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<h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Aldose: Difference between revisions</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 39 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-39" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">39 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aldose" title="Aldose – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Aldose" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%83%D8%B1_%D8%A3%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%87%D9%8A%D8%AF%D9%8A" title="سكر ألدهيدي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="سكر ألدهيدي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%85%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%A1%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%9C" title="অ্যালডোজ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="অ্যালডোজ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B7%D1%8B" title="Альдозы – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Альдозы" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B0" title="Алдоза – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Алдоза" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aldoza" title="Aldoza – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Aldoza" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aldosa" title="Aldosa – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Aldosa" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ald%C3%B3zy" title="Aldózy – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Aldózy" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aldose" title="Aldose – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Aldose" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aldosen" title="Aldosen – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Aldosen" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aldoosid" title="Aldoosid – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Aldoosid" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CE%BB%CE%B4%CF%8C%CE%B6%CE%B7" title="Αλδόζη – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Αλδόζη" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aldosa" title="Aldosa – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Aldosa" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aldozo" title="Aldozo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Aldozo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aldosa" title="Aldosa – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Aldosa" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%B2" title="آلدوز – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="آلدوز" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aldose" title="Aldose – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Aldose" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aldosa" title="Aldosa – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Aldosa" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%95%8C%EB%8F%84%EC%8A%A4" title="알도스 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="알도스" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aldosa" title="Aldosa – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Aldosa" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aldosi" title="Aldosi – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Aldosi" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aldosa" title="Aldosa – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Aldosa" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aldose" title="Aldose – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Aldose" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%83%AB%E3%83%89%E3%83%BC%E3%82%B9" title="アルドース – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="アルドース" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aldose" title="Aldose – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Aldose" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aldozalar" title="Aldozalar – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Aldozalar" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aldozy" title="Aldozy – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Aldozy" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aldose" title="Aldose – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Aldose" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aldoz%C4%83" title="Aldoză – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Aldoză" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B7%D1%8B" title="Альдозы – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Альдозы" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ald%C3%B3za" title="Aldóza – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Aldóza" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B5" title="Алдозе – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Алдозе" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aldoze" title="Aldoze – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Aldoze" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aldosa" title="Aldosa – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Aldosa" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aldoosit" title="Aldoosit – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Aldoosit" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aldos" title="Aldos – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Aldos" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aldoz" title="Aldoz – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Aldoz" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B8" title="Альдози – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Альдози" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh 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href="/w/index.php?title=Aldose&oldid=1181366149" title="Aldose">Latest revision as of 16:35, 22 October 2023</a> <span class="mw-diff-edit"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aldose&action=edit" title="Aldose">edit</a></span><span class="mw-diff-timestamp" data-timestamp="2023-10-22T16:35:23Z"></span> <span class="mw-diff-undo"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aldose&action=edit&undoafter=781838859&undo=1181366149" title=""Undo" reverts this edit and opens the edit form in preview mode. It allows adding a reason in the summary.">undo</a></span></strong></div><div id="mw-diff-ntitle2"><a href="/wiki/User:Tom.Reding" class="mw-userlink" title="User:Tom.Reding" data-mw-revid="1181366149"><bdi>Tom.Reding</bdi></a> <span class="mw-usertoollinks">(<a href="/wiki/User_talk:Tom.Reding" class="mw-usertoollinks-talk" title="User talk:Tom.Reding">talk</a> | <a href="/wiki/Special:Contributions/Tom.Reding" class="mw-usertoollinks-contribs" title="Special:Contributions/Tom.Reding">contribs</a>)</span><div class="mw-diff-usermetadata"><div class="mw-diff-userroles"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Autopatrolled" title="Wikipedia:Autopatrolled">Autopatrolled</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Extended_confirmed_editors" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Extended confirmed editors">Extended confirmed users</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Page_mover" title="Wikipedia:Page mover">Page movers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Template_editor" title="Wikipedia:Template editor">Template editors</a></div><div class="mw-diff-usereditcount"><span>3,514,015</span> edits</div></div></div><div id="mw-diff-ntitle3"><abbr class="minoredit" title="This is a minor edit">m</abbr> <span class="comment comment--without-parentheses">+{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Authority_control" title="Template:Authority control">Authority control</a>}} (<a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q409079" class="extiw" title="d:Q409079">1 ID</a> from <a href="/wiki/Wikidata" title="Wikidata">Wikidata</a>); <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:GenFixes" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:GenFixes">WP:GenFixes</a> & cleanup on</span></div><div id="mw-diff-ntitle5"><span class="mw-tag-markers"><a href="/wiki/Special:Tags" title="Special:Tags">Tag</a>: <span class="mw-tag-marker mw-tag-marker-AWB"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:AutoWikiBrowser" title="Wikipedia:AutoWikiBrowser">AWB</a></span></span></div><div id="mw-diff-ntitle4"> </div></td> </tr><tr><td colspan="4" class="diff-multi" lang="en">(27 intermediate revisions by 19 users not shown)</td></tr><tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 1:</td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 1:</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-deleted"></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>{{Short description|Class of monosaccharides}}</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-deleted"></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>An '''aldose''' is a [[monosaccharide]] (a simple sugar) with a carbon backbone chain with a [[carbonyl group]] on the endmost carbon atom, making it an [[aldehyde]], and [[Hydroxy group|hydroxyl groups]] connected to all the other carbon atoms. Aldoses can be distinguished from [[ketose]]s, which have the carbonyl group away from the end of the molecule, and are therefore [[ketone]]s.