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Cimmerian Sibyl - Wikipedia

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data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="cdx-message cdx-message--block cdx-message--warning"><span class="cdx-message__icon"></span><div class="cdx-message__content">The printable version is no longer supported and may have rendering errors. Please update your browser bookmarks and please use the default browser print function instead.</div></div><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Oracular woman in Cimmerium, Italy</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CimmerianSibyl_Guercino.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/d3/CimmerianSibyl_Guercino.jpg/220px-CimmerianSibyl_Guercino.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="202" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/d3/CimmerianSibyl_Guercino.jpg/330px-CimmerianSibyl_Guercino.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d3/CimmerianSibyl_Guercino.jpg 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="367" /></a><figcaption> Cimmerian Sibyl by <a href="/wiki/Guercino" title="Guercino">Guercino</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The <b>Cimmerian Sibyl</b>, by name <a href="/wiki/Carmentis" class="mw-redirect" title="Carmentis">Carmentis</a>, was the prophetic priestess presiding over the <a href="/wiki/Apollo" title="Apollo">Apollonian</a> <a href="/wiki/Oracle" title="Oracle">Oracle</a> at <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cimmerium&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Cimmerium (page does not exist)">Cimmerium</a> in <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a>, near <a href="/wiki/Lake_Avernus" title="Lake Avernus">Lake Avernus</a> (i.e., <a href="/wiki/Cumae" title="Cumae">Cumae</a>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2></div> <p>The word <a href="/wiki/Sibyl_(oracle)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sibyl (oracle)">Sibyl</a> comes (via <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a>) from the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek" title="Ancient Greek">ancient Greek</a> word <i>sibylla,</i> meaning <a href="/wiki/Prophet" title="Prophet">prophetess</a>. There were many sibyls in the ancient world (e.g., Samian, Cumaean), but the Cimmerian Sibyl was venerated by the pre-Hellenic native populations. </p><p>The Cimmerian Sibyl may have been a doublet for the <a href="/wiki/Cumaean_Sibyl" title="Cumaean Sibyl">Cumaean</a> since the designation Cimmerian refers to priestesses who lived underground near Lake Avernus. An oracular shrine dedicated to Apollo, as at <a href="/wiki/Delphi" title="Delphi">Delphi</a>, stood on the <a href="/wiki/Acropolis" title="Acropolis">Acropolis</a> of <a href="/wiki/Cumae" title="Cumae">Cumae</a>. An underground Roman road ran from the southeastern part of Cumae, through Mount Grillo to the shores of Lake Avernus. However, there are sources that distinguished the two Sibyls, such as those that noted it was the Cumaean and not the Cimmerian Sibyl who offered <a href="/wiki/Lucius_Tarquinius_Superbus" title="Lucius Tarquinius Superbus">King Tarquin</a> her book of prophecies.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Accounts">Accounts</h2></div> <p>The Sibyl was mentioned by the Campanian playwright <a href="/wiki/Gnaeus_Naevius" title="Gnaeus Naevius">Naevius</a> in his play <i>Carmen belli penici</i> written between 235 and 204 BC.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> This is one of the earliest references of the Italian Sibyl.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Naevius also named the Cimmerian Sibyl in his books of the <a href="/wiki/Punic_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Punic War">Punic War</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lucius_Calpurnius_Piso_Frugi_(consul_133_BC)" title="Lucius Calpurnius Piso Frugi (consul 133 BC)">Piso</a> in his <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/annal" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:annal">annals</a> (Varro in Lactantius Inst. 1.6.9). An account also cited that it was the dramatist who accompanied <a href="/wiki/Aeneas" title="Aeneas">Aeneas</a> in the late third century B.C. when he visited the Cimmerian Sibyl.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>The prophetess was also cited in an encyclopedia called <i>Liber Floridus</i> attributed to <a href="/wiki/Lambert_of_St-Bertin" class="mw-redirect" title="Lambert of St-Bertin">Lambert of St. Omer</a>, where the Sibyl was distinguished from the <a href="/wiki/Samian_Sibyl" title="Samian Sibyl">Samian Sibyl</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-4"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> She was identified in this text as "India" while the latter was called "Phemonoe."