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class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Ubosot subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Ubosot-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Exterior" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Exterior"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Exterior</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Exterior-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Interior" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Interior"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Interior</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Interior-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Emerald_Buddha" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Emerald_Buddha"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>The Emerald Buddha</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Emerald_Buddha-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_Buddha_images" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_Buddha_images"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Other Buddha images</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_Buddha_images-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Phra_Phuttha_Yotfa_Chulalok" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Phra_Phuttha_Yotfa_Chulalok"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4.1</span> <span>Phra Phuttha Yotfa Chulalok</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Phra_Phuttha_Yotfa_Chulalok-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Phra_Phuttha_Loetla_Naphalai" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Phra_Phuttha_Loetla_Naphalai"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4.2</span> <span>Phra Phuttha Loetla Naphalai</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Phra_Phuttha_Loetla_Naphalai-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Buddhas_representing_members_of_the_Chakri_dynasty" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Buddhas_representing_members_of_the_Chakri_dynasty"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4.3</span> <span>Buddhas representing members of the Chakri dynasty</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Buddhas_representing_members_of_the_Chakri_dynasty-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Phra_Samphuttha_Phanni" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Phra_Samphuttha_Phanni"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4.4</span> <span>Phra Samphuttha Phanni</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Phra_Samphuttha_Phanni-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Buddha_image_halls" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Buddha_image_halls"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Buddha image halls</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Buddha_image_halls-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sala" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sala"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Sala</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sala-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chao_Mae_Kuan_Im" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chao_Mae_Kuan_Im"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.7</span> <span>Chao Mae Kuan Im</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chao_Mae_Kuan_Im-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Hermit" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Hermit"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.8</span> <span>The Hermit</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Hermit-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Phaithi_terrace" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Phaithi_terrace"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Phaithi terrace</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Phaithi_terrace-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Phaithi terrace subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Phaithi_terrace-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Prasat_Phra_Thep_Bidon" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prasat_Phra_Thep_Bidon"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Prasat Phra Thep Bidon</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prasat_Phra_Thep_Bidon-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Phra_Mondop" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Phra_Mondop"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Phra Mondop</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Phra_Mondop-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Phra_Si_Rattana_Chedi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Phra_Si_Rattana_Chedi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Phra Si Rattana Chedi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Phra_Si_Rattana_Chedi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Phra_Suwannachedi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Phra_Suwannachedi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Phra Suwannachedi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Phra_Suwannachedi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Monuments_of_the_royal_insignia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Monuments_of_the_royal_insignia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Monuments of the royal insignia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Monuments_of_the_royal_insignia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Phra_Chedi_Songkhrueang" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Phra_Chedi_Songkhrueang"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>Phra Chedi Songkhrueang</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Phra_Chedi_Songkhrueang-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Model_of_Angkor_Wat" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Model_of_Angkor_Wat"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.7</span> <span>Model of Angkor Wat</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Model_of_Angkor_Wat-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mythological_figures" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mythological_figures"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.8</span> <span>Mythological figures</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mythological_figures-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Southern_porch" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Southern_porch"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.9</span> <span>Southern porch</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Southern_porch-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Western_porch" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Western_porch"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.10</span> <span>Western porch</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Western_porch-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Panom_Mak" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Panom_Mak"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.11</span> <span>Panom Mak</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Panom_Mak-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Phra_Sawet_Kudakhan_Wihan_Yot" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Phra_Sawet_Kudakhan_Wihan_Yot"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.12</span> <span>Phra Sawet Kudakhan Wihan Yot</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Phra_Sawet_Kudakhan_Wihan_Yot-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ho_Phra_Khanthararat" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ho_Phra_Khanthararat"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Ho Phra Khanthararat</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ho_Phra_Khanthararat-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Phra_Mondop_Yot_Prang" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Phra_Mondop_Yot_Prang"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Phra Mondop Yot Prang</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Phra_Mondop_Yot_Prang-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bell_Tower" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bell_Tower"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Bell Tower</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bell_Tower-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ho_Phra_Nak" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ho_Phra_Nak"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Ho Phra Nak</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ho_Phra_Nak-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ho_Phra_Monthiantham" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ho_Phra_Monthiantham"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Ho Phra Monthiantham</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ho_Phra_Monthiantham-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Row_of_prang" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Row_of_prang"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Row of prang</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Row_of_prang-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ramakien_gallery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ramakien_gallery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Ramakien gallery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ramakien_gallery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gates" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gates"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Gates</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Gates-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Gates subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Gates-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Guardians" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Guardians"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.1</span> <span>Guardians</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Guardians-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Wat Phra Kaew</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 41 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-41" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">41 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wat_Phra_Kaew" title="Wat Phra Kaew – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Wat Phra Kaew" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A7_%D9%83%D8%A7%D9%8A%D9%88" title="وات برا كايو – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="وات برا كايو" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9F_%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%89" title="वाट फ्रा किउ – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="वाट फ्रा किउ" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wat_Phra_Kaeo" title="Wat Phra Kaeo – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Wat Phra Kaeo" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wat_Phra_Kaew" title="Wat Phra Kaew – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Wat Phra Kaew" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wat_Phra_Kaeo" title="Wat Phra Kaeo – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Wat Phra Kaeo" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9F%CF%85%CE%B1%CF%84_%CE%A0%CF%81%CE%B1_%CE%9A%CE%AD%CE%BF%CF%85" title="Ουατ Πρα Κέου – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ουατ Πρα Κέου" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Templo_del_Buda_de_Esmeralda" title="Templo del Buda de Esmeralda – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Templo del Buda de Esmeralda" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%ACat_Fra_Kae%C5%AD" title="Ŭat Fra Kaeŭ – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Ŭat Fra Kaeŭ" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esmeraldako_Budaren_tenplua" title="Esmeraldako Budaren tenplua – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Esmeraldako Budaren tenplua" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%A8%D8%AF_%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D9%BE%D9%88" title="معبد وات پو – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="معبد وات پو" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wat_Phra_Kaeo_(Bangkok)" title="Wat Phra Kaeo (Bangkok) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Wat Phra Kaeo (Bangkok)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%99%93_%ED%94%84%EB%9D%BC%EA%B9%A8%EC%98%A4" title="왓 프라깨오 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="왓 프라깨오" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8E%D5%A1%D5%BF_%D5%93%D5%B0%D6%80%D5%A1%D6%84%D5%A5%D5%AB" title="Վատ Փհրաքեի – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Վատ Փհրաքեի" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9F_%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B5" title="वाट फ्रा केव – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="वाट फ्रा केव" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wat_Phra_Kaew" title="Wat Phra Kaew – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Wat Phra Kaew" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wat_Phra_Kaew" title="Wat Phra Kaew – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Wat Phra Kaew" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%95%D7%90%D7%98_%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%94_%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%95" title="ואט פרה קוו – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ואט פרה קוו" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%A7%E0%BA%B1%E0%BA%94%E0%BA%9E%E0%BA%A3%E0%BA%B0%E0%BA%AA%E0%BA%A3%E0%BA%B5%E0%BA%A3%E0%BA%B1%E0%BA%95%E0%BA%99%E0%BA%B0%E0%BA%AA%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%AA%E0%BA%94%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%A3%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%A1" title="ວັດພຣະສຣີຣັຕນະສາສດາຣາມ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ວັດພຣະສຣີຣັຕນະສາສດາຣາມ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vatprakevs" title="Vatprakevs – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Vatprakevs" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wat_Phra_Kaeo" title="Wat Phra Kaeo – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Wat Phra Kaeo" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wat_Phra_Kaew" title="Wat Phra Kaew – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Wat Phra Kaew" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9D%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA%E1%80%96%E1%80%9B%E1%80%AC%E1%80%80%E1%80%B2" title="ဝက်ဖရာကဲ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ဝက်ဖရာကဲ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wat_Phra_Kaew" title="Wat Phra Kaew – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Wat Phra Kaew" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%AF%E3%83%83%E3%83%88%E3%83%BB%E3%82%B7%E3%83%BC%E3%83%A9%E3%83%83%E3%82%BF%E3%83%8A%E3%83%BC%E3%82%B5%E3%83%BC%E3%82%B5%E3%83%80%E3%83%BC%E3%83%A9%E3%83%BC%E3%83%A0" title="ワット・シーラッタナーサーサダーラーム – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ワット・シーラッタナーサーサダーラーム" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wat_Phra_Kaew" title="Wat Phra Kaew – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Wat Phra Kaew" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%9F_%E0%A8%AB%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BE_%E0%A8%95%E0%A9%87%E0%A8%93" title="ਵਾਟ ਫਰਾ ਕੇਓ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਵਾਟ ਫਰਾ ਕੇਓ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%9C%E1%9E%8F%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%8F%E1%9E%96%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%9A%E1%9F%87%E1%9E%80%E1%9F%82%E1%9E%9C" title="វត្តព្រះកែវ – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="វត្តព្រះកែវ" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9Awi%C4%85tynia_Szmaragdowego_Buddy" title="Świątynia Szmaragdowego Buddy – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Świątynia Szmaragdowego Buddy" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wat_Phra_Kaew" title="Wat Phra Kaew – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Wat Phra Kaew" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D1%82_%D0%9F%D1%85%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%8D%D1%83" title="Ват Пхракэу – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Ват Пхракэу" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wat_Phrasri_Rattana_Sasadaram" title="Wat Phrasri Rattana Sasadaram – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Wat Phrasri Rattana Sasadaram" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wat_Phra_Kaeo" title="Wat Phra Kaeo – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Wat Phra Kaeo" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wat_Phra_Kaew" title="Wat Phra Kaew – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Wat Phra Kaew" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%80_%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A9_%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="வாட் பிரசிறீ ரத்தின சசாதரம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="வாட் பிரசிறீ ரத்தின சசாதரம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1" title="วัดพระศรีรัตนศาสดาราม – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="วัดพระศรีรัตนศาสดาราม" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vat_Phrakeo" title="Vat Phrakeo – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Vat Phrakeo" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D1%82_%D0%9F%D1%85%D1%80%D0%B0_%D0%9A%D0%B5%D0%BE" title="Ват Пхра Кео – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Ват Пхра Кео" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D9%BE%DA%BE%D8%B1%D8%A7_%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%88" title="وات پھرا کائو – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="وات پھرا کائو" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wat_Phra_Kaew" title="Wat Phra Kaew – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Wat Phra Kaew" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%8E%89%E4%BD%9B%E5%AF%BA_(%E6%9B%BC%E8%B0%B7)" title="玉佛寺 (曼谷) – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="玉佛寺 (曼谷)" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1045876#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wat_Phra_Kaew" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" 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class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-coordinates" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span id="coordinates"><a href="/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system" title="Geographic coordinate system">Coordinates</a>: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Wat_Phra_Kaew&params=13_45_5_N_100_29_33_E_type:landmark"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">13°45′5″N</span> <span class="longitude">100°29′33″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">13.75139°N 100.49250°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">13.75139; 100.49250</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Royal temple complex in Thailand</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the temple in Bangkok. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Wat_Phra_Kaew_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Wat Phra Kaew (disambiguation)">Wat Phra Kaew (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard" style="border-spacing:2px;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background-color: #FFCC33">Wat Phra Kaew</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><div class="nickname">Temple of the Emerald Buddha</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Wat_Phra_Kaew_by_Ninara_TSP_edit_crop.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Wat_Phra_Kaew_by_Ninara_TSP_edit_crop.jpg/260px-Wat_Phra_Kaew_by_Ninara_TSP_edit_crop.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Wat_Phra_Kaew_by_Ninara_TSP_edit_crop.jpg/390px-Wat_Phra_Kaew_by_Ninara_TSP_edit_crop.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Wat_Phra_Kaew_by_Ninara_TSP_edit_crop.jpg/520px-Wat_Phra_Kaew_by_Ninara_TSP_edit_crop.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3395" data-file-height="1867" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">View from the Outer Court of the Grand Palace</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #FFCC33">Religion</th></tr><tr class="note"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_religions_and_spiritual_traditions" title="List of religions and spiritual traditions">Affiliation</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Theravada" title="Theravada">Theravada</a> <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #FFCC33">Location</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Country</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Phra_Nakhon_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Phra Nakhon District">Phra Nakhon District</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bangkok" title="Bangkok">Bangkok</a>, Thailand</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#fff!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}</style><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:240px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:240px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:240px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Thailand_Bangkok_location_map.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Wat Phra Kaew is located in Bangkok"><img alt="Wat Phra Kaew is located in Bangkok" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Thailand_Bangkok_location_map.png/240px-Thailand_Bangkok_location_map.png" decoding="async" width="240" height="191" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Thailand_Bangkok_location_map.png/360px-Thailand_Bangkok_location_map.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Thailand_Bangkok_location_map.png/480px-Thailand_Bangkok_location_map.png 2x" data-file-width="2913" data-file-height="2317" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:42.34%;left:28.289%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Wat Phra Kaew"><img alt="Wat Phra Kaew" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em">Location within Bangkok</div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system" title="Geographic coordinate system">Geographic coordinates</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Wat_Phra_Kaew&params=13_45_5_N_100_29_33_E_type:landmark"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">13°45′5″N</span> <span class="longitude">100°29′33″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">13.75139°N 100.49250°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">13.75139; 100.49250</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #FFCC33">Architecture</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Founder</th><td class="infobox-data">King <a href="/wiki/Rama_I" title="Rama I">Rama I</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Completed</th><td class="infobox-data note">1785</td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Wat Phra Kaew</b> (<a href="/wiki/Thai_language" title="Thai language">Thai</a>: <span lang="th">วัดพระแก้ว</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Royal_Thai_General_System_of_Transcription" title="Royal Thai General System of Transcription">RTGS</a>: </small><span title="Royal Thai General System of Transcription"><i lang="th-Latn"><i>Wat Phra Kaeo</i></i></span>, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">pronounced</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="th-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Thai" title="Help:IPA/Thai">[wát.pʰráʔ.kɛ̂ːw]</a></span> <span class="noprint"><span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/e\/ee\/Watphrakaeo2022.ogg\/Watphrakaeo2022.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Watphrakaeo2022.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/ee/Watphrakaeo2022.ogg/Watphrakaeo2022.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label"></span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:Watphrakaeo2022.ogg" title="File:Watphrakaeo2022.ogg">ⓘ</a></sup></span></span>), commonly known in English as the <b>Temple of the Emerald Buddha</b> and officially as <b>Wat Phra Si Rattana Satsadaram</b>,<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is regarded as the most sacred <a href="/wiki/Wat" title="Wat">Buddhist temple</a> in <a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a>. The complex consists of a number of buildings within the precincts of the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Palace" title="Grand Palace">Grand Palace</a> in the historical centre of <a href="/wiki/Bangkok" title="Bangkok">Bangkok</a>. It houses the statue of the <a href="/wiki/Emerald_Buddha" title="Emerald Buddha">Emerald Buddha</a>, which is venerated as the country's <a href="/wiki/Palladium_(protective_image)" title="Palladium (protective image)">palladium</a>. </p><p>Construction of the temple began in 1783 under the orders of <a href="/wiki/Rama_I" title="Rama I">Rama I</a>, the first king of the <a href="/wiki/Chakri_dynasty" title="Chakri dynasty">Chakri dynasty</a>. Since then, each successive king has been personally involved in adding, restoring and embellishing the temple during their reigns as a way of making <a href="/wiki/Merit_(Buddhism)" title="Merit (Buddhism)">religious merit</a> and glorifying the dynasty. Many important state and royal ceremonies are held within the temple each year, presided by <a href="/wiki/King_of_Thailand" class="mw-redirect" title="King of Thailand">the king</a> in person and attended by government officials. This makes the temple the nation's preeminent place of worship and a national shrine for the monarchy and the state. Throughout the years, each king has donated sacred and valuable objects to the temple, making it a treasury as well. </p><p>The temple complex comprises various buildings for specific religious purposes built in a variety of <a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Thailand" title="Architecture of Thailand">Thai architectural</a> styles, while still adhering to the traditional principles of <a href="/wiki/Thai_temple_art_and_architecture" title="Thai temple art and architecture">Thai religious architecture</a>. </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886046785">.mw-parser-output .toclimit-2 .toclevel-1 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-3 .toclevel-2 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-4 .toclevel-3 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-5 .toclevel-4 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-6 .toclevel-5 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-7 .toclevel-6 ul{display:none}</style><div class="toclimit-3"><meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wat_Phra_Kaew&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:King_Buddha_Yodfa_Chulaloke.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/King_Buddha_Yodfa_Chulaloke.jpg/170px-King_Buddha_Yodfa_Chulaloke.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="214" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/King_Buddha_Yodfa_Chulaloke.jpg/255px-King_Buddha_Yodfa_Chulaloke.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/King_Buddha_Yodfa_Chulaloke.jpg/340px-King_Buddha_Yodfa_Chulaloke.jpg 2x" data-file-width="428" data-file-height="539" /></a><figcaption>King <a href="/wiki/Rama_I" title="Rama I">Rama I</a> founded the <a href="/wiki/Chakri_dynasty" title="Chakri dynasty">Chakri dynasty</a> in 1782; he began construction of the Wat Phra Kaew a year later.