix" title="Circumfix">circumfixes</a> or separate affixes.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENapsin_et_al.198648_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENapsin_et_al.198648-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example: </p> <ul><li><i>setakut-takute</i> 'as scared as possible'</li> <li><i>sedernun-demune</i> 'as cold as possible'</li> <li><i>kemira-miraan</i> 'reddish'</li> <li><i>keijau-ijauan</i> 'greenish'</li> <li><i>seade-adee</i> 'just as it is'</li></ul> <p>Reduplication with phoneme substitution is the reduplication of the base form accompanied by the alteration of phonemes within that base form.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENapsin_et_al.198648_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENapsin_et_al.198648-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example: </p> <ul><li><i>kesanaq-kesineq</i> 'going here and there'</li> <li><i>cual-cuil</i> 'pruning around'</li> <li><i>telepar-telepor</i> 'many loud sounds'</li> <li><i>seradak-seruduk</i> 'bumping here and there'</li> <li><i>puntang-perenang</i> 'chaotic and disarray'</li> <li><i>gerebas-gerebus</i> 'many surprising sounds'</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nouns">Nouns</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Belitung_Malay&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Nouns"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Belitung Malay nouns can be divided into human nouns, animal nouns or neither.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENapsin_et_al.198654_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENapsin_et_al.198654-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Human nouns are nouns that use the measuring word <i>urang</i> 'person' as a unit indicator, for example: </p> <ul><li><i>cucuq</i> 'grandchild'</li> <li><i>biaq</i> 'child', 'kid'</li> <li><i>guru</i> 'teacher'</li> <li><i>kawan</i> 'friend'</li> <li><i>sedare</i> 'sibling', 'cousin'</li></ul> <p>Animal nouns are nouns that use the measuring word <i>ikoq</i> 'tail' as a unit indicator, for example:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENapsin_et_al.198654_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENapsin_et_al.198654-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><i>burong</i> 'bird'</li> <li><i>ikan</i> 'fish'</li> <li><i>kerbau</i> 'buffalo'</li> <li><i>sapi</i> 'cow'</li></ul> <p>Examples of other nouns are:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENapsin_et_al.198654_19-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENapsin_et_al.198654-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><i>mate</i> 'eye'</li> <li><i>mije</i> 'table'</li> <li><i>kersi</i> 'chair'</li> <li><i>ruma</i> 'house'</li> <li><i>tandok</i> 'horn'</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Verbs">Verbs</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Belitung_Malay&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Verbs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Verb" title="Verb">Verbs</a> in Belitung Malay can be categorized into <a href="/wiki/Intransitive_verb" title="Intransitive verb">intransitive verbs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ditransitive_verb" title="Ditransitive verb">ditransitive verbs</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Transitive_verb" title="Transitive verb">transitive verbs</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENapsin_et_al.198657_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENapsin_et_al.198657-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Transitive verbs are further subdivided into <a href="/wiki/Passive_voice" title="Passive voice">passive</a> and <a href="/wiki/Antipassive_voice" title="Antipassive voice">antipassive</a> transitive verbs. Examples of intransitive verbs include: </p> <ul><li><i>pegi</i> 'to go'</li> <li><i>tiduq</i> 'to sleep'</li> <li><i>bebulaq</i> 'to lie'</li> <li><i>nagis</i> 'to cry'</li></ul> <p>Example of ditransitive verbs include: </p> <ul><li><i>melikan</i> 'to buy for'</li> <li><i>ngambiqkan</i> 'to take for'</li> <li><i>ngencariqkan</i> 'to find for'</li> <li><i>nunjokkan</i> 'to show for'</li></ul> <p>Example of passive transitive verbs include: </p> <ul><li><i>ngibit</i> 'to hold'</li> <li><i>tulis</i> 'to write'</li> <li><i>nenameq</i> 'to name'</li> <li><i>ngerusakkan</i> 'to break'</li></ul> <p>Example of antipassive transitive verbs include: </p> <ul><li><i>betanam</i> 'to plant'</li> <li><i>berutang</i> 'to owe (money)'</li> <li><i>berburu</i> 'to hunt'</li> <li><i>bemain</i> 'to play'</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Adjectives">Adjectives</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Belitung_Malay&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Adjectives"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Adjective" title="Adjective">Adjectives</a> in Belitung Malay are words that can be preceded by words such as <i>agaq</i> 'somewhat', <i>lebe</i> 'more', <i>paling</i> 'most' or followed by the word <i>amat</i> 'very'.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENapsin_et_al.198656_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENapsin_et_al.198656-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example: </p> <ul><li><i>lebe mura</i> 'cheaper'</li> <li><i>lebe mahal</i> 'more expensive'</li> <li><i>lebe deras</i> 'faster'</li> <li><i>lebe kutor</i> 'dirtier'</li> <li><i>paling keciq</i> 'smallest'</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Numerals">Numerals</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Belitung_Malay&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Numerals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Numeral_(linguistics)" title="Numeral (linguistics)">Numerals</a> can be divided into definite and indefinite numerals.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENapsin_et_al.198656_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENapsin_et_al.198656-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Example of definite numerals are: </p> <ul><li><i>sikok</i> 'one'</li> <li><i>duaq</i> 'two'</li> <li><i>sepulo</i> 'ten'</li> <li><i>numor tige</i> 'number three'</li> <li><i>numor lapan</i> 'number eight'</li></ul> <p>Examples of indefinite numerals are: </p> <ul><li><i>semua</i> 'all'</li> <li><i>banyak</i> 'many'</li> <li><i>sikit</i> 'a little'</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pronouns">Pronouns</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Belitung_Malay&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Pronouns"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Pronoun" title="Pronoun">Pronouns</a> in Belitung Malay can be divided into <a href="/wiki/Personal_pronoun" title="Personal pronoun">personal pronouns</a>, <a href="/wiki/Demonstrative" title="Demonstrative">demonstrative pronouns</a> and <a href="/wiki/Interrogative_word" title="Interrogative word">interrogative pronouns</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Personal_pronouns">Personal pronouns</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Belitung_Malay&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Personal pronouns"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>This table shows an overview over the most commonly and widely used personal pronouns in Belitung Malay.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENapsin_et_al.198655_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENapsin_et_al.198655-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2">Person </th> <th rowspan="2">Singular </th> <th colspan="3">Plural </th></tr> <tr> <th>Neutral </th> <th>Exclusive </th> <th>Inclusive </th></tr> <tr> <th>1st person </th> <td><i>aku, saye</i> </td> <td> </td> <td><i>kameq</i> </td> <td><i>kite</i> </td></tr> <tr> <th>2nd person </th> <td><i>kau</i> </td> <td><i>sidaq semue, mikaq semue</i> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th>3rd person </th> <td><i>die, nya</i> </td> <td><i>die-die, mereke, bundie</i> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The pronouns <i>aku</i> and <i>saya</i> both mean 'I', with <i>saya</i> typically used in more formal contexts. The pronouns <i>kameq</i> and <i>kite</i> both mean 'we', but <i>kameq</i> is exclusive, while <i>kite</i> is inclusive. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Demonstrative_pronouns">Demonstrative pronouns</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Belitung_Malay&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Demonstrative pronouns"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Like <a href="/wiki/Indonesian_language" title="Indonesian language">Indonesian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Standard_Malay" class="mw-redirect" title="Standard Malay">Standard Malay</a>, there are two demonstrative pronouns in Belitung Malay, <i>ini</i> 'this' and <i>itu</i> 'that'.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENapsin_et_al.198656_21-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENapsin_et_al.198656-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The usage of these words are shown below： </p> <ul><li><i>Berape rege tupi <b>ini</b>?</i> 'How much is the cost of this coffee?'</li> <li><i>Punye sape ketangin <b>ini</b>?</i> 'Whose bicycle is this?'</li> <li><i>Biyaq <b>itu</b> la tiduq siang.</i> 'That child already took an afternoon nap'</li> <li><i>Kameq ngembuno sabaq <b>itu.</b></i> 'We already killed that snake.'</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Interrogative_pronouns">Interrogative pronouns</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Belitung_Malay&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Interrogative pronouns"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Examples of interrogative pronouns in Belitung Malay include <i>ape</i> 'what', <i>sape</i> 'who', <i>kiape</i> 'how', <i>berape</i> 'how much', <i>sebile</i> 'when', <i>kemane</i> 'where' and <i>ngape</i> 'why'.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENapsin_et_al.198659_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENapsin_et_al.198659-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The usage of these words are shown below： </p> <ul><li><i><b>Sape</b> pegi kesanaq kemarin?</i> 'Who went there yesterday?'</li> <li><i><b>Kiape</b> jejake itu?</i> 'How's that guy?'</li> <li><i>Umaq ngembeli durin <b>berape</b>?</i> 'How many durians did mother bought?'</li> <li><i><b>Sebile</b> die ndak belanje?</i> 'When is she going shopping?'</li> <li><i><b>Kemane</b> kau ndak berangkat?</i> 'Where are you going?'</li> <li><i><b>Ngape</b> bundie ndaq kesekula?</i> 'Why are they not going to school?'</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Vocabulary">Vocabulary</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Belitung_Malay&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Vocabulary"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The vocabulary of Belitung Malay is notably distinct from <a href="/wiki/Indonesian_language" title="Indonesian language">Indonesian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Standard_Malay" class="mw-redirect" title="Standard Malay">Standard Malay</a>. While many words are similar, Belitung Malay includes unique lexicon not found in Indonesian or other <a href="/wiki/Malayic_languages" title="Malayic languages">Malayic languages</a>. For example, words such as <i>umaq</i> 'mother', <i>bundie</i> 'they', and <i>ngayak</i> 'very' are unique to Belitung Malay and not found in Indonesian. Due to the legacy of the <a href="/wiki/Palembang_Sultanate" title="Palembang Sultanate">Palembang Sultanate</a>'s rule in <a href="/wiki/Belitung" title="Belitung">Belitung</a>, Belitung Malay has also received influence from <a href="/wiki/Palembang_language" title="Palembang language">Palembang Malay</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Through Palembang Malay, Belitung Malay has also absorbed several loanwords from <a href="/wiki/Javanese_language" title="Javanese language">Javanese</a>. Words such as <i>gawe</i> 'to work', <i>jungor</i> 'mouth', and <i>kuping</i> 'ear' are examples of loanwords indirectly borrowed from Javanese via Palembang Malay. Lastly, similar to other regional languages in Indonesia, the introduction of Indonesian as the national language has influenced the vocabulary of Belitung Malay.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As Indonesian influence grows, many people in Belitung have gradually embraced Indonesian and replaced certain words in Belitung Malay with their Indonesian equivalents. </p><p>In addition, the lexicon of Belitung Malay has been influenced by other languages, such as <a href="/wiki/Hakka_Chinese" title="Hakka Chinese">Hakka</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dutch_language" title="Dutch language">Dutch</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hakka entered Belitung Malay due to influx of <a href="/wiki/Overseas_Chinese" title="Overseas Chinese">Chinese migrants</a> from <a href="/wiki/Guangdong" title="Guangdong">Guangdong</a> in the 19th century, while Dutch loanwords on the other hand entered Belitung Malay through <a href="/wiki/Dutch_East_Indies" title="Dutch East Indies">colonization</a>. Arabic loanwords on the other hand entered Belitung Malay through the <a href="/wiki/Spread_of_Islam_in_Indonesia" title="Spread of Islam in Indonesia">spread of Islam in Indonesia</a> and the historical rule of the Palembang Sultanate in Belitung. Similar to <a href="/wiki/Bangka_Malay" title="Bangka Malay">Bangka Malay</a>, Belitung Malay has absorbed a significant number of loanwords from Hakka due to the substantial presence of <a href="/wiki/Chinese_in_the_Bangka_Belitung_Islands" title="Chinese in the Bangka Belitung Islands">Chinese communities</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Bangka_Belitung_Islands" title="Bangka Belitung Islands">Bangka-Belitung</a>. Example of Hakka loanwords in Belitung Malay are <i>amoy</i> 'Chinese girls' (from 阿妹 â-moi), <i>tanglong</i> 'lantern' (from 燈籠 tên-lùng) and <i>fannyin</i> 'Malay' (from 番人 fân-ngìn). There are also Dutch loanwords in Belitung Malay. Some Dutch words not commonly found in standard Indonesian include <i>uto</i> 'car', <i>potlot</i> 'pencil', and <i>perlop</i> 'work leave'. Lastly, Arabic-derived words are mostly Islamic-related terms, such as <i>jakat</i> '<a href="/wiki/Zakat" title="Zakat">zakat</a>' (from زكاة <i>zakāt</i>), <i>aji</i> '<a href="/wiki/Hajj" title="Hajj">hajj</a>' (from حَجّ <i>ḥajj</i>) and <i>nazar</i> 'motive' (from نظر <i>nazar</i>). </p><p>Below are examples of commonly used Belitung Malay vocabulary in various dialects, along with their Indonesian and English translations: </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Numerals_2">Numerals</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Belitung_Malay&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Numerals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Number </th> <th>Belitung Malay </th> <th>Indonesian </th> <th>English </th></tr> <tr> <td>1 </td> <td><i>sikoq</i> </td> <td><i>satu</i> </td> <td>one </td></tr> <tr> <td>2 </td> <td><i>duaq</i> </td> <td><i>dua</i> </td> <td>two </td></tr> <tr> <td>3 </td> <td><i>tige</i> </td> <td><i>tiga</i> </td> <td>three </td></tr> <tr> <td>4 </td> <td><i>mpat</i> </td> <td><i>empat</i> </td> <td>four </td></tr> <tr> <td>5 </td> <td><i>limaq</i> </td> <td><i>lima</i> </td> <td>five </td></tr> <tr> <td>6 </td> <td><i>nam</i> </td> <td><i>enam</i> </td> <td>six </td></tr> <tr> <td>7 </td> <td><i>tujo</i> </td> <td><i>tujuh</i> </td> <td>seven </td></tr> <tr> <td>8 </td> <td><i>lapan</i> </td> <td><i>delapan</i> </td> <td>eight </td></tr> <tr> <td>9 </td> <td><i>sembilan</i> </td> <td><i>sembilan</i> </td> <td>nine </td></tr> <tr> <td>10 </td> <td><i>sepulo</i> </td> <td><i>sepuluh</i> </td> <td>ten </td></tr> <tr> <td>11 </td> <td><i>sebelas</i> </td> <td><i>sebelas</i> </td> <td>eleven </td></tr> <tr> <td>20 </td> <td><i>duaq pulo</i> </td> <td><i>dua puluh</i> </td> <td>twenty </td></tr> <tr> <td>50 </td> <td><i>limaq pulo</i> </td> <td><i>lima puluh</i> </td> <td>fifty </td></tr> <tr> <td>100 </td> <td><i>seratus</i> </td> <td><i>seratus</i> </td> <td>one hundred </td></tr> <tr> <td>500 </td> <td><i>limaq ratus</i> </td> <td><i>lima ratus</i> </td> <td>five hundred </td></tr> <tr> <td>1000 </td> <td><i>seghibuseribu</i> </td> <td><i>seribu</i> </td> <td>one thousand </td></tr> <tr> <td>5000 </td> <td><i>limaq ribu</i> </td> <td><i>lima ribu</i> </td> <td>five thousand </td></tr> <tr> <td>100,000 </td> <td><i>seratus ribu</i> </td> <td><i>seratus ribu</i> </td> <td>one hundred thousand </td></tr> <tr> <td>1,000,000 </td> <td><i>sejuta, sikoq juta</i> </td> <td><i>sejuta, satu juta</i> </td> <td>one million </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Directions">Directions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Belitung_Malay&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Directions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Belitung Malay </th> <th>Indonesian </th> <th>English </th></tr> <tr> <td><i>ini</i> </td> <td><i>ini</i> </td> <td>this </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>itu</i> </td> <td><i>itu</i> </td> <td>that </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>sineq</i> </td> <td><i>sini</i> </td> <td>here </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>sanaq</i> </td> <td><i>situ, sana</i> </td> <td>there </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>disineq</i> </td> <td><i>disini</i> </td> <td>over here </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>disanaq</i> </td> <td><i>disitu, disana</i> </td> <td>over there </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>kiriq</i> </td> <td><i>kiri</i> </td> <td>left </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>kanan</i> </td> <td><i>kanan</i> </td> <td>right </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>atas</i> </td> <td><i>atas</i> </td> <td>up </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>bawah</i> </td> <td><i>bawah</i> </td> <td>down </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>utara</i> </td> <td><i>utara</i> </td> <td>north </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>selatan</i> </td> <td><i>selatan</i> </td> <td>south </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>timur</i> </td> <td><i>timur</i> </td> <td>east </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>barat</i> </td> <td><i>barat</i> </td> <td>west </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Personal_pronouns_2">Personal pronouns</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Belitung_Malay&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Personal pronouns"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Belitung Malay </th> <th>Indonesian </th> <th>English </th></tr> <tr> <td><i>aku, sayo</i> </td> <td><i>aku, saye</i> </td> <td>I, me </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>anda</i> </td> <td><i>anda</i> </td> <td>you (formal) </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>kau</i> </td> <td><i>kamu</i> </td> <td>you (informal) </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>die, nya</i> </td> <td><i>dia</i> </td> <td>he/she </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>kameq</i> </td> <td><i>kami</i> </td> <td>we (exclusive) </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>kite</i> </td> <td><i>kita</i> </td> <td>we (inclusive) </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>die-die, mereke, bundie</i> </td> <td><i>mereka</i> </td> <td>they/them </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Interrogatives_pronouns">Interrogatives pronouns</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Belitung_Malay&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Interrogatives pronouns"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Belitung Malay </th> <th>Indonesian </th> <th>English </th></tr> <tr> <td><i>sape</i> </td> <td><i>siapa</i> </td> <td>who </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>ape</i> </td> <td><i>apa</i> </td> <td>what </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>ngape</i> </td> <td><i>kenapa, mengapa</i> </td> <td>why </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>mane, dimane</i> </td> <td><i>mana, dimana</i> </td> <td>where, if </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>sebile</i> </td> <td><i>kapan</i> </td> <td><i>when</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>kiape</i> </td> <td><i>gimana, bagaimana</i> </td> <td>how </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>berape</i> </td> <td><i>berapa</i> </td> <td>how much </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nouns_2">Nouns</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Belitung_Malay&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Nouns"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Belitung Malay </th> <th>Indonesian </th> <th>English </th></tr> <tr> <td><i>aiq</i> </td> <td><i>air</i> </td> <td>water </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>puhon</i> </td> <td><i>pohon</i> </td> <td>tree </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>paser</i> </td> <td><i>pasir</i> </td> <td>sand </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>ruma</i> </td> <td><i>rumah</i> </td> <td>house </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>gunong</i> </td> <td><i>gunung</i> </td> <td>mountain </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>sungai</i> </td> <td><i>sungai</i> </td> <td>river </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>sayor</i> </td> <td><i>sayur</i> </td> <td>vegetable </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>teluq</i> </td> <td><i>telur</i> </td> <td>egg </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>jalan</i> </td> <td><i>jalan</i> </td> <td>road </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>kembang</i> </td> <td><i>bunga</i> </td> <td>flower </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>benatang</i> </td> <td><i>binatang</i> </td> <td>animal </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>urang</i> </td> <td><i>orang</i> </td> <td>people, person </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>burong</i> </td> <td><i>burung</i> </td> <td>bird </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Verbs_2">Verbs</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Belitung_Malay&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Verbs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Belitung Malay </th> <th>Indonesian </th> <th>English </th></tr> <tr> <td><i>makan</i> </td> <td><i>makan</i> </td> <td>to eat </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>minum</i> </td> <td><i>minum</i> </td> <td>to drink </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>tiduq</i> </td> <td><i>tidur</i> </td> <td>to sleep </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>tulong</i> </td> <td><i>tolong</i> </td> <td>to help </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>gigit</i> </td> <td><i>gigit</i> </td> <td>to bite </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>menyintaeq</i> </td> <td><i>menyintai</i> </td> <td>to love </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>gawe</i> </td> <td><i>bekerja</i> </td> <td>to work </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>mandiq</i> </td> <td><i>mandi</i> </td> <td>to shower </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>dengar</i> </td> <td><i>dengar</i> </td> <td>to listen </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>liat</i> </td> <td><i>lihat</i> </td> <td>to see </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>ngembuno</i> </td> <td><i>rnembunuh</i> </td> <td>to kill </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>ngendengar</i> </td> <td>mendengar </td> <td>to listen </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>ngenggusok</i> </td> <td><i>menggosok</i> </td> <td>to brush </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>nuci, nesa</i> </td> <td><i>mencuci</i> </td> <td>to wash </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Adjectives_2">Adjectives</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Belitung_Malay&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Adjectives"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Belitung Malay </th> <th>Indonesian </th> <th>English </th></tr> <tr> <td><i>pindek</i> </td> <td><i>pendek</i> </td> <td>short </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>busok</i> </td> <td><i>busuk</i> </td> <td>rotten </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>berat</i> </td> <td><i>berat</i> </td> <td>heavy </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>panjang</i> </td> <td><i>panjang</i> </td> <td>long </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>demun</i> </td> <td><i>dingin</i> </td> <td>cold </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>peno</i> </td> <td><i>penuh</i> </td> <td>full </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>pute</i> </td> <td><i>putih</i> </td> <td>white </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>angat</i> </td> <td><i>hangat</i> </td> <td>warm </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>basaq</i> </td> <td><i>basah</i> </td> <td>wet </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>kering</i> </td> <td><i>kering</i> </td> <td>dry </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>libar</i> </td> <td><i>lebar</i> </td> <td>wide </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>kutor</i> </td> <td><i>kotor</i> </td> <td>dirty </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>jao</i> </td> <td><i>jauh</i> </td> <td>far </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>banyaq</i> </td> <td><i>banyak</i> </td> <td>many </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>tue</i> </td> <td><i>tua</i> </td> <td>old </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Writing_system">Writing system</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Belitung_Malay&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Writing system"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Similar to <a href="/wiki/Bangka_Malay" title="Bangka Malay">Bangka Malay</a> and <a href="/wiki/Palembang_language" title="Palembang language">Palembang Malay</a>, Belitung Malay historically was written in the <a href="/wiki/Jawi_script" title="Jawi script">Jawi script</a>, also known as Arab-Melayu or Gundul script. Jawi entered Belitung during the rule of the <a href="/wiki/Palembang_Sultanate" title="Palembang Sultanate">Palembang Sultanate</a>, as part of the <a href="/wiki/Spread_of_Islam_in_Indonesia" title="Spread of Islam in Indonesia">spread of Islam</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Indonesian_archipelago" title="Indonesian archipelago">Indonesian archipelago</a>. Manuscripts and other artifacts discovered in Belitung from the past were predominantly written in Jawi.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the usage of the Jawi script has declined following the introduction of the <a href="/wiki/Latin_script" title="Latin script">Latin script</a> by the Dutch during the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_East_Indies" title="Dutch East Indies">colonial era</a>. Today, the usage of the Jawi script in Belitung is extremely rare. Belitung Malay is now predominantly written in the Latin script. When written, like other regional languages in Indonesia, Belitung Malay usually follow the <a href="/wiki/Indonesian_orthography" title="Indonesian orthography">Indonesian orthography</a>, which is the official spelling system used in the <a href="/wiki/Indonesian_language" title="Indonesian language">Indonesian language</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Literature">Literature</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Belitung_Malay&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Literature"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Like other <a href="/wiki/Malayic_languages" title="Malayic languages">Malayic languages</a>, Belitung Malay has a rich tradition of <a href="/wiki/Oral_literature" title="Oral literature">oral literature</a>. Oral literature in Belitung Malay encompasses a variety of elements, including traditional expressions, folk poetry, and folk <a href="/wiki/Prose" title="Prose">prose</a> tales.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAliana_et_al.199211_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAliana_et_al.199211-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Traditional expressions can be divided into <a href="/wiki/Proverb" title="Proverb">proverbs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Idiom" title="Idiom">idioms</a>, <a href="/wiki/Parable" title="Parable">parables</a>, and wise sayings. Proverbs are metaphors used to say something precisely in a short sentence with the aim of interrupting someone's conversation. Examples of proverbs in Belitung Malay are: </p> <ul><li><i>Decucon ndaq ngimut</i> 'stabbed and still willing to comply (meaning: someone who is already resigned)'</li> <li><i>Namburoq gunong</i> 'piling up mountains' (meaning: someone who is capable or wealthy)'</li> <li><i>Ngenggarameq aiq laut</i> 'salt the sea' (meaning: someone who likes to praise themselves)'</li></ul> <p>Idioms are figurative expressions spoken using short sentences. Idioms in Belitung Malay are called <i>perbase</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAliana_et_al.199211_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAliana_et_al.199211-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Examples of idioms in Belitung are: </p> <ul><li><i>Tampar anak sinder benantu</i> 'slap the child, satirize the son-in-law (meaning: someone who criticizes or blames someone else unjustly or without reason)'</li> <li>Masoq de kandang kambing ngembeq, masoq de kandang ayam bekukoq 'entering the goat pen, one should bleat; entering the chicken coop, one should crow (meaning: adapting to one's surroundings or adjusting behavior accordingly)'</li> <li><i>Jao ki macan, dekat ke belacan</i> 'far like a tiger, close like shrimp paste (meaning: someone who pretends to be brave but is actually timid)'</li></ul> <p>Similes are sentences that compare or liken something, such as a person's beauty or character, to the surrounding natural environment. Parables in Belitung Malay oral literature usually begin with the word 'ki' meaning 'like'.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAliana_et_al.199212_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAliana_et_al.199212-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Example of parables are: </p> <ul><li><i>Ki Kunyit kan kapor</i> 'like turmeric with chalk (meaning: a harmonious state)'</li> <li><i>Ki tempalaq desiuleq</i> 'like a catfish in a net (meaning: someone who is confused)'</li> <li><i>Ki nuangkan aiq bang keranjang rubus</i> 'like pouring water into a leaky basket (meaning: someone who is greedy)</li></ul> <p>Wise words are words or sentences containing advice spoken by someone (usually older) to another person so that the person being advised behaves kindly towards others.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAliana_et_al.199212_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAliana_et_al.199212-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Examples of wise words are: </p> <ul><li><i>Balak jangan decariq, rezeki jangan detulaq '</i>danger should not be sought, and blessings should not be rejected (meaning: one must be careful in this life)<i>'</i></li> <li><i>Jangan ngelangkaq benang arang, itam telapaq kaki</i> 'Don't step over the burnt thread, blacken your feet (meaning: don't disobey your elders' advice, or you'll face danger)'</li> <li><i>Jangan nyukor kepala orang tua</i> 'Don't shave the head of your elders" (meaning: don't bring shame to your parents or elders)'</li></ul> <p>There are various forms of folk poetry in Belitung Malay, including campaq, <a href="/wiki/Pantun" title="Pantun">pantun</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mantra" title="Mantra">mantra</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAliana_et_al.199213_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAliana_et_al.199213-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Campaq in Belitung Malay means 'discard'; it involves the recitation of pantun during the campaq dance, a <a href="/wiki/Folk_dance" title="Folk dance">traditional dance</a> native to <a href="/wiki/Bangka_Belitung_Islands" title="Bangka Belitung Islands">Bangka-Belitung</a>. There are two types of campaq: campaq darat, or 'land campaq', predominantly performed by native <a href="/wiki/Malays_(ethnic_group)" title="Malays (ethnic group)">Malays</a> of Belitung, and campaq laut, or 'sea campaq', traditionally performed by the <a href="/wiki/Orang_Laut" title="Orang Laut">Orang Laut</a>, sea nomads inhabiting the coastal regions of Belitung.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAliana_et_al.199213_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAliana_et_al.199213-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Similar to other Malay dialects, traditional oral literature in Belitung Malay also includes the pantun, often encountered in the social interactions of young people. Below are some examples of pantuns that originated from <a href="/wiki/Belitung" title="Belitung">Belitung</a> along with its Indonesian and English translation: </p> <table cellpadding="8"> <tbody><tr> <th>Belitung Malay </th> <th>Indonesian </th> <th>English </th></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top; white-space:nowrap;"> <td><i>Jangan sukaq main pelita</i> <p><i>Pelite itu besumbu kain.</i> </p><p><i>Jangan sukaq bemain cinte.</i> </p><p><i>Kaluq tidak berani kawin.</i> </p><p><i>Mun ujan ujan sekali</i> </p><p><i>Biar kameq betudung kain.</i> </p><p><i>Mun buang buang sekali</i> </p><p><i>Bair kameq nyariq noq lain.</i> </p><p><i>Terang bulan ngenggaliq ubi</i> </p><p><i>Ubi degaliq de dalam puan.</i> </p><p><i>Burong terebang membawaq kunci</i> </p><p><i>Kunci pembukaq atimu tuan</i> </p> </td> <td><i>Jangan suka main pelita</i> <p><i>Pelita itu bersumbu kain.</i> </p><p><i>Jangan suka bermain cinta</i> </p><p><i>Kalau tidak berani kawin.</i> </p><p><i>Kalau hujan hujan sekali</i> </p><p><i>Biar kami bertudung kain.</i> </p><p><i>Kalau buang buang sekali</i> </p><p><i>Biar kami cari yang lain.</i> </p><p><i>Terang bulan menggali ubi</i> </p><p><i>Ubi digali di dalam puan.</i> </p><p><i>Burung terbang membawa kunci</i> </p><p><i>Kunci pembuka hatimu tuan.</i> </p> </td> <td>Don't play with oil lamps <p>An oil lamp with a cotton wick. </p><p>Don't play with love </p><p>If you're not ready for commitment. </p><p>If it rains heavily once </p><p>Let us cover ourselves with cloth. </p><p>If you discard once </p><p>Let us find another. </p><p>The bright moon digs sweet potatoes </p><p>Dug within the lady. </p><p>A flying bird carries a key </p><p>The key to unlock your heart, sir. </p> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>A mantra consists of words or phrases imbued with mystical power, spoken in rhythmic language. Mantras are believed to harness <a href="/wiki/Supernatural" title="Supernatural">supernatural forces</a> through the energy of sound inherent in each chosen word.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAliana_et_al.199215_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAliana_et_al.199215-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The language of mantras is sometimes unknown in meaning. In the oral literature of Belitung Malay, there are several types of mantras such as <i>kemat</i> and <i>jampi</i>. <i>Kemat</i> is a mantra used by young people, typically girls to boys, to make someone interested and fall in love with them. <i>Kemat</i> can be used by holding three betel leaves, through food, and also by using a cut from the nails of hands.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAliana_et_al.199215_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAliana_et_al.199215-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Meanwhile, <i>Jampi</i> is a type of mantra used to heal people. There are various types of <i>Jampi</i> recited for different ailments, such as <a href="/wiki/Blepharospasm" title="Blepharospasm">eyelid twitching</a> or food stuck in the <a href="/wiki/Esophagus" title="Esophagus">esophagus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAliana_et_al.199216_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAliana_et_al.199216-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Belitung_Malay&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-DUKCAPIL-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-DUKCAPIL_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gis.dukcapil.kemendagri.go.id/peta/">"Visualisasi Data Kependudukan – Kementerian Dalam Negeri 2023"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(Visual)</span>. <i>www.dukcapil.kemendagri.go.id</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 June</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.dukcapil.kemendagri.go.id&rft.atitle=Visualisasi+Data+Kependudukan+%E2%80%93+Kementerian+Dalam+Negeri+2023&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgis.dukcapil.kemendagri.go.id%2Fpeta%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelitung+Malay" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiyake_et_al.20222-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiyake_et_al.20222_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiyake_et_al.20222_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiyake_et_al.20222_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiyake_et_al.20222_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMiyake_et_al.2022">Miyake et al. 2022</a>, p. 2.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLastri2013" class="citation thesis cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Lastri, Sulastri Nur (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/4898514"><i>Terjadinya penyerapan leksikon asing ke dalam Bahasa Melayu Belitung ditinjau secara etimologi</i></a> [<i>The occurrence of the absorption of foreign lexicon into Belitung Malay examined from an etymological perspective</i>] (Thesis) (in Indonesian). <a href="/wiki/University_of_Indonesia" title="University of Indonesia">University of Indonesia</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=Terjadinya+penyerapan+leksikon+asing+ke+dalam+Bahasa+Melayu+Belitung+ditinjau+secara+etimologi&rft.inst=University+of+Indonesia&rft.date=2013&rft.aulast=Lastri&rft.aufirst=Sulastri+Nur&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F4898514&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelitung+Malay" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPontohKabul2023" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Pontoh, Manzhuur Daanisy Ahmad Thaahir; Kabul, Assa Rahmawati (2023-02-09). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://jurnal.unej.ac.id/index.php/SEMIOTIKA/article/view/31095">"Kata serapan dari bahasa Hakka dalam leksikon bahasa Indonesia"</a> [Loanwords from Hakka in the lexicon of the Indonesian language.]. <i>SEMIOTIKA: Jurnal Ilmu Sastra Dan Linguistik</i> (in Indonesian). <b>24</b> (1): 118–132. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.19184%2Fsemiotika.v24i1.31095">10.19184/semiotika.v24i1.31095</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2599-3429">2599-3429</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=SEMIOTIKA%3A+Jurnal+Ilmu+Sastra+Dan+Linguistik&rft.atitle=Kata+serapan+dari+bahasa+Hakka+dalam+leksikon+bahasa+Indonesia&rft.volume=24&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=118-132&rft.date=2023-02-09&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.19184%2Fsemiotika.v24i1.31095&rft.issn=2599-3429&rft.aulast=Pontoh&rft.aufirst=Manzhuur+Daanisy+Ahmad+Thaahir&rft.au=Kabul%2C+Assa+Rahmawati&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjurnal.unej.ac.id%2Findex.php%2FSEMIOTIKA%2Farticle%2Fview%2F31095&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelitung+Malay" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRicklefs" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Merle_Calvin_Ricklefs" class="mw-redirect" title="Merle Calvin Ricklefs">Ricklefs, M.C.</a> <i>A history of modern Indonesia since c. 1300</i>. p. 139.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+history+of+modern+Indonesia+since+c.