</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><br /></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-deleted"></td> <td class="diff-marker"><a class="mw-diff-movedpara-right" title="Paragraph was moved. Click to jump to old location." href="#movedpara_6_0_lhs">⚫</a></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div><a name="movedpara_2_0_rhs"></a>==Structure==</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div>An '''aldose,''' like a [[ketose]], is a [[monosaccharide]] (a simple sugar), which have a carbon backbone chain with many alcohol (hydroxy groups) and an aldehyde. They are polar molecules and very soluble in water due to the many -OH groups they possess. Monosaccharides are a type of carbohydrate, organic structures which can be thought of as having the ingredients for many water (H2O) molecules attached to the carbons in the chain, hence the 'hydrate" of carbohydrate. For most organisms, carbohydrates are an important source of energy that is taken in as food, and broken down in a series of processes called metabolism. Aldoses feature prominently in two metabolic regimes, [[glycolysis]] which is the break down of sugars, and [[gluconeogenesis]] which is the opposite. </div></td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-added"></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><br /></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-deleted"></td> <td class="diff-marker"><a class="mw-diff-movedpara-right" title="Paragraph was moved. Click to jump to old location." href="#movedpara_10_0_lhs">⚫</a></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div><a name="movedpara_5_0_rhs"></a>[[File:D-Glyceraldehyde 2D Fischer.svg|thumb|140px|[[Fischer projection]] of {{<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">sc</ins>|D}}-[[glyceraldehyde]]]]</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"><a class="mw-diff-movedpara-left" title="Paragraph was moved. Click to jump to new location." href="#movedpara_2_0_rhs">⚫</a></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div><a name="movedpara_6_0_lhs"></a>==<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> </del>Structure<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> </del>==</div></td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-added"></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-deleted"></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>Like most carbohydrates, simple aldoses have the general [[chemical formula]] C<sub>''n''</sub>(H<sub>2</sub>O)<sub>''n''</sub>. Because [[formaldehyde]] (n=1) and [[glycolaldehyde]] (n=2) are not generally considered to be carbohydrates,<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title=Biochemistry|last=Mathews|first=Christopher K.|date=2000|publisher=Benjamin Cummings|others=Van Holde, K. E. (Kensal Edward), 1928-, Ahern, Kevin G.|isbn=0805330666|edition=3rd|location=San Francisco, Calif.|pages=280–293|oclc=42290721}}</ref> the simplest possible aldose is the [[triose]] [[glyceraldehyde]], which only contains three [[carbon]] [[atom]]s.<ref>{{cite book| last=Berg| first=J.M.| edition=6th| title=Biochemistry| year=2006| publisher=W. H. Freeman and Company| location=New York}}</ref></div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><br /></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-deleted"></td> <td class="diff-marker"><a class="mw-diff-movedpara-right" title="Paragraph was moved. Click to jump to old location." href="#movedpara_14_0_lhs">⚫</a></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div><a name="movedpara_9_0_rhs"></a>Because they have at least one asymmetric carbon center,<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> all</ins> aldoses exhibit [[stereoisomerism]]. Aldoses can exist in either a {{<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">sc</ins>|D}}- form or {{<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">sc</ins>|L}}- form. The determination is made based on the chirality of the <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">asymmetric</ins> carbon furthest from the aldehyde<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> end</ins>, <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">namely the second-last carbon in the chain. Aldoses with</ins> alcohol groups on the right of the [[Fischer projection]] <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">are</ins> {{<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">sc</ins>|D}}-aldoses, and <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">those</ins> with alcohols on the left <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">are</ins> {{<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">sc</ins>|L}}-aldoses. {{<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">sc</ins>|D}}-aldoses<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> are</ins> more<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> common</ins> than {{<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">sc</ins>|L}}-aldoses<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> in nature</ins>.<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"><ref name=":0" /></ins></div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"><a class="mw-diff-movedpara-left" title="Paragraph was moved. Click to jump to new location." href="#movedpara_5_0_rhs">⚫</a></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div><a name="movedpara_10_0_lhs"></a>[[File:D-Glyceraldehyde 2D Fischer.svg|thumb|140px|[[Fischer projection]] of {{<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">smallcaps all</del>|D}}-[[glyceraldehyde]]]]</div></td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-added"></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div>An '''aldose''' contains only one [[aldehyde]] (−CH=O) group per [[molecule]], whereas a ketose contains a ketone group. The [[chemical formula]] takes the form C<sub>''n''</sub>(H<sub>2</sub>O)<sub>''n''</sub>. The simplest possible aldose is the [[diose]] [[glycolaldehyde]], which only contains two [[carbon]] [[atom]]s.<ref>{{cite book| last=Berg| first=J.M.| edition=6th| title=Biochemistry| year=2006| publisher=W. H. Freeman and Company| location=New York}}</ref></div></td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-added"></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><br /></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-deleted"></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>Examples of aldoses include [[glyceraldehyde]], [[erythrose]], [[ribose]], [[glucose]] and [[galactose]]. Ketoses and aldoses can be chemically differentiated through [[Seliwanoff's test]], where the sample is heated with acid and [[resorcinol]].<ref>{{cite web| title=Seliwanoff's Test| publisher=Harper College| access-date=2011-07-10| url=http://www.harpercollege.edu/tm-ps/chm/100/dgodambe/thedisk/carbo/seli/seli.htm| archive-date=2017-12-16| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171216032307/http://www.harpercollege.edu/tm-ps/chm/100/dgodambe/thedisk/carbo/seli/seli.htm| url-status=dead}}</ref> The test relies on the [[dehydration reaction]] which occurs more quickly in ketoses, so that while aldoses react slowly, producing a light pink color, ketoses react more quickly and strongly to produce a dark red color.</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"><a class="mw-diff-movedpara-left" title="Paragraph was moved. Click to jump to new location." href="#movedpara_9_0_rhs">⚫</a></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div><a name="movedpara_14_0_lhs"></a>Because they have at least one asymmetric<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline"><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.differencebetween.net/object/comparisons-of-food-items/differences-between-aldose-and-ketose/|title=Difference Between Aldose and Ketose|website=Difference Between|language=en-US|access-date=2016-03-28}}</ref></del> carbon center, aldoses<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> with three or more carbon atoms</del> exhibit [[stereoisomerism]]. Aldoses<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> containing stereogenic centers</del> can exist in either a {{<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">smallcaps all</del>|D}}- form or {{<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">smallcaps all</del>|L}}- form. The determination is made based on the chirality of the <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">penultimate</del> carbon <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">(the second-</del>furthest from the aldehyde<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">)</del>, <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">where</del> alcohol groups on the right of the [[Fischer projection]] <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">result in</del> {{<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">smallcaps all</del>|D}}-aldoses, and <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">[[epimer]]s</del> with alcohols on the left <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">result in</del> {{<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">smallcaps all</del>|L}}-aldoses.