</figcaption></figure> <p>When King <a href="/wiki/Rama_I" title="Rama I">Rama I</a> made <a href="/wiki/Bangkok" title="Bangkok">Bangkok</a> the capital city of the <a href="/wiki/Rattanakosin_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Rattanakosin Kingdom">Rattanakosin Kingdom</a> on 6 April 1782, a suitable <a href="/wiki/Palace" title="Palace">royal palace</a> and temple was needed to legitimize the new <a href="/wiki/Chakri_dynasty" title="Chakri dynasty">Chakri dynasty</a>. The King's reason for moving the capital city was a desire to distance himself from the previous regime of King <a href="/wiki/Taksin" title="Taksin">Taksin</a>, whom he had replaced as king of <a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Siam</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Thonburi_Palace" title="Thonburi Palace">old royal palace</a> in <a href="/wiki/Thonburi" title="Thonburi">Thonburi</a> was small and sandwiched between two temples; <a href="/wiki/Wat_Arun" title="Wat Arun">Wat Arun</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wat_Molilokkayaram" title="Wat Molilokkayaram">Wat Tai Talat</a>, prohibiting further expansion.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Suksri_23_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Suksri_23-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Rama I established the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Palace" title="Grand Palace">Grand Palace</a> on the eastern bank of the <a href="/wiki/Chao_Phraya_River" title="Chao Phraya River">Chao Phraya River</a>, within the fortified city area now known as <a href="/wiki/Rattanakosin_Island" title="Rattanakosin Island">Rattanakosin Island</a>. Traditionally, an area was always set aside within the palace compound for the construction of a royal temple or chapel for the king and the royal family's personal use. The temple (or <a href="/wiki/Wat" title="Wat">wat</a>) would have all the features of any regular <a href="/wiki/Buddhist_temple" title="Buddhist temple">Buddhist temple</a> except for <a href="/wiki/Buddhist_monasticism" title="Buddhist monasticism">living quarters</a> for <a href="/wiki/Bhikkhu" title="Bhikkhu">monks</a>. Surrounded on all sides by a wall, the temple would be a distinct space for worship separate from the king's residential space. As the temple would be built within the palace of the king, no monks would be lodged there. Instead, monks from various other temples would be invited to perform rituals and then leave. This was the case with <a href="/wiki/Wat_Mahathat_(Sukhothai)" class="mw-redirect" title="Wat Mahathat (Sukhothai)">Wat Mahathat</a>, a royal chapel within the grounds of the royal palace at <a href="/wiki/Sukhothai_Historical_Park" title="Sukhothai Historical Park">Sukhothai</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wat_Phra_Si_Sanphet" title="Wat Phra Si Sanphet">Wat Phra Si Sanphet</a> at <a href="/wiki/Ayutthaya_Historical_Park" title="Ayutthaya Historical Park">Ayutthaya</a> and Wat Arun in Thonburi.<sup id="cite_ref-Suksri_23_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Suksri_23-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Wat Phra Si Sanphet, built next to the royal palace of the <a href="/wiki/Ayutthaya_Kingdom" title="Ayutthaya Kingdom">king of Ayutthaya</a>, particularly influenced the building of this new temple.<sup id="cite_ref-Rod-ari_2016_167_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rod-ari_2016_167-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Temple_of_the_Emerald_of_buddha_or_Wat_Phra_Kaew_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Temple_of_the_Emerald_of_buddha_or_Wat_Phra_Kaew_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Temple_of_the_Emerald_of_buddha_or_Wat_Phra_Kaew_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Temple_of_the_Emerald_of_buddha_or_Wat_Phra_Kaew_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-Temple_of_the_Emerald_of_buddha_or_Wat_Phra_Kaew_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Temple_of_the_Emerald_of_buddha_or_Wat_Phra_Kaew_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-Temple_of_the_Emerald_of_buddha_or_Wat_Phra_Kaew_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>Wat Phra Kaew complex viewed from outside the walls of the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Palace" title="Grand Palace">Grand Palace</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Construction on the temple began in 1783. The temple was given the formal name Wat Phra Si Rattana Satsadaram, meaning "the temple containing the beautiful jewel of the monastery of the divine teacher".<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The temple's main hall was the first building within the entire palace compound that was completed in masonry, while the king's residence was still made of wood. The temple complex was built in the northeastern corner of the Outer Court of the Grand Palace. In February/March 1785, the <a href="/wiki/Emerald_Buddha" title="Emerald Buddha">Emerald Buddha</a> was transported with great ceremony from its former home at Wat Arun in Thonburi across the river to the Rattanakosin side and installed at its present position.<sup id="cite_ref-date_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-date-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1786 Rama I gave Bangkok an official name as the new capital of Siam. Translated, the name mentions the temple and the Emerald Buddha itself: "The City of Angels, Great City, the Residence of the Emerald Buddha, the Great City of God <a href="/wiki/Indra" title="Indra">Indra</a>, Ayutthaya, the World Endowed with <a href="/wiki/Navaratna" title="Navaratna">Nine Precious Gems</a>, the Happy City Abounding in Great Royal Palaces which Resemble the Heavenly Abode Wherein Dwell the Reincarnated Gods, a City Given by Indra and Built by <a href="/wiki/Vishvakarman" class="mw-redirect" title="Vishvakarman">Vishvakarman</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The temple has undergone many different periods of major renovations, beginning with the reigns of <a href="/wiki/Rama_III" title="Rama III">Rama III</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mongkut" title="Mongkut">Rama IV</a>. Rama III started the rebuilding in 1831 for the 50th anniversary of Bangkok in 1832, while Rama IV's restoration was completed by <a href="/wiki/Chulalongkorn" title="Chulalongkorn">Rama V</a> in time for the Bangkok centennial celebrations in 1882. Further restoration took place under the reigns of <a href="/wiki/Prajadhipok" title="Prajadhipok">Rama VII</a> during Bangkok's 150th Anniversary in 1932 and of <a href="/wiki/Bhumibol_Adulyadej" title="Bhumibol Adulyadej">Rama IX</a> for the 200th Anniversary in 1982.<sup id="cite_ref-rattanakosin_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rattanakosin-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Suksri_23_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Suksri_23-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As the royal temple, Wat Phra Kaew continues to serve as the site of Buddhist religious rites undertaken by the king and the royal family, including major events such as <a href="/wiki/Coronation_of_the_Thai_monarch" title="Coronation of the Thai monarch">coronations</a>, royal <a href="/wiki/Upasampada" class="mw-redirect" title="Upasampada">ordinations</a> and investiture of the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Patriarch_of_Thailand" title="Supreme Patriarch of Thailand">supreme patriarch</a>. The king or an appointee also attends annual ceremonies marking the major Buddhist holidays <a href="/wiki/Visakha_Puja" class="mw-redirect" title="Visakha Puja">Visakha Puja</a>, <a href="/wiki/Asalha_Puja" title="Asalha Puja">Asalha Puja</a> and <a href="/wiki/Magha_Puja" class="mw-redirect" title="Magha Puja">Magha Puja</a> at the temple. Three times a year, the gold garments of the Emerald Buddha image are changed in a royal ceremony marking the change of the seasons. Annual rites are also held on <a href="/wiki/Chakri_Memorial_Day" class="mw-redirect" title="Chakri Memorial Day">Chakri Memorial Day</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Ploughing_Ceremony" title="Royal Ploughing Ceremony">Royal Ploughing Ceremony</a>, the King's Birthday and <a href="/wiki/Songkran_(Thailand)" title="Songkran (Thailand)">Songkran</a> (the traditional Thai new year).<sup id="cite_ref-Lek-Prapai_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lek-Prapai-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On most other days, the temple, together with certain areas of the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Palace" title="Grand Palace">Grand Palace</a>, is open to visitors, and they are among the country's best known tourist attractions. </p> <table style="width:80%; margin: 1em auto 1em auto;border: 1px solid #a2a9b1;background-color:#f8f9fa;padding:0.2em;font-size:85%;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3">Map of <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Wat Phra Kaew</a> </th></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"> <td rowspan="2"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Plan_of_Wat_Phra_Kaew_(with_labels).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Plan_of_Wat_Phra_Kaew_%28with_labels%29.svg/400px-Plan_of_Wat_Phra_Kaew_%28with_labels%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="400" height="447" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Plan_of_Wat_Phra_Kaew_%28with_labels%29.svg/600px-Plan_of_Wat_Phra_Kaew_%28with_labels%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Plan_of_Wat_Phra_Kaew_%28with_labels%29.svg/800px-Plan_of_Wat_Phra_Kaew_%28with_labels%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="551" data-file-height="616" /></a></span> </td> <td rowspan="2"> <ol><li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Ubosot">Ubosot</a> and the <a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#The_Emerald_Buddha">Emerald Buddha</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Buddha_image_halls">Ratchakoramanuson Hall</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Buddha_image_halls">Phra Photithat Phiman</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Buddha_image_halls">Ratchaphongsanuson Hall</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Twelve_sala">Twelve sala</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Chao_Mae_Kuan_Im">Chao Mae Kuan Im</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#The_Hermit">The Hermit</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Phaithi_terrace">Than Phaithi</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Prasat_Phra_Thep_Bidon">Prasat Phra Thep Bidon</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Phra_Mondop">Phra Mondop</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Phra_Si_Rattana_Chedi">Phra Si Rattana Chedi</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Phra_Suwannachedi">Phra Suwannachedi</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Monuments_of_the_royal_insignia">Monument to Rama I, II and III</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Monuments_of_the_royal_insignia">Monument to Rama IV</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Monuments_of_the_royal_insignia">Monument to Rama V</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Monuments_of_the_royal_insignia">Monument to Rama VI, VII, VIII and IX</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Phra_Chedi_Songkhrueang">Phra Chedi Songkhrueang</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Model_of_Angkor_Wat">Model of Angkor Wat</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Mythological_figures">Mythological figures</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Southern_porch">Southern porch</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Western_porch">Western porch</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Phra_Sawet_Kudakhan_Wihan_Yot">Phra Sawet Kudakhan Wihan Yot</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Ho_Phra_Khanthararat">Ho Phra Khanthararat</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Phra_Mondop_Yot_Prang">Phra Mondop Yot Prang</a></li></ol> </td> <td> <ol><li class="mw-empty-elt"></li><li value="25"><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Bell_Tower">Bell Tower</a> </li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Ho_Phra_Nak">Ho Phra Nak</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Ho_Phra_Monthiantham">Ho Phra Monthiantham</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Row_of_prang">Row of eight prang</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Ramakien_gallery">Ramakien gallery</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Gates">Gate No. 1, Koei Sadet (front)</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Gates">Gate No. 2, Na Wua</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Gates">Gate No. 3, Phra Sri Ratanasatsada</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Gates">Gate No. 4, Hermit</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Gates">Gate No. 5, Koei Sadet (rear)</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Gates">Gate No. 6, Sanam Chai</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Gates">Gate No. 7, Wihan Yot</a></li></ol> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:1px solid #BBBBBB"> <ol style="list-style-type: upper-latin;"><li>Suriyaphop</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indrajit" title="Indrajit">Intarachit</a></li> <li>Mangkonkan</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vir%C5%AB%E1%B8%8Dhaka_(Heavenly_King)" title="Virūḍhaka (Heavenly King)">Wirunhok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narantaka-Devantaka" title="Narantaka-Devantaka">Thotsakhirithon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narantaka-Devantaka" title="Narantaka-Devantaka">Thotsakhiriwan</a></li> <li>Chakkrawat</li> <li>Atsakanmala</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ravana" title="Ravana">Thotsakan</a></li> <li>Sahatsadecha</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahiravan" title="Ahiravan">Maiyarap</a></li> <li>Wirunchambang</li></ol> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ubosot">Ubosot</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wat_Phra_Kaew&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Ubosot"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B8%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%96%E0%B9%80%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B8%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%96%E0%B9%80%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A2.jpg/220px-%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B8%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%96%E0%B9%80%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B8%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%96%E0%B9%80%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A2.jpg/330px-%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B8%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%96%E0%B9%80%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B8%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%96%E0%B9%80%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A2.jpg/440px-%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B8%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%96%E0%B9%80%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7774" data-file-height="5183" /></a><figcaption>The Ubosot of Wat Phra Kaew is surrounded by a low wall, eight <i><a href="/wiki/Bai_sema" title="Bai sema">bai sema</a></i> shrines and twelve pavilions.</figcaption></figure> <p>The Phra Ubosot (<span title="Thai-language text"><span lang="th">พระอุโบสถ</span></span>), or <a href="/wiki/Ordination_hall" title="Ordination hall">ordination hall</a>, occupies almost the entire southern part of the temple complex. The Ubosot is surrounded by a low wall; this separation emphasises the building's sacred nature. The wall contains eight small pavilions with tall spires, each housing a double <i><a href="/wiki/Bai_sema" title="Bai sema">bai sema</a></i> stone covered in gold leaf. In <a href="/wiki/Thai_temple_art_and_architecture" title="Thai temple art and architecture">Thai religious architecture</a>, such stones traditionally denote a sacred boundary within which the ordination of monks could be carried out.<sup id="cite_ref-Suksri_50_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Suksri_50-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Construction of the Ubosot began during the reign of Rama I in 1783; as such, the building is one of the oldest structures within the temple. The Ubosot was built to house the <a href="/wiki/Thai_Buddhist_sculpture" title="Thai Buddhist sculpture">Buddha image</a> known as the Emerald Buddha, which the King had captured from <a href="/wiki/Vientiane" title="Vientiane">Vientiane</a>, <a href="/wiki/Laos" title="Laos">Laos</a>, in 1779. Previously, the image was housed in the Emerald Buddha hall in the Wat Arun complex on the Thonburi side of the Chao Phraya River. The Emerald Buddha was ceremonially installed at its present position in the temple in February/March 1785.<sup id="cite_ref-date_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-date-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Suksri_50_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Suksri_50-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1831, Rama III ordered a major renovation of the exterior of the Ubosot.<sup id="cite_ref-Hongvivat_64_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hongvivat_64-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Exterior">Exterior</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wat_Phra_Kaew&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Exterior"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bangkok_Gro%C3%9Fer_Palast_04.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Bangkok_Gro%C3%9Fer_Palast_04.jpg/220px-Bangkok_Gro%C3%9Fer_Palast_04.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Bangkok_Gro%C3%9Fer_Palast_04.jpg/330px-Bangkok_Gro%C3%9Fer_Palast_04.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Bangkok_Gro%C3%9Fer_Palast_04.jpg/440px-Bangkok_Gro%C3%9Fer_Palast_04.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a><figcaption>One of the pediments of the Ubosot, depicting the god <a href="/wiki/Narayana" title="Narayana">Narayana</a> on the back of a <a href="/wiki/Garuda" title="Garuda">Garuda</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The Ubosot is rectangular and single-storeyed, with the main entrance on the eastern end.<sup id="cite_ref-Rod-ari_2016_167_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rod-ari_2016_167-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The hall is surrounded by columns supporting a massive roof. On the eastern and western ends of the hall, an extended porch projects outwards with additional columns. The roof is covered with blue, yellow and orange glazed tiles. The <a href="/wiki/Pediment" title="Pediment">pediments</a> at either end of the roof depict the <a href="/wiki/Hiduism" class="mw-redirect" title="Hiduism">Hindu</a> god <a href="/wiki/Narayana" title="Narayana">Narayana</a> (or <a href="/wiki/Vishnu" title="Vishnu">Vishnu</a>) mounted on the back of a <a href="/wiki/Garuda" title="Garuda">Garuda</a> (a mythical half-man, half-bird), with the latter holding in both hands the tails of two <a href="/wiki/N%C4%81ga" title="Nāga">Naga</a> serpents. The figure of the god is a traditional symbol of kingship and has been adopted by Thai kings as their symbol since ancient times. The <i><a href="/wiki/Vahana" title="Vahana">vahana</a></i> (or vehicle) of the god is the mythical Garuda. A creature of great strength and loyalty, the Garuda has been adopted as the national <a href="/wiki/Emblem_of_Thailand" title="Emblem of Thailand">emblem of Thailand</a>. Hung along the eaves of the roof are hundreds of small, gilded <a href="/wiki/Wind-bell" class="mw-redirect" title="Wind-bell">wind-bells</a> with <a href="/wiki/Bodhi_Tree" title="Bodhi Tree">Bodhi</a>-leaf sails. The brackets protruding from the top of the columns to support the roof take the form of Nagas with their heads pointing downwards. This commemorates the legend of <a href="/wiki/Mucalinda" title="Mucalinda">Mucalinda</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Nagaraja" title="Nagaraja">King of the Nagas</a>, who protected the <a href="/wiki/Gautama_Buddha" class="mw-redirect" title="Gautama Buddha">Buddha</a> from rain before he achieved <a href="/wiki/Enlightenment_in_Buddhism" title="Enlightenment in Buddhism">Enlightenment</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Ubosot is surrounded by forty-eight square columns, each with <a href="/wiki/Indented_corners_(Thai_architecture)" title="Indented corners (Thai architecture)">twelve indented corners</a>. Each column is decorated with glass mosaic and gilded gold edges; the capitals depict lotus petals covered in coloured glass mosaic.<sup id="cite_ref-Suksri_54_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Suksri_54-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Garudakaryatid98.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Garudakaryatid98.jpg/220px-Garudakaryatid98.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Garudakaryatid98.jpg/330px-Garudakaryatid98.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Garudakaryatid98.jpg/440px-Garudakaryatid98.jpg 2x" data-file-width="955" data-file-height="635" /></a><figcaption>The central base of the Ubosot is decorated with a golden row of 112 Garudas.</figcaption></figure> <p>The exterior walls of the Ubosot are covered in traditional Thai decorations made of gold leaf and coloured glass. Built on a high base of several layers, the hall is raised high above the ground and must be entered through a stairway. The lowest of the base layers is decorated with painted tiles of floral designs with a pale blue background. The next level is a lotus design base in coloured glass. The next level above is decorated with the Garuda. One hundred and twelve Garudas, each grasping within its claws two Naga serpents, surround all four sides of the Ubosot. They are gilded in gold leaf and inlaid with glass mosaic. There are six doors, three on each end of the building, each door topped with crown-like, spire-shaped ornamentation and accessible only through a short staircase. The central door, slightly larger than the others, is used only by the king. The doors are decorated with <a href="/wiki/Mother-of-pearl" class="mw-redirect" title="Mother-of-pearl">mother-of-pearl</a> <a href="/wiki/Inlay" title="Inlay">inlay</a> depicting mythical beasts and foliage designs.<sup id="cite_ref-Suksri_54_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Suksri_54-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The walls of the Ubosot are extremely thick, and inside the inner door frame guardian deities are depicted in gold carrying either spears or swords.<sup id="cite_ref-Suksri_55_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Suksri_55-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On the outside, flanking the steps leading to the doors of the Ubosot, stand twelve bronze lions. Some of these are copies which were probably cast by Rama III. They were based on a pair of original lions taken from <a href="/wiki/Cambodia" title="Cambodia">Cambodia</a> by Rama I.<sup id="cite_ref-Suksri_55_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Suksri_55-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Interior">Interior</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wat_Phra_Kaew&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Interior"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Grand_Palace,_Bangkok_P1100417.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Grand_Palace%2C_Bangkok_P1100417.JPG/220px-Grand_Palace%2C_Bangkok_P1100417.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Grand_Palace%2C_Bangkok_P1100417.JPG/330px-Grand_Palace%2C_Bangkok_P1100417.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Grand_Palace%2C_Bangkok_P1100417.JPG/440px-Grand_Palace%2C_Bangkok_P1100417.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>The lower base of the Ubosot is decorated with painted porcelain of flowers and birds on a light blue background.</figcaption></figure> <p>The entire interior of the Ubosot is covered in painted <a href="/wiki/Murals" class="mw-redirect" title="Murals">murals</a> depicting stories about the Buddha. The wooden ceiling is painted red with star designs made in glass mosaic. On the western end of the Ubosot is the multi-tiered pedestal on which the Emerald Buddha sits, and numerous other Buddha images surrounding it.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On the eastern wall, the story of the Buddha and the demon <a href="/wiki/Mara_(demon)" title="Mara (demon)">Mara</a> is depicted. This recounts the story of the Buddha when, prior to achieving enlightenment, Mara and his army tried to stop him. Instead, the Buddha, sitting in the <a href="/wiki/Maravijaya_attitude" title="Maravijaya attitude">Maravijaya attitude</a>, asked the earth goddess <a href="/wiki/Phra_Mae_Thorani" title="Phra Mae Thorani">Phra Mae Thorani</a> to defend him. She is depicted right above the central door, wringing out water from her hair, creating a great flood that drowned Mara and his army. On the western wall behind the Emerald Buddha, the <i>Traiphum</i> or <a href="/wiki/Buddhist_cosmology" title="Buddhist cosmology">Buddhist cosmology</a> is depicted. On the northern and southern walls the murals are divided into horizontal sections. Stories concerning the life of the Buddha are depicted on the top sections above the windows.<sup id="cite_ref-Suksri_71_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Suksri_71-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Between each of the windows, the <a href="/wiki/Jataka_tales" title="Jataka tales">Jataka tales</a>—tales of the previous lives of the Buddha—are depicted. Below the windows, the northern wall depicts a royal procession by land, with the king seated on a <a href="/wiki/War_elephant" title="War elephant">war elephant</a> and marching troops on either side. The lower southern wall shows a <a href="/wiki/Royal_Barge_Procession" title="Royal Barge Procession">royal procession by water</a>, with royal barges and other war boats accompanying the king along a river.<sup id="cite_ref-Suksri_72_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Suksri_72-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Emerald_Buddha">The Emerald Buddha</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wat_Phra_Kaew&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: The Emerald Buddha"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%80%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%81%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B7%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%A4%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%9D%E0%B8%99.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%80%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%81%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B7%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%A4%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%9D%E0%B8%99.jpg/170px-%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%80%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%81%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B7%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%A4%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%9D%E0%B8%99.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="255" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%80%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%81%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B7%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%A4%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%9D%E0%B8%99.jpg/255px-%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%80%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%81%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B7%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%A4%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%9D%E0%B8%99.