+1300&rft.pages=139&rft.aulast=Ricklefs&rft.aufirst=M.C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelitung+Malay" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdelaarHimmelmann2013" class="citation book cs1">Adelaar, K. Alexander; Himmelmann, Nikolaus (2013-03-07). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OtWdhQ7vc6kC&q=Indonesian+Malaysian+Malay+differences&pg=PA71"><i>The Austronesian Languages of Asia and Madagascar</i></a>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781136755095" title="Special:BookSources/9781136755095"><bdi>9781136755095</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Austronesian+Languages+of+Asia+and+Madagascar&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013-03-07&rft.isbn=9781136755095&rft.aulast=Adelaar&rft.aufirst=K.+Alexander&rft.au=Himmelmann%2C+Nikolaus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOtWdhQ7vc6kC%26q%3DIndonesian%2BMalaysian%2BMalay%2Bdifferences%26pg%3DPA71&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelitung+Malay" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFM.HumM.HumM.SnM.Sn" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">M.Hum, Prof Dr H. 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list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiyake_et_al.20223-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiyake_et_al.20223_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiyake_et_al.20223_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiyake_et_al.20223_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMiyake_et_al.2022">Miyake et al. 2022</a>, p. 3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiyake_et_al.20224-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiyake_et_al.20224_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiyake_et_al.20224_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiyake_et_al.20224_9-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiyake_et_al.20224_9-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiyake_et_al.20224_9-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiyake_et_al.20224_9-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMiyake_et_al.2022">Miyake et al. 2022</a>, p. 4.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAzri2020II-3-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAzri2020II-3_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAzri2020">Azri 2020</a>, p. II-3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENapsin_et_al.198619-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENapsin_et_al.198619_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNapsin_et_al.1986">Napsin et al. 1986</a>, p. 19.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENapsin_et_al.198622-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENapsin_et_al.198622_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNapsin_et_al.1986">Napsin et al. 1986</a>, p. 22.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENapsin_et_al.198623-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENapsin_et_al.198623_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNapsin_et_al.1986">Napsin et al. 1986</a>, p. 23.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENapsin_et_al.198624-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENapsin_et_al.198624_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNapsin_et_al.1986">Napsin et al. 1986</a>, p. 24.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENapsin_et_al.198645-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENapsin_et_al.198645_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENapsin_et_al.198645_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNapsin_et_al.1986">Napsin et al. 1986</a>, p. 45.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENapsin_et_al.198649-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENapsin_et_al.198649_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNapsin_et_al.1986">Napsin et al. 1986</a>, p. 49.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENapsin_et_al.198646-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENapsin_et_al.198646_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNapsin_et_al.1986">Napsin et al. 1986</a>, p. 46.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENapsin_et_al.198648-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENapsin_et_al.198648_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENapsin_et_al.198648_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNapsin_et_al.1986">Napsin et al. 1986</a>, p. 48.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENapsin_et_al.198654-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENapsin_et_al.198654_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENapsin_et_al.198654_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENapsin_et_al.198654_19-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNapsin_et_al.1986">Napsin et al. 1986</a>, p. 54.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENapsin_et_al.198657-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENapsin_et_al.198657_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNapsin_et_al.1986">Napsin et al. 1986</a>, p. 57.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENapsin_et_al.198656-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENapsin_et_al.198656_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENapsin_et_al.198656_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENapsin_et_al.198656_21-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNapsin_et_al.1986">Napsin et al. 1986</a>, p. 56.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENapsin_et_al.198655-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENapsin_et_al.198655_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNapsin_et_al.1986">Napsin et al. 1986</a>, p. 55.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENapsin_et_al.198659-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENapsin_et_al.198659_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNapsin_et_al.1986">Napsin et al. 1986</a>, p. 59.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAndhifaniAli2020" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Andhifani, Wahyu Rizky; Ali, Nor Huda (2020-04-26). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholarhub.ui.ac.id/paradigma/vol10/iss1/6">"Penelusuran Jejak Islam di Belitung"</a> [Tracing the history of Islam in Belitung]. <i>Paradigma: Jurnal Kajian Budaya</i> (in Indonesian). <b>10</b> (1): 85. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.17510%2Fparadigma.v10i1.380">10.17510/paradigma.v10i1.380</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2503-0868">2503-0868</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Paradigma%3A+Jurnal+Kajian+Budaya&rft.atitle=Penelusuran+Jejak+Islam+di+Belitung&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=85&rft.date=2020-04-26&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.17510%2Fparadigma.v10i1.380&rft.issn=2503-0868&rft.aulast=Andhifani&rft.aufirst=Wahyu+Rizky&rft.au=Ali%2C+Nor+Huda&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fscholarhub.ui.ac.id%2Fparadigma%2Fvol10%2Fiss1%2F6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelitung+Malay" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDamanik2023" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Damanik, Erwin Rada (2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://journal.widyakarya.ac.id/index.php/jmpb-widyakarya/article/view/139">"Pengaruh Penggunaan Bahasa Indonesia dalam Kehidupan Sehari-hari terhadap Bahasa Sunda dalam Masyarakat di Jawa Barat"</a> [The Influence of Indonesian Language in Daily Life on the Sundanese Language in West Java Community]. <i>Jurnal Motivasi Pendidikan Dan Bahasa</i> (in Indonesian). <b>1</b> (1): 19–28. <a href="/wiki/EISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="EISSN (identifier)">eISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2986-4194">2986-4194</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2986-3449">2986-3449</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Jurnal+Motivasi+Pendidikan+Dan+Bahasa&rft.atitle=Pengaruh+Penggunaan+Bahasa+Indonesia+dalam+Kehidupan+Sehari-hari+terhadap+Bahasa+Sunda+dalam+Masyarakat+di+Jawa+Barat&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=19-28&rft.date=2023&rft.eissn=2986-4194&rft.issn=2986-3449&rft.aulast=Damanik&rft.aufirst=Erwin+Rada&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjournal.widyakarya.ac.id%2Findex.php%2Fjmpb-widyakarya%2Farticle%2Fview%2F139&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelitung+Malay" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAliana_et_al.199211-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAliana_et_al.199211_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAliana_et_al.199211_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAliana_et_al.1992">Aliana et al. 1992</a>, p. 11.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAliana_et_al.199212-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAliana_et_al.199212_27-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAliana_et_al.199212_27-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAliana_et_al.1992">Aliana et al. 1992</a>, p. 12.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAliana_et_al.199213-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAliana_et_al.199213_28-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAliana_et_al.199213_28-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAliana_et_al.1992">Aliana et al. 1992</a>, p. 13.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAliana_et_al.199215-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAliana_et_al.199215_29-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAliana_et_al.199215_29-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAliana_et_al.1992">Aliana et al. 1992</a>, p. 15.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAliana_et_al.199216-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAliana_et_al.199216_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAliana_et_al.1992">Aliana et al. 1992</a>, p. 16.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Belitung_Malay&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiyake_et_al.2022" class="citation journal cs1">Miyake, Yoshimi; Hendry, Sarman; Fithrorozi (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.15026/120254">"A preliminary study of Belitung Malay"</a>. <i>NUSA: Linguistic Studies of Languages in and Around Indonesia</i>. <b>72</b>: 17. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.15026%2F120254">10.15026/120254</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=NUSA%3A+Linguistic+Studies+of+Languages+in+and+Around+Indonesia&rft.atitle=A+preliminary+study+of+Belitung+Malay&rft.volume=72&rft.pages=17&rft.date=2022&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.15026%2F120254&rft.aulast=Miyake&rft.aufirst=Yoshimi&rft.au=Hendry%2C+Sarman&rft.au=Fithrorozi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.15026%2F120254&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelitung+Malay" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNapsin_et_al.1986" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Napsin, Syahrul; Usman, M. Yusuf; Zein, R.M. Syafruddin; Sudarmo; Tarmizi; Silahiddin, Sofyan (1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://repositori.kemdikbud.go.id/3185/1/Morfologi%20Dan%20Sintaksis%20Bahasa%20Melayu%20Belitung%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20174ha.pdf"><i>Morfologi dan Sintaksis Bahasa Melayu Belitung</i></a> [<i>Morphology and Syntax of Belitung Malay</i>] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (in Indonesian). Jakarta: <a href="/wiki/Agency_for_Language_Development_and_Cultivation" title="Agency for Language Development and Cultivation">Agency for Language Development and Cultivation</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Morfologi+dan+Sintaksis+Bahasa+Melayu+Belitung&rft.place=Jakarta&rft.pub=Agency+for+Language+Development+and+Cultivation&rft.date=1986&rft.aulast=Napsin&rft.aufirst=Syahrul&rft.au=Usman%2C+M.+Yusuf&rft.au=Zein%2C+R.M.+Syafruddin&rft.au=Sudarmo&rft.au=Tarmizi&rft.au=Silahiddin%2C+Sofyan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frepositori.kemdikbud.go.id%2F3185%2F1%2FMorfologi%2520Dan%2520Sintaksis%2520Bahasa%2520Melayu%2520Belitung%2520%2520%2520%2520%2520%2520%2520%2520%2520174ha.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelitung+Malay" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAliana_et_al.1992" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Aliana, Zainal Arifin; Arifin, Siti Salamah; Mairu, Tannizi; As'ad, Nurbaya; Maspriyadi (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://repositori.kemdikbud.go.id/3505/1/Sastra%20Lisan%20Bahasa%20Melayu%20Belitung.pdf"><i>Sastra Lisan Bahasa Melayu Belitung</i></a> [<i>Oral Literature of Belitung Malay</i>] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (in Indonesian). Jakarta: <a href="/wiki/Agency_for_Language_Development_and_Cultivation" title="Agency for Language Development and Cultivation">Agency for Language Development and Cultivation</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/979-459-199-8" title="Special:BookSources/979-459-199-8"><bdi>979-459-199-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sastra+Lisan+Bahasa+Melayu+Belitung&rft.place=Jakarta&rft.pub=Agency+for+Language+Development+and+Cultivation&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=979-459-199-8&rft.aulast=Aliana&rft.aufirst=Zainal+Arifin&rft.au=Arifin%2C+Siti+Salamah&rft.au=Mairu%2C+Tannizi&rft.au=As%27ad%2C+Nurbaya&rft.au=Maspriyadi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frepositori.kemdikbud.go.id%2F3505%2F1%2FSastra%2520Lisan%2520Bahasa%2520Melayu%2520Belitung.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelitung+Malay" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArifin_et_al.2002" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Arifin, Siti Salamah; Abubakar, Tannizi; Alwi, Zahra (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://repositori.kemdikbud.go.id/3825/1/Sistem%20Reduplikasi%20Bahasa%20Melayu%20Belitung%20-%20129.pdf"><i>Sistem Reduplikasi Bahasa Melayu Belitung</i></a> [<i>Reduplication System of Belitung Malay</i>] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (in Indonesian). Jakarta: <a href="/wiki/Agency_for_Language_Development_and_Cultivation" title="Agency for Language Development and Cultivation">Agency for Language Development and Cultivation</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/979-685-267-5" title="Special:BookSources/979-685-267-5"><bdi>979-685-267-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sistem+Reduplikasi+Bahasa+Melayu+Belitung&rft.place=Jakarta&rft.pub=Agency+for+Language+Development+and+Cultivation&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=979-685-267-5&rft.aulast=Arifin&rft.aufirst=Siti+Salamah&rft.au=Abubakar%2C+Tannizi&rft.au=Alwi%2C+Zahra&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frepositori.kemdikbud.go.id%2F3825%2F1%2FSistem%2520Reduplikasi%2520Bahasa%2520Melayu%2520Belitung%2520-%2520129.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelitung+Malay" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAzri2020" class="citation thesis cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Azri, Yaumil Chairani (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://repository.uin-suska.ac.id/29046/3/LAPORAN%20TANPA%20BAB%20IV%20DAN%20V%20-%20YAUMIL%20CHAIRANI%20AZRI.pdf"><i>Algoritma Stemming Bahasa Melayu Belitung menggunakan Aturan Tata Bahasa</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (Thesis) (in Indonesian). State Islamic University of Sultan Syarif Kasim Riau.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=Algoritma+Stemming+Bahasa+Melayu+Belitung+menggunakan+Aturan+Tata+Bahasa.&rft.inst=State+Islamic+University+of+Sultan+Syarif+Kasim+Riau&rft.date=2020&rft.aulast=Azri&rft.aufirst=Yaumil+Chairani&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frepository.uin-suska.ac.id%2F29046%2F3%2FLAPORAN%2520TANPA%2520BAB%2520IV%2520DAN%2520V%2520-%2520YAUMIL%2520CHAIRANI%2520AZRI.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelitung+Malay" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_thesis" title="Template:Cite thesis">cite thesis</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: ref duplicates default (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_ref_duplicates_default" title="Category:CS1 maint: ref duplicates default">link</a>)</span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style 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abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Languages_of_Indonesia" title="Template:Languages of Indonesia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Languages_of_Indonesia" title="Template talk:Languages of Indonesia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Languages_of_Indonesia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Languages of Indonesia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Languages_of_Indonesia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Indonesia" title="Languages of Indonesia">Languages of Indonesia</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Western_Malayo-Polynesian_languages" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Western_Malayo-Polynesian_languages" title="Western Malayo-Polynesian languages">Western Malayo-Polynesian languages</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Official language</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><span style="text-decoration: underline;"><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_language" title="Indonesian language">Indonesian</a></span></b> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_slang" title="Indonesian slang">Slang</a></span></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Malayo-Sumbawan_languages" title="Malayo-Sumbawan languages">Malayo-Sumbawan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acehnese_language" title="Acehnese language">Acehnese</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bakongan_language&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bakongan language (page does not exist)">Bakongan</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terengganu_Malay" title="Terengganu Malay">Anambas-Natuna Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bacan_Malay" title="Bacan Malay">Bacan Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balinese_language" title="Balinese language">Balinese</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bali_Aga_Balinese&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bali Aga Balinese (page does not exist)">Bali Aga</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Nusa_Penida_Balinese" title="Nusa Penida Balinese">Nusa Penida</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bamayo_language" title="Bamayo language">Bamayo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangka_Malay" title="Bangka Malay">Bangka Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banjarese_language" title="Banjarese language">Banjarese</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Batubara_Malay&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Batubara Malay (page does not exist)">Batubara Malay</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Belitung Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengkulu_language" title="Bengkulu language">Bengkulu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berau_Malay" title="Berau Malay">Berau Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Besemah_language&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Besemah language (page does not exist)">Besemah</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bukit_language&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bukit language (page does not exist)">Bukit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Col_language" title="Col language">Col/Lembak</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Deli_Malay&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Deli Malay (page does not