<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> Biological systems tend to recognize</del> {{<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">smallcaps all</del>|D}}-aldoses more than {{<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">smallcaps all</del>|L}}-aldoses.</div></td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-added"></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><br /></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-deleted"></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>Aldoses can [[isomer]]ize to ketoses through the [[Lobry-de Bruyn-van Ekenstein transformation]].</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div>Examples of aldose include glycolaldehyde, glyceraldehyde, erythrose, threose, ribose, arabinose, xylose, lyxose, allose, altrose, glucose, mannose, gulose, idose, talose, and galactose. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.differencebetween.net/object/comparisons-of-food-items/differences-between-aldose-and-ketose/|title=Difference Between Aldose and Ketose|website=Difference Between|language=en-US|access-date=2016-03-28}}</ref> All of these examples contain one group of aldehyde. They only differ in numbers of carbons in carbon skeleton. All of these complex sugars serve an important role in biochemistry. </div></td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-added"></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><br /></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-deleted"></td> <td class="diff-marker"><a class="mw-diff-movedpara-right" title="Paragraph was moved. Click to jump to old location." href="#movedpara_24_0_lhs">⚫</a></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div><a name="movedpara_19_0_rhs"></a>==Nomenclature and <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">common</ins> <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">aldoses</ins>==</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div>An aldose has a [[carbonyl]] group at one end of the carbon chain, forming an aldehyde in its linear form. This allows ketoses and aldoses to be chemically differentiated through [[Seliwanoff's test]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Seliwanoff's Test| publisher=Harper College| accessdate=2011-07-10| url=http://www.harpercollege.edu/tm-ps/chm/100/dgodambe/thedisk/carbo/seli/seli.htm}}</ref> In Seliwanoff's test, aldoses tend to react in a slow pace, and produce a light pink color, while ketoses react with resorcinol to produce a dark red color. With different color of production, aldoses can be differentiate from the ketoses. An aldose may [[isomer]]ize to a ketose through the [[Lobry-de Bruyn-van Ekenstein transformation]]. Aldose and ketose, although differ in structures, also perform in different roles. Aldoses tend to isomerise into ketoses. </div></td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-added"></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-deleted"></td> <td class="diff-marker"><a class="mw-diff-movedpara-right" title="Paragraph was moved. Click to jump to old location." href="#movedpara_25_0_lhs">⚫</a></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div><a name="movedpara_21_0_rhs"></a>[[File:Family tree aldoses.svg|thumbnail|400px|Family tree of aldoses: (1) {{<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">sc</ins>|D}}-(+)-glyceraldehyde; (2a) {{<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">sc</ins>|D}}-(−)-erythrose; (2b) {{<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">sc</ins>|D}}-(−)-threose; (3a) {{<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">sc</ins>|D}}-(−)-ribose; (3b) {{<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">sc</ins>|D}}-(−)-arabinose; (3c) {{<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">sc</ins>|D}}-(+)-xylose; (3d) {{<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">sc</ins>|D}}-(−)-lyxose; (4a) {{<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">sc</ins>|D}}-(+)-allose; (4b) {{<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">sc</ins>|D}}-(+)-altrose; (4c) {{<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">sc</ins>|D}}-(+)-glucose; (4d) {{<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">sc</ins>|D}}-(+)-mannose; (4e) {{<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">sc</ins>|D}}-(−)-gulose; (4f) {{<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">sc</ins>|D}}-(−)-idose; (4g) {{<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">sc</ins>|D}}-(+)-galactose; (4h) {{<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">sc</ins>|D}}-(+)-talose]]Aldoses are <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">differentiated</ins> by the <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">number</ins> of carbon <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">atoms</ins> in the main chain. The minimum number of <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">carbon atoms</ins> in a backbone needed to form a molecule that is still considered a carbohydrate is 3, and carbohydrates with three <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">carbon atoms</ins> are called trioses. The only aldotriose is [[<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">glyceraldehyde</ins>]], which has one chiral stereocenter with 2 possible enantiomers, <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">{{sc|</ins>D<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">}}-</ins> and <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">{{sc|</ins>L<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">}}-glyceraldehyde</ins>.</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><br /></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-deleted"></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>Some common aldoses are:</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"><a class="mw-diff-movedpara-left" title="Paragraph was moved. Click to jump to new location." href="#movedpara_19_0_rhs">⚫</a></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div><a name="movedpara_24_0_lhs"></a>==Nomenclature and <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Common</del> <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Aldoses</del>==</div></td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-added"></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"><a class="mw-diff-movedpara-left" title="Paragraph was moved. Click to jump to new location." href="#movedpara_21_0_rhs">⚫</a></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div><a name="movedpara_25_0_lhs"></a>[[File:Family tree aldoses.svg|thumbnail|400px|Family tree of aldoses: (1) {{<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">smallcaps all</del>|D}}-(+)-glyceraldehyde; (2a) {{<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">smallcaps all</del>|D}}-(−)-erythrose; (2b) {{<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">smallcaps all</del>|D}}-(−)-threose; (3a) {{<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">smallcaps all</del>|D}}-(−)-ribose; (3b) {{<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">smallcaps all</del>|D}}-(−)-arabinose; (3c) {{<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">smallcaps all</del>|D}}-(+)-xylose; (3d) {{<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">smallcaps all</del>|D}}-(−)-lyxose; (4a) {{<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">smallcaps all</del>|D}}-(+)-allose; (4b) {{<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">smallcaps all</del>|D}}-(+)-altrose; (4c) {{<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">smallcaps all</del>|D}}-(+)-glucose; (4d) {{<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">smallcaps all</del>|D}}-(+)-mannose; (4e) {{<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">smallcaps all</del>|D}}-(−)-gulose; (4f) {{<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">smallcaps all</del>|D}}-(−)-idose; (4g) {{<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">smallcaps all</del>|D}}-(+)-galactose; (4h) {{<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">smallcaps all</del>|D}}-(+)-talose]]Aldoses<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">, like all carbohydrates</del> are <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">categorized first</del> by the <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">presence</del> of<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> an aldehyde or a ketone on the</del> carbon <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">chain. They can be further differentiated by the number of carbons</del> in the main chain<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> using Greek prefixes</del>. The minimum number of <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">carbons</del> in a backbone needed to form a molecule that is still considered a carbohydrate is 3, and carbohydrates with three <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">carbons</del> are called trioses. The only aldotriose is [[<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Glyceraldehyde</del>]], which has one chiral stereocenter with 2 possible enantiomers, D and L<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> Glyceraldehyde</del>.