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%80%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%81%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B7%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%A4%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%9D%E0%B8%99.jpg/340px-%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%80%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%81%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B7%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%A4%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%9D%E0%B8%99.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1925" data-file-height="2887" /></a><figcaption>The Emerald Buddha is considered the most sacred Buddha image in Thailand.</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Emerald_Buddha" title="Emerald Buddha">Emerald Buddha</a></div> <p>The Emerald Buddha, or Phra Kaeo Morakot (<span title="Thai-language text"><span lang="th">พระแก้วมรกต</span></span>), formally named Phra Phuttha Maha Mani Rattana Patimakon (<span title="Thai-language text"><span lang="th">พระพุทธมหามณีรัตนปฏิมากร</span></span>), is the temple's main Buddha image as well as its namesake. The sacred image is of the meditating <a href="/wiki/Gautama_Buddha" class="mw-redirect" title="Gautama Buddha">Gautama Buddha</a> seated in the <a href="/wiki/Lotus_position" title="Lotus position">lotus position</a>, made of a semi-precious green stone (usually described as <a href="/wiki/Jade" title="Jade">jade</a>), clothed in gold,<sup id="cite_ref-gardner_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gardner-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and about 66 centimetres (26 in) tall.<sup id="cite_ref-bangkok_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bangkok-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-EricRoeder_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EricRoeder-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The multi-tiered pedestal (<span title="Thai-language text"><span lang="th">ฐานชุกชี</span></span>: <span title="Thai-language romanization"><i lang="th-Latn">than chukkachee</i></span>) of the Emerald Buddha is in the shape of a <i><a href="/wiki/Butsabok" class="mw-redirect" title="Butsabok">butsabok</a></i> throne, an open pavilion on a <a href="/wiki/Pyramid" title="Pyramid">pyramidal</a> base, topped with a tall spire. The highly ornamented pedestal was made in the reign of Rama I of carved wood and then gilded in gold leaf. Later, the pedestal was heightened by Rama III when he added the funeral <a href="/wiki/Bier" title="Bier">bier</a> of Rama II underneath the pedestal as a base.<sup id="cite_ref-Suksri_64_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Suksri_64-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Numerous Buddha images are enshrined around the pedestal, as well as an accumulation of treasures donated by the various kings in the past 200 years. Examples include a pair of marble vases and a marble sermon throne from Europe, donated to the temple in 1908.<sup id="cite_ref-Suksri_72_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Suksri_72-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_Buddha_images">Other Buddha images</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wat_Phra_Kaew&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Other Buddha images"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Surrounding the pedestal are other Buddha images made and donated to the temple by various kings. The most notable of these are: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output 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href="/wiki/File:%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%9F%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%AC%E0%B8%B2%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%80%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%81%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%A7.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%9F%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%AC%E0%B8%B2%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%80%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%81%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%A7.jpg/170px-%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%9F%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%AC%E0%B8%B2%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%80%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%81%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%A7.jpg" decoding="async" 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href="/w/index.php?title=Wat_Phra_Kaew&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Phra Phuttha Yotfa Chulalok"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The image stands to the front and right side of the Emerald Buddha, looking from the entrance (to the pedestal's north). The standing Buddha has both of his palms turned outwards in the hand gesture called <a href="/wiki/Abhayamudra" title="Abhayamudra">Abhayamudra</a>, or the gesture of fearlessness.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This iconographic attitude is called the "calming of the waters". This attitude commemorates one of the <a href="/wiki/Miracles_of_Gautama_Buddha" title="Miracles of Gautama Buddha">Buddha's miracles</a> when he stopped a flood from reaching his dwelling. This attitude is symbolic of the Buddha's mastery over the passions.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The image is richly attired, wearing a crown, necklace, rings, armlets and other regalia. This presentation of the Buddha is typical of the images cast by kings and royalty during the Ayutthaya and early Bangkok periods. The image is over 3 metres (9.8 ft) tall and was cast in bronze and gilded in gold on the orders of Rama III in 1841 to commemorate the reign of his grandfather Rama I.<sup id="cite_ref-Suksri_64_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Suksri_64-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Phra_Phuttha_Loetla_Naphalai">Phra Phuttha Loetla Naphalai</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wat_Phra_Kaew&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Phra Phuttha Loetla Naphalai"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The second image stands to the front and left of the Emerald Buddha (to the pedestal's south). It is identical to the other Buddha image. However, this Buddha image commemorates the reign of Rama II. The names of these two Buddha images; Phra Phuttha Yotfa Chulalok (<span title="Thai-language text"><span lang="th">พระพุทธยอดฟ้าจุฬาโลก</span></span>) and Phra Phuttha Loetla Naphalai (<span title="Thai-language text"><span lang="th">พระพุทธเลิศหล้านภาลัย</span></span>), officially given to them by royal proclamation issued by Rama III, are also the <a href="/wiki/Rama_(Kings_of_Thailand)" title="Rama (Kings of Thailand)">official reign names</a> by which these two deceased kings would henceforth be known. Later, Rama IV would place relics of the Buddha within the crowns of each image.<sup id="cite_ref-Suksri_64_25-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Suksri_64-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Buddhas_representing_members_of_the_Chakri_dynasty">Buddhas representing members of the Chakri dynasty</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wat_Phra_Kaew&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Buddhas representing members of the Chakri dynasty"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Surrounding the central pedestal of the Emerald Buddha are ten other Buddha images that commemorate the life of a member of the early Chakri dynasty. All of these were cast by successive kings for a deceased ancestor or relative. These images are also in the "calming of the waters" attitude. They are distinguished by the robes; those that have their robes splayed outwards represent male royalty, while those with robes that hug tightly around the body represent female royalty. The images are set on three levels, with one at each of the four corners of the pedestal on the top level, four similarly at the corners of the middle level, and only two towards the front of the pedestal on the bottom level.<sup id="cite_ref-Suksri_67_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Suksri_67-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Phra_Samphuttha_Phanni">Phra Samphuttha Phanni</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wat_Phra_Kaew&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Phra Samphuttha Phanni"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Situated on the base in the front of the pedestal is the Phra Samphuttha Phanni (<span title="Thai-language text"><span lang="th">พระสัมพุทธพรรณี</span></span>). This Buddha image was made by Rama IV in 1830 while he was still a monk. Once he became king in 1851, he swapped the image with the <a href="/wiki/Phra_Phuttha_Sihing" title="Phra Phuttha Sihing">Phra Phuttha Sihing</a>, which was moved to the <a href="/wiki/Front_Palace_(Bangkok)" title="Front Palace (Bangkok)">Front Palace</a> and given to his brother <a href="/wiki/Pinklao" title="Pinklao">Pinklao</a>. This golden Buddha image is depicted in the <a href="/wiki/Meditation_attitude" title="Meditation attitude">meditation attitude</a> and is 67.5 centimetres (27 in) tall. The form and artistry of the image was a clear break from the previous traditional iconography of the Buddha. The naturalistic face and realistic robes was a style favoured by Rama IV.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Suksri_67_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Suksri_67-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table style="width:70%; margin: 1em auto 1em auto;border: 1px solid #a2a9b1;background-color:#f8f9fa;padding:0.2em;font-size:85%;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3">Buddha images inside the Ubosot of Wat Phra Kaew </th></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"> <td rowspan="2"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Buddha_images_inside_the_Ubosot_of_Wat_Phra_Kaew_(with_labels).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Buddha_images_inside_the_Ubosot_of_Wat_Phra_Kaew_%28with_labels%29.svg/400px-Buddha_images_inside_the_Ubosot_of_Wat_Phra_Kaew_%28with_labels%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="400" height="400" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Buddha_images_inside_the_Ubosot_of_Wat_Phra_Kaew_%28with_labels%29.svg/600px-Buddha_images_inside_the_Ubosot_of_Wat_Phra_Kaew_%28with_labels%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Buddha_images_inside_the_Ubosot_of_Wat_Phra_Kaew_%28with_labels%29.svg/800px-Buddha_images_inside_the_Ubosot_of_Wat_Phra_Kaew_%28with_labels%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span> </td> <td rowspan="2"> </td> <td> <ol><li>The Emerald Buddha</li> <li>Phra Phuttha Yodfa Chulalok</li> <li>Phra Phuttha Loetla Naphalai</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rama_I" title="Rama I">King Rama I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maha_Sura_Singhanat" title="Maha Sura Singhanat">Maha Sura Singhanat</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Front_Palace" title="Front Palace">viceroy</a> of Rama I</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rama_II_of_Siam" class="mw-redirect" title="Rama II of Siam">King Rama II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maha_Senanurak" title="Maha Senanurak">Maha Senanurak</a>, the viceroy of Rama II</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Sulalai" title="Sri Sulalai">Princess consort Sri Sulalai</a>, mother of Rama III</li> <li>Princess Apsorn Sudathep, daughter of Rama III</li> <li>Princess Thepsudawadi, sister of Rama I (not visible)</li> <li>Princess Srisudarat, sister of Rama I (not visible)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anurak_Devesh" title="Anurak Devesh">Anurak Devesh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rear_Palace" title="Rear Palace">deputy viceroy</a> of Rama I (not visible)</li> <li>Princess Srisunthornthep, daughter of Rama I (not visible)</li> <li>Phra Kaew Wang Na</li> <li>Phra Samphuttha Phanni</li> <li>Marble sermon throne</li></ol> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Buddha_image_halls">Buddha image halls</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wat_Phra_Kaew&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Buddha image halls"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bangkok_2014_PD_105.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Bangkok_2014_PD_105.jpg/220px-Bangkok_2014_PD_105.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Bangkok_2014_PD_105.jpg/330px-Bangkok_2014_PD_105.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Bangkok_2014_PD_105.jpg/440px-Bangkok_2014_PD_105.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>Ho Ratchakoramanuson, Phra Photithat Phiman and Ho Ratchaphongsanuson stand at the back of the Ubosot, with the hermit in front.</figcaption></figure> <p>Three structures sit along the west walls of the Ubosot, all commissioned by Rama IV. Ratchakoramanuson Buddha image hall (<span title="Thai-language text"><span lang="th">หอพระราชกรมานุสรณ์</span></span>) is the northernmost, followed by Phra Photithat Phiman (<span title="Thai-language text"><span lang="th">พระโพธิธาตุพิมาน</span></span>) and Ratchaphongsanuson Buddha image hall (<span title="Thai-language text"><span lang="th">หอพระราชพงศานุสร</span></span>). The Ratchakoramanuson and Ratchaphongsanuson are identical. They hold a total of forty-two Buddha images. The Ratchaphongsanuson hall holds thirty-four Buddha images representing the former kings of the <a href="/wiki/Ayutthaya_Kingdom" title="Ayutthaya Kingdom">Ayutthaya</a> and <a href="/wiki/Thonburi_Kingdom" title="Thonburi Kingdom">Thonburi</a> kingdoms—the murals inside accordingly depict the history of the foundation of Ayutthaya—while the Ratchakoramanuson hall holds eight Buddha images of the Rattanakosin Kingdom, with murals depicting the foundation of Bangkok. All of the Buddha images were cast in copper for Rama III. His successor Rama IV had them gilded in gold. In between these halls is the Phra Photithat Phiman, a <i>butsabok</i> throne with a crown-shaped spire. Inside is a smaller stupa of gold containing a relic of the Buddha obtained by Rama IV from the north of Thailand.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sala">Sala</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wat_Phra_Kaew&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Sala"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Surrounding the Ubosot, all along its four sides are twelve open <i>sala rai</i> (<span title="Thai-language text"><span lang="th">ศาลาราย</span></span>), or pavilions, with grey marble bases. These <a href="/wiki/Sala_(Thai_architecture)" title="Sala (Thai architecture)">sala</a> were built during the reign of Rama I for the faithful to listen to chants or <a href="/wiki/Sermon" title="Sermon">sermons</a> emanating from within the Ubosot.<sup id="cite_ref-Suksri_50_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Suksri_50-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> All twelve pavilions are of the same design and size, with six square columns supporting a roof of blue and orange glazed tiles. The pavilions have been reconstructed and restored several times by different kings throughout the years.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chao_Mae_Kuan_Im">Chao Mae Kuan Im</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wat_Phra_Kaew&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Chao Mae Kuan Im"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%88%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B2%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A1_%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%81%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%A7_Kwannon_at_Wat_Phra_Kaew.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%88%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B2%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A1_%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%81%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%A7_Kwannon_at_Wat_Phra_Kaew.jpg/170px-%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%88%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B2%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A1_%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%81%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%A7_Kwannon_at_Wat_Phra_Kaew.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%88%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B2%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A1_%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%81%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%A7_Kwannon_at_Wat_Phra_Kaew.jpg/255px-%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%88%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B2%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A1_%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%81%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%A7_Kwannon_at_Wat_Phra_Kaew.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%88%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B2%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A1_%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%81%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%A7_Kwannon_at_Wat_Phra_Kaew.jpg/340px-%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%88%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B2%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A1_%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%81%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%A7_Kwannon_at_Wat_Phra_Kaew.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3216" data-file-height="4288" /></a><figcaption>The stone statue of a seated <a href="/wiki/Guanyin" title="Guanyin">Guanyin</a>, called Chao Mae Kuan Im in Thai</figcaption></figure> <p>Opposite the front of the Ubosot is a stone image of Chao Mae Kuan Im (or <a href="/wiki/Guanyin" title="Guanyin">Guanyin</a>), a <a href="/wiki/Bodhisattva" title="Bodhisattva">Bodhisattva</a> known as <a href="/wiki/Avalokite%C5%9Bvara" title="Avalokiteśvara">Avalokiteśvara</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Mahayana" title="Mahayana">Mahayana</a> branch of Buddhism. She sits in front of a sandstone column topped by a bronze lotus flower, and is flanked by two stone mythical birds called <i>Nok Wayupak</i>. Around this group there are two lead oxen facing the gate. These were formerly part of the king's pavilion where he would watch the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Ploughing_Ceremony" title="Royal Ploughing Ceremony">Royal Ploughing Ceremony</a>, an important agricultural rite performed annually in front of the reigning king. The ox statues were moved into the temple by Rama V. Around this area, incense sticks can be lit and flower offerings made by the public, as these activities are prohibited within the Ubosot itself.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Suksri_27_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Suksri_27-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Hermit">The Hermit</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wat_Phra_Kaew&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: The Hermit"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Behind the Ubosot sits the image of the <a href="/wiki/Hermit" title="Hermit">hermit</a> (or <a href="/wiki/Rishi" title="Rishi">rishi</a>) <a href="/wiki/Jivaka_Komarabhacca" class="mw-redirect" title="Jivaka Komarabhacca">Jivaka Komarabhacca</a> (<span title="Thai-language text"><span lang="th">ชีวกโกมารภัจจ์</span></span>). The image was cast in bronze during the reign of Rama III for the temple. In front of the hermit is a large grinding stone. In the past, <a href="/wiki/Traditional_Thai_medicine" title="Traditional Thai medicine">traditional medical</a> practitioners would make their potions on this stone, imbuing it with the sanctity of the hermit image.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Suksri_27_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Suksri_27-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Phaithi_terrace">Phaithi terrace</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wat_Phra_Kaew&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Phaithi terrace"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B7%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%81%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%A7_02.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B7%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%81%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%A7_02.jpg/220px-%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B7%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%81%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%A7_02.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B7%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%81%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%A7_02.jpg/330px-%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B7%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%81%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%A7_02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B7%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%81%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%A7_02.jpg/440px-%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B7%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%81%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%A7_02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3488" data-file-height="2616" /></a><figcaption>The Phaithi terrace with principal buildings from right to left; Prasat Phra Thep Bidon, Phra Mondop and the Phra Si Rattana Chedi.</figcaption></figure> <p>The Than Phaithi (<span title="Thai-language text"><span lang="th">ฐานไพที</span></span>) is a raised <a href="/wiki/Terrace_(building)" title="Terrace (building)">terrace</a> or base that elevates several important structures inside the temple, the three principal ones being Prasat Phra Thep Bidon, the Phra Mondop and the Phra Si Rattana Chedi. The terrace has six sets of steps leading up to it: two on the north, one on the east, two on the south and one on the west. Originally, the terrace contained only the Phra Mondop; in 1855, Rama IV ordered the expansion of the base, upon which the two other structures were later built.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The arrangement of these structures in a straight line echoes the classical arrangement of temples in both Sukhothai and Ayutthaya.<sup id="cite_ref-Suksri_88_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Suksri_88-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Prasat_Phra_Thep_Bidon">Prasat Phra Thep Bidon</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wat_Phra_Kaew&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Prasat Phra Thep Bidon"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1_%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%81%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%A7_%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%87%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3_-_Wat_Phra_Kaew,_Temple_of_Emerald_Buddha,_Bangkok,_Thailand.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1_%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%81%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%A7_%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%87%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3_-_Wat_Phra_Kaew%2C_Temple_of_Emerald_Buddha%2C_Bangkok%2C_Thailand.jpg/220px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1_%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%81%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%A7_%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%87%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3_-_Wat_Phra_Kaew%2C_Temple_of_Emerald_Buddha%2C_Bangkok%2C_Thailand.jpg/330px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1_%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%81%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%A7_%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%87%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3_-_Wat_Phra_Kaew%2C_Temple_of_Emerald_Buddha%2C_Bangkok%2C_Thailand.jpg/440px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4156" data-file-height="3014" /></a><figcaption>East entrance to Prasat Phra Thep Bidon or the Royal Pantheon, constructed by Rama IV in 1855.</figcaption></figure> <p>The Prasat Phra Thep Bidon (<span title="Thai-language text"><span lang="th">ปราสาทพระเทพบิดร</span></span>) is on the eastern end of the Than Phaithi. Originally built to house the Emerald Buddha by Rama IV, construction on the first structure—then called the Phutthaprang Prasat (<span title="Thai-language text"><span lang="th">พุทธปรางค์ปราสาท</span></span>)—began in 1855, based on the Prasat Thong in the royal palace of Ayutthaya. The King died before its completion in 1882, and his plans to move the Emerald Buddha into it never materialised. In 1903, a fire ravaged the building, necessitating a complete rebuild. The present structure was completed during the reign of <a href="/wiki/Vajiravudh" title="Vajiravudh">Rama VI</a> in the early 20th century. The King decided to change the purpose of the building, and turned it into a memorial to his predecessors. The name was changed to Prasat Phra Thep Bidon, known in English as the Royal Pantheon. Rama VI had full-size, lifelike statues of the first five Chakri kings made and installed in the pantheon. Further statues were added in 1927, 1959 and 2020. Currently, the pantheon contains nine statues. Normally closed to the public, the pantheon is opened annually on 6 April for Chakri Memorial Day, a national holiday in Thailand.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The pantheon is laid out in a cruciform plan. It has four entrances, one at the end of each arm, the main entrance being on the east side. The building is in the form known as <i><a href="/wiki/Prasat_(Thai_architecture)" title="Prasat (Thai architecture)">prasat</a></i>, with a tall spire in the middle of the roof, a feature usually reserved for royal residences. The roof is covered in green and orange tiles. The four pediments of the pantheon depict the personal insignia of the first four Chakri kings. This is a break with the traditional depiction of Narayana, which was previously seen on royal temples. The north pediment depicts the personal insignia of Rama I (a <a href="/wiki/Thai_numerals" title="Thai numerals">Thai numeral</a> one), the southern of Rama II (a Garuda), the west of Rama III (a triple-doored <a href="/wiki/Vimana" title="Vimana">vimana</a>) and the east of Rama IV (a royal crown). The exterior walls of the pantheon are decorated with blue tiles with floral motifs. A royal crown tops each of the doors and windows of the pantheon. The east steps of the Than Phaithi leading up towards the pantheon were redesigned with marble steps; on either side the railings are in the form of two five-headed crowned <a href="/wiki/Phaya_Naga" class="mw-redirect" title="Phaya Naga">Phaya Nagas</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Suksri_2013_78–83_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Suksri_2013_78–83-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Phra_Mondop">Phra Mondop</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wat_Phra_Kaew&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Phra Mondop"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bangkok_Wat_Phra_Kaeo_PhraMondop.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Bangkok_Wat_Phra_Kaeo_PhraMondop.jpg/170px-Bangkok_Wat_Phra_Kaeo_PhraMondop.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Bangkok_Wat_Phra_Kaeo_PhraMondop.jpg/255px-Bangkok_Wat_Phra_Kaeo_PhraMondop.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Bangkok_Wat_Phra_Kaeo_PhraMondop.jpg/340px-Bangkok_Wat_Phra_Kaeo_PhraMondop.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1728" data-file-height="2304" /></a><figcaption>The Phra Mondop or the library contains several ornamented bookcases filled with sacred texts.