exist)">Deli Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duano%27_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Duano' language">Duano'</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enim_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Enim language">Enim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haji_language" title="Haji language">Haji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iban_language" title="Iban language">Iban</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Mualang_language" title="Mualang language">Mualang</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Seberuang_language" title="Seberuang language">Seberuang</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jambi_Malay" title="Jambi Malay">Jambi Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kedah_Malay" title="Kedah Malay">Jaring Halus Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kangean_language" title="Kangean language">Kangean</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kapuas_Hulu_Malay&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kapuas Hulu Malay (page does not exist)">Kapuas Hulu Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaur_language" title="Kaur language">Kaur</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kayong_Malay&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kayong Malay (page does not exist)">Kayong Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kendayan_language" title="Kendayan language">Kendayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keninjal_language" title="Keninjal language">Keninjal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerinci_language" title="Kerinci language">Kerinci</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ketapang_Malay&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ketapang Malay (page does not exist)">Ketapang Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kotawaringin_Malay&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kotawaringin Malay (page does not exist)">Kotawaringin Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kualuh_Malay&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kualuh Malay (page does not exist)">Kualuh Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kubu_language" title="Kubu language">Kubu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kutainese_language" title="Kutainese language">Kutainese</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kota_Bangun_Kutainese&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kota Bangun Kutainese (page does not exist)">Kota Bangun</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tenggarong_Kutainese&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tenggarong Kutainese (page does not exist)">Tenggarong</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Landak_Malay&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Landak Malay (page does not exist)">Landak Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Langkat_Malay&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Langkat Malay (page does not exist)">Langkat Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loncong_language" title="Loncong language">Loncong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lubu_language" title="Lubu language">Lubu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madurese_language" title="Madurese language">Madurese</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Bawean_language" title="Bawean language">Bawean</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sapudi_language&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sapudi language (page does not exist)">Sapudi</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minangkabau_language" title="Minangkabau language">Minangkabau</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Jamee_language" title="Jamee language">Jamee </a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kampar_language&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kampar language (page does not exist)">Kampar</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kuantan_language_(Indonesia)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kuantan language (Indonesia) (page does not exist)">Kuantan</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Mukomuko_language" title="Mukomuko language">Mukomuko</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Pesisir_language" title="Pesisir language">Pesisir</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Melawi_Malay&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Melawi Malay (page does not exist)">Melawi Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mempawah_Malay&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mempawah Malay (page does not exist)">Mempawah Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musi_language" title="Musi language">Musi</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Lematang_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Lematang language">Lematang</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Palembang_language" title="Palembang language">Palembang</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Penesak_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Penesak language">Penesak</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Penukal_language&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Penukal language (page does not exist)">Penukal</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Rawas_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Rawas language">Rawas</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ogan_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ogan language">Ogan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Palu_Malay&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Palu Malay (page does not exist)">Palu Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Panai_Malay&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Panai Malay (page does not exist)">Panai Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pekal_language" title="Pekal language">Pekal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontianak_Malay" title="Pontianak Malay">Pontianak Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riau_Malay" class="mw-redirect" title="Riau Malay">Riau Malay</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Coastal_Riau_Malay&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Coastal Riau Malay (page does not exist)">Coastal Riau</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pangaraian_Malay&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pangaraian Malay (page does not exist)">Pangaraian</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rokan_Hilir_Malay&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rokan Hilir Malay (page does not exist)">Rokan Hilir</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siak_Malay&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Siak Malay (page does not exist)">Siak</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tembilahan_Malay&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tembilahan Malay (page does not exist)">Tembilahan</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sambas_Malay&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sambas Malay (page does not exist)">Sambas Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sanggau_Malay&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sanggau Malay (page does not exist)">Sanggau Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sasak_language" title="Sasak language">Sasak</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sekadau_Malay&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sekadau Malay (page does not exist)">Sekadau Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Serdang_Malay&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Serdang Malay (page does not exist)">Serdang Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Semende_language&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Semende language (page does not exist)">Semende</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sintang_Malay&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sintang Malay (page does not exist)">Sintang Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sumbawa_language" title="Sumbawa language">Sumbawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sundanese_language" title="Sundanese language">Sundanese</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Baduy_language" title="Baduy language">Baduy</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Banten_Sundanese" title="Banten Sundanese">Bantenese</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Brebes_Sundanese" title="Brebes Sundanese">Brebes</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Priangan_Sundanese" class="mw-redirect" title="Priangan Sundanese">Priangan</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamiang_Malay" title="Tamiang Malay">Tamiang Malay</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Javanese_language" title="Javanese language">Javanesic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Javanese <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arekan_Javanese&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Arekan Javanese (page does not exist)">Arekan</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Banyumasan_dialect" title="Banyumasan dialect">Banyumasan</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Cirebonese_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Cirebonese language">Cirebonese</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indramayu_Javanese&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Indramayu Javanese (page does not exist)">Indramayu</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Osing_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Osing dialect">Osing</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Serang_Javanese&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Serang Javanese (page does not exist)">Serang</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Tenggerese_dialect" title="Tenggerese dialect">Tenggerese</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kawi_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Kawi language">Kawi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Celebic_languages" title="Celebic languages">Celebic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andio_language" title="Andio language">Andio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bada_language" title="Bada language">Bada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahonsuai_language" title="Bahonsuai language">Bahonsuai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balaesang_language" title="Balaesang language">Balaesang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balantak_language" title="Balantak language">Balantak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banggai_language" title="Banggai language">Banggai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batui_language" title="Batui language">Batui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Behoa_language" title="Behoa language">Behoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boano_language_(Sulawesi)" title="Boano language (Sulawesi)">Boano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bobongko_language" title="Bobongko language">Bobongko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bonerate_language" title="Bonerate language">Bonerate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bungku_language" title="Bungku language">Bungku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Busoa_language" title="Busoa language">Busoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cia-Cia_language" title="Cia-Cia language">Cia-Cia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dampelas_language" title="Dampelas language">Dampelas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dondo_language_(Austronesian)" title="Dondo language (Austronesian)">Dondo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalao_language" title="Kalao language">Kalao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaili_language" title="Kaili language">Kaili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaimbulawa_language" title="Kaimbulawa language">Kaimbulawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamaru_language" title="Kamaru language">Kamaru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kodeoha_language" title="Kodeoha language">Kodeoha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kulisusu_language" title="Kulisusu language">Kulisusu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumbewaha_language" title="Kumbewaha language">Kumbewaha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lasalimu_language" title="Lasalimu language">Lasalimu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laiyolo_language" title="Laiyolo language">Laiyolo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lauje_language" title="Lauje language">Lauje</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liabuku_language" title="Liabuku language">Liabuku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mbelala_language" title="Mbelala language">Mbelala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moronene_language" title="Moronene language">Moronene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mori_Bawah_language" title="Mori Bawah language">Mori Bawah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mori_Atas_language" title="Mori Atas language">Mori Atas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moma_language" title="Moma language">Moma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muna_language" title="Muna language">Muna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Napu_language" title="Napu language">Napu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Padoe_language" title="Padoe language">Padoe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pancana_language" title="Pancana language">Pancana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pendau_language" title="Pendau language">Pendau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rahambuu_language" title="Rahambuu language">Rahambuu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rampi_language" title="Rampi language">Rampi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saluan_language" title="Saluan language">Saluan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarudu_language" title="Sarudu language">Sarudu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sedoa_language" title="Sedoa language">Sedoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pamona_language" title="Pamona language">Pamona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taje_language" title="Taje language">Taje</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tajio_language" title="Tajio language">Tajio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tukang_Besi_language" title="Tukang Besi language">Tukang Besi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolaki_language" title="Tolaki language">Tolaki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tomadino_language" title="Tomadino language">Tomadino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Topoiyo_language" title="Topoiyo language">Topoiyo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tomini_language" title="Tomini language">Tomini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Totoli_language" title="Totoli language">Totoli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uma_language" title="Uma language">Uma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waru_language" title="Waru language">Waru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wawonii_language" title="Wawonii language">Wawonii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolio_language" title="Wolio language">Wolio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wotu_language" title="Wotu language">Wotu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lampung_language" title="Lampung language">Lampungic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Komering_language" title="Komering language">Komering</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kayuagung_language&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kayuagung language (page does not exist)">Kayuagung</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lampung_language" title="Lampung language">Lampung</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Northwest_Sumatra%E2%80%93Barrier_Islands_languages" title="Northwest Sumatra–Barrier Islands languages">Northwest Sumatra–<br />Barrier Islands</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Batak_languages" title="Batak languages">Batak</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Alas_language" title="Alas language">Alas</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Batak_Angkola_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Batak Angkola language">Angkola</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Batak_Dairi_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Batak Dairi language">Dairi</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Batak_Karo_language" title="Batak Karo language">Karo</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Mandailing_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Mandailing language">Mandailing</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Batak_Simalungun_language" title="Batak Simalungun language">Simalungun</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Toba_Batak_language" title="Toba Batak language">Toba</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enggano_language" title="Enggano language">Enggano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gayo_language" title="Gayo language">Gayo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mentawai_language" title="Mentawai language">Mentawai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nias_language" title="Nias language">Nias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simeulue_language" title="Simeulue language">Simeulue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikule_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sikule language">Sikule</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/South_Sulawesi_languages" title="South Sulawesi languages">South Sulawesi</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aralle-Tabulahan_language" title="Aralle-Tabulahan language">Aralle-Tabulahan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bambam_language" title="Bambam language">Bambam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bentong_language" title="Bentong language">Bentong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Budong-Budong_language" title="Budong-Budong language">Budong-Budong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buginese_language" title="Buginese language">Buginese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Campalagian_language" title="Campalagian language">Campalagian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coastal_Konjo_language" title="Coastal Konjo language">Coastal Konjo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dakka_language" title="Dakka language">Dakka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duri_language" title="Duri language">Duri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Embaloh_language" title="Embaloh language">Embaloh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enrekang_language" title="Enrekang language">Enrekang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Highland_Konjo_language" title="Highland Konjo language">Highland Konjo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalumpang_language" title="Kalumpang language">Kalumpang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lemolang_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Lemolang language">Lemolang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maiwa_language_(Sulawesi)" title="Maiwa language (Sulawesi)">Maiwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makassarese_language" title="Makassarese language">Makassarese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malimpung_language" title="Malimpung