<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> The most commonly discussed category of aldoses are those with 6 carbons, [[Aldohexose|aldohexoses]]. Some aldohexoses that are widely called by common names are</del></div></td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-added"></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"><a class="mw-diff-movedpara-left" title="Paragraph was moved. Click to jump to new location." href="#movedpara_28_1_rhs">⚫</a></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div><a name="movedpara_25_1_lhs"></a>* D-(+)-[[Allose]]</div></td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-added"></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"><a class="mw-diff-movedpara-left" title="Paragraph was moved. Click to jump to new location." href="#movedpara_28_2_rhs">⚫</a></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div><a name="movedpara_25_2_lhs"></a>* D-(+)-[[Altrose]]</div></td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-added"></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"><a class="mw-diff-movedpara-left" title="Paragraph was moved. Click to jump to new location." href="#movedpara_28_3_rhs">⚫</a></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div><a name="movedpara_25_3_lhs"></a>* D-(+)-[[Glucose]]</div></td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-added"></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"><a class="mw-diff-movedpara-left" title="Paragraph was moved. Click to jump to new location." href="#movedpara_28_4_rhs">⚫</a></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div><a name="movedpara_25_4_lhs"></a>* D-(+)-[[Mannose]]</div></td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-added"></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"><a class="mw-diff-movedpara-left" title="Paragraph was moved. Click to jump to new location." href="#movedpara_28_5_rhs">⚫</a></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div><a name="movedpara_25_5_lhs"></a>* D-(<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">-</del>)-[[Gulose]]</div></td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-added"></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"><a class="mw-diff-movedpara-left" title="Paragraph was moved. Click to jump to new location." href="#movedpara_28_6_rhs">⚫</a></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div><a name="movedpara_25_6_lhs"></a>* D-(+)-[[Idose]]</div></td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-added"></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"><a class="mw-diff-movedpara-left" title="Paragraph was moved. Click to jump to new location." href="#movedpara_28_7_rhs">⚫</a></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div><a name="movedpara_25_7_lhs"></a>* D-(+)-[[Galactose]]</div></td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-added"></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><br /></td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-added"></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"><a class="mw-diff-movedpara-left" title="Paragraph was moved. Click to jump to new location." href="#movedpara_28_8_rhs">⚫</a></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div><a name="movedpara_25_9_lhs"></a>* D-(+)-[[Talose]]</div></td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-added"></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"><a class="mw-diff-movedpara-left" title="Paragraph was moved. Click to jump to new location." href="#movedpara_28_0_rhs">⚫</a></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div><a name="movedpara_25_10_lhs"></a><del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">to</del> <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">name</del> <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">a</del> <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">few</del><ref>{{Cite book|title=Organic Chemistry|last=Solomons|first=T.W. Graham|publisher=John Wiley & Sons Inc.|year=2008<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">|isbn=|location=</del>|pages=1044}}</ref></div></td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-added"></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><br /></td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-added"></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div>Aldoses can be further differentiated according to the number of carbon atoms they contain in the main chain using Greek roots (tri-, tet-, pent-, hex-, etc.), the common formula is to place the number signifier after aldo (or keto if it is a ketose), as in aldotriose. The following is a list of other common aldoses.</div></td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-added"></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div>*[[Diose]]: [[glycolaldehyde]]</div></td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-added"></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>*[[Triose]]: [[glyceraldehyde]]</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>*[[Triose]]: [[glyceraldehyde]]</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>*[[Tetrose]]s: [[erythrose]], [[threose]]</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>*[[Tetrose]]s: [[erythrose]], [[threose]]</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>*[[Pentose]]s: [[ribose]], [[arabinose]], [[xylose]], [[lyxose]]</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>*[[Pentose]]s: [[ribose]], [[arabinose]], [[xylose]], [[lyxose]]</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div>*[[Hexose<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">|Hexoses</del>]]: [[<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Fructose]], [[Glucose</del>]]</div></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>*[[Hexose]]<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">s</ins>: [[<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">glucose</ins>]]</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-deleted"></td> <td class="diff-marker"><a class="mw-diff-movedpara-right" title="Paragraph was moved. Click to jump to old location." href="#movedpara_25_10_lhs">⚫</a></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div><a name="movedpara_28_0_rhs"></a><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">The</ins> <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">most</ins> <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">commonly</ins> <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">discussed category of aldoses are those with six carbon atoms, [[aldohexose]]s. Some aldohexoses that are widely called by common names are:</ins><ref>{{Cite book|title=Organic Chemistry|last=Solomons|first=T.W. Graham|publisher=John Wiley & Sons Inc.|year=2008|pages=1044}}</ref></div></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-deleted"></td> <td class="diff-marker"><a class="mw-diff-movedpara-right" title="Paragraph was moved. Click to jump to old location." href="#movedpara_25_1_lhs">⚫</a></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div><a name="movedpara_28_1_rhs"></a>* <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">{{sc|</ins>D<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">}}</ins>-(+)-[[Allose]]</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-deleted"></td> <td class="diff-marker"><a class="mw-diff-movedpara-right" title="Paragraph was moved. Click to jump to old location." href="#movedpara_25_2_lhs">⚫</a></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div><a name="movedpara_28_2_rhs"></a>* <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">{{sc|</ins>D<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">}}</ins>-(+)-[[Altrose]]</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-deleted"></td> <td class="diff-marker"><a class="mw-diff-movedpara-right" title="Paragraph was moved. Click to jump to old location." href="#movedpara_25_3_lhs">⚫</a></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div><a name="movedpara_28_3_rhs"></a>* <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">{{sc|</ins>D<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">}}</ins>-(+)-[[Glucose]]</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-deleted"></td> <td class="diff-marker"><a class="mw-diff-movedpara-right" title="Paragraph was moved. Click to jump to old location." href="#movedpara_25_4_lhs">⚫</a></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div><a name="movedpara_28_4_rhs"></a>* <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">{{sc|</ins>D<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">}}</ins>-(+)-[[Mannose]]</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-deleted"></td> <td class="diff-marker"><a class="mw-diff-movedpara-right" title="Paragraph was moved. Click to jump to old location." href="#movedpara_25_5_lhs">⚫</a></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div><a name="movedpara_28_5_rhs"></a>* <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">{{sc|</ins>D<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">}}</ins>-(<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">−</ins>)-[[Gulose]]</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-deleted"></td> <td class="diff-marker"><a class="mw-diff-movedpara-right" title="Paragraph was moved. Click to jump to old