</figcaption></figure> <p>The Phra Mondop (<span title="Thai-language text"><span lang="th">พระมณฑป</span></span>) is situated in the middle of the Than Phaithi. The Phra Mondop is a repository of sacred texts, sometimes referred to as a library (<i><a href="/wiki/Ho_trai" title="Ho trai">ho trai</a></i>). The present structure was built by Rama I to replace an earlier structure that burnt down. This previous structure was built in the middle of a pool on raised columns to protect the texts from termites; such buildings were a common feature in Thai temples. The new Phra Mondop discarded this feature, instead putting the library on top of a raised base. In 1788 Rama I ordered a complete revision and compilation of the <a href="/wiki/Tripitaka" class="mw-redirect" title="Tripitaka">Tripitaka</a>, as the previous royal copies were destroyed in the <a href="/wiki/Burmese%E2%80%93Siamese_War_(1765%E2%80%931767)" title="Burmese–Siamese War (1765–1767)">sack of Ayutthaya in 1767</a>. This revision was made by the monks of <a href="/wiki/Wat_Mahathat_Yuwaratrangsarit" title="Wat Mahathat Yuwaratrangsarit">Wat Mahathat Yuwaratrangsarit</a>. Once the revision was complete, a set of the texts was deposited inside the Phra Mondop. During the reign of Rama III, the exterior of the Phra Mondop was restored in time for the fiftieth anniversary of the founding of Bangkok in 1832. The Phra Mondop is roughly square in outline and has a <i><a href="/wiki/Mondop" title="Mondop">mondop</a></i> style roof: a square-based tapering spire. When Rama IV decided to build the two structures on either side of the Phra Mondop, he decided to lower the height of the spire significantly. The Phra Mondop is richly decorated on the exterior walls—twenty square columns with indented corners surround the central hall. The columns are decorated with white, green and red glass. The exterior walls are adorned with the <i><a href="/wiki/Thepphanom" title="Thepphanom">thepphanom</a></i> motif, or devas in prayer, covered with gold leaf and surrounded with green glass. Numerous small, gilded wind-bells with Bodhi leaf sails are hung from the eaves on all sides. Crowns adorn the top of the four doors on the sides of the Phra Mondop. On the four corners of the library are four stone Buddhas obtained by Rama V from <a href="/wiki/Java" title="Java">Java</a>, Indonesia. These <a href="/wiki/Borobudur" title="Borobudur">Borobudur</a>-style Buddhas are replicas, with the originals now in the <a href="/wiki/Museum_of_the_Emerald_Buddha_Temple" class="mw-redirect" title="Museum of the Emerald Buddha Temple">Museum of the Emerald Buddha Temple</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Phra Mondop only has one room; the floor is covered in a mat made of woven silver. In the middle of the room is a highly intricate mother-of-pearl inlay manuscript cabinet containing all 84,000 chapters of the Tripitaka. Four smaller cabinets are placed at the four corners of the room.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Phra_Si_Rattana_Chedi">Phra Si Rattana Chedi</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wat_Phra_Kaew&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Phra Si Rattana Chedi"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%87_%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%82%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3_%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%87%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3_(116).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%87_%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%82%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3_%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%87%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3_%28116%29.jpg/220px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%87_%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%82%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3_%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%87%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3_%28116%29.jpg/330px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%87_%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%82%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3_%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%87%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3_%28116%29.jpg/440px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4592" data-file-height="3448" /></a><figcaption>The Phra Si Rattana Chedi, a traditional <a href="/wiki/Stupa" title="Stupa">stupa</a> covered with gold mosaic tiles imported from Italy</figcaption></figure> <p>The Phra Si Rattana Chedi (<span title="Thai-language text"><span lang="th">พระศรีรัตนเจดีย์</span></span>) is on the western end of the Than Phaithi and houses relics of the Buddha from <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a>, which were given to Rama IV. Constructed in 1855, the circular bell-shaped <a href="/wiki/Stupa" title="Stupa">stupa</a> (or <i>chedi</i>) is built of brick masonry. The stupa was later entirely covered in gold-coloured tiles specially imported from Italy by Rama V. The bell-shaped stupa is made up of several tiers, with large round bases leading up to a bell-shaped middle, interrupted by a square section that is then topped with twenty concentric circular discs of decreasing size topped by a tall spire. The design was based on the stupas of Wat Phra Si Sanphet in Ayutthaya, which in turn took inspiration from the stupas of Sri Lanka. The stupa has four entrances with protruding porticoes. Each portico is crowned with an exact miniature of the stupa and is decorated on three sides with a pediment. The interior of the stupa is a round hall, from the ceiling of which a <i><a href="/wiki/Chatra_(umbrella)" title="Chatra (umbrella)">chatra</a></i> (multi-tiered royal umbrella) is suspended. In the middle of the hall is a smaller stupa of black lacquer; this is the reliquary in which the relics of the Buddha are kept.<sup id="cite_ref-Hongvivat_46_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hongvivat_46-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Suksri_88_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Suksri_88-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Phra_Suwannachedi"><span class="anchor" id="Phra_Suvarnachedi"></span>Phra Suwannachedi</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wat_Phra_Kaew&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Phra Suwannachedi"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:009_Yakkhas_(9151611318).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/009_Yakkhas_%289151611318%29.jpg/220px-009_Yakkhas_%289151611318%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/009_Yakkhas_%289151611318%29.jpg/330px-009_Yakkhas_%289151611318%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/009_Yakkhas_%289151611318%29.jpg/440px-009_Yakkhas_%289151611318%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a><figcaption>Detail of one of the golden <i>chedi</i>, showing the supporting giants around the base</figcaption></figure> <p>Two golden stupas, titled Phra Suwannachedi (<span title="Thai-language text"><span lang="th">พระสุวรรณเจดีย์</span></span>), are situated to the east of the terrace, flanking the steps leading up to the Prasat Phra Thep Bidon. The two <i>chedi</i> were built by Rama I to commemorate his parents, the southern <i>chedi</i> for his father Thongdi and the northern for this mother Daoreung. The two <i>chedi</i> are almost identical. They each have a marble octagonal base 8.5 metres (28 ft) wide and topped with a golden, square-based stupa with triple indented corners 16 metres (52 ft) in height. The top spire is decorated in nine levels of layered lotus bud motifs. The structures are covered in copper sheets painted over with lacquer and gilded in gold leaf. The two <i>chedi</i> were moved when the terrace was expanded to accommodate the royal pantheon. Around the base of the <i>chedi</i>, Rama V had figures of <a href="/wiki/Vanara" title="Vanara">monkeys</a> and <i><a href="/wiki/Yaksha" title="Yaksha">yaksha</a></i> ("giants") supporting the <i>chedi</i>. Each has four monkeys and sixteen giants around the sides. The colour and clothing of these figures identify them with a particular character in the <i><a href="/wiki/Ramakien" title="Ramakien">Ramakien</a></i> epic.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Suksri_77_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Suksri_77-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Monuments_of_the_royal_insignia">Monuments of the royal insignia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wat_Phra_Kaew&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Monuments of the royal insignia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Monuments of the royal <a href="/wiki/Insignia" title="Insignia">insignia</a> or Phra Borom Ratcha Sanyalak (<span title="Thai-language text"><span lang="th">พระบรมราชสัญลักษณ์</span></span>) are four monuments depicting the nine insignia of the kings of the Chakri dynasty. In 1882, on the centenary of the founding of Bangkok, Rama V ordered the construction of three monuments in the form of a <i>butsabok</i> throne to house depictions of the insignia of previous kings. These insignia were based on the kings' <a href="/wiki/Seal_(emblem)" title="Seal (emblem)">personal seals</a>. Later, a fourth was added to accommodate later kings. They surround the Phra Mondop at each corner. Each of the golden <i>butsabok</i> thrones are built on raised marble bases, each side with inscriptions describing each king's contribution to the building or repair of the temple itself. On each of the corners are two miniature golden multi-tiered umbrellas: the four on the upper level have seven tiers and those on the bottom level have five tiers. Surrounding the monuments are miniature bronze elephants; these represent the <a href="/wiki/White_elephant" title="White elephant">white elephants</a> important in each king's reign. The first monument on the northwest corner depicts the insignia of the first three kings; Rama I (the crown without ear ornaments), Rama II (the Garuda) and Rama III (a triple-doored vimana). The southeast monument houses the insignia of Rama IV (a <a href="/wiki/Great_Crown_of_Victory" title="Great Crown of Victory">royal crown</a>), and the southwest monument is the insignia of Rama V (the <a href="/wiki/Phra_Kiao" class="mw-redirect" title="Phra Kiao">Phra Kiao</a> or coronet). The fourth monument on the northeast corner depicts the insignia of four kings: Rama VI (a thunderbolt or <i><a href="/wiki/Vajra" title="Vajra">vajra</a></i>), Rama VII (three arrows), <a href="/wiki/Ananda_Mahidol" title="Ananda Mahidol">Rama VIII</a> (a Bodhisattva) and Rama IX (the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Palace#Phra_Thinang_Phaisan_Thaksin" title="Grand Palace">Octagonal Throne</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chakram" title="Chakram"><i>chakra</i></a>).<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional center"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%93%E0%B8%91%E0%B8%9B.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Monuments of the royal insignia"><img alt="Monuments of the royal insignia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%93%E0%B8%91%E0%B8%9B.jpg/80px-%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%93%E0%B8%91%E0%B8%9B.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%93%E0%B8%91%E0%B8%9B.jpg/120px-%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%93%E0%B8%91%E0%B8%9B.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%93%E0%B8%91%E0%B8%9B.jpg/160px-%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%93%E0%B8%91%E0%B8%9B.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3524" data-file-height="5286" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Monuments of the royal insignia</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Rama2insigwpk0609.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Insignia of Rama I, Rama II and Rama III (not shown)"><img alt="Insignia of Rama I, Rama II and Rama III (not shown)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Rama2insigwpk0609.jpg/74px-Rama2insigwpk0609.jpg" decoding="async" width="74" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Rama2insigwpk0609.jpg/112px-Rama2insigwpk0609.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Rama2insigwpk0609.jpg/149px-Rama2insigwpk0609.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1173" data-file-height="1888" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Insignia of Rama I, Rama II and Rama III (not shown)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Rama4insigwpk0609.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Insignia of Rama IV"><img alt="Insignia of Rama IV" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Rama4insigwpk0609.jpg/82px-Rama4insigwpk0609.jpg" decoding="async" width="82" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Rama4insigwpk0609.jpg/123px-Rama4insigwpk0609.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Rama4insigwpk0609.jpg/163px-Rama4insigwpk0609.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1096" data-file-height="1608" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Insignia of Rama IV</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Rama5insigwpk0609.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Insignia of Rama V"><img alt="Insignia of Rama V" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Rama5insigwpk0609.jpg/87px-Rama5insigwpk0609.jpg" decoding="async" width="87" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Rama5insigwpk0609.jpg/131px-Rama5insigwpk0609.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Rama5insigwpk0609.jpg/175px-Rama5insigwpk0609.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1120" data-file-height="1537" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Insignia of Rama V</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Rama6insigwpk0609.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Insignia of Rama VI"><img alt="Insignia of Rama VI" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Rama6insigwpk0609.jpg/90px-Rama6insigwpk0609.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Rama6insigwpk0609.jpg/135px-Rama6insigwpk0609.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Rama6insigwpk0609.jpg/180px-Rama6insigwpk0609.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1600" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Insignia of Rama VI</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Rama7insigwpk0609.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Insignia of Rama VII"><img alt="Insignia of Rama VII" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Rama7insigwpk0609.jpg/90px-Rama7insigwpk0609.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Rama7insigwpk0609.jpg/135px-Rama7insigwpk0609.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Rama7insigwpk0609.jpg/180px-Rama7insigwpk0609.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1600" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Insignia of Rama VII</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Rama8insigwpk0609.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Insignia of Rama VIII"><img alt="Insignia of Rama VIII" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Rama8insigwpk0609.jpg/90px-Rama8insigwpk0609.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Rama8insigwpk0609.jpg/135px-Rama8insigwpk0609.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Rama8insigwpk0609.jpg/180px-Rama8insigwpk0609.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1600" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Insignia of Rama VIII</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Rama9insigwpk0609.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Insignia of Rama IX"><img alt="Insignia of Rama IX" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Rama9insigwpk0609.jpg/90px-Rama9insigwpk0609.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Rama9insigwpk0609.jpg/135px-Rama9insigwpk0609.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Rama9insigwpk0609.jpg/180px-Rama9insigwpk0609.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1600" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Insignia of Rama IX</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Phra_Chedi_Songkhrueang">Phra Chedi Songkhrueang</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wat_Phra_Kaew&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Phra Chedi Songkhrueang"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The four decorated <i>chedi</i> called the Phra Chedi Songkhrueang (<span title="Thai-language text"><span lang="th">พระเจดีย์ทรงเครื่อง</span></span>) are situated behind the Phra Si Rattana Chedi, two on either side of the western porch. The <i>chedi</i> have a square plan with indented corners. The bases are white, and the top part is decorated in gold leaf and coloured glass. Like the two golden <i>chedi</i>, these were moved to their present position to make way for the expansion of the terrace.<sup id="cite_ref-Hongvivat_46_45-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hongvivat_46-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Suksri_91_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Suksri_91-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Model_of_Angkor_Wat">Model of Angkor Wat</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wat_Phra_Kaew&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Model of Angkor Wat"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B3%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B3%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87.jpg/220px-%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B3%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B3%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87.jpg/330px-%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B3%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B3%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87.jpg/440px-%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B3%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5470" data-file-height="3647" /></a><figcaption>The model of Angkor Wat, made at the orders of <a href="/wiki/Mongkut" title="Mongkut">Rama IV</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The model of Angkor Wat was borne out of an idea of Rama IV of moving one of the <a href="/wiki/Khmer_architecture" title="Khmer architecture">Khmer temples</a> to Bangkok. However this proved unfeasible, so he ordered that a detailed <a href="/wiki/Scale_model" title="Scale model">scale model</a> of <a href="/wiki/Angkor_Wat" title="Angkor Wat">Angkor Wat</a> be made instead. The ancient <a href="/wiki/Khmer_Empire" title="Khmer Empire">Khmer</a> temple complex had recently been rediscovered in Cambodia—then under Siamese suzerainty—in 1860. This highly detailed model was installed to the north of the Phra Mondop.<sup id="cite_ref-Suksri_91_49-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Suksri_91-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mythological_figures">Mythological figures</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wat_Phra_Kaew&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Mythological figures"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Seven pairs of mythological figures decorate the terrace, made of bronze and gilded with gold leaf. These are half-animal half-human celestial beings which, according to tradition, inhabited the mythical <a href="/wiki/Himavanta" title="Himavanta">Himavanta</a> forest. They are the <i>Theppaksi</i>, human male upper body with feathered arms, bird lower body, human feet and holding a sword; <i>Thepnorasi</i>, human male upper body, lion lower body and holding a flower; <i>Singhaphanon</i>, monkey upper body, lion lower body and holding a sceptre; <i>Apsarasingha</i> (<i><a href="/wiki/Apsonsi" title="Apsonsi">Apsonsi</a></i>), human female upper body and lion lower body; <i>Asurapaksi</i>, giant upper body and bird lower body; <i>Kinnon</i> (<i><a href="/wiki/Kinnara" title="Kinnara">kinnara</a></i>), human male upper body and bird lower body; and the <i>Asurawayuphak</i>, giant upper body, bird lower body and holding a mace.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional center"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%87_%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%82%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3_%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%87%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3_(82).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Theppaksi (เทพปักษี)"><img alt="Theppaksi (เทพปักษี)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%87_%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%82%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3_%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%87%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3_%2882%29.jpg/90px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%87_%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%82%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3_%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%87%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3_%2882%29.jpg/135px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%87_%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%82%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3_%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%87%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3_%2882%29.jpg/180px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3448" data-file-height="4592" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Theppaksi<br />(<span title="Thai-language text"><span lang="th">เทพปักษี</span></span>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%87_%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%82%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3_%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%87%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3_(86).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Thepnorasi (เทพนรสิงห์)"><img alt="Thepnorasi (เทพนรสิงห์)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%87_%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%82%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3_%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%87%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3_%2886%29.jpg/90px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%87_%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%82%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3_%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%87%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3_%2886%29.jpg/135px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%87_%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%82%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3_%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%87%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3_%2886%29.jpg/180px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3448" data-file-height="4592" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Thepnorasi<br />(<span title="Thai-language text"><span lang="th">เทพนรสิงห์</span></span>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%87_%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%82%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3_%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%87%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3_(98).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Singhaphanon (สิงหพานร)"><img alt="Singhaphanon (สิงหพานร)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%87_%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%82%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3_%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%87%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3_%2898%29.jpg/90px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%87_%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%82%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3_%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%87%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3_%2898%29.jpg/135px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%87_%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%82%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3_%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%87%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3_%2898%29.jpg/180px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3448" data-file-height="4592" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Singhaphanon<br />(<span title="Thai-language text"><span lang="th">สิงหพานร</span></span>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%87_%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%82%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3_%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%87%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3_(85).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Apsarasingha (อัปสรสีห์)"><img alt="Apsarasingha (อัปสรสีห์)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%87_%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%82%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3_%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%87%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3_%2885%29.jpg/90px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%87_%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%82%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3_%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%87%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3_%2885%29.jpg/135px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%87_%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%82%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3_%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%87%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3_%2885%29.jpg/180px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3448" data-file-height="4592" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Apsarasingha<br />(<span title="Thai-language text"><span lang="th">อัปสรสีห์</span></span>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%87_%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%82%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3_%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%87%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3_(88).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Asuarapaksi (อสูรปักษี)"><img alt="Asuarapaksi (อสูรปักษี)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%87_%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%82%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3_%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%87%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3_%2888%29.jpg/90px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%87_%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%82%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3_%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%87%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3_%2888%29.jpg/135px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%87_%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%82%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3_%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%87%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3_%2888%29.jpg/180px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3448" data-file-height="4592" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Asuarapaksi<br />(<span title="Thai-language text"><span lang="th">อสูรปักษี</span></span>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mythological_Creature_of_Himaphan_forest.