language">Malimpung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mamasa_language" title="Mamasa language">Mamasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mamuju_language" title="Mamuju language">Mamuju</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandar_language" title="Mandar language">Mandar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panasuan_language" title="Panasuan language">Panasuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pannei_language" title="Pannei language">Pannei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selayar_language" title="Selayar language">Selayar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seko_Padang_language" title="Seko Padang language">Seko Padang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seko_Tengah_language" title="Seko Tengah language">Seko Tengah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tae%E2%80%99_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Tae’ language">Tae’</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talondo%E2%80%99_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Talondo’ language">Talondo’</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taman_language_(Indonesia)" title="Taman language (Indonesia)">Taman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toraja-Sa%E2%80%99dan_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Toraja-Sa’dan language">Toraja-Sa’dan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulumanda%E2%80%99_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ulumanda’ language">Ulumanda’</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Barito_languages" title="Barito languages">Barito</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ampanang_language" title="Ampanang language">Ampanang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bakumpai_language" title="Bakumpai language">Bakumpai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bajaw_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Bajaw language">Bajaw </a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deyah_language" title="Deyah language">Deyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kohin_language" title="Kohin language">Kohin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lawangan_language" title="Lawangan language">Lawangan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ma%27anyan_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ma'anyan language">Ma'anyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dusun_Malang_language" title="Dusun Malang language">Malang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ngaju_language" title="Ngaju language">Ngaju</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ot_Danum_language" title="Ot Danum language">Ot Danum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sama_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sama language">Sama </a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siang_language" title="Siang language">Ot Siang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunjung_language" title="Tunjung language">Tunjung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dusun_Witu_language" title="Dusun Witu language">Witu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paku_language_(Indonesia)" title="Paku language (Indonesia)">Pakau</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kayan%E2%80%93Murik_languages" title="Kayan–Murik languages">Kayan–Murik</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aoheng_language" title="Aoheng language">Aoheng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aput_language" title="Aput language">Aput</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahau_language" title="Bahau language">Bahau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hovongan_language" title="Hovongan language">Hovongan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kayan_language_(Borneo)" title="Kayan language (Borneo)">Kayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krio_Dayak_language" title="Krio Dayak language">Krio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modang_language" title="Modang language">Modang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punan_Merah_language" title="Punan Merah language">Punan Merah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Segai_language" title="Segai language">Segai</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Land_Dayak_languages" title="Land Dayak languages">Land Dayak</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bakati%E2%80%99_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Bakati’ language">Bakati’</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biatah_language" title="Biatah language">Biatah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bukar_Sadong_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Bukar Sadong language">Bukar Sadong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jangkang_language" title="Jangkang language">Jangkang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kembayan_language" title="Kembayan language">Kembayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lara%CA%BC_language" title="Laraʼ language">Laraʼ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyadu%E2%80%99_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Nyadu’ language">Nyadu’</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rejangese_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Rejangese language">Rejangese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ribun_language" title="Ribun language">Ribun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanggau_language" title="Sanggau language">Sanggau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sara_Bakati%27_language" title="Sara Bakati' language">Sara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semandang_language" title="Semandang language">Semandang</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beginci_language" title="Beginci language">Beginci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerai_language" title="Gerai language">Gerai</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tringgus_language" title="Tringgus language">Tringgus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Greater_North_Borneo_languages#North_Bornean" title="Greater North Borneo languages">North Bornean</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bah-Biau_Punan_language" title="Bah-Biau Punan language">Bah-Biau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basap_language" title="Basap language">Basap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bukat_language" title="Bukat language">Bukat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bukitan_language" title="Bukitan language">Bukitan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kelabit_language" title="Kelabit language">Kelabit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenyah_languages" title="Kenyah languages">Kenyah</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Mainstream_Kenyah_language" title="Mainstream Kenyah language">Mainstream</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lengilu_language" title="Lengilu language">Lengilu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lun_Bawang_language" title="Lun Bawang language">Lun Bawang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murutic_languages" title="Murutic languages">Murut</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Okolod_language" title="Okolod language">Okolod</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Selungai_Murut_language" title="Selungai Murut language">Selungai</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Sembakung_language" title="Sembakung language">Sembakung</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Tagol_language" title="Tagol language">Tagol</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punan_Merap_language" title="Punan Merap language">Punan Merap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punan_Tubu_language" title="Punan Tubu language">Punan Tubu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sa%27ban_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sa'ban language">Sa'ban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sajau_Basap_language" title="Sajau Basap language">Sajau</a></li> <li>Tidung <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Burusu_language" title="Burusu language">Burusu</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Kalabakan_language" title="Kalabakan language">Kalabakan</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Nonukan_Tidong_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Nonukan Tidong language">Nonukan</a></span></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Philippine_languages" title="Philippine languages">Philippine languages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Central_Philippine_languages" title="Central Philippine languages">Central Philippine</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tausug_language" title="Tausug language">Tausug</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Gorontalo%E2%80%93Mongondow_languages" title="Gorontalo–Mongondow languages">Gorontalo-Mongondow</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bintauna_language" title="Bintauna language">Bintauna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolango_language" title="Bolango language">Bolango</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buol_language" title="Buol language">Buol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gorontalo_language" title="Gorontalo language">Gorontaloan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaidipang_language" title="Kaidipang language">Kaidipang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lolak_language" title="Lolak language">Lolak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongondow_language" title="Mongondow language">Mongondow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ponosakan_language" title="Ponosakan language">Ponosakan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suwawa_language" title="Suwawa language">Suwawa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Minahasan_languages" title="Minahasan languages">Minahasan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tombulu_language" title="Tombulu language">Tombulu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tondano_language" title="Tondano language">Tondano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tonsawang_language" title="Tonsawang language">Tonsawang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tonsea_language" title="Tonsea language">Tonsea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tontemboan_language" title="Tontemboan language">Tontemboan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sangiric_languages" title="Sangiric languages">Sangiric</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bantik_language" title="Bantik language">Bantik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ratahan_language" title="Ratahan language">Ratahan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sangir_language" title="Sangir language">Sangir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talaud_language" title="Talaud language">Talaud</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Central–Eastern_Malayo-Polynesian_languages" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Central%E2%80%93Eastern_Malayo-Polynesian_languages" title="Central–Eastern Malayo-Polynesian languages">Central–Eastern Malayo-Polynesian languages</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Aru_languages" title="Aru languages">Aru</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barakai_language" title="Barakai language">Barakai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batuley_language" title="Batuley language">Batuley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dobel_language" title="Dobel language">Dobel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karey_language" title="Karey language">Karey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koba_language" title="Koba language">Koba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kola_language" title="Kola language">Kola-Kompane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lola_language" title="Lola language">Lola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lorang_language" title="Lorang language">Lorang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manombai_language" title="Manombai language">Manombai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariri_language" title="Mariri language">Mariri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarangan_language" title="Tarangan language">Tarangan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ujir_language" title="Ujir language">Ujir</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Central_Maluku_languages" title="Central Maluku languages">Central Maluku</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alune_language" title="Alune language">Alune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amahai_language" title="Amahai language">Amahai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambelau_language" title="Ambelau language">Ambelau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asilulu_language" title="Asilulu language">Asilulu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banda_language_(Maluku)" title="Banda language (Maluku)">Banda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bati_language_(Indonesia)" title="Bati language (Indonesia)">Bati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benggoi_language" title="Benggoi language">Benggoi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boano_language_(Maluku)" title="Boano language (Maluku)">Boano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bobot_language" title="Bobot language">Bobot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buru_language" title="Buru language">Buru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geser_language" title="Geser language">Geser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haruku_language" title="Haruku language">Haruku</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hulaliu_language&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hulaliu language (page does not exist)">Hulaliu</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kailolo_language&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kailolo language (page does not exist)">Kailolo</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pelauw_language&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pelauw language (page does not exist)">Pelauw</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rohomoni-Kabauw_language&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rohomoni-Kabauw language (page does not exist)">Rohomoni-Kabauw</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hitu_language" title="Hitu language">Hitu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoti_language" title="Hoti language">Hoti</a> †</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huaulu_language" title="Huaulu language">Huaulu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hukumina_language" title="Hukumina language">Hukumina</a> †</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hulung_language" title="Hulung language">Hulung</a> †</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaibobo_language" title="Kaibobo language">Kaibobo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamarian_language" title="Kamarian language">Kamarian</a> †</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kayeli_language" title="Kayeli language">Kayeli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kowiai_language" title="Kowiai language">Kowiai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laha_language_(Indonesia)" title="Laha language (Indonesia)">Laha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wakasihu_language" title="Wakasihu language">Larike-Wakasihu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latu_language" title="Latu language">Latu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liana-Seti_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Liana-Seti language">Liana-Seti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lisabata-Nuniali_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Lisabata-Nuniali language">Lisabata-Nuniali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lisela_language" title="Lisela language">Lisela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loun_language" title="Loun language">Loun</a> †</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luhu_language" title="Luhu language">Luhu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mangole_language" title="Mangole language">Mangole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manipa_language" title="Manipa language">Manipa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manusela_language" title="Manusela language">Manusela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masiwang_language" title="Masiwang language">Masiwang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naka%27ela_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Naka'ela language">Naka'ela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuaulu_language" title="Nuaulu language">Nuaulu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nusa_Laut_language" title="Nusa Laut language">Nusa Laut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paulohi_language" title="Paulohi language">Paulohi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salas_language" title="Salas language">Salas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saleman_language" title="Saleman language">Saleman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saparua_language" title="Saparua language">Saparua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seit-Kaitetu_language" title="Seit-Kaitetu language">Seit-Kaitetu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sepa-Teluti_language" title="Sepa-Teluti language">Sepa-Teluti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sula_language" title="Sula language">Sula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taliabo_language" title="Taliabo language">Taliabo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teor-Kur_language" title="Teor-Kur language">Teor-Kur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tulehu_language" title="Tulehu language">Tulehu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Watubela_language" title="Watubela language">Watubela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wemale_language" title="Wemale language">Wemale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yalahatan_language" title="Yalahatan language">Yalahatan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Flores%E2%80%93Lembata_languages" title="Flores–Lembata languages">Flores–Lembata</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alorese_language" title="Alorese language">Alorese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kedang_language" title="Kedang language">Kedang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lamaholot_language" title="Lamaholot language">Lamaholot</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Adonara_language" title="Adonara language">Adonara</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Ile_Ape_language" title="Ile Ape language">Ile Ape</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Lamalera_language" title="Lamalera language">Lamalera</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Lamatuka_language" title="Lamatuka language">Lamatuka</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Levuka_language" title="Levuka language">Levuka</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Lewo_Eleng_language" title="Lewo Eleng language">Lewo Eleng</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"> <a href="/wiki/Lewotobi_language" title="Lewotobi language">Lewotobi</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/South_Lembata_language" class="mw-redirect" title="South Lembata language">South Lembata</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/West_Lembata_language" class="mw-redirect" title="West