<sup id="cite_ref-:1_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-4"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Sibyl's son <a href="/wiki/Evander_of_Pallene" class="mw-redirect" title="Evander of Pallene">Evander</a> founded in <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a> the first shrine of <a href="/wiki/Pan_(mythology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pan (mythology)">Pan</a> which is called the <a href="/wiki/Lupercal" title="Lupercal">Lupercal</a> or Lupercum.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output 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data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFHorsfall2013" class="citation book cs1">Horsfall, Nicholas (2013). <i>Virgil, "Aeneid" 6: A Commentary</i>. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter. p.&#160;81. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11-022990-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-11-022990-5"><bdi>978-3-11-022990-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Virgil%2C+%22Aeneid%22+6%3A+A+Commentary&amp;rft.place=Berlin&amp;rft.pages=81&amp;rft.pub=Walter+de+Gruyter&amp;rft.date=2013&amp;rft.isbn=978-3-11-022990-5&amp;rft.aulast=Horsfall&amp;rft.aufirst=Nicholas&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACimmerian+Sibyl" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBuitenwerf2003" class="citation book cs1">Buitenwerf, Rieuwerd (2003). <i>Book Three of the Sibylline Oracles and Its Social Setting</i>. Leiden: BRILL. p.&#160;100. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-12861-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-12861-3"><bdi>978-90-04-12861-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Book+Three+of+the+Sibylline+Oracles+and+Its+Social+Setting&amp;rft.place=Leiden&amp;rft.pages=100&amp;rft.pub=BRILL&amp;rft.date=2003&amp;rft.isbn=978-90-04-12861-3&amp;rft.aulast=Buitenwerf&amp;rft.aufirst=Rieuwerd&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACimmerian+Sibyl" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOgden2019" class="citation book cs1">Ogden, Daniel (2019-12-31). <i>Greek and Roman Necromancy</i>. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. p.&#160;70. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-11968-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-11968-7"><bdi>978-0-691-11968-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Greek+and+Roman+Necromancy&amp;rft.place=Princeton%2C+NJ&amp;rft.pages=70&amp;rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&amp;rft.date=2019-12-31&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-691-11968-7&amp;rft.aulast=Ogden&amp;rft.aufirst=Daniel&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACimmerian+Sibyl" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRaybould2016" class="citation book cs1">Raybould, Robin (2016). <i>The Sibyl Series of the Fifteenth Century</i>. Leiden: BRILL. p.&#160;33. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-33214-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-33214-0"><bdi>978-90-04-33214-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=The+Sibyl+Series+of+the+Fifteenth+Century&amp;rft.place=Leiden&amp;rft.pages=33&amp;rft.pub=BRILL&amp;rft.date=2016&amp;rft.isbn=978-90-04-33214-0&amp;rft.aulast=Raybould&amp;rft.aufirst=Robin&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACimmerian+Sibyl" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRogerson2014" class="citation book cs1">Rogerson, Barnaby (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/rogersonsbookofn0000roge/page/104"><i>Rogerson's Book of Numbers: The Culture of Numbers---from 1,001 Nights to the Seven Wonders of the World</i></a>. New York: Picador. pp.&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/rogersonsbookofn0000roge/page/104">104</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-250-05883-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-250-05883-6"><bdi>978-1-250-05883-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Rogerson%27s+Book+of+Numbers%3A+The+Culture+of+Numbers---from+1%2C001+Nights+to+the+Seven+Wonders+of+the+World&amp;rft.place=New+York&amp;rft.pages=104&amp;rft.pub=Picador&amp;rft.date=2014&amp;rft.isbn=978-1-250-05883-6&amp;rft.aulast=Rogerson&amp;rft.aufirst=Barnaby&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Frogersonsbookofn0000roge%2Fpage%2F104&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACimmerian+Sibyl" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCharlesworth2010" class="citation book cs1">Charlesworth, James H. (2010). <i>The Old Testament Pseudepigrapha</i>. 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