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Kinnon (กินนร)"><img alt="Kinnon (กินนร)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Mythological_Creature_of_Himaphan_forest.JPG/80px-Mythological_Creature_of_Himaphan_forest.JPG" decoding="async" width="80" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Mythological_Creature_of_Himaphan_forest.JPG/120px-Mythological_Creature_of_Himaphan_forest.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Mythological_Creature_of_Himaphan_forest.JPG/160px-Mythological_Creature_of_Himaphan_forest.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="5472" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Kinnon<br />(<span title="Thai-language text"><span lang="th">กินนร</span></span>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Asurawayuphak_at_Wat_Phra_Kaew.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Asurawayuphak (อสูรวายุภักษ์)"><img alt="Asurawayuphak (อสูรวายุภักษ์)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Asurawayuphak_at_Wat_Phra_Kaew.jpg/80px-Asurawayuphak_at_Wat_Phra_Kaew.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Asurawayuphak_at_Wat_Phra_Kaew.jpg/120px-Asurawayuphak_at_Wat_Phra_Kaew.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Asurawayuphak_at_Wat_Phra_Kaew.jpg/160px-Asurawayuphak_at_Wat_Phra_Kaew.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2004" data-file-height="3000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Asurawayuphak<br />(<span title="Thai-language text"><span lang="th">อสูรวายุภักษ์</span></span>)</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Southern_porch">Southern porch</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wat_Phra_Kaew&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Southern porch"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gran_Palacio,_Bangkok,_Tailandia,_2013-08-22,_DD_29.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Gran_Palacio%2C_Bangkok%2C_Tailandia%2C_2013-08-22%2C_DD_29.jpg/170px-Gran_Palacio%2C_Bangkok%2C_Tailandia%2C_2013-08-22%2C_DD_29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="306" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Gran_Palacio%2C_Bangkok%2C_Tailandia%2C_2013-08-22%2C_DD_29.jpg/255px-Gran_Palacio%2C_Bangkok%2C_Tailandia%2C_2013-08-22%2C_DD_29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Gran_Palacio%2C_Bangkok%2C_Tailandia%2C_2013-08-22%2C_DD_29.jpg/340px-Gran_Palacio%2C_Bangkok%2C_Tailandia%2C_2013-08-22%2C_DD_29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2095" data-file-height="3772" /></a><figcaption>A Panom Mak sculpture, representing traditional offerings made of banana leaves and flowers</figcaption></figure> <p>The southern porch was the former entrance gate to the Phra Mondop; it was probably moved to its present position when the terrace was expanded. The pediment displays the insignia of Rama III, a triple-doored vimana. The doors are made of carved wood depicting two warriors holding a spear and gilded in gold leaf.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Western_porch">Western porch</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wat_Phra_Kaew&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Western porch"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The western porch was constructed by Rama IV as an entrance to the expanded terrace. The porch was decorated in coloured ceramics in floral and geometrical designs. In the form of a <i>prasat</i>, the porch's roof has a central spire rising from in the middle.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Panom_Mak">Panom Mak</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wat_Phra_Kaew&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Panom Mak"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Panom Mak (<span title="Thai-language text"><span lang="th">พนมหมาก</span></span>) are eighteen decorative sculptures representing flowers and <a href="/wiki/Banana_leaf" title="Banana leaf">banana leaves</a> <a href="/wiki/Offering_(Buddhism)" title="Offering (Buddhism)">offerings</a> on a <a href="/wiki/Phan_(tray)" title="Phan (tray)">tray</a>. They are based on traditional flower arrangements offered to Buddha statues by devotees as an act of making merit. These sculptures are distributed along the eastern and western edges of the terrace. Made of plaster and covered in ceramic tiles of various colours, they were added to the terrace by Rama V.<sup id="cite_ref-Suksri_77_47-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Suksri_77-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Phra_Sawet_Kudakhan_Wihan_Yot">Phra Sawet Kudakhan Wihan Yot</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wat_Phra_Kaew&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Phra Sawet Kudakhan Wihan Yot"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%94.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%94.jpg/170px-%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%94.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="255" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%94.jpg/255px-%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%94.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%94.jpg/340px-%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%94.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3613" data-file-height="5419" /></a><figcaption>Phra Sawet Kudakhan Wihan Yot contains many important Buddha images.</figcaption></figure> <p>The Phra Sawet Kudakhan Wihan Yot (<span title="Thai-language text"><span lang="th">พระเศวตกุฏาคารวิหารยอด</span></span>) or the Wihan Yot extends northwards from the terrace. The building, a <a href="/wiki/Vihara" class="mw-redirect" title="Vihara">vihara</a>, serves as a Buddha image hall, and was first built by Rama III to house many important Buddha images. The building has a cruciform plan and is topped in the middle of the roof with a tall spire in the form of a crown. The spire is decorated with coloured porcelain in floral designs. The top of the window arches display the <a href="/wiki/Royal_cypher" title="Royal cypher">royal cypher</a> of Rama V under a crown; this indicates that vihara was restored by the King. Bronze figures of <i>Tantima</i> birds—birds with a human torso and Garuda head—guard the entrances on the west and east sides. The doors of the vihara feature mother-of-pearl inlay and were taken from <a href="/wiki/Wat_Pa_Mok" class="mw-redirect" title="Wat Pa Mok">Wat Pa Mok</a> in <a href="/wiki/Ang_Thong_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Ang Thong Province">Ang Thong Province</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ho_Phra_Khanthararat">Ho Phra Khanthararat</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wat_Phra_Kaew&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Ho Phra Khanthararat"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%8E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%93%E0%B8%91%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B9%8C%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%93.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%8E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%93%E0%B8%91%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B9%8C%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%93.jpg/220px-%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%8E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%93%E0%B8%91%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B9%8C%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%93.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%8E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%93%E0%B8%91%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B9%8C%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%93.jpg/330px-%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%8E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%93%E0%B8%91%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B9%8C%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%93.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%8E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%93%E0%B8%91%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B9%8C%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%93.jpg/440px-%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%8E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%93%E0%B8%91%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B9%8C%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%93.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4639" data-file-height="3378" /></a><figcaption>The Ho Phra Khanthararat (Left) & Phra Mondop Yot Prang (Right)</figcaption></figure> <p>The Ho Phra Khanthararat (<span title="Thai-language text"><span lang="th">หอพระคันธารราษฎร์</span></span>) shares its base with the Phra Mondop Yot Prang (<span title="Thai-language text"><span lang="th">พระมณฑปยอดปรางค์</span></span>). Built on the orders of Rama IV, both are situated on the southeastern side of the Ubosot. A Buddha shrine, the small structure was built to house the Phra Khanthararat image. The Buddha image is associated with the Royal Ploughing Ceremony. The image was originally cast in bronze by Rama I. Later, Rama IV had it gilded in gold and a large diamond embedded in its forehead. The Ho Phra Khanthararat is decorated on the exterior with green, blue and yellow tiles. The entrance is from the north with a door portico extending out from the front of the hall. Behind the portico, the rectangular hall is topped with a <i><a href="/wiki/Prang_(architecture)" title="Prang (architecture)">prang</a></i> spire, and the four pediments below it are decorated with floral designs. The carved doors and windows of the shrine depict sheaves of rice, fish and shrimp to represent the fecundity of the nation.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Suksri_104_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Suksri_104-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Phra_Mondop_Yot_Prang">Phra Mondop Yot Prang</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wat_Phra_Kaew&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Phra Mondop Yot Prang"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Phra Mondop Yot Prang sits on a taller platform behind the Ho Phra Khanthararat. The octagonal base is topped with a <i>mondop</i> pavilion and spire. Inside the pavilion is a small golden stupa. The stupa was obtained by Rama IV when he was still a monk and contained important Buddhist relics. Miniature stone sculptures of <a href="/wiki/Chinese_guardian_lions" title="Chinese guardian lions">Chinese guardian lions</a> surround the walls of both shrines.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Suksri_104_55-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Suksri_104-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bell_Tower">Bell Tower</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wat_Phra_Kaew&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Bell Tower"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%86%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%80%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%81%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%A7.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%86%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%80%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%81%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%A7.jpg/170px-%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%86%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%80%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%81%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%A7.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="255" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%86%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%80%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%81%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%A7.jpg/255px-%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%86%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%80%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%81%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%A7.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%86%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%80%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%81%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%A7.jpg/340px-%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%86%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%80%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%81%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%A7.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3595" data-file-height="5392" /></a><figcaption>The Bell Tower contains only one bell.</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Bell_tower_(wat)" title="Bell tower (wat)">Bell Tower</a>, or Ho Rakhang (<span title="Thai-language text"><span lang="th">หอระฆัง</span></span>), is located to the south of the complex. The first tower was built by Rama I to house a single bell. Rama IV ordered it to be completely rebuilt. This reconstruction was completed just in time for the centenary of Bangkok in 1882. The tower has an octagonal base, with four doors and protruding porticoes on each side. Inside there are steps leading up to the bell. The bell is hung underneath a <i>mondop</i>-style spire. The entire structure is covered in coloured porcelain in floral and geometrical designs.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Suksri_106_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Suksri_106-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The bell is only rung at the investiture of the supreme patriarch.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ho_Phra_Nak">Ho Phra Nak</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wat_Phra_Kaew&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Ho Phra Nak"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%84.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%84.jpg/220px-%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%84.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%84.jpg/330px-%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%84.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%84.jpg/440px-%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%84.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5480" data-file-height="3653" /></a><figcaption>The Ho Phra Nak</figcaption></figure> <p>The Ho Phra Nak (<span title="Thai-language text"><span lang="th">หอพระนาก</span></span>) is a royal <a href="/wiki/Mausoleum" title="Mausoleum">mausoleum</a> on the northwestern side of the temple. It was previously a Buddha image hall and was built by Rama I to house the sacred <i>Phra Nak</i> Buddha image from Ayutthaya, which was made of gold and copper. Even though the image was eventually moved to the Wihan Yot, the name remained. The hall is rectangular, with an entrance hall on the east side. The roof is covered in green and orange tiles. Inside, the hall is divided into seven rooms. Ashes and remains of members of the royal family are kept here. Formerly, only the ashes of female royalty was kept here, as was the tradition at Ayutthaya. Later, however, the ashes of many senior male members were also kept here as well. Notably, it contains the ashes of all the viceroys of the Chakri dynasty and their princely descendants. These ashes are kept in hundreds of individual gold <a href="/wiki/Urn" title="Urn">urns</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ho_Phra_Monthiantham">Ho Phra Monthiantham</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wat_Phra_Kaew&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Ho Phra Monthiantham"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%93%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%91%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%93%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%91%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A1.jpg/220px-%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%93%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%91%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%93%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%91%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A1.jpg/330px-%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%93%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%91%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%93%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%91%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A1.jpg/440px-%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%93%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%91%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5550" data-file-height="3700" /></a><figcaption>The Ho Phra Monthiantham is a scripture hall and supplementary library.</figcaption></figure> <p>The Ho Phra Monthiantham (<span title="Thai-language text"><span lang="th">หอมณเฑียรธรรม</span></span>) is a scripture hall on the north-eastern side of the temple. Its construction was paid for by the viceroy <a href="/wiki/Maha_Sura_Singhanat" title="Maha Sura Singhanat">Maha Sura Singhanat</a>, brother of Rama I. The hall is rectangular, surrounded on all sides with columns supporting a four-level roof. The entrance door is on the west side. The roof is covered in yellow and orange tiles. The pediment of the hall depicts the god <a href="/wiki/Indra" title="Indra">Indra</a> astride <a href="/wiki/Airavata" title="Airavata">Airavata</a>, the three-headed elephant. The inside of the hall is decorated with wood carvings of <a href="/wiki/Hanuman" title="Hanuman">Hanuman</a>, the symbol of the viceroy. The hall contains two mother-of-pearl inlay bookcases containing the Tripitaka. Today, the hall is also used for Buddhist sermons on Buddhist holy days. Formerly, the hall was used as a classroom for <a href="/wiki/Samanera" title="Samanera">novice monks</a> learning religious texts and as an exam room for monks.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Row_of_prang">Row of prang</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wat_Phra_Kaew&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Row of prang"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%84%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A2%E0%B9%83%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%81%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%A7.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%84%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A2%E0%B9%83%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%81%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%A7.jpg/220px-%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%84%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A2%E0%B9%83%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%81%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%A7.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%84%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A2%E0%B9%83%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%81%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%A7.jpg/330px-%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%84%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A2%E0%B9%83%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%81%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%A7.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%84%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A2%E0%B9%83%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%81%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%A7.jpg/440px-%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%84%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A2%E0%B9%83%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%81%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%A7.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1968" data-file-height="1312" /></a><figcaption>The row of eight <i>prang</i> as seen from outside the wall of the temple</figcaption></figure> <p>The row of eight <i>prang</i>, formally known as Phra Atsda Maha Chedi (<span title="Thai-language text"><span lang="th">พระอัษฎามหาเจดีย์</span></span>), was built by Rama I and later covered in delicate coloured porcelain by Rama III. These <i>prang</i> are typical of the Rattanakosin period, being taller and thinner than those of Ayutthaya. Each spire has an octagonal base with brick foundations, with the decorations made of plaster. Each has four doorways with figures of golden standing <a href="/wiki/Deva_(Buddhism)" title="Deva (Buddhism)">devas</a> on each side, above them are a band of supporting <i>yaksha</i> or giants. The <i>prang</i> stood mostly outside the complex, along the eastern length of the temple wall. In the reign of King Rama IV, the temple wall was enlarged and two of the <i>prang</i> were enclosed inside the temple.<sup id="cite_ref-Hongvivat_2004_26_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hongvivat_2004_26-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Suksri_75_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Suksri_75-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Each of the <i>prang</i> represents a different aspect of Buddhism. The <i>prang</i> are arranged from north to south and are differentiated by their colours: the Phra Sammasamphuttha Mahachedi in white is dedicated to the <a href="/wiki/Gautama_Buddha" class="mw-redirect" title="Gautama Buddha">Gautama Buddha</a>. The Phra Satthampariyat Wara Mahachedi in blue is dedicated to the <a href="/wiki/Dharma" title="Dharma">Dharma</a> (Buddhist scriptures). The Phra Ariyasong Sawok Mahachedi in pink is dedicated to the <a href="/wiki/Bhikkhu" title="Bhikkhu">Bhikkhus</a> (male Buddhist monastics). The Phra Ariya Sawok Phiksunee Sangha Mahachedi in green is dedicated to the <a href="/wiki/Bhikkhun%C4%AB" title="Bhikkhunī">Bhikkhunīs</a> (female Buddhist monastics). The Phra Patchek Phothisamphuttha Mahachedi in purple is dedicated to the <a href="/wiki/Pratyekabuddha" class="mw-redirect" title="Pratyekabuddha">Pratyekabuddha</a> (those who have attained Enlightenment but did not preach). The Phra Borom Chakrawadiraja Mahachedi in pale blue is dedicated to the <a href="/wiki/Chakravarti_(Sanskrit_term)" title="Chakravarti (Sanskrit term)">Chakravarti</a> (the universal ruler). The Phra Photisat Krisda Mahachedi in red is dedicated to the <a href="/wiki/Bodhisattva" title="Bodhisattva">Bodhisattvas</a> (the Buddha is his past lives). The Phra Sri Ayametaya Mahachedi in yellow is dedicated to the <a href="/wiki/Maitreya" title="Maitreya">Maitreya</a> (the future Buddha).<sup id="cite_ref-Hongvivat_2004_26_64-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hongvivat_2004_26-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Suksri_75_65-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Suksri_75-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ramakien_gallery">Ramakien gallery</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wat_Phra_Kaew&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Ramakien gallery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Photo_from_Bangkok_by_Roman_Kharkovski_(23).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Photo_from_Bangkok_by_Roman_Kharkovski_%2823%29.jpg/220px-Photo_from_Bangkok_by_Roman_Kharkovski_%2823%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Photo_from_Bangkok_by_Roman_Kharkovski_%2823%29.jpg/330px-Photo_from_Bangkok_by_Roman_Kharkovski_%2823%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Photo_from_Bangkok_by_Roman_Kharkovski_%2823%29.jpg/440px-Photo_from_Bangkok_by_Roman_Kharkovski_%2823%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1064" /></a><figcaption>The gallery walls enclose the entire temple, and are entirely covered with murals.</figcaption></figure> <p>The gallery or Phra Rabiang (<span title="Thai-language text"><span lang="th">พระระเบียง</span></span>) is a covered corridor, walled on one side, that surrounds the entire temple like a <a href="/wiki/Cloister" title="Cloister">cloister</a>. Murals on the gallery walls depict the entire arc of the <i><a href="/wiki/Ramakien" title="Ramakien">Ramakien</a></i> epic, which is based on the Indian <i><a href="/wiki/Ramayana" title="Ramayana">Ramayana</a></i>. This version was translated and recomposed in Thai poetic form under the supervision of Rama I himself around 1797. The story is divided into five long episodes. The murals were commissioned by Rama I to tell his version of the epic. In fact, the main decorative theme throughout the temple is the <i>Ramakien</i> story. The concept of righteous kingship within the epic has long been recognised within Southeast Asia and has been appropriated by many kings to equate their countries with the legendary city of <a href="/wiki/Ayodhya_(Ramayana)" title="Ayodhya (Ramayana)">Ayodhya</a> and the titular hero <a href="/wiki/Rama" title="Rama">Rama</a>. The murals were erased and completely repainted by the orders of Rama III. Ever since then they have been frequently restored. The murals along the walls are divided into 178 scenes with abbreviated synopses of the scenes below. The first scene depicted is to the right of Gate No. 7, the Wihan Yot Gate.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Suksri_33_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Suksri_33-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 182.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Thailand_-_Flickr_-_Jarvis-20.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Thailand_-_Flickr_-_Jarvis-20.jpg/271px-Thailand_-_Flickr_-_Jarvis-20.jpg" decoding="async" width="181" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Thailand_-_Flickr_-_Jarvis-20.jpg/407px-Thailand_-_Flickr_-_Jarvis-20.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Thailand_-_Flickr_-_Jarvis-20.jpg/542px-Thailand_-_Flickr_-_Jarvis-20.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4288" data-file-height="2848" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 162px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Emerald_Buddha_Temple_-_2017-06-11_(073).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Emerald_Buddha_Temple_-_2017-06-11_%28073%29.jpg/240px-Emerald_Buddha_Temple_-_2017-06-11_%28073%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Emerald_Buddha_Temple_-_2017-06-11_%28073%29.jpg/360px-Emerald_Buddha_Temple_-_2017-06-11_%28073%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Emerald_Buddha_Temple_-_2017-06-11_%28073%29.jpg/480px-Emerald_Buddha_Temple_-_2017-06-11_%28073%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="3024" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 162px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Grand_Palace_Murals_P1100442.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Grand_Palace_Murals_P1100442.JPG/240px-Grand_Palace_Murals_P1100442.JPG" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Grand_Palace_Murals_P1100442.JPG/360px-Grand_Palace_Murals_P1100442.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Grand_Palace_Murals_P1100442.JPG/480px-Grand_Palace_Murals_P1100442.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 162px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Grand_Palace_Murals_P1100544.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Grand_Palace_Murals_P1100544.JPG/240px-Grand_Palace_Murals_P1100544.JPG" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Grand_Palace_Murals_P1100544.JPG/360px-Grand_Palace_Murals_P1100544.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Grand_Palace_Murals_P1100544.JPG/480px-Grand_Palace_Murals_P1100544.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 182px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wat_Phra_Kaeo_mural_2008-09-06_(007).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Wat_Phra_Kaeo_mural_2008-09-06_%28007%29.jpg/270px-Wat_Phra_Kaeo_mural_2008-09-06_%28007%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Wat_Phra_Kaeo_mural_2008-09-06_%28007%29.jpg/405px-Wat_Phra_Kaeo_mural_2008-09-06_%28007%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Wat_Phra_Kaeo_mural_2008-09-06_%28007%29.jpg/540px-Wat_Phra_Kaeo_mural_2008-09-06_%28007%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3888" data-file-height="2592" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 182px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wat_Phra_Kaeo_mural_2008-09-06_(005).