Lembata language">West Lembata</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sika_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sika language">Sika</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/South_Halmahera%E2%80%93West_New_Guinea_languages" title="South Halmahera–West New Guinea languages">Halmahera-<br />Cenderawasih</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ambai_language" title="Ambai language">Ambai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambel_language" title="Ambel language">Ambel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ansus_language" title="Ansus language">Ansus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arguni_language" title="Arguni language">Arguni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/As_language" title="As language">As</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bedoanas_language" title="Bedoanas language">Bedoanas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biak_language" title="Biak language">Biak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biga_language" title="Biga language">Biga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buli_language_(Indonesia)" title="Buli language (Indonesia)">Buli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Busami_language" title="Busami language">Busami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dusner_language" title="Dusner language">Dusner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erokwanas_language" title="Erokwanas language">Erokwanas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gane_language" title="Gane language">Gane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaptiau_language" title="Kaptiau language">Irarutu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iresim_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Iresim language">Iresim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuri_language_(Austronesian)" title="Kuri language (Austronesian)">Kuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurudu_language" title="Kurudu language">Kurudu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maba_language_(Indonesia)" title="Maba language (Indonesia)">Maba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maden_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Maden language">Maden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matbat_language" title="Matbat language">Matbat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ma%27ya_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ma'ya language">Ma'ya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Munggui_language" title="Munggui language">Munggui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marau_language" title="Marau language">Marau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meoswar_language" title="Meoswar language">Meoswar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mor_language_(Austronesian)" title="Mor language (Austronesian)">Mor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papuma_language" title="Papuma language">Papuma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patani_language" title="Patani language">Patani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pom_language" title="Pom language">Pom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roon_language" title="Roon language">Roon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sawai_language" title="Sawai language">Sawai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serui-Laut_language" title="Serui-Laut language">Serui-Laut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taba_language" title="Taba language">Taba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tandia_language" title="Tandia language">Tandia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wabo_language" title="Wabo language">Wabo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wamesa_language" title="Wamesa language">Wamesa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wandamen_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Wandamen language">Wandamen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waropen_language" title="Waropen language">Waropen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woi_language" title="Woi language">Woi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaur_language" title="Yaur language">Yaur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yeretuar_language" title="Yeretuar language">Yeretuar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yeresiam_language" title="Yeresiam language">Yeresiam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kei-Tanimbar_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Kei-Tanimbar languages">Kei-Tanimbar</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fordata_language" title="Fordata language">Fordata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kei_language" title="Kei language">Kei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onin_language" title="Onin language">Onin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sekar_language" title="Sekar language">Sekar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uruangnirin_language" title="Uruangnirin language">Uruangnirin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yamdena_language" title="Yamdena language">Yamdena</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Micronesian_languages" title="Micronesian languages">Micronesian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Mapia_language" title="Mapia language">Mapia</a> †</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Selaru_languages" title="Selaru languages">Selaru</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Selaru_language" title="Selaru language">Selaru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seluwasan_language" title="Seluwasan language">Seluwasan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sumba%E2%80%93Flores_languages" title="Sumba–Flores languages">Sumba–Flores</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anakalangu_language" title="Anakalangu language">Anakalangu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baliledo_language" title="Baliledo language">Baliledo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bima_language" title="Bima language">Bima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhao_language" title="Dhao language">Dhao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ende_language_(Indonesia)" title="Ende language (Indonesia)">Ende</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaura_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Gaura language">Gaura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawu_language" title="Hawu language">Hawu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kambera_language" title="Kambera language">Kambera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C3%A9o_language" title="Kéo language">Kéo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kodi_language" title="Kodi language">Kodi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Komodo_language" title="Komodo language">Komodo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lamboya_language" title="Lamboya language">Lamboya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lio_language" title="Lio language">Lio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mamboru_language" title="Mamboru language">Mamboru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manggarainese_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Manggarainese language">Manggarai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nage_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Nage language">Nage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ngadha_language" title="Ngadha language">Ngadha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palu%27e_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Palu'e language">Palu'e</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pondok_language" title="Pondok language">Pondok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajong_language" title="Rajong language">Rajong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rembong_language" title="Rembong language">Rembong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riung_language" title="Riung language">Riung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rongga_language" title="Rongga language">Rongga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/So%27a_language" class="mw-redirect" title="So'a language">So'a</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kepo%27_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Kepo' language">Kepo'</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wae_Rana_language" title="Wae Rana language">Wae Rana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wanukaka_language" title="Wanukaka language">Wanukaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wejewa_language" title="Wejewa language">Wejewa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Timor%E2%80%93Babar_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Timor–Babar languages">Timor–Babar</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amarasi_language" title="Amarasi language">Amarasi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bekais_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Bekais language">Bekais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bilba_language" title="Bilba language">Bilba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dai_language_(Austronesian)" title="Dai language (Austronesian)">Dai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dawera-Daweloor_language" title="Dawera-Daweloor language">Dawera-Daweloor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dela-Oenale_language" title="Dela-Oenale language">Dela-Oenale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dengka_language" title="Dengka language">Dengka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Damar_language" title="East Damar language">East Damar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emplawas_language" title="Emplawas language">Emplawas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galoli_language" title="Galoli language">Galoli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helong_language" title="Helong language">Helong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imroing_language" title="Imroing language">Imroing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kemak_language" title="Kemak language">Kemak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kisar_language" title="Kisar language">Kisar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leti_language" title="Leti language">Leti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lole_language" title="Lole language">Lole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luang_language" title="Luang language">Luang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masela_language" title="Masela language">Masela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nila_language" title="Nila language">Nila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Babar_language" title="North Babar language">North Babar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ringgou_language" title="Ringgou language">Ringgou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romang_language" title="Romang language">Romang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serili_language" title="Serili language">Serili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serua_language" title="Serua language">Serua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southeast_Babar_language" title="Southeast Babar language">Southeast Babar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tela%27a_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Tela'a language">Tela'a</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Termanu_language" title="Termanu language">Termanu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetum_language" title="Tetum language">Tetum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Te%27un_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Te'un language">Te'un</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tii_language" title="Tii language">Tii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uab_Meto_language" title="Uab Meto language">Uab Meto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Damar_language" title="West Damar language">West Damar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welaun_language" title="Welaun language">Welaun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wetarese_language" title="Wetarese language">Wetar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Western_Oceanic_languages" title="Western Oceanic languages">Western Oceanic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anus_language" title="Anus language">Anus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bonggo_language" title="Bonggo language">Bonggo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kayupulau_language" title="Kayupulau language">Kayupulau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liki_language" title="Liki language">Liki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masimasi_language" title="Masimasi language">Masimasi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ormu_language" title="Ormu language">Ormu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Podena_language" title="Podena language">Podena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaptiau_language" title="Kaptiau language">Kaptiau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sobei_language" title="Sobei language">Sobei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarpia_language" title="Tarpia language">Tarpia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tobati_language" title="Tobati language">Tobati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wakde_language" title="Wakde language">Wakde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yamna_language" title="Yamna language">Yamna</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Papuan_languages" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Papuan_languages" title="Papuan languages">Papuan languages</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/North_Halmahera_languages" title="North Halmahera languages">North Halmahera</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Galela_language" title="Galela language">Galela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gamkonora_language" title="Gamkonora language">Gamkonora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kao_language" title="Kao language">Kao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loloda_language" title="Loloda language">Loloda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modole_language" title="Modole language">Modole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pagu_language" title="Pagu language">Pagu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sahu_language" title="Sahu language">Sahu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tabaru_language" title="Tabaru language">Tabaru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ternate_language" title="Ternate language">Ternate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tidore_language" title="Tidore language">Tidore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tobelo_language" title="Tobelo language">Tobelo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Togutil_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Togutil language">Togutil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waioli_language" title="Waioli language">Waioli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Makian_language" title="West Makian language">West Makian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Timor%E2%80%93Alor%E2%80%93Pantar_languages" title="Timor–Alor–Pantar languages">Timor–Alor–Pantar</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abui_language" title="Abui language">Abui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adang_language" title="Adang language">Adang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blagar_language" title="Blagar language">Blagar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bunak_language" title="Bunak language">Bunak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaera_language" title="Kaera language">Kaera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kafoa_language" title="Kafoa language">Kafoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamang_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Kamang language">Kamang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klon_language" title="Klon language">Klon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kui_language_(Indonesia)" title="Kui language (Indonesia)">Kui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kula_language" title="Kula language">Kula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nedebang_language" title="Nedebang language">Nedebang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oirata_language" title="Oirata language">Oirata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Retta_language" title="Retta language">Retta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sawila_language" title="Sawila language">Sawila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teiwa_language" title="Teiwa language">Teiwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wersing_language" title="Wersing language">Wersing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Pantar_language" title="Western Pantar language">Western Pantar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woisika_language" title="Woisika language">Woisika</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Asmat%E2%80%93Mombum_languages" title="Asmat–Mombum languages">Asmat–Mombum</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buruwai_language" title="Buruwai language">Buruwai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casuarina_Coast_Asmat_language" title="Casuarina Coast Asmat language">Casuarina Coast Asmat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Asmat_language" title="Central Asmat language">Central Asmat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Asmat_language" title="North Asmat language">North Asmat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citak_language" title="Citak language">Citak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mombum_language" title="Mombum language">Mombum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamberau_language" title="Kamberau language">Kamberau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamoro_language" title="Kamoro language">Kamoro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koneraw_language" title="Koneraw language">Koneraw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sempan_language" title="Sempan language">Sempan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/West_Bird%27s_Head_languages" title="West Bird's Head languages">West Bird's Head</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kalabra_language" title="Kalabra language">Kalabra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuwani_language" title="Kuwani language">Kuwani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moi_language" title="Moi language">Moi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moraid_language" title="Moraid language">Moraid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seget_language" title="Seget language">Seget</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tehit_language" title="Tehit language">Tehit</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/South_Bird%27s_Head_languages" title="South Bird's Head languages">South Bird's Head</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arandai_languages" title="Arandai languages">Arandai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dombano_language" title="Dombano language">Dombano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duriankari_language" title="Duriankari language">Duriankari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inanwatan_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Inanwatan