location." href="#movedpara_25_6_lhs">⚫</a></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div><a name="movedpara_28_6_rhs"></a>* <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">{{sc|</ins>D<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">}}</ins>-(+)-[[Idose]]</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-deleted"></td> <td class="diff-marker"><a class="mw-diff-movedpara-right" title="Paragraph was moved. Click to jump to old location." href="#movedpara_25_7_lhs">⚫</a></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div><a name="movedpara_28_7_rhs"></a>* <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">{{sc|</ins>D<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">}}</ins>-(+)-[[Galactose]]</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-deleted"></td> <td class="diff-marker"><a class="mw-diff-movedpara-right" title="Paragraph was moved. Click to jump to old location." href="#movedpara_25_9_lhs">⚫</a></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div><a name="movedpara_28_8_rhs"></a>* <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">{{sc|</ins>D<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">}}</ins>-(+)-[[Talose]]</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><br /></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>== Stereochemistry ==</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>== Stereochemistry ==</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><br /></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div>Aldoses are commonly referred to by names specific to one stereoisomer of the compound. This distinction is especially vital in <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Biochemistry</del>, as many systems can only use one enantiomer of the carbohydrate and not the other. However, aldoses are <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">by no means</del> locked into any one conformation<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> forever,</del> they can and do fluctuate between<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> a couple of</del> different forms.</div></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>Aldoses are commonly referred to by names specific to one stereoisomer of the compound. This distinction is especially vital in <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">biochemistry</ins>, as many systems can only use one enantiomer of the carbohydrate and not the other. However, aldoses are <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">not</ins> locked into any one conformation<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">:</ins> they can and do fluctuate between different forms.</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><br /></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div>Aldoses can [[<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Tautomer|tautomerize</del>]] to ketoses in a dynamic process with an [[enol]] intermediate<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">.</del> <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">This</del> <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">process</del> <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">is</del> <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">reversible</del> <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">and</del> <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">when</del> <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">discussing</del> <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">a</del> <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">mass</del> <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">group of sugars</del>, aldoses and ketoses <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">are</del> thought of as being in equilibrium with each other<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> due to the low energy barrier of the transition</del>. However aldehydes and ketones are almost always more stable than <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">their</del> enol forms, so the aldo- and keto- forms <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">are assumed to</del> predominate<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> at any given moment</del>. This process, with its enol intermediate, <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">when applied occurring at other carbons on the chain</del> allows stereoisomerization. Basic solutions <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">exacerbate</del> the interconversion of isomers.</div></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>Aldoses can [[<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">tautomer</ins>]]<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">ize</ins> to ketoses in a dynamic process with an [[enol]] intermediate <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">(more</ins> <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">specifically,</ins> <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">an</ins> <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">enediol).<ref</ins> <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">name=":0"</ins> <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">/></ins> <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">This</ins> <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">process</ins> <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">is</ins> <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">reversible</ins>,<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> so</ins> aldoses and ketoses <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">can be</ins> thought of as being in equilibrium with each other. However<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">,</ins> aldehydes and ketones are almost always more stable than <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">the corresponding</ins> enol forms, so the aldo- and keto- forms <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">normally</ins> predominate. This process, with its enol intermediate, <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">also</ins> allows stereoisomerization. Basic solutions <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">accelerate</ins> the interconversion of isomers.</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><br /></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div>Carbohydrates<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">, especially those</del> with more than <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">4</del> <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">carbons,</del> exist in an <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">equibrium</del> between <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">two</del> <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">forms</del>, <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">often</del> <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">called</del> <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">the cyclic</del>, and open-chain <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">forms for clarity</del>. Cyclic aldoses are usually drawn as Haworth <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">projections</del>, and open chain forms are commonly drawn as Fischer <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">projections</del>, both of which represent important stereochemical information about the forms they depict. <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> </del></div></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>Carbohydrates with more than <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">four</ins> <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">carbon atoms</ins> exist in an <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">equilibrium</ins> between <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">the</ins> <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">closed ring</ins>, <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">or</ins> <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">cyclic</ins> <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">form</ins>, and<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> the</ins> open-chain <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">form</ins>. Cyclic aldoses are usually drawn as <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">[[</ins>Haworth <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">projection]]s</ins>, and open chain forms are commonly drawn as <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">[[</ins>Fischer <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">projection]]s</ins>, both of which represent important stereochemical information about the forms they depict.