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Wat_Phra_Kaeo_mural_2008-09-06_%28005%29.jpg/270px-Wat_Phra_Kaeo_mural_2008-09-06_%28005%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Wat_Phra_Kaeo_mural_2008-09-06_%28005%29.jpg/405px-Wat_Phra_Kaeo_mural_2008-09-06_%28005%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Wat_Phra_Kaeo_mural_2008-09-06_%28005%29.jpg/540px-Wat_Phra_Kaeo_mural_2008-09-06_%28005%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3888" data-file-height="2592" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 162px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Emerald_Buddha_Temple_-_2017-06-11_(085).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Emerald_Buddha_Temple_-_2017-06-11_%28085%29.jpg/240px-Emerald_Buddha_Temple_-_2017-06-11_%28085%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Emerald_Buddha_Temple_-_2017-06-11_%28085%29.jpg/360px-Emerald_Buddha_Temple_-_2017-06-11_%28085%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Emerald_Buddha_Temple_-_2017-06-11_%28085%29.jpg/480px-Emerald_Buddha_Temple_-_2017-06-11_%28085%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="3024" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 162px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mural-LE2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Mural-LE2.jpg/240px-Mural-LE2.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Mural-LE2.jpg/360px-Mural-LE2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Mural-LE2.jpg/480px-Mural-LE2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 162px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Grand_Palace_Murals_P1100450.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Grand_Palace_Murals_P1100450.JPG/240px-Grand_Palace_Murals_P1100450.JPG" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Grand_Palace_Murals_P1100450.JPG/360px-Grand_Palace_Murals_P1100450.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Grand_Palace_Murals_P1100450.JPG/480px-Grand_Palace_Murals_P1100450.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 162px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Grand_Palace_Murals_P1100441.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Grand_Palace_Murals_P1100441.JPG/240px-Grand_Palace_Murals_P1100441.JPG" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Grand_Palace_Murals_P1100441.JPG/360px-Grand_Palace_Murals_P1100441.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Grand_Palace_Murals_P1100441.JPG/480px-Grand_Palace_Murals_P1100441.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 162px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Emerald_Buddha_Temple_-_2017-06-11_(091).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Emerald_Buddha_Temple_-_2017-06-11_%28091%29.jpg/240px-Emerald_Buddha_Temple_-_2017-06-11_%28091%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Emerald_Buddha_Temple_-_2017-06-11_%28091%29.jpg/360px-Emerald_Buddha_Temple_-_2017-06-11_%28091%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Emerald_Buddha_Temple_-_2017-06-11_%28091%29.jpg/480px-Emerald_Buddha_Temple_-_2017-06-11_%28091%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="3024" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gates">Gates</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wat_Phra_Kaew&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Gates"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Phra_Borom_Maha_Ratchawang,_Phra_Nakhon,_Bangkok,_Thailand_-_panoramio_(60).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Phra_Borom_Maha_Ratchawang%2C_Phra_Nakhon%2C_Bangkok%2C_Thailand_-_panoramio_%2860%29.jpg/170px-Phra_Borom_Maha_Ratchawang%2C_Phra_Nakhon%2C_Bangkok%2C_Thailand_-_panoramio_%2860%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Phra_Borom_Maha_Ratchawang%2C_Phra_Nakhon%2C_Bangkok%2C_Thailand_-_panoramio_%2860%29.jpg/255px-Phra_Borom_Maha_Ratchawang%2C_Phra_Nakhon%2C_Bangkok%2C_Thailand_-_panoramio_%2860%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Phra_Borom_Maha_Ratchawang%2C_Phra_Nakhon%2C_Bangkok%2C_Thailand_-_panoramio_%2860%29.jpg/340px-Phra_Borom_Maha_Ratchawang%2C_Phra_Nakhon%2C_Bangkok%2C_Thailand_-_panoramio_%2860%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="2560" /></a><figcaption>Gate No.1 or the front <i>Koei Sadet</i> Gate.</figcaption></figure> <p>The temple wall has seven gates, two on the east side, one on the south, three on the west and one on the north. The first gate on the east is Gate No.1, the front Koei Sadet Gate, which is directly opposite the Prasat Phra Thep Bidon. This important gate was built by Rama IV. The gate is the only one topped with a crown-shaped spire. Outside the gate, there is a small resting pavilion and an elephant mounting platform.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gate No. 2, the Na Wua Gate, stands opposite the entrance of the Ubosot.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On the south side is Gate No. 3, the Si Rattana Satsada Gate; this gate connects the temple to the Middle court of the Grand Palace, and visitors exit the temple from this gate.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On the west side there are three gates, the southernmost being Gate No. 4, the Hermit Gate, named after the hermit statue directly opposite. This gate is the main entrance for visitors into the temple.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gate No. 5 is the rear Koei Sadet Gate, which is the middle gate on the western side, on the outside there is also a resting pavilion and an elephant mounting platform. This gate is usually shut as it is the gate the king uses when he enters the temple to perform ceremonies.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gate No. 6, the Sanam Chai Gate, is named for the small field outside the gate in the outer court of the Grand Palace. On the northern side is Gate No. 7, the Wihan Yot Gate; this gate stands opposite its namesake. It is the only gate without guardian giants.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Guardians">Guardians</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wat_Phra_Kaew&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Guardians"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Statues of twelve <i><a href="/wiki/Yaksha" title="Yaksha">yaksha</a></i> (or giants) guard six of the temple's gates along three sides of the wall (all sides except the north). The giants are characters from the <i>Ramakien</i> epic, each distinguished by their skin colour and crowns. Each giant is about 5 metres (16 ft) tall, all clenching a <a href="/wiki/Mace_(bludgeon)" title="Mace (bludgeon)">mace</a> or <a href="/wiki/Gada_(mace)" title="Gada (mace)">gada</a> in front of them. Starting with the left giant in front of Gate No.1, the front Koei Sadet Gate, and going clockwise around the temple wall, Suriyaphop is red with a <a href="/wiki/Bamboo_shoot" title="Bamboo shoot">bamboo shoot</a> crown, <a href="/wiki/Indrajit" title="Indrajit">Intarachit</a> is green with a similar crown, Mangkonkan is green with a Naga crown, <a href="/wiki/Vir%C5%AB%E1%B8%8Dhaka_(Heavenly_King)" title="Virūḍhaka (Heavenly King)">Wirunhok</a> is dark blue with a similar crown, <a href="/wiki/Narantaka-Devantaka" title="Narantaka-Devantaka">Thotsakhirithon</a> is dark red with an elephant's trunk instead of a nose and a bamboo shoot crown, <a href="/wiki/Narantaka-Devantaka" title="Narantaka-Devantaka">Thotsakhiriwan</a> is green with a similar nose and crown, Chakkrawat is white with a smaller head on the top of his crown of feathers, Atsakanmala is purple with a similar extra head but a normal crown, <a href="/wiki/Ravana" title="Ravana">Thotsakan</a> is green with two tiers of smaller heads on top of his crown, Sahatsadecha is white with multiple heads, <a href="/wiki/Ahiravan" title="Ahiravan">Maiyarap</a> is light purple with a cockerel's tail crown and Wirunchambang is dark blue with a similar crown.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional center"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Architectural_Detail_-_Wat_Phra_Kaew_(05)_(cropped)_Suriyaphop.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Suriyaphop (สุริยาภพ)"><img alt="Suriyaphop (สุริยาภพ)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Architectural_Detail_-_Wat_Phra_Kaew_%2805%29_%28cropped%29_Suriyaphop.jpg/70px-Architectural_Detail_-_Wat_Phra_Kaew_%2805%29_%28cropped%29_Suriyaphop.jpg" decoding="async" width="70" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Architectural_Detail_-_Wat_Phra_Kaew_%2805%29_%28cropped%29_Suriyaphop.jpg/105px-Architectural_Detail_-_Wat_Phra_Kaew_%2805%29_%28cropped%29_Suriyaphop.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Architectural_Detail_-_Wat_Phra_Kaew_%2805%29_%28cropped%29_Suriyaphop.jpg/140px-Architectural_Detail_-_Wat_Phra_Kaew_%2805%29_%28cropped%29_Suriyaphop.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1604" data-file-height="2736" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Suriyaphop<br />(<span title="Thai-language text"><span lang="th">สุริยาภพ</span></span>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A9%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A5_Demon_Guardian_(11).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Intarachit (อินทรชิต)"><img alt="Intarachit (อินทรชิต)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A9%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A5_Demon_Guardian_%2811%29.jpg/90px-%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A9%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A5_Demon_Guardian_%2811%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A9%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A5_Demon_Guardian_%2811%29.jpg/135px-%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A9%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A5_Demon_Guardian_%2811%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A9%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A5_Demon_Guardian_%2811%29.jpg/180px-%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A9%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A5_Demon_Guardian_%2811%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3216" data-file-height="4288" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Indrajit" title="Indrajit">Intarachit</a><br />(<span title="Thai-language text"><span lang="th">อินทรชิต</span></span>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%87_%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%82%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3_%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%87%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3_(53).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Mangkonkan (มังกรกัณฐ์)"><img alt="Mangkonkan (มังกรกัณฐ์)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%87_%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%82%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3_%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%87%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3_%2853%29.jpg/90px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%87_%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%82%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3_%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%87%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3_%2853%29.jpg/135px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%87_%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%82%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3_%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%87%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3_%2853%29.jpg/180px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3448" data-file-height="4592" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Mangkonkan<br />(<span title="Thai-language text"><span lang="th">มังกรกัณฐ์</span></span>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%87_%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%82%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3_%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%87%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3_(52).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Wirunhok (วิรุฬหก)"><img alt="Wirunhok (วิรุฬหก)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%87_%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%82%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3_%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%87%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3_%2852%29.jpg/90px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%87_%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%82%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3_%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%87%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3_%2852%29.jpg/135px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%87_%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%82%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3_%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%87%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3_%2852%29.jpg/180px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3448" data-file-height="4592" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Vir%C5%AB%E1%B8%8Dhaka_(Heavenly_King)" title="Virūḍhaka (Heavenly King)">Wirunhok</a><br />(<span title="Thai-language text"><span lang="th">วิรุฬหก</span></span>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Thotsakhirithon_at_Wat_Phra_Kaew.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Thotsakhirithon (ทศคีรีธร)"><img alt="Thotsakhirithon (ทศคีรีธร)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Thotsakhirithon_at_Wat_Phra_Kaew.jpg/80px-Thotsakhirithon_at_Wat_Phra_Kaew.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Thotsakhirithon_at_Wat_Phra_Kaew.jpg/120px-Thotsakhirithon_at_Wat_Phra_Kaew.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Thotsakhirithon_at_Wat_Phra_Kaew.jpg/160px-Thotsakhirithon_at_Wat_Phra_Kaew.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2004" data-file-height="3000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Narantaka-Devantaka" title="Narantaka-Devantaka">Thotsakhirithon</a><br />(<span title="Thai-language text"><span lang="th">ทศคีรีธร</span></span>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bangkok_statue.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Thotsakhiriwan (ทศคีรีวัน)"><img alt="Thotsakhiriwan (ทศคีรีวัน)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Bangkok_statue.jpg/90px-Bangkok_statue.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Bangkok_statue.jpg/135px-Bangkok_statue.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Bangkok_statue.jpg/180px-Bangkok_statue.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1350" data-file-height="1800" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Narantaka-Devantaka" title="Narantaka-Devantaka">Thotsakhiriwan</a><br />(<span title="Thai-language text"><span lang="th">ทศคีรีวัน</span></span>)</div> </li> </ul> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional center"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Grand_Palace,_Bangkok_P1100418.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Chakkrawat (จักรวรรดิ)"><img alt="Chakkrawat (จักรวรรดิ)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Grand_Palace%2C_Bangkok_P1100418.JPG/90px-Grand_Palace%2C_Bangkok_P1100418.JPG" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Grand_Palace%2C_Bangkok_P1100418.JPG/135px-Grand_Palace%2C_Bangkok_P1100418.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Grand_Palace%2C_Bangkok_P1100418.JPG/180px-Grand_Palace%2C_Bangkok_P1100418.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="4000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Chakkrawat<br />(<span title="Thai-language text"><span lang="th">จักรวรรดิ</span></span>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Grand_Palace,_Bangkok_P1100414.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Atsakanmala (อัศกรรณมาลาสูร)"><img alt="Atsakanmala (อัศกรรณมาลาสูร)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Grand_Palace%2C_Bangkok_P1100414.JPG/90px-Grand_Palace%2C_Bangkok_P1100414.JPG" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Grand_Palace%2C_Bangkok_P1100414.JPG/135px-Grand_Palace%2C_Bangkok_P1100414.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Grand_Palace%2C_Bangkok_P1100414.JPG/180px-Grand_Palace%2C_Bangkok_P1100414.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="4000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Atsakanmala<br />(<span title="Thai-language text"><span lang="th">อัศกรรณมาลาสูร</span></span>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:20160727_-_Guardian_-_Wat_Phra_Kaew_-_Bangkok_-_5284.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Thotsakan (ทศกัณฐ์)"><img alt="Thotsakan (ทศกัณฐ์)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/20160727_-_Guardian_-_Wat_Phra_Kaew_-_Bangkok_-_5284.jpg/73px-20160727_-_Guardian_-_Wat_Phra_Kaew_-_Bangkok_-_5284.jpg" decoding="async" width="73" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/20160727_-_Guardian_-_Wat_Phra_Kaew_-_Bangkok_-_5284.jpg/110px-20160727_-_Guardian_-_Wat_Phra_Kaew_-_Bangkok_-_5284.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/20160727_-_Guardian_-_Wat_Phra_Kaew_-_Bangkok_-_5284.jpg/146px-20160727_-_Guardian_-_Wat_Phra_Kaew_-_Bangkok_-_5284.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3011" data-file-height="4928" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Ravana" title="Ravana">Thotsakan</a><br />(<span title="Thai-language text"><span lang="th">ทศกัณฐ์</span></span>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:20160727_-_Guardian_-_Wat_Phra_Kaew_-_Bangkok_-_5281.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Sahatsadecha (สหัสเดชะ)"><img alt="Sahatsadecha (สหัสเดชะ)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/20160727_-_Guardian_-_Wat_Phra_Kaew_-_Bangkok_-_5281.jpg/68px-20160727_-_Guardian_-_Wat_Phra_Kaew_-_Bangkok_-_5281.jpg" decoding="async" width="68" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/20160727_-_Guardian_-_Wat_Phra_Kaew_-_Bangkok_-_5281.jpg/103px-20160727_-_Guardian_-_Wat_Phra_Kaew_-_Bangkok_-_5281.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/20160727_-_Guardian_-_Wat_Phra_Kaew_-_Bangkok_-_5281.jpg/137px-20160727_-_Guardian_-_Wat_Phra_Kaew_-_Bangkok_-_5281.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2648" data-file-height="4632" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Sahatsadecha<br />(<span title="Thai-language text"><span lang="th">สหัสเดชะ</span></span>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Maiyarap_at_Wat_Phra_Kaew.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Maiyarap (ไมยราพ)"><img alt="Maiyarap (ไมยราพ)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Maiyarap_at_Wat_Phra_Kaew.jpg/80px-Maiyarap_at_Wat_Phra_Kaew.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Maiyarap_at_Wat_Phra_Kaew.jpg/120px-Maiyarap_at_Wat_Phra_Kaew.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Maiyarap_at_Wat_Phra_Kaew.jpg/160px-Maiyarap_at_Wat_Phra_Kaew.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2004" data-file-height="3000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Ahiravan" title="Ahiravan">Maiyarap</a><br />(<span title="Thai-language text"><span lang="th">ไมยราพ</span></span>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wirunchambang_at_Wat_Phra_Kaew.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Wirunchambang (วิรุณจำบัง)"><img alt="Wirunchambang (วิรุณจำบัง)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wirunchambang_at_Wat_Phra_Kaew.jpg/80px-Wirunchambang_at_Wat_Phra_Kaew.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wirunchambang_at_Wat_Phra_Kaew.jpg/120px-Wirunchambang_at_Wat_Phra_Kaew.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wirunchambang_at_Wat_Phra_Kaew.jpg/160px-Wirunchambang_at_Wat_Phra_Kaew.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2004" data-file-height="3000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Wirunchambang<br />(<span title="Thai-language text"><span lang="th">วิรุณจำบัง</span></span>)</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wat_Phra_Kaew&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_kingship" title="Buddhist kingship">Buddhist kingship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wat_Pho" title="Wat Pho">Wat Pho</a> (Temple of the Reclining Buddha)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wat_Phra_Kaew&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Thai_language" title="Thai language">Thai</a>: <span lang="th">วัดพระศรีรัตนศาสดาราม</span>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991"><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">pronounced</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="th-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Thai" title="Help:IPA/Thai">[wát.pʰráʔ.sǐː.rát.ta.náʔ.sàːt.sa.daː.raːm]</a></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-date-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-date_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-date_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">The date is recorded in the Rattanakosin Royal Chronicle as Monday, 14th waning moon, 4th lunar month, year of the dragon, <a href="/wiki/Chulasakkarat" class="mw-redirect" title="Chulasakkarat">Chulasakkarat</a> 1146,<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which is erroneous as that lunar date falls on a Wednesday. A later Fine Arts Department publication corrects this to 5th waning moon,<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which corresponds to 28 February 1785.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, many sources report an incorrect date of 22 March 1784.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wat_Phra_Kaew&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><b>Citations</b> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRod-ari2016">Rod-ari 2016</a>, p. 161</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Suksri_23-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Suksri_23_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Suksri_23_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Suksri_23_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSuksriChakrabongseLimpabandhu2013">Suksri, Chakrabongse & Limpabandhu 2013</a>, p. 23</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rod-ari_2016_167-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Rod-ari_2016_167_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rod-ari_2016_167_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRod-ari2016">Rod-ari 2016</a>, p. 167</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWales1931">Wales 1931</a>, p. 71</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFChaophraya_Thiphakorawong_(Kham_Bunnag)Prince_Damrong_Rajanubhab1988" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Chaophraya Thiphakorawong (Kham Bunnag); Prince Damrong Rajanubhab, eds. (1988). "๒๑. สร้างวัดพระแก้ว". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://vajirayana.org/%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C-%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%88-%E0%B9%91/%E0%B9%92%E0%B9%91-%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%81%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%A7"><i>พระราชพงศาวดารกรุงรัตนโกสินทร์ รัชกาลที่ ๑</i></a> [<i>The Royal Chronicles of the Kingdom of Rattanakosin, First Reign</i>] (in Thai). Bangkok: Bureau of Literature and History, Fine Arts Department. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/974-7936-18-6" title="Special:BookSources/974-7936-18-6"><bdi>974-7936-18-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%E0%B9%92%E0%B9%91.+%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%81%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%A7&rft.btitle=%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C+%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%88+%E0%B9%91&rft.place=Bangkok&rft.pub=Bureau+of+Literature+and+History%2C+Fine+Arts+Department&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=974-7936-18-6&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fvajirayana.org%2F%25E0%25B8%259E%25E0%25B8%25A3%25E0%25B8%25B0%25E0%25B8%25A3%25E0%25B8%25B2%25E0%25B8%258A%25E0%25B8%259E%25E0%25B8%2587%25E0%25B8%25A8%25E0%25B8%25B2%25E0%25B8%25A7%25E0%25B8%2594%25E0%25B8%25B2%25E0%25B8%25A3%25E0%25B8%2581%25E0%25B8%25A3%25E0%25B8%25B8%25E0%25B8%2587%25E0%25B8%25A3%25E0%25B8%25B1%25E0%25B8%2595%25E0%25B8%2599%25E0%25B9%2582%25E0%25B8%2581%25E0%25B8%25AA%25E0%25B8%25B4%25E0%25B8%2599%25E0%25B8%2597%25E0%25B8%25A3%25E0%25B9%258C-%25E0%25B8%25A3%25E0%25B8%25B1%25E0%25B8%258A%25E0%25B8%2581%25E0%25B8%25B2%25E0%25B8%25A5%25E0%25B8%2597%25E0%25B8%25B5%25E0%25B9%2588-%25E0%25B9%2591%2F%25E0%25B9%2592%25E0%25B9%2591-%25E0%25B8%25AA%25E0%25B8%25A3%25E0%25B9%2589%25E0%25B8%25B2%25E0%25B8%2587%25E0%25B8%25A7%25E0%25B8%25B1%25E0%25B8%2594%25E0%25B8%259E%25E0%25B8%25A3%25E0%25B8%25B0%25E0%25B9%2581%25E0%25B8%2581%25E0%25B9%2589%25E0%25B8%25A7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWat+Phra+Kaew" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>จดหมายเหตุการสร้างเครื่องทรงพระพุทธมหามณีรัตนปฏิมากร / Čhotmāihēt kānsāng khrư̄angsong Phra Phutthamahāmanīrattanapatimākō̜n</i>. Bangkok: Treasury Department, Ministry of Finance. 1997. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9747700344" title="Special:BookSources/9747700344"><bdi>9747700344</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A2%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%87%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B7%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%93%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%8F%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3+%2F+%C4%8Chotm%C4%81ih%C4%93t+k%C4%81ns%C4%81ng+khr%C6%B0%CC%84angsong+Phra+Phutthamah%C4%81man%C4%ABrattanapatim%C4%81k%C5%8D%CC%9Cn&rft.place=Bangkok&rft.pub=Treasury+Department%2C+Ministry+of+Finance&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=9747700344&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWat+Phra+Kaew" class="Z3988"></span> Cited in <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cpc.rtaf.mi.th/images/Dhammanusasana/046Dhammanusasana.pdf">"ประวัติพระพุทธมหามณีรัตนปฏิมากร (พระแก้วมรกต)"</a> [History of the Emerald Buddha] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Dhammanusasana</i> (in Thai). Chaplaincy Division, Directorate of Education and Training, RTAF<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 September</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Dhammanusasana&rft.atitle=%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%93%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%8F%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3+%28%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%81%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%95%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcpc.rtaf.mi.th%2Fimages%2FDhammanusasana%2F046Dhammanusasana.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWat+Phra+Kaew" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThailand" class="citation web cs1">Thailand, MYHORA com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.myhora.com/%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%8F%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99/%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%8F%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99-100%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%B5-%E0%B8%9E.%E0%B8%A8.2327.aspx">"ปฏิทิน 100 ปี พ.ศ.2327–2328(2327) / ค.ศ.1784–1785"</a> [100-year calendar, 1784–1785]. <i>myhora.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 September</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=myhora.com&rft.atitle=%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%8F%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99+100+%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%B5+%E0%B8%9E.