language">Inanwatan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaburi_language" title="Kaburi language">Kaburi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kais_language" title="Kais language">Kais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kemberano_language" title="Kemberano language">Kemberano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kokoda_language" title="Kokoda language">Kokoda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konda_language_(Papuan)" title="Konda language (Papuan)">Konda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kovojab_language" title="Kovojab language">Kovojab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puragi_language" title="Puragi language">Puragi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yahadian_language" title="Yahadian language">Yahadian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/East_Bird%27s_Head_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="East Bird's Head languages">East Bird's Head</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hatam_language" title="Hatam language">Hatam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mansim_language" title="Mansim language">Mansim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meyah_language" title="Meyah language">Meyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moskona_language" title="Moskona language">Moskona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sougb_language" title="Sougb language">Sougb</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/West_Bomberai_languages" title="West Bomberai languages">West Bomberai</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baham_language" title="Baham language">Baham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iha_language" title="Iha language">Iha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karas_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Karas language">Karas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dani_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Dani languages">Dani</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Valley_Dani_language" title="Grand Valley Dani language">Grand Valley Dani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hupla_language" title="Hupla language">Hupla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nduga_language" title="Nduga language">Nduga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nggem_language" title="Nggem language">Nggem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silimo_language" title="Silimo language">Silimo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walak_language" title="Walak language">Walak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wano_language" title="Wano language">Wano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Dani_language" title="Western Dani language">Western Dani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yali_language" title="Yali language">Yali</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Paniai_Lakes_languages" title="Paniai Lakes languages">Paniai Lakes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Auye_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Auye language">Auye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dao_language_(Papuan)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dao language (Papuan)">Dao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ekari_language" title="Ekari language">Ekari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moni_language" title="Moni language">Moni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolani_language" title="Wolani language">Wolani</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Digul_River_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Digul River languages">Digul River</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aghu_language" title="Aghu language">Aghu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Awbono_language" title="Awbono language">Awbono</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bayono_language" title="Bayono language">Bayono</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Densar_language" title="Densar language">Densar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edera_River_Awyu" class="mw-redirect" title="Edera River Awyu">Edera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jair_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Jair language">Jair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kombai_language" title="Kombai language">Kombai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Komyandaret_language" title="Komyandaret language">Komyandaret</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korowai_language" title="Korowai language">Korowai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandobo_language" title="Mandobo language">Mandobo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pisa_language" title="Pisa language">Pisa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sawi_language_(Papuan)" title="Sawi language (Papuan)">Sawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiaxa_language" title="Shiaxa language">Shiaxa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsaukambo_language" title="Tsaukambo language">Tsaukambo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wambon_language" title="Wambon language">Wambon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Foja_Range_languages" title="Foja Range languages">Foja Range</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Airoran_language" title="Airoran language">Airoran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bagusa_language" title="Bagusa language">Bagusa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berik_language" title="Berik language">Berik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Betaf_language" title="Betaf language">Betaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bonerif_language" title="Bonerif language">Bonerif</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dabe_language" title="Dabe language">Dabe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dineor_language" title="Dineor language">Dineor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edwas_language" title="Edwas language">Edwas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gresi_language" title="Gresi language">Gresi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isirawa_language" title="Isirawa language">Isirawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Itik_language" title="Itik language">Itik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kapori_language" title="Kapori language">Kapori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kauwera_language" title="Kauwera language">Kauwera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keijar_language" title="Keijar language">Keijar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kemtuik_language" title="Kemtuik language">Kemtuik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kwerba_language" title="Kwerba language">Kwerba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kwerba_Mamberamo_language" title="Kwerba Mamberamo language">Kwerba Mamberamo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kwesten_language" title="Kwesten language">Kwesten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kwinsu_language" title="Kwinsu language">Kwinsu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mander_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Mander language">Mander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massep_language" title="Massep language">Massep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mawes_language" title="Mawes language">Mawes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mekwei_language" title="Mekwei language">Mekwei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mlap_language" title="Mlap language">Mlap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namblong_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Namblong language">Namblong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nimboran_language" title="Nimboran language">Nimboran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orya_language" title="Orya language">Orya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sause_language" title="Sause language">Sause</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oksapmin_language" title="Oksapmin language">Oksapmin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samarokena_language" title="Samarokena language">Samarokena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trimuris_language" title="Trimuris language">Trimuris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitou_language" title="Vitou language">Vitou</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lakes_Plain_languages" title="Lakes Plain languages">Lakes Plain</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Awera_language" title="Awera language">Awera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biritai_language" title="Biritai language">Biritai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doutai_language" title="Doutai language">Doutai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duvle_language" title="Duvle language">Duvle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eritai_language" title="Eritai language">Eritai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fayu_language" title="Fayu language">Fayu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foau_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Foau language">Foau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iau_language" title="Iau language">Iau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaiy_language" title="Kaiy language">Kaiy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keuw_language" title="Keuw language">Keuw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirikiri_language" title="Kirikiri language">Kirikiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kwerisa_language" title="Kwerisa language">Kwerisa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obokuitai_language" title="Obokuitai language">Obokuitai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papasena_language" title="Papasena language">Papasena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rasawa_language" title="Rasawa language">Rasawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikaritai_language" title="Sikaritai language">Sikaritai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tause_language" title="Tause language">Tause</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taworta_language" title="Taworta language">Taworta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waritai_language" title="Waritai language">Waritai</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/East_Cenderawasih_Bay_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="East Cenderawasih Bay languages">East Cenderawasih Bay</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baropasi_language" title="Baropasi language">Baropasi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bauzi_language" title="Bauzi language">Bauzi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burate_language" title="Burate language">Burate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demisa_language" title="Demisa language">Demisa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kofei_language" title="Kofei language">Kofei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nisa-Anasi_language" title="Nisa-Anasi language">Nisa-Anasi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sauri_language" title="Sauri language">Sauri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tefaro_language" title="Tefaro language">Tefaro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunggare_language" title="Tunggare language">Tunggare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woria_language" title="Woria language">Woria</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Yawa_languages" title="Yawa languages">Yawa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saweru_language" title="Saweru language">Saweru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yawa_language" title="Yawa language">Yawa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Demta%E2%80%93Sentani_languages" title="Demta–Sentani languages">Demta–Sentani</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Demta_language" title="Demta language">Demta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nafri_language" title="Nafri language">Nafri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sentani_language" title="Sentani language">Sentani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tabla_language" title="Tabla language">Tabla</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ok_languages" title="Ok languages">Ok</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Burumakok_language" title="Burumakok language">Burumakok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faiwol_language" title="Faiwol language">Faiwol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iwur_language" title="Iwur language">Iwur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kopka_language" title="Kopka language">Kopka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muyu_language" title="Muyu language">Muyu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nakai_language" title="Nakai language">Nakai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ngalum_language" title="Ngalum language">Ngalum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ninggerum_language" title="Ninggerum language">Ninggerum </a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tangko_language" title="Tangko language">Tangko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tifal_language" title="Tifal language">Tifal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yonggom_language" title="Yonggom language">Yonggom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Momuna%E2%80%93Mek_languages" title="Momuna–Mek languages">Momuna–Mek</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eipo_language" title="Eipo language">Eipo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goliath_language" title="Goliath language">Goliath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ketengban_language" title="Ketengban language">Ketengban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosarek_language" title="Kosarek language">Kosarek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korupun_language" title="Korupun language">Korupun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nalca_language" title="Nalca language">Nalca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nipsan_language" title="Nipsan language">Nipsan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somahai_language" title="Somahai language">Somahai</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Skou_languages" title="Skou languages">Skou</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Skou_language" title="Skou language">Skou</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/South_Pauwasi_languages" title="South Pauwasi languages">South Pauwasi</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biksi-Yetfa_language" title="Biksi-Yetfa language">Biksi-Yetfa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kembra_language" title="Kembra language">Kembra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kimki_language" title="Kimki language">Kimki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lepki_language" title="Lepki language">Lepki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murkim_language" title="Murkim language">Murkim</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/East_Pauwasi_languages" title="East Pauwasi languages">East Pauwasi</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emem_language" title="Emem language">Emem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zorop_language" title="Zorop language">Zorop</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/West_Pauwasi_languages" title="West Pauwasi languages">West Pauwasi</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Namla_language" title="Namla language">Namla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tebi_language" title="Tebi language">Tebi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tofanma_language" title="Tofanma language">Tofanma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Towei_language" title="Towei language">Towei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Usku_language" title="Usku language">Usku</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kaure%E2%80%93Kosare_languages" title="Kaure–Kosare languages">Kaure–Kosare</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kaure_language" title="Kaure language">Kaure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosare_language" title="Kosare language">Kosare</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Marind%E2%80%93Yaqai_languages" title="Marind–Yaqai languages">Marind–Yaqai</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bipim_language" title="Bipim language">Bipim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marind_language" title="Marind language">Marind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaqay_language" title="Yaqay language">Yaqay</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bulaka_River_languages" title="Bulaka River languages">Bulaka River</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maklew_language" title="Maklew language">Maklew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yelmek_language" title="Yelmek language">Yelmek</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kayagar_languages" title="Kayagar languages">Kayagar</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atohwaim_language" title="Atohwaim language">Atohwaim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kayagar_language" title="Kayagar language">Kayagar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamagario_language" title="Tamagario language">Tamagario</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Border_languages_(New_Guinea)" title="Border languages (New Guinea)">Border</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Awyi_language" title="Awyi language">Awyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elseng_language" title="Elseng language">Elseng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taikat_language" title="Taikat language">Taikat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manem_language" title="Manem language">Manem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sowanda_language" title="Sowanda language">Sowanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viid_language" title="Viid language">Viid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waris_language" title="Waris language">Waris</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Senagi_languages" title="Senagi languages">Senagi</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dera_language" title="Dera language">Dera</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mairasi_languages" title="Mairasi languages">Mairasi</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mairasi_language" title="Mairasi language">Mairasi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mer_language" title="Mer language">Mer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semimi_language" title="Semimi language">Semimi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kolopom_languages" title="Kolopom languages">Kolopom</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kimaghama_language" title="Kimaghama language">Kimaghama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morori_language" title="Morori language">Morori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ndom_language" title="Ndom language">Ndom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riantana_language" title="Riantana language">Riantana</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Yam_languages" title="Yam languages">Yam</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ngkolmpu_Kanum_language" title="Ngkolmpu Kanum language">Ngkolmpu