<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"><ref name=":0"</ins> <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">/></ins></div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><br /></td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-added"></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div>==See also==</div></td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-added"></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div>*[[Monosaccharide]]</div></td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-added"></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div>*[[Monosaccharide#Chirality nomenclature|<small>D/L</small> nomenclature]]</div></td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-added"></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div>*[[Epimer]]</div></td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-added"></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><br /></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>==References==</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>==References==</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 50:</td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 43:</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><br /></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>{{Carbohydrates}}</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>{{Carbohydrates}}</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-deleted"></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>{{Authority control}}</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><br /></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>[[Category:Aldoses| ]]</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>[[Category:Aldoses| ]]</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-deleted"></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>[[Category:Aldols]]</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><br /></td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-added"></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><br /></td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-added"></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div>{{Biochem-stub}}</div></td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-added"></td> </tr> </table><hr class='diff-hr' id='mw-oldid' /> <h2 class='diff-currentversion-title'>Latest revision as of 16:35, 22 October 2023</h2> <div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Class of monosaccharides</div> <p>An <b>aldose</b> is a <a href="/wiki/Monosaccharide" title="Monosaccharide">monosaccharide</a> (a simple sugar) with a carbon backbone chain with a <a href="/wiki/Carbonyl_group" title="Carbonyl group">carbonyl group</a> on the endmost carbon atom, making it an <a href="/wiki/Aldehyde" title="Aldehyde">aldehyde</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Hydroxy_group" title="Hydroxy group">hydroxyl groups</a> connected to all the other carbon atoms. Aldoses can be distinguished from <a href="/wiki/Ketose" title="Ketose">ketoses</a>, which have the carbonyl group away from the end of the molecule, and are therefore <a href="/wiki/Ketone" title="Ketone">ketones</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Structure">Structure</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aldose&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Structure"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:D-Glyceraldehyde_2D_Fischer.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/D-Glyceraldehyde_2D_Fischer.svg/140px-D-Glyceraldehyde_2D_Fischer.svg.png" decoding="async" width="140" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/D-Glyceraldehyde_2D_Fischer.svg/210px-D-Glyceraldehyde_2D_Fischer.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/D-Glyceraldehyde_2D_Fischer.svg/280px-D-Glyceraldehyde_2D_Fischer.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="74" data-file-height="83" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Fischer_projection" title="Fischer projection">Fischer projection</a> of <span class="smallcaps"><span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">D</span></span>-<a href="/wiki/Glyceraldehyde" title="Glyceraldehyde">glyceraldehyde</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Like most carbohydrates, simple aldoses have the general <a href="/wiki/Chemical_formula" title="Chemical formula">chemical formula</a> C<sub><i>n</i></sub>(H<sub>2</sub>O)<sub><i>n</i></sub>. Because <a href="/wiki/Formaldehyde" title="Formaldehyde">formaldehyde</a> (n=1) and <a href="/wiki/Glycolaldehyde" title="Glycolaldehyde">glycolaldehyde</a> (n=2) are not generally considered to be carbohydrates,<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the simplest possible aldose is the <a href="/wiki/Triose" title="Triose">triose</a> <a href="/wiki/Glyceraldehyde" title="Glyceraldehyde">glyceraldehyde</a>, which only contains three <a href="/wiki/Carbon" title="Carbon">carbon</a> <a href="/wiki/Atom" title="Atom">atoms</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Because they have at least one asymmetric carbon center, all aldoses exhibit <a href="/wiki/Stereoisomerism" title="Stereoisomerism">stereoisomerism</a>. Aldoses can exist in either a <span class="smallcaps"><span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">D</span></span>- form or <span class="smallcaps"><span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">L</span></span>- form. The determination is made based on the chirality of the asymmetric carbon furthest from the aldehyde end, namely the second-last carbon in the chain. Aldoses with alcohol groups on the right of the <a href="/wiki/Fischer_projection" title="Fischer projection">Fischer projection</a> are <span class="smallcaps"><span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">D</span></span>-aldoses, and those with alcohols on the left are <span class="smallcaps"><span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">L</span></span>-aldoses. <span class="smallcaps"><span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">D</span></span>-aldoses are more common than <span class="smallcaps"><span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">L</span></span>-aldoses in nature.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Examples of aldoses include <a href="/wiki/Glyceraldehyde" title="Glyceraldehyde">glyceraldehyde</a>, <a href="/wiki/Erythrose" title="Erythrose">erythrose</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ribose" title="Ribose">ribose</a>, <a href="/wiki/Glucose" title="Glucose">glucose</a> and <a href="/wiki/Galactose" title="Galactose">galactose</a>. Ketoses and aldoses can be chemically differentiated through <a href="/wiki/Seliwanoff%27s_test" title="Seliwanoff's test">Seliwanoff's test</a>, where the sample is heated with acid and <a href="/wiki/Resorcinol" title="Resorcinol">resorcinol</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The test relies on the <a href="/wiki/Dehydration_reaction" title="Dehydration reaction">dehydration reaction</a> which occurs more quickly in ketoses, so that while aldoses react slowly, producing a light pink color, ketoses react more quickly and strongly to produce a dark red color. </p><p>Aldoses can <a href="/wiki/Isomer" title="Isomer">isomerize</a> to ketoses through the <a href="/wiki/Lobry-de_Bruyn-van_Ekenstein_transformation" class="mw-redirect" title="Lobry-de Bruyn-van Ekenstein transformation">Lobry-de Bruyn-van Ekenstein transformation</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Nomenclature_and_common_aldoses">Nomenclature and common aldoses</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aldose&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Nomenclature and common aldoses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Family_tree_aldoses.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Family_tree_aldoses.svg/400px-Family_tree_aldoses.svg.png" decoding="async" width="400" height="288" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Family_tree_aldoses.svg/600px-Family_tree_aldoses.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Family_tree_aldoses.svg/800px-Family_tree_aldoses.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="445" data-file-height="320" /></a><figcaption>Family tree of aldoses: (1) <span class="smallcaps"><span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">D</span></span>-(+)-glyceraldehyde; (2a) <span class="smallcaps"><span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">D</span></span>-(−)-erythrose; (2b) <span class="smallcaps"><span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">D</span></span>-(−)-threose; (3a) <span class="smallcaps"><span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">D</span></span>-(−)-ribose; (3b) <span class="smallcaps"><span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">D</span></span>-(−)-arabinose; (3c) <span class="smallcaps"><span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">D</span></span>-(+)-xylose; (3d) <span class="smallcaps"><span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">D</span></span>-(−)-lyxose; (4a) <span class="smallcaps"><span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">D</span></span>-(+)-allose; (4b) <span class="smallcaps"><span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">D</span></span>-(+)-altrose; (4c) <span class="smallcaps"><span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">D</span></span>-(+)-glucose; (4d) <span class="smallcaps"><span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">D</span></span>-(+)-mannose; (4e) <span class="smallcaps"><span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">D</span></span>-(−)-gulose; (4f) <span