%E0%B8%A8.2327%E2%80%932328%282327%29+%2F+%E0%B8%84.%E0%B8%A8.1784%E2%80%931785&rft.aulast=Thailand&rft.aufirst=MYHORA+com&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.myhora.com%2F%25E0%25B8%259B%25E0%25B8%258F%25E0%25B8%25B4%25E0%25B8%2597%25E0%25B8%25B4%25E0%25B8%2599%2F%25E0%25B8%259B%25E0%25B8%258F%25E0%25B8%25B4%25E0%25B8%2597%25E0%25B8%25B4%25E0%25B8%2599-100%25E0%25B8%259B%25E0%25B8%25B5-%25E0%25B8%259E.%25E0%25B8%25A8.2327.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWat+Phra+Kaew" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRod-ari2016">Rod-ari 2016</a>, p. 164</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-rattanakosin-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-rattanakosin_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPasit_Charoenwong1982" class="citation book cs1">Pasit Charoenwong, ed. (1982). <i>The Sights of Rattanakosin</i>. Committee for the Rattanakosin Bicentennial Celebration. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9747919615" title="Special:BookSources/978-9747919615"><bdi>978-9747919615</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Sights+of+Rattanakosin&rft.pub=Committee+for+the+Rattanakosin+Bicentennial+Celebration&rft.date=1982&rft.isbn=978-9747919615&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWat+Phra+Kaew" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHongvivat2004">Hongvivat 2004</a>, p. 10</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lek-Prapai-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Lek-Prapai_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lek-prapai.org/home/view.php?id=849">"พระราชพิธีสิบสองเดือนในสมัยกรุงรัตนโกสินทร์ – มูลนิธิเล็ก-ประไพ วิริยะพันธุ์พระราชพิธีสิบสองเดือนในสมัยกรุงรัตนโกสินทร์"</a>. <i>lek-prapai.org</i> (in Thai). Lek-Prapai Viriyahpant Foundation. 16 June 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 October</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=lek-prapai.org&rft.atitle=%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B7%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%83%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C+%E2%80%93+%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%87%E0%B8%81-%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%9E+%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%B8%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B7%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%83%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C&rft.date=2016-06-16&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flek-prapai.org%2Fhome%2Fview.php%3Fid%3D849&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWat+Phra+Kaew" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Suksri_50-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Suksri_50_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Suksri_50_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Suksri_50_14-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSuksriChakrabongseLimpabandhu2013">Suksri, Chakrabongse & Limpabandhu 2013</a>, p. 50</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hongvivat_64-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hongvivat_64_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHongvivat2004">Hongvivat 2004</a>, p. 64</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSuksriChakrabongseLimpabandhu2013">Suksri, Chakrabongse & Limpabandhu 2013</a>, p. 52</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Suksri_54-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Suksri_54_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Suksri_54_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSuksriChakrabongseLimpabandhu2013">Suksri, Chakrabongse & Limpabandhu 2013</a>, p. 54</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Suksri_55-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Suksri_55_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Suksri_55_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSuksriChakrabongseLimpabandhu2013">Suksri, Chakrabongse & Limpabandhu 2013</a>, p. 55</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSuksriChakrabongseLimpabandhu2013">Suksri, Chakrabongse & Limpabandhu 2013</a>, p. 59</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Suksri_71-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Suksri_71_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSuksriChakrabongseLimpabandhu2013">Suksri, Chakrabongse & Limpabandhu 2013</a>, p. 71</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Suksri_72-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Suksri_72_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Suksri_72_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSuksriChakrabongseLimpabandhu2013">Suksri, Chakrabongse & Limpabandhu 2013</a>, p. 72</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-gardner-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-gardner_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKleiner2015" class="citation book cs1">Kleiner, Fred S, ed. 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Cengage Learning. p. 1045. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-305-54494-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-305-54494-9"><bdi>978-1-305-54494-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gardner%27s+Art+through+the+Ages%3A+Backpack+Edition%2C+Book+F%3A+Non-Western+Art+Since+1300&rft.pages=1045&rft.edition=15th&rft.pub=Cengage+Learning&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-305-54494-9&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DrofCBAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT38&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWat+Phra+Kaew" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bangkok-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-bangkok_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bangkokforvisitors.com/ratanakosin/grand-palace/emerald-buddha-temple/emerald-buddha-chapel.php">"Chapel of the Emerald Buddha"</a>. <i>Asia for Visitors – Your complete online travel resource for Southeast Asia</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 March</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Asia+for+Visitors+%E2%80%93+Your+complete+online+travel+resource+for+Southeast+Asia&rft.atitle=Chapel+of+the+Emerald+Buddha&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbangkokforvisitors.com%2Fratanakosin%2Fgrand-palace%2Femerald-buddha-temple%2Femerald-buddha-chapel.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWat+Phra+Kaew" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EricRoeder-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-EricRoeder_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoeder1999" class="citation journal cs1">Roeder, Eric (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholarspace.manoa.hawaii.edu/bitstream/handle/10125/2542/The%20Origin%20and%20Significance%20of%20the%20Emerald%20Buddha.pdf?sequence=1">"The Origin and Significance of the Emerald Buddha"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Explorations in Southeast Asian Studies</i>. <b>3</b>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 February</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Explorations+in+Southeast+Asian+Studies&rft.atitle=The+Origin+and+Significance+of+the+Emerald+Buddha&rft.volume=3&rft.pages=1%2C+18&rft.date=1999&rft.aulast=Roeder&rft.aufirst=Eric&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fscholarspace.manoa.hawaii.edu%2Fbitstream%2Fhandle%2F10125%2F2542%2FThe%2520Origin%2520and%2520Significance%2520of%2520the%2520Emerald%2520Buddha.pdf%3Fsequence%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWat+Phra+Kaew" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Suksri_64-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Suksri_64_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Suksri_64_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Suksri_64_25-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSuksriChakrabongseLimpabandhu2013">Suksri, Chakrabongse & Limpabandhu 2013</a>, p. 64</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBuswell2013" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Buswell_Jr." title="Robert Buswell Jr.">Buswell, Robert Jr.</a>, ed. 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href="#CITEREFHongvivat2004">Hongvivat 2004</a>, pp. 48–50</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Suksri_2013_78–83-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Suksri_2013_78–83_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSuksriChakrabongseLimpabandhu2013">Suksri, Chakrabongse & Limpabandhu 2013</a>, pp. 78–83</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHongvivat2004">Hongvivat 2004</a>, p. 54</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSuksriChakrabongseLimpabandhu2013">Suksri, Chakrabongse & Limpabandhu 2013</a>, p. 84</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHongvivat2004">Hongvivat 2004</a>, p. 56</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSuksriChakrabongseLimpabandhu2013">Suksri, Chakrabongse & Limpabandhu 2013</a>, p. 87</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hongvivat_46-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hongvivat_46_45-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hongvivat_46_45-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHongvivat2004">Hongvivat 2004</a>, p. 46</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHongvivat2004">Hongvivat 2004</a>, p. 52</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Suksri_77-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Suksri_77_47-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Suksri_77_47-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSuksriChakrabongseLimpabandhu2013">Suksri, Chakrabongse & Limpabandhu 2013</a>, p. 77</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSuksriChakrabongseLimpabandhu2013">Suksri, Chakrabongse & Limpabandhu 2013</a>, p. 92</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Suksri_91-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Suksri_91_49-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Suksri_91_49-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSuksriChakrabongseLimpabandhu2013">Suksri, Chakrabongse & Limpabandhu 2013</a>, p. 91</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSuksriChakrabongseLimpabandhu2013">Suksri, Chakrabongse & Limpabandhu 2013</a>, p. 94</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSuksriChakrabongseLimpabandhu2013">Suksri, Chakrabongse & Limpabandhu 2013</a>, p. 96</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSuksriChakrabongseLimpabandhu2013">Suksri, Chakrabongse & Limpabandhu 2013</a>, p. 97</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSuksriChakrabongseLimpabandhu2013">Suksri, Chakrabongse & Limpabandhu 2013</a>, p. 99</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHongvivat2004">Hongvivat 2004</a>, p. 34</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Suksri_104-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Suksri_104_55-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Suksri_104_55-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSuksriChakrabongseLimpabandhu2013">Suksri, Chakrabongse & Limpabandhu 2013</a>, p. 104</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHongvivat2004">Hongvivat 2004</a>, p. 36</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHongvivat2004">Hongvivat 2004</a>, p. 40</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Suksri_106-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Suksri_106_58-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSuksriChakrabongseLimpabandhu2013">Suksri, Chakrabongse & Limpabandhu 2013</a>, p. 106</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.thaipbs.or.th/content/260151">"ตำนาน "ระฆัง" วัดพระแก้ว"</a>. <i>Thai PBS</i> (in Thai). 11 February 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Thai+PBS&rft.atitle=%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B3%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99+%22%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%86%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%87%22+%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%81%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%A7&rft.date=2017-02-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.thaipbs.or.th%2Fcontent%2F260151&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWat+Phra+Kaew" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHongvivat2004">Hongvivat 2004</a>, p. 30</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSuksriChakrabongseLimpabandhu2013">Suksri, Chakrabongse & Limpabandhu 2013</a>, p. 98</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHongvivat2004">Hongvivat 2004</a>, p. 32</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSuksriChakrabongseLimpabandhu2013">Suksri, Chakrabongse & Limpabandhu 2013</a>, pp. 102–103</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hongvivat_2004_26-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hongvivat_2004_26_64-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hongvivat_2004_26_64-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHongvivat2004">Hongvivat 2004</a>, p. 26</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Suksri_75-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Suksri_75_65-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Suksri_75_65-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSuksriChakrabongseLimpabandhu2013">Suksri, Chakrabongse & Limpabandhu 2013</a>, p. 75</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHongvivat2004">Hongvivat 2004</a>, p. 12</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Suksri_33-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Suksri_33_67-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSuksriChakrabongseLimpabandhu2013">Suksri, Chakrabongse & Limpabandhu 2013</a>, pp. 33–47</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHongvivat2004">Hongvivat 2004</a>, p. 14</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHongvivat2004">Hongvivat 2004</a>, p. 16</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHongvivat2004">Hongvivat 2004</a>, p. 18</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHongvivat2004">Hongvivat 2004</a>, p. 20</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHongvivat2004">Hongvivat 2004</a>, p. 22</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHongvivat2004">Hongvivat 2004</a>, p. 24</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSuksriChakrabongseLimpabandhu2013">Suksri, Chakrabongse & Limpabandhu 2013</a>, p. 48</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <p><b>Bibliography</b> </p> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHongvivat2004" class="citation book cs1">Hongvivat, Nidda (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gSdEAAAACAAJ"><i>The Temple of the Emerald Buddha and the Grand Palace Including the Short Story of Ramakian from the Mural Paintings: A Guide to Thai Art and Architecture</i></a>. Sangdad Pueandek. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-974-92387-8-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-974-92387-8-3"><bdi>978-974-92387-8-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Temple+of+the+Emerald+Buddha+and+the+Grand+Palace+Including+the+Short+Story+of+Ramakian+from+the+Mural+Paintings%3A+A+Guide+to+Thai+Art+and+Architecture&rft.pub=Sangdad+Pueandek&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-974-92387-8-3&rft.aulast=Hongvivat&rft.aufirst=Nidda&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DgSdEAAAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWat+Phra+Kaew" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMatics1998" class="citation book cs1">Matics, Kathleen I. (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8mXYAAAAMAAJ"><i>Gestures of the Buddha</i></a>. Chulalongkorn University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-974-635-068-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-974-635-068-6"><bdi>978-974-635-068-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gestures+of+the+Buddha&rft.pub=Chulalongkorn+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-974-635-068-6&rft.aulast=Matics&rft.aufirst=Kathleen+I.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8mXYAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWat+Phra+Kaew" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRod-ari2016" class="citation book cs1">Rod-ari, Melody (January 2016). "Beyond the Ashes: The Making of Bangkok as the Capital City of Siam". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/305455852"><i>Political Landscapes of Capital Cities</i></a>. pp. 155–179. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5876%2F9781607324690.c004">10.5876/9781607324690.c004</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-60732-469-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-60732-469-0"><bdi>978-1-60732-469-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Beyond+the+Ashes%3A+The+Making+of+Bangkok+as+the+Capital+City+of+Siam&rft.btitle=Political+Landscapes+of+Capital+Cities&rft.pages=155-179&rft.date=2016-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5876%2F9781607324690.c004&rft.isbn=978-1-60732-469-0&rft.aulast=Rod-ari&rft.aufirst=Melody&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F305455852&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWat+Phra+Kaew" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSuksriChakrabongseLimpabandhu2013" class="citation book cs1">Suksri, Naengnoi; Chakrabongse, Narisa; Limpabandhu, Thanit (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PbSYPAAACAAJ"><i>The Grand Palace and Old Bangkok</i></a>. River Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-974-9863-41-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-974-9863-41-1"><bdi>978-974-9863-41-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Grand+Palace+and+Old+Bangkok&rft.pub=River+Books&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-974-9863-41-1&rft.aulast=Suksri&rft.aufirst=Naengnoi&rft.au=Chakrabongse%2C+Narisa&rft.au=Limpabandhu%2C+Thanit&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPbSYPAAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWat+Phra+Kaew" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWales1931" class="citation book cs1">Wales, Horace Geoffrey Quaritch (1931). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.72905"><i>Siamese State Ceremonies: Their History and Function</i></a>. B. Quaritch.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Siamese+State+Ceremonies%3A+Their+History+and+Function&rft.pub=B.+Quaritch&rft.date=1931&rft.aulast=Wales&rft.aufirst=Horace+Geoffrey+Quaritch&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fin.ernet.dli.2015.72905&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWat+Phra+Kaew" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wat_Phra_Kaew&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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.navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Rattanakosin" title="Template:Rattanakosin"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Rattanakosin" title="Template talk:Rattanakosin"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Rattanakosin" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Rattanakosin"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Rattanakosin_Period_(1782–1932)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Rattanakosin_Kingdom_(1782%E2%80%931932)" title="Rattanakosin Kingdom (1782–1932)">Rattanakosin Period (1782–1932)</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;color:inherit;"><div style="padding:0px"><table class="navbox-columns-table" style="border-spacing: 0px; text-align:left;width:100%;"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="font-weight:bold;background:#CCCCFF;">Monarchs</td><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;background:#CCCCFF;">Individuals</td><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;background:#CCCCFF;">Key events</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td class="navbox-list" style="padding:0px;width:33.3%;"><div> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Chakri_dynasty" title="Chakri dynasty">Chakri dynasty</a></b><br /> <b><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Thailand" title="Monarchy of Thailand">Kings</a></b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rama_I" title="Rama I">Phutthayotfa Chulalok</a> (Rama I)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rama_II" title="Rama II">Phutthaloetla Naphalai</a> (Rama II)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rama_III" title="Rama III">Nangklao</a> (Rama III)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongkut" title="Mongkut">Mongkut</a> (Rama IV)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chulalongkorn" title="Chulalongkorn">Chulalongkorn</a> (Rama V)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vajiravudh" title="Vajiravudh">Vajiravudh</a> (Rama VI)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prajadhipok" title="Prajadhipok">Prajadhipok</a> (Rama VII)</li></ul> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Front_Palace" title="Front Palace">Viceroys</a></b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maha_Sura_Singhanat" title="Maha Sura Singhanat">Maha Sura Singhanat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rama_II" title="Rama II">Itsarasunthon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maha_Senanurak" title="Maha Senanurak">Maha Senanurak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sakdiphonlasep" title="Sakdiphonlasep">Sakdiphonlasep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinklao" title="Pinklao">Pinklao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wichaichan" title="Wichaichan">Wichaichan</a></li></ul> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Rear_Palace" title="Rear Palace">Deputy Viceroy</a></b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anurak_Devesh" title="Anurak Devesh">Anurak Devesh</a></li></ul> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Crown_Prince_of_Thailand" title="Crown Prince of Thailand">Crown Prince</a></b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vajirunhis" title="Vajirunhis">Vajirunhis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vajiravudh" title="Vajiravudh">Vajiravudh</a></li></ul> <p><b>Hereditary Prince</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chakrabongse_Bhuvanath" title="Chakrabongse Bhuvanath">Chakrabongse Bhuvanath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asdang_Dejavudh" title="Asdang Dejavudh">Asdang Dejavudh</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;width:33.3%;"><div> <p><b>Royalty</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vajirananavarorasa" title="Vajirananavarorasa">Vajirananavarorasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhanurangsi_Savangwongse" title="Bhanurangsi Savangwongse">Bhanurangsi Savangwongse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devawongse_Varoprakarn" class="mw-redirect" title="Devawongse Varoprakarn">Devawongse Varoprakarn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damrong_Rajanubhab" title="Damrong Rajanubhab">Damrong Rajanubhab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narisara_Nuwattiwong" title="Narisara Nuwattiwong">Narisara Nuwattiwong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashemsri_Subhayok" title="Kashemsri Subhayok">Kashemsri Subhayok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jayanta_Mongkol" title="Jayanta Mongkol">Jayanta Mongkol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chakrabongse_Bhuvanath" title="Chakrabongse Bhuvanath">Chakrabongse Bhuvanath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paribatra_Sukhumbandhu" title="Paribatra Sukhumbandhu">Paribatra Sukhumbandhu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kitiyakara_Voralaksana" title="Kitiyakara Voralaksana">Kitiyakara Voralaksana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chirapravati_Voradej" title="Chirapravati Voradej">Chirapravati Voradej</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abhakara_Kiartivongse" title="Abhakara Kiartivongse">Abhakara Kiartivongse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purachatra_Jayakara" title="Purachatra Jayakara">Purachatra Jayakara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yugala_Dighambara" title="Yugala Dighambara">Yugala Dighambara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wongsa_Dhiraj_Snid" title="Wongsa Dhiraj Snid">Wongsa Dhiraj Snid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rangsit_Prayurasakdi" title="Rangsit Prayurasakdi">Rangsit Prayurasakdi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahidol_Adulyadej" title="Mahidol Adulyadej">Mahidol Adulyadej</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Council_of_State_of_Siam" title="Supreme Council of State of Siam">Supreme Council of State of Siam</a></li></ul> <p><b>Siamese</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thao_Thep_Krasattri_and_Thao_Si_Sunthon" title="Thao Thep Krasattri and Thao Si Sunthon">Thao Thep Krasattri and Thao Si Sunthon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunthorn_Phu" title="Sunthorn Phu">Sunthorn Phu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodindecha" class="mw-redirect" title="Bodindecha">Bodindecha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prayurawongse" title="Prayurawongse">Prayurawongse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somdet_Chaophraya_Borom_Maha_Sri_Suriwongse" title="Somdet Chaophraya Borom Maha Sri Suriwongse">Sri Suriwongse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaophraya_Surasakmontri" title="Chaophraya Surasakmontri">Surasakmontri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khana_Ratsadon" title="Khana Ratsadon">Khana Ratsadon</a></li></ul> <p><b>Foreigners</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ang_Eng" title="Ang Eng">Ang Eng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gia_Long" title="Gia Long">Nguyễn Ánh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dan_Beach_Bradley" title="Dan Beach Bradley">Dan Beach Bradley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Pallegoix" title="Jean-Baptiste Pallegoix">Jean-Baptiste Pallegoix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anna_Leonowens" title="Anna Leonowens">Anna Leonowens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Bowring" title="John Bowring">John Bowring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustave_Rolin-Jaequemyns" title="Gustave Rolin-Jaequemyns">Gustave Rolin-Jaequemyns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auguste_Pavie" title="Auguste Pavie">Auguste Pavie</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;width:33.3%;"><div> <p><b>Key events</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Bangkok" title="History of Bangkok">Foundation of Bangkok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_R%E1%BA%A1ch_G%E1%BA%A7m-Xo%C3%A0i_M%C3%BAt" title="Battle of Rạch Gầm-Xoài Mút">Tây Sơn–Siam War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burmese%E2%80%93Siamese_War_(1785%E2%80%931786)" title="Burmese–Siamese War (1785–1786)">Nine Armies' War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tha_Din_Daeng_campaign" title="Tha Din Daeng campaign">Tha Din Daeng campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burmese%E2%80%93Siamese_War_(1792%E2%80%931794)" title="Burmese–Siamese War (1792–1794)">Tavoy expedition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burmese%E2%80%93Siamese_War_(1797%E2%80%931798)" title="Burmese–Siamese War (1797–1798)">Burmese Invasions of Chiangmai (1797)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Burmese%E2%80%93Siamese_War_(1802%E2%80%931805)#Burmese_invasion_of_Chiang_Mai_(1802)" title="Burmese–Siamese War (1802–1805)">(1802)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burmese%E2%80%93Siamese_War_(1802%E2%80%931805)#Siamese_invasion_of_Chiang_Saen_(1804)" title="Burmese–Siamese War (1802–1805)">Capture of Chiangsaen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burmese%E2%80%93Siamese_War_(1809%E2%80%9312)" class="mw-redirect" title="Burmese–Siamese