Kanum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rema_language" title="Rema language">Rema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smerki_language" title="Smerki language">Smerki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamer_language" title="Tamer language">Tamer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yei_language" title="Yei language">Yei</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lower_Mamberamo_languages" title="Lower Mamberamo languages">Lower Mamberamo</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Warembori_language" title="Warembori language">Warembori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoke_language" title="Yoke language">Yoke</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abinomn_language" title="Abinomn language">Abinomn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abun_language" title="Abun language">Abun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amung_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Amung language">Amung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burmeso_language" title="Burmeso language">Burmeso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dem_language" title="Dem language">Dem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanum_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Kanum language">Kanum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maklew_language" title="Maklew language">Maklew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maybrat_language" title="Maybrat language">Maybrat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molof_language" title="Molof language">Molof</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Momina_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Momina language">Momina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mor_language_(Papuan)" title="Mor language (Papuan)">Mor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mpur_language" title="Mpur language">Mpur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyu_language_(Papuan)" title="Pyu language (Papuan)">Pyu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sumuri_language" title="Sumuri language">Sumuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tambora_language" title="Tambora language">Tambora</a> †</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uhunduni_languages" title="Uhunduni languages">Uhunduni</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Other_languages" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Other languages</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Creole_language" title="Creole language">Creoles</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pidgin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Pidgin language">Pidgins</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Malay-based_creoles" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Malay_trade_and_creole_languages" title="Malay trade and creole languages">Malay-based creoles</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alor_Malay" title="Alor Malay">Alor Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambonese_Malay" title="Ambonese Malay">Ambonese Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banda_Malay" class="mw-redirect" title="Banda Malay">Banda Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balinese_Malay" class="mw-redirect" title="Balinese Malay">Balinese Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Betawi_language" title="Betawi language">Betawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gorap_language" title="Gorap language">Gorap</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gorontalo_Malay&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gorontalo Malay (page does not exist)">Gorontalo Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kupang_Malay" title="Kupang Malay">Kupang Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larantuka_Malay" title="Larantuka Malay">Larantuka Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manado_Malay" title="Manado Malay">Manado Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makassar_Malay" class="mw-redirect" title="Makassar Malay">Makassar Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maumere_Malay&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Maumere Malay (page does not exist)">Maumere Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Moluccan_Malay" title="North Moluccan Malay">North Moluccan Malay</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sula_Malay&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sula Malay (page does not exist)">Sula Malay</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orang_Pulo_language" title="Orang Pulo language">Orang Pulo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papuan_Malay" title="Papuan Malay">Papuan Malay</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Serui_Malay" title="Serui Malay">Serui Malay</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baba_Malay" class="mw-redirect" title="Baba Malay">Peranakan</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Surabayan_Peranakan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Surabayan Peranakan (page does not exist)">Surabayan</a></span></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other creoles and pidgins</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bidau_Creole_Portuguese" title="Bidau Creole Portuguese">Bidau Creole Portuguese</a> †</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flores_Creole_Portuguese&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Flores Creole Portuguese (page does not exist)">Flores Creole Portuguese</a> †</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Javindo_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Javindo language">Javindo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mardijker_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Mardijker language">Mardijker</a> †</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petjo_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Petjo language">Petjo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iha_language" title="Iha language">Pidgin Iha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onin_language" title="Onin language">Pidgin Onin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portugis_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Portugis language">Portugis</a> †</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tansi_language&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tansi language (page does not exist)">Tansi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tukang_Besi_language" title="Tukang Besi language">Pidgin Tukang Besi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Immigrant languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cantonese" title="Cantonese">Cantonese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuqing_dialect" title="Fuqing dialect">Fuqing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuzhounese" class="mw-redirect" title="Fuzhounese">Fuzhounese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hainanese_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Hainanese language">Hainanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hakka_Chinese" title="Hakka Chinese">Hakka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haklau_Min" title="Haklau Min">Haklau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hokkien_Chinese" class="mw-redirect" title="Hokkien Chinese">Hokkien</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Medan_Hokkien" title="Medan Hokkien">Medan</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Riau_Hokkien" class="mw-redirect" title="Riau Hokkien">Riau</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pu-Xian_Min" class="mw-redirect" title="Pu-Xian Min">Hinghwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandarin_Chinese" title="Mandarin Chinese">Mandarin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teochew_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Teochew dialect">Teochew</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Europe" title="Languages of Europe">European</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_language" title="Dutch language">Dutch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_India" title="Languages of India">Indian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_language" title="Bengali language">Bengali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gujarati_language" title="Gujarati language">Gujarati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odia_language" title="Odia language">Odia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pali_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Pali language">Pali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_language" title="Punjabi language">Punjabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanskrit_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanskrit language">Sanskrit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sindhi_language" title="Sindhi language">Sindhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_language" title="Tamil language">Tamil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telugu_language" title="Telugu language">Telugu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urdu_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Urdu language">Urdu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle Eastern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic languages">Arabic</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_Arabic" title="Indonesian Arabic">Indonesian Arabic</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Hadhrami_Arabic" title="Hadhrami Arabic">Hadhrami Arabic</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Modern_Standard_Arabic" title="Modern Standard Arabic">Modern Standard Arabic</a></span></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tagalog_language" title="Tagalog language">Tagalog</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Filipino_language" title="Filipino language">Filipino</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_language" title="Japanese language">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_language" title="Korean language">Korean</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sign_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Sign languages">Sign languages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_Sign_Language" title="Indonesian Sign Language">Indonesian Sign Languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kata_Kolok" title="Kata Kolok">Kata Kolok</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>† indicate <a href="/wiki/Language_death" title="Language death">extinct languages</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Austronesian_languages" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Austronesian_languages" title="Template:Austronesian languages"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Austronesian_languages" title="Template talk:Austronesian languages"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Austronesian_languages" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Austronesian languages"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Austronesian_languages" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Austronesian_languages" title="Austronesian languages">Austronesian languages</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Formosan_languages" title="Formosan languages">Formosan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rukai_language" title="Rukai language">Rukai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsouic_languages" title="Tsouic languages">Tsouic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Formosan_languages" title="Northern Formosan languages">Northern Formosan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Formosan_languages" title="East Formosan languages">East Formosan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Malayo-Polynesian_languages" title="Malayo-Polynesian languages">Malayo-Polynesian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Western</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Sumatran*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northwest_Sumatra%E2%80%93Barrier_Islands_languages" title="Northwest Sumatra–Barrier Islands languages">Northwest Sumatra–Barrier Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nasal_language" title="Nasal language">Nasal</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lampung_language" title="Lampung language">Lampung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Javanese_language" title="Javanese language">Javanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madurese_language" title="Madurese language">Madurese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bali%E2%80%93Sasak%E2%80%93Sumbawa_languages" title="Bali–Sasak–Sumbawa languages">Bali–Sasak–Sumbawa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Philippine_languages" title="Philippine languages">Philippine</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Batanic_languages" title="Batanic languages">Batanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Luzon_languages" title="Northern Luzon languages">Northern Luzon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Luzon_languages" title="Central Luzon languages">Central Luzon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Mindoro_languages" title="Northern Mindoro languages">Northern Mindoro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Central_Philippine_languages" title="Greater Central Philippine languages">Greater Central Philippine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalamian_languages" title="Kalamian languages">Kalamian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Mindanao_languages" title="South Mindanao languages">South Mindanao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sangiric_languages" title="Sangiric languages">Sangiric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minahasan_languages" title="Minahasan languages">Minahasan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Greater Barito*</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barito_languages" title="Barito languages">Barito</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basap_language" title="Basap language">Basap</a>*</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Greater_North_Borneo_languages" title="Greater North Borneo languages">Greater North Borneo</a>*</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>North Borneo * <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sabahan_languages" title="Sabahan languages">Sabahan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Sarawakan_languages" title="North Sarawakan languages">North Sarawakan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melanau%E2%80%93Kajang_languages" title="Melanau–Kajang languages">Melanau–Kajang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kayan%E2%80%93Murik_languages" title="Kayan–Murik languages">Kayan–Murik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_Dayak_languages" title="Land Dayak languages">Land Dayak</a></li> <li>Malayo–Chamic *</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sundanese_language" title="Sundanese language">Sundanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rejang_language" title="Rejang language">Rejang</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moklenic_languages" title="Moklenic languages">Moklenic</a>?</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Celebic_languages" title="Celebic languages">Celebic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bungku%E2%80%93Tolaki_languages" title="Bungku–Tolaki languages">Bungku–Tolaki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muna%E2%80%93Buton_languages" title="Muna–Buton languages">Muna–Buton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saluan%E2%80%93Banggai_languages" title="Saluan–Banggai languages">Saluan–Banggai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tomini%E2%80%93Tolitoli_languages" title="Tomini–Tolitoli languages">Tomini–Tolitoli</a>*</li> <li>Kaili–Wolio*</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/South_Sulawesi_languages" title="South Sulawesi languages">South Sulawesi</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Makassar_languages" title="Makassar languages">Makassar</a></li> <li>Seko–Badaic*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_South_Sulawesi_languages" title="Northern South Sulawesi languages">Northern South Sulawesi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Central_Malayo-Polynesian_languages" title="Central Malayo-Polynesian languages">Central</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bima_language" title="Bima language">Bima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sumba%E2%80%93Flores_languages" title="Sumba–Flores languages">Sumba–Flores</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flores%E2%80%93Lembata_languages" title="Flores–Lembata languages">Flores–Lembata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selaru_languages" title="Selaru languages">Selaru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kei%E2%80%93Tanimbar_languages" title="Kei–Tanimbar languages">Kei–Tanimbar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aru_languages" title="Aru languages">Aru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timoric_languages" title="Timoric languages">Timoric</a></li> <li>Kowiai?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Maluku_languages" title="Central Maluku languages">Central Maluku</a>*</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Central%E2%80%93Eastern_Malayo-Polynesian_languages" title="Central–Eastern Malayo-Polynesian languages">Eastern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/South_Halmahera%E2%80%93West_New_Guinea_languages" title="South Halmahera–West New Guinea languages">SHWNG</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Raja_Ampat%E2%80%93South_Halmahera_languages" title="Raja Ampat–South Halmahera languages">Halmahera Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cenderawasih_languages" title="Cenderawasih languages">Cenderawasih</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Oceanic_languages" title="Oceanic languages">Oceanic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Admiralty_Islands_languages" title="Admiralty Islands languages">Admiralty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Matthias_languages" title="St. Matthias languages">St. Matthias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temotu_languages" title="Temotu languages">Temotu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southeast_Solomonic_languages" title="Southeast Solomonic languages">Southeast Solomonic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micronesian_languages" title="Micronesian languages">Micronesian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Pacific_languages" title="Central Pacific languages">Central Pacific</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Western_Oceanic_languages" title="Western Oceanic languages">Western</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Meso-Melanesian_languages" title="Meso-Melanesian languages">Meso-Melanesian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_New_Guinea_languages" title="North New Guinea languages">North New Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papuan_Tip_languages" title="Papuan Tip languages">Papuan Tip</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Southern_Oceanic_languages" title="Southern Oceanic languages">Southern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Vanuatu <ul><li><a href="/wiki/North_Vanuatu_languages" title="North Vanuatu languages">North</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Vanuatu_languages" title="Central Vanuatu languages">Central</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Vanuatu_languages" title="South Vanuatu languages">South</a></li></ul></li> <li>Loyalties–New Caledonia</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" 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