class="smallcaps"><span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">D</span></span>-(−)-idose; (4g) <span class="smallcaps"><span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">D</span></span>-(+)-galactose; (4h) <span class="smallcaps"><span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">D</span></span>-(+)-talose</figcaption></figure><p>Aldoses are differentiated by the number of carbon atoms in the main chain. The minimum number of carbon atoms in a backbone needed to form a molecule that is still considered a carbohydrate is 3, and carbohydrates with three carbon atoms are called trioses. The only aldotriose is <a href="/wiki/Glyceraldehyde" title="Glyceraldehyde">glyceraldehyde</a>, which has one chiral stereocenter with 2 possible enantiomers, <span class="smallcaps"><span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">D</span></span>- and <span class="smallcaps"><span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">L</span></span>-glyceraldehyde. </p><p>Some common aldoses are: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Triose" title="Triose">Triose</a>: <a href="/wiki/Glyceraldehyde" title="Glyceraldehyde">glyceraldehyde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetrose" title="Tetrose">Tetroses</a>: <a href="/wiki/Erythrose" title="Erythrose">erythrose</a>, <a href="/wiki/Threose" title="Threose">threose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentose" title="Pentose">Pentoses</a>: <a href="/wiki/Ribose" title="Ribose">ribose</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arabinose" title="Arabinose">arabinose</a>, <a href="/wiki/Xylose" title="Xylose">xylose</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lyxose" title="Lyxose">lyxose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hexose" title="Hexose">Hexoses</a>: <a href="/wiki/Glucose" title="Glucose">glucose</a></li></ul> <p>The most commonly discussed category of aldoses are those with six carbon atoms, <a href="/wiki/Aldohexose" class="mw-redirect" title="Aldohexose">aldohexoses</a>. Some aldohexoses that are widely called by common names are:<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><span class="smallcaps"><span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">D</span></span>-(+)-<a href="/wiki/Allose" title="Allose">Allose</a></li> <li><span class="smallcaps"><span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">D</span></span>-(+)-<a href="/wiki/Altrose" title="Altrose">Altrose</a></li> <li><span class="smallcaps"><span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">D</span></span>-(+)-<a href="/wiki/Glucose" title="Glucose">Glucose</a></li> <li><span class="smallcaps"><span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">D</span></span>-(+)-<a href="/wiki/Mannose" title="Mannose">Mannose</a></li> <li><span class="smallcaps"><span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">D</span></span>-(−)-<a href="/wiki/Gulose" title="Gulose">Gulose</a></li> <li><span class="smallcaps"><span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">D</span></span>-(+)-<a href="/wiki/Idose" title="Idose">Idose</a></li> <li><span class="smallcaps"><span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">D</span></span>-(+)-<a href="/wiki/Galactose" title="Galactose">Galactose</a></li> <li><span class="smallcaps"><span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">D</span></span>-(+)-<a href="/wiki/Talose" title="Talose">Talose</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Stereochemistry">Stereochemistry</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aldose&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Stereochemistry"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Aldoses are commonly referred to by names specific to one stereoisomer of the compound. This distinction is especially vital in biochemistry, as many systems can only use one enantiomer of the carbohydrate and not the other. However, aldoses are not locked into any one conformation: they can and do fluctuate between different forms. </p><p>Aldoses can <a href="/wiki/Tautomer" title="Tautomer">tautomerize</a> to ketoses in a dynamic process with an <a href="/wiki/Enol" title="Enol">enol</a> intermediate (more specifically, an enediol).<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This process is reversible, so aldoses and ketoses can be thought of as being in equilibrium with each other. However, aldehydes and ketones are almost always more stable than the corresponding enol forms, so the aldo- and keto- forms normally predominate. This process, with its enol intermediate, also allows stereoisomerization. Basic solutions accelerate the interconversion of isomers. </p><p>Carbohydrates with more than four carbon atoms exist in an equilibrium between the closed ring, or cyclic form, and the open-chain form. Cyclic aldoses are usually drawn as <a href="/wiki/Haworth_projection" title="Haworth projection">Haworth projections</a>, and open chain forms are commonly drawn as <a href="/wiki/Fischer_projection" title="Fischer projection">Fischer projections</a>, both of which represent important stereochemical information about the forms they depict.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aldose&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-:0-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFMathews2000" class="citation book cs1">Mathews, Christopher K. (2000). <i>Biochemistry</i>. Van Holde, K. E. (Kensal Edward), 1928-, Ahern, Kevin G. (3rd ed.). San Francisco, Calif.: Benjamin Cummings. pp. 280–293. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0805330666" title="Special:BookSources/0805330666"><bdi>0805330666</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/42290721">42290721</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Biochemistry&rft.place=San+Francisco%2C+Calif.&rft.pages=280-293&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Benjamin+Cummings&rft.date=2000&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F42290721&rft.isbn=0805330666&rft.aulast=Mathews&rft.aufirst=Christopher+K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAldose" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBerg2006" class="citation book cs1">Berg, J.M. (2006). <i>Biochemistry</i> (6th ed.). New York: W. H. Freeman and Company.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Biochemistry&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=6th&rft.pub=W.+H.+Freeman+and+Company&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Berg&rft.aufirst=J.M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAldose" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171216032307/http://www.harpercollege.edu/tm-ps/chm/100/dgodambe/thedisk/carbo/seli/seli.htm">"Seliwanoff's Test"</a>. Harper College. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.harpercollege.edu/tm-ps/chm/100/dgodambe/thedisk/carbo/seli/seli.htm">the original</a> on 2017-12-16<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-07-10</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Seliwanoff%27s+Test&rft.pub=Harper+College&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.harpercollege.edu%2Ftm-ps%2Fchm%2F100%2Fdgodambe%2Fthedisk%2Fcarbo%2Fseli%2Fseli.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAldose" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSolomons2008" class="citation book cs1">Solomons, T.W. Graham (2008). <i>Organic Chemistry</i>. John Wiley & Sons Inc. p. 1044.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Organic+Chemistry&rft.pages=1044&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons+Inc.&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Solomons&rft.aufirst=T.W.+Graham&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAldose" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol 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.navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Types_of_carbohydrates" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Carbohydrates" title="Template:Carbohydrates"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Carbohydrates" title="Template talk:Carbohydrates"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Carbohydrates" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Carbohydrates"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Types_of_carbohydrates" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Types of <a href="/wiki/Carbohydrate" title="Carbohydrate">carbohydrates</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Aldose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ketose" title="Ketose">Ketose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Furanose" title="Furanose">Furanose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyranose" title="Pyranose">Pyranose</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geometry</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anomer" title="Anomer">Anomer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyclohexane_conformation" title="Cyclohexane conformation">Cyclohexane conformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epimer" title="Epimer">Epimer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mutarotation" title="Mutarotation">Mutarotation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Monosaccharide" title="Monosaccharide">Monosaccharides</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Diose" title="Diose">Dioses</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Aldodiose <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glycolaldehyde" title="Glycolaldehyde">Glycolaldehyde</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Triose" title="Triose">Trioses</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Aldotriose <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glyceraldehyde" title="Glyceraldehyde">Glyceraldehyde</a></li></ul></li> <li>Ketotriose <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dihydroxyacetone" title="Dihydroxyacetone">Dihydroxyacetone</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tetrose" title="Tetrose">Tetroses</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Aldotetroses <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Erythrose" title="Erythrose">Erythrose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Threose" title="Threose">Threose</a></li></ul></li> <li>Ketotetrose <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Erythrulose" title="Erythrulose">Erythrulose</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pentose" title="Pentose">Pentoses</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Aldopentoses <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arabinose" title="Arabinose">Arabinose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyxose" title="Lyxose">Lyxose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ribose" title="Ribose">Ribose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xylose" title="Xylose">Xylose</a></li></ul></li> <li>Ketopentoses <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ribulose" title="Ribulose">Ribulose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xylulose" title="Xylulose">Xylulose</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deoxy_sugar" title="Deoxy sugar">Deoxy sugars</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deoxyribose" title="Deoxyribose">Deoxyribose</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hexose" title="Hexose">Hexoses</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aldohexose" class="mw-redirect" title="Aldohexose">Aldohexoses</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allose" title="Allose">Allose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Altrose" title="Altrose">Altrose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galactose" title="Galactose">Galactose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glucose" title="Glucose">Glucose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulose" title="Gulose">Gulose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idose" title="Idose">Idose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mannose" title="Mannose">Mannose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talose" title="Talose">Talose</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ketohexose" class="mw-redirect" title="Ketohexose">Ketohexoses</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fructose" title="Fructose">Fructose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psicose" title="Psicose">Psicose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sorbose" title="Sorbose">Sorbose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tagatose" title="Tagatose">Tagatose</a></li></ul></li> <li>Deoxy sugars <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fucose" title="Fucose">Fucose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuculose" title="Fuculose">Fuculose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhamnose" title="Rhamnose">Rhamnose</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Heptose" title="Heptose">Heptoses</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Ketoheptoses <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mannoheptulose" title="Mannoheptulose">Mannoheptulose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sedoheptulose" title="Sedoheptulose">Sedoheptulose</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Above 7</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Octose" title="Octose">Octoses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonose" title="Nonose">Nonoses</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neuraminic_acid" title="Neuraminic acid">Neuraminic acid</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Multiple</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Disaccharide" title="Disaccharide">Disaccharides</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cellobiose" title="Cellobiose">Cellobiose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isomaltose" title="Isomaltose">Isomaltose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isomaltulose" title="Isomaltulose">Isomaltulose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lactose" title="Lactose">Lactose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lactulose" title="Lactulose">Lactulose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maltose" title="Maltose">Maltose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sucrose" title="Sucrose">Sucrose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trehalose" title="Trehalose">Trehalose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turanose" title="Turanose">Turanose</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Trisaccharide" title="Trisaccharide">Trisaccharides</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maltotriose" title="Maltotriose">Maltotriose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melezitose" title="Melezitose">Melezitose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raffinose" title="Raffinose">Raffinose</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tetrasaccharide" title="Tetrasaccharide">Tetrasaccharides</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stachyose" title="Stachyose">Stachyose</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other<br /> <a href="/wiki/Oligosaccharide" title="Oligosaccharide">oligosaccharides</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acarbose" title="Acarbose">Acarbose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fructooligosaccharide" title="Fructooligosaccharide">Fructooligosaccharide</a> (FOS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galactooligosaccharide" title="Galactooligosaccharide">Galactooligosaccharide</a> (GOS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isomaltooligosaccharide" title="Isomaltooligosaccharide">Isomaltooligosaccharide</a> (IMO)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maltodextrin" title="Maltodextrin">Maltodextrin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Polysaccharide" title="Polysaccharide">Polysaccharides</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beta-glucan" title="Beta-glucan">Beta-glucan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oat_beta-glucan" title="Oat beta-glucan">Oat beta-glucan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lentinan" title="Lentinan">Lentinan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schizophyllan" title="Schizophyllan">Sizofiran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zymosan" title="Zymosan">Zymosan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cellulose" title="Cellulose">Cellulose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chitin" title="Chitin">Chitin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chitosan" title="Chitosan">Chitosan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dextrin" title="Dextrin">Dextrin</a> / <a href="/wiki/Dextran" title="Dextran">Dextran</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fructose" title="Fructose">Fructose</a> / <a href="/wiki/Fructan" title="Fructan">Fructan</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Inulin" title="Inulin">Inulin</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Galactose" title="Galactose">Galactose</a> / <a href="/wiki/Galactose" title="Galactose">Galactan</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Glucose" title="Glucose">Glucose</a> / <a href="/wiki/Glucan" title="Glucan">Glucan</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glycogen" title="Glycogen">Glycogen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hemicellulose" title="Hemicellulose">Hemicellulose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levan_polysaccharide" title="Levan polysaccharide">Levan beta 2→6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lignin" title="Lignin">Lignin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mannans" title="Mannans">Mannan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pectin" title="Pectin">Pectin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Starch" title="Starch">Starch</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amylopectin" title="Amylopectin">Amylopectin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amylose" title="Amylose">Amylose</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xanthan_gum" title="Xanthan gum">Xanthan gum</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Carbohydrates" title="Category:Carbohydrates">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link 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