War (1809–12)">Burmese Invasion of Thalang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodian_rebellion_(1811%E2%80%9312)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cambodian rebellion (1811–12)">Cambodian rebellion (1811–1812)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Crawfurd#Mission_to_Siam_and_Cochin_China" title="John Crawfurd">Crawfurd Mission to Siam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burney_Treaty" title="Burney Treaty">Burney Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lao_rebellion_(1826%E2%80%9328)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lao rebellion (1826–28)">Lao rebellion (1826–1828)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kedah_Insurgency_(1831%E2%80%931832)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kedah Insurgency (1831–1832) (page does not exist)">Kedah Insurgency (1831–1832)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siamese%E2%80%93Vietnamese_War_(1831%E2%80%931834)" class="mw-redirect" title="Siamese–Vietnamese War (1831–1834)">Siamese–Vietnamese War (1831–1834)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siamese%E2%80%93American_Treaty_of_Amity_and_Commerce" title="Siamese–American Treaty of Amity and Commerce">Siamese–American Treaty of Amity and Commerce</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kedah_Insurgency_(1838%E2%80%931839)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kedah Insurgency (1838–1839) (page does not exist)">Kedah Insurgency (1838–1839)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kelantanese_Civil_War&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kelantanese Civil War (page does not exist)">Kelantanese Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siamese%E2%80%93Vietnamese_War_(1841%E2%80%931845)" title="Siamese–Vietnamese War (1841–1845)">Siamese–Vietnamese War (1841–1845)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burmese%E2%80%93Siamese_War_(1849%E2%80%931855)" title="Burmese–Siamese War (1849–1855)">Kengtung expeditions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bowring_Treaty" title="Bowring Treaty">Bowring Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siamese_Mission_to_the_United_Kingdom_(1857)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Siamese Mission to the United Kingdom (1857) (page does not exist)">Siamese Mission to the United Kingdom (1857)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siamese_Mission_to_France_(1861)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Siamese Mission to France (1861) (page does not exist)">Siamese Mission to France (1861)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Front_Palace_Crisis" title="Front Palace Crisis">Front Palace Crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haw_wars" title="Haw wars">Haw wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1893_Franco-Siamese_crisis" title="1893 Franco-Siamese crisis">1893 Franco-Siamese crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paknam_incident" title="Paknam incident">Paknam incident</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shan_Rebellion_of_Phrae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Shan Rebellion of Phrae (page does not exist)">Shan Rebellion of Phrae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Man%27s_Rebellion" title="Holy Man's Rebellion">Holy Man's Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Siamese_Treaty_of_1909" title="Anglo-Siamese Treaty of 1909">Anglo-Siamese Treaty of 1909</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palace_Revolt_of_1912" title="Palace Revolt of 1912">Palace Revolt of 1912</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siam_in_World_War_I" title="Siam in World War I">World War I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siamese_Expeditionary_Forces" title="Siamese Expeditionary Forces">Siamese Expeditionary Forces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1924_Palace_Law_of_Succession" title="1924 Palace Law of Succession">1924 Palace Law of Succession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siamese_revolution_of_1932" title="Siamese revolution of 1932">Siamese revolution of 1932</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>← <a href="/wiki/Thonburi_Kingdom" title="Thonburi Kingdom">Thonburi Kingdom (1767–1782)</a> • <a href="/wiki/History_of_Thailand_(1932%E2%80%931973)" title="History of Thailand (1932–1973)">History of Thailand (1932–1973)</a> →</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Tourist_attractions_in_Bangkok" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Tourist_attractions_in_Bangkok" title="Template:Tourist attractions in Bangkok"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Tourist_attractions_in_Bangkok" title="Template talk:Tourist attractions in Bangkok"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Tourist_attractions_in_Bangkok" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Tourist attractions in Bangkok"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Tourist_attractions_in_Bangkok" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Bangkok" title="Tourism in Bangkok">Tourist attractions in Bangkok</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Places of Worship</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal"><a href="/wiki/Wat" title="Wat">Buddhist temples (Wats)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wat_Arun" title="Wat Arun">Wat Arun (Temple of Dawn)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wat_Benchamabophit" title="Wat Benchamabophit">Wat Benchamabophit (Marble Temple)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wat_Bowonniwet_Vihara" title="Wat Bowonniwet Vihara">Wat Bowonniwet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wat_Champa" title="Wat Champa">Wat Champa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wat_Chana_Songkram" class="mw-redirect" title="Wat Chana Songkram">Wat Chana Songkram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wat_Hong_Rattanaram" title="Wat Hong Rattanaram">Wat Hong Rattanaram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wat_Ko,_Bangkok" title="Wat Ko, Bangkok">Wat Ko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wat_Kalayanamitr" class="mw-redirect" title="Wat Kalayanamitr">Wat Kalayanamitr (Big Buddha)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wat_Mahathat_Yuwaratrangsarit" title="Wat Mahathat Yuwaratrangsarit">Wat Mahathat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wat_Paknam_Bhasicharoen" title="Wat Paknam Bhasicharoen">Wat Paknam Bhasicharoen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wat_Pathum_Khongkha" title="Wat Pathum Khongkha">Wat Pathum Khongkha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wat_Pathum_Wanaram" title="Wat Pathum Wanaram">Wat Pathum Wanaram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wat_Pho" title="Wat Pho">Wat Pho (Reclining Buddha)</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Wat Phra Kaew (Emerald Buddha)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wat_Prayurawongsawat" title="Wat Prayurawongsawat">Wat Prayurawongsawat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wat_Rakhangkhositaram" title="Wat Rakhangkhositaram">Wat Rakhangkhositaram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wat_Ratchabophit" title="Wat Ratchabophit">Wat Ratchabophit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wat_Ratchaburana,_Bangkok" title="Wat Ratchaburana, Bangkok">Wat Ratchaburana (Wat Liap)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wat_Ratchanatdaram" title="Wat Ratchanatdaram">Wat Ratchanatdaram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wat_Ratchapradit" title="Wat Ratchapradit">Wat Ratchapradit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wat_Saket" title="Wat Saket">Wat Saket (Golden Mount)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wat_Suthat" title="Wat Suthat">Wat Suthat (Giant Swing)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wat_Suwannaram" title="Wat Suwannaram">Wat Suwannaram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wat_Traimit" title="Wat Traimit">Wat Traimit (Golden Buddha)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wat_Yannawa" title="Wat Yannawa">Wat Yannawa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal">Churches</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Rosary_Church,_Bangkok" title="Holy Rosary Church, Bangkok">Holy Rosary Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assumption_Cathedral,_Bangkok" title="Assumption Cathedral, Bangkok">Assumption Cathedral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Redeemer_Church,_Bangkok" title="Holy Redeemer Church, Bangkok">Holy Redeemer Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immaculate_Conception_Church,_Bangkok" title="Immaculate Conception Church, Bangkok">Immaculate Conception Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Cruz_Church,_Bangkok" title="Santa Cruz Church, Bangkok">Santa Cruz Church</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal">Other religious buildings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bang_Luang_Mosque" title="Bang Luang Mosque">Bang Luang Mosque (Kudi Khao)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devasathan" title="Devasathan">Devasathan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erawan_Shrine" title="Erawan Shrine">Erawan Shrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giant_Swing" title="Giant Swing">Giant Swing (Sao Chingcha)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guan_Yu_Shrine,_Khlong_San" title="Guan Yu Shrine, Khlong San">Guan Yu Shrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thian_Fah_Foundation_Hospital" title="Thian Fah Foundation Hospital">Guanyin Shrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kian_Un_Keng_Shrine" title="Kian Un Keng Shrine">Kian Un Keng Shrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lak_Mueang" title="Lak Mueang">Lak Mueang (City Pillar Shrine)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leng_Buai_Ia_Shrine" title="Leng Buai Ia Shrine">Leng Buai Ia Shrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariamman_Temple,_Bangkok" class="mw-redirect" title="Mariamman Temple, Bangkok">Mariamman Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Chao_Pho_Suea_Phra_Nakhon" class="mw-redirect" title="San Chao Pho Suea Phra Nakhon">Tiger God Shrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ton_Son_Mosque" title="Ton Son Mosque">Ton Son Mosque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wat_Dibayavari_Vihara" title="Wat Dibayavari Vihara">Wat Dibayavari Vihara (Kham Low Yi)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wat_Mangkon_Kamalawat" title="Wat Mangkon Kamalawat">Wat Mangkon Kamalawat (Leng Noei Yi)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wat_Bamphen_Chin_Phrot" title="Wat Bamphen Chin Phrot">Wat Bamphen Chin Phrot (Yong Hok Yi)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_palaces_in_Bangkok" title="List of palaces in Bangkok">Palaces</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bang_Khun_Phrom_Palace" title="Bang Khun Phrom Palace">Bang Khun Phrom Palace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dusit_Palace" title="Dusit Palace">Dusit Palace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Palace" title="Grand Palace">Grand Palace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phaya_Thai_Palace" title="Phaya Thai Palace">Phaya Thai Palace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suan_Pakkad_Palace" title="Suan Pakkad Palace">Suan Pakkad Palace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thonburi_Palace" title="Thonburi Palace">Thonburi Palace</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Museums and <br /> Cultural performances</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ban_Bu_Community" title="Ban Bu Community">Ban Bu Community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangkok_Aquarium" title="Bangkok Aquarium">Bangkok Aquarium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangkok_Art_and_Culture_Centre" title="Bangkok Art and Culture Centre">Bangkok Art and Culture Centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangkok_Folk_Museum" title="Bangkok Folk Museum">Bangkok Folk Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangkok_National_Museum" title="Bangkok National Museum">Bangkok National Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bank_of_Thailand_Museum" title="Bank of Thailand Museum">Bank of Thailand Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bamrung_Chat_Satsana_Ya_Thai" title="Bamrung Chat Satsana Ya Thai">Ban Mo Wan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=ChangChui_Creative_Park&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ChangChui Creative Park (page does not exist)">ChangChui Creative Park</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Coin_Museum_(Bangkok)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Coin Museum (Bangkok) (page does not exist)">Coin Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Thompson_House" title="Jim Thompson House">Jim Thompson House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khlong_Bang_Luang_Artist_House" title="Khlong Bang Luang Artist House">Khlong Bang Luang Artist House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_Prajadhipok_Museum" title="King Prajadhipok Museum">King Prajadhipok Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lhong_1919" title="Lhong 1919">Lhong 1919</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madame_Tussauds" title="Madame Tussauds">Madame Tussauds Bangkok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M.R._Kukrit%27s_House" title="M.R. Kukrit's House">M.R. Kukrit's House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Contemporary_Art_(Bangkok)" title="Museum of Contemporary Art (Bangkok)">Museum of Contemporary Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Museum_Siam" title="Museum Siam">Museum Siam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pavilion_of_Regalia,_Royal_Decorations_and_Coins" title="Pavilion of Regalia, Royal Decorations and Coins">Pavilion of Regalia, Royal Decorations and Coins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_Saovabha_Memorial_Institute" title="Queen Saovabha Memorial Institute">Queen Saovabha Memorial Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sala_Chalermkrung_Royal_Theatre" title="Sala Chalermkrung Royal Theatre">Sala Chalermkrung Royal Theatre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_Life_Bangkok_Ocean_World" title="Sea Life Bangkok Ocean World">Sea Life Bangkok Ocean World</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siam_Commercial_Bank,_Talat_Noi_Branch" title="Siam Commercial Bank, Talat Noi Branch">Siam Commercial Bank, Talat Noi Branch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silpa_Bhirasri_National_Museum" title="Silpa Bhirasri National Museum">Silpa Bhirasri National Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siriraj_Medical_Museum" title="Siriraj Medical Museum">Siriraj Medical Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/So_Heng_Tai_Mansion" title="So Heng Tai Mansion">So Heng Tai Mansion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thailand_Cultural_Centre" title="Thailand Cultural Centre">Thailand Cultural Centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Gallery_(Thailand)" title="National Gallery (Thailand)">National Gallery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Museum_of_Royal_Barges" title="National Museum of Royal Barges">National Museum of Royal Barges</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Markets and Malls</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asiatique" title="Asiatique">Asiatique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Embassy" title="Central Embassy">Central Embassy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CentralWorld" title="CentralWorld">CentralWorld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chatuchak_Weekend_Market" title="Chatuchak Weekend Market">Chatuchak Weekend Market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emporium_(Bangkok)" title="Emporium (Bangkok)">Emporium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EmQuartier" title="EmQuartier">EmQuartier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaysorn_Village" title="Gaysorn Village">Gaysorn Village</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iconsiam" title="Iconsiam">Iconsiam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khlong_Lat_Mayom_Floating_Market" title="Khlong Lat Mayom Floating Market">Khlong Lat Mayom Floating Market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khlong_Toei_Market" title="Khlong Toei Market">Khlong Toei Market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kwan_Riam_Floating_Market" class="mw-redirect" title="Kwan Riam Floating Market">Kwan Riam Floating Market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MBK_Center" title="MBK Center">MBK Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pak_Khlong_Market" class="mw-redirect" title="Pak Khlong Market">Pak Khlong Talat Market (Flower Market)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pantip_Plaza" title="Pantip Plaza">Pantip Plaza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patpong_Night_Market" title="Patpong Night Market">Patpong Night Market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pratunam_Market" title="Pratunam Market">Pratunam Market (Clothing Market)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_City_Shopping_Complex" title="River City Shopping Complex">River City Shopping Complex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sampheng" title="Sampheng">Sampheng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samyan_Mitrtown" title="Samyan Mitrtown">Samyan Mitrtown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saphan_Han" title="Saphan Han">Saphan Han (Toys and Ladies Market)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siam_Center" title="Siam Center">Siam Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siam_Discovery" class="mw-redirect" title="Siam Discovery">Siam Discovery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siam_Paragon" title="Siam Paragon">Siam Paragon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siam_Square" title="Siam Square">Siam Square</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soi_Lalai_Sap" title="Soi Lalai Sap">Soi Lalai Sap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suan_Lum_Night_Bazaar_Ratchadaphisek" title="Suan Lum Night Bazaar Ratchadaphisek">Suan Lum Night Bazaar Ratchadaphisek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talat_Nang_Loeng" title="Talat Nang Loeng">Talat Nang Loeng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talat_Phlu" title="Talat Phlu">Talat Phlu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talat_Rotfai" title="Talat Rotfai">Talat Rotfai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taling_Chan_Floating_Market" class="mw-redirect" title="Taling Chan Floating Market">Taling Chan Floating Market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terminal_21" title="Terminal 21">Terminal 21</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tha_Din_Daeng,_Bangkok" title="Tha Din Daeng, Bangkok">Tha Din Daeng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thonburi_Market" title="Thonburi Market">Thonburi Market (Sanam Luang II)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trok_Mo_Market" title="Trok Mo Market">Trok Mo Market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Lang_Market" title="Wang Lang Market">Wang Lang Market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pak_Khlong_Talat#Yodpiman_River_Walk" title="Pak Khlong Talat">Yodpiman River Walk</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Bridges, streets <br /> and transport facilities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bangkok_railway_station" class="mw-redirect" title="Bangkok railway station">Bangkok railway station (Hua Lamphong)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhumibol_Bridge" title="Bhumibol Bridge">Bhumibol Bridge (Mega Bridge)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BTS_Skytrain" title="BTS Skytrain">BTS Skytrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captain_Bush_Lane" title="Captain Bush Lane">Captain Bush Lane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaloem_La_56_Bridge" title="Chaloem La 56 Bridge">Chaloem La 56 Bridge (Elephant's Heads Bridge)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charoen_Krung_Road" title="Charoen Krung Road">Charoen Krung Road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dinso_Road" title="Dinso Road">Dinso Road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Don_Mueang_International_Airport" title="Don Mueang International Airport">Don Mueang Airport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khaosan_Road" title="Khaosan Road">Khaosan Road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krungthep_Bridge" title="Krungthep Bridge">Krungthep Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krung_Thep_Aphiwat_Central_Terminal" title="Krung Thep Aphiwat Central Terminal">Krung Thep Aphiwat Central Terminal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krung_Thon_Bridge" title="Krung Thon Bridge">Krung Thon Bridge (Sang Hi Bridge)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makkhawan_Rangsan_Bridge" title="Makkhawan Rangsan Bridge">Makkhawan Rangsan Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memorial_Bridge_(Bangkok)" title="Memorial Bridge (Bangkok)">Memorial Bridge (Phut Bridge)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangkok_MRT" class="mw-redirect" title="Bangkok MRT">MRT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odeon_Circle" title="Odeon Circle">Odeon Circle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patpong" title="Patpong">Patpong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rama_VIII_Bridge" title="Rama VIII Bridge">Rama VIII Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ram_Buttri_Road" title="Ram Buttri Road">Ram Buttri Road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ratchadamnoen_Avenue" title="Ratchadamnoen Avenue">Ratchadamnoen Avenue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Plaza_(Bangkok)" title="Royal Plaza (Bangkok)">Royal Plaza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utthayan_Road" title="Utthayan Road">Utthayan Road (Axis Road)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Area and <br /> neighbourhoods</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ban_Khrua" title="Ban Khrua">Ban Khrua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ban_Lao" class="mw-redirect" title="Ban Lao">Ban Lao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bang_Lamphu" title="Bang Lamphu">Bang Lamphu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinatown,_Bangkok" title="Chinatown, Bangkok">Yaowarat (Chinatown)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dusit_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Dusit District">Dusit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hua_Takhe" title="Hua Takhe">Hua Takhe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kudi_Chin" title="Kudi Chin">Kudi Chin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nana,_Bangkok" title="Nana, Bangkok">Nana (Little Arabia)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phahurat" title="Phahurat">Phahurat (Little India)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pratunam" title="Pratunam">Pratunam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rattanakosin_Island" title="Rattanakosin Island">Rattanakosin Island (Old Town Zone)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_City_Avenue" title="Royal City Avenue">Royal City Avenue (RCA)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sam_Phraeng" title="Sam Phraeng">Sam Phraeng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silom" class="mw-redirect" title="Silom">Silom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soi_Cowboy" title="Soi Cowboy">Soi Cowboy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talat_Noi" title="Talat Noi">Talat Noi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tha_Chang,_Bangkok" title="Tha Chang, Bangkok">Tha Chang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tha_Phra_Chan" title="Tha Phra Chan">Tha Phra Chan (Amulet Market)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tha_Tian_Market" title="Tha Tian Market">Tha Tian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thonburi" title="Thonburi">Thonburi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thong_Lo" title="Thong Lo">Thong Lo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Burapha" title="Wang Burapha">Wang Burapha</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Parks and gardens</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Benchasiri_Park" title="Benchasiri Park">Benchasiri Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjakitti_Park" title="Benjakitti Park">Benjakitti Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chatuchak_Park" title="Chatuchak Park">Chatuchak Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chulalongkorn_University_Centenary_Park" title="Chulalongkorn University Centenary Park">Chulalongkorn University Centenary Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lumphini_Park" title="Lumphini Park">Lumphini Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nagaraphirom_Park" title="Nagaraphirom Park">Nagaraphirom Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princess_Mother_Memorial_Park" title="Princess Mother Memorial Park">Princess Mother Memorial Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_Sirikit_Park" title="Queen Sirikit Park">Queen Sirikit Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rommaninat_Park" title="Rommaninat Park">Rommaninat Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanam_Luang" title="Sanam Luang">Sanam Luang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santichaiprakarn_Park" title="Santichaiprakarn Park">Santichaiprakarn Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suan_Luang_Rama_IX" title="Suan Luang Rama IX">Suan Luang Rama IX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suan_Luang_Rama_VIII" class="mw-redirect" title="Suan Luang Rama VIII">Suan Luang Rama VIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wachirabenchathat_Park" title="Wachirabenchathat Park">Wachirabenchathat Park</a></li> <li>World Siam Stadium</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sport venues</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indoor_Stadium_Huamark" title="Indoor Stadium Huamark">Indoor Stadium Huamark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lumpinee_Boxing_Stadium" title="Lumpinee Boxing Stadium">Lumpinee Boxing Stadium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Stadium_(Thailand)" title="National Stadium (Thailand)">National Stadium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajadamnern_Stadium" title="Rajadamnern Stadium">Rajadamnern Stadium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajamangala_Stadium" title="Rajamangala Stadium">Rajamangala Stadium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangkok_Arena" title="Bangkok Arena">Bangkok Arena</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Monuments and <br /> Memorials</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Democracy_Monument" title="Democracy Monument">Democracy Monument</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equestrian_statue_of_King_Chulalongkorn" title="Equestrian statue of King Chulalongkorn">Equestrian statue of King Chulalongkorn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giant_Swing" title="Giant Swing">Giant Swing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pig_Memorial_and_Pi_Kun_Bridge" title="Pig Memorial and Pi Kun Bridge">Pig Memorial and Pi Kun Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victory_Monument_(Bangkok)" title="Victory Monument (Bangkok)">Victory Monument</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wongwian_Yai" 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