CINXE.COM

Satire - Wikipedia

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Satire - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"ef2fad5c-cd62-4252-89c2-36f7fd5bc4d6","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Satire","wgTitle":"Satire","wgCurRevisionId":1258131184,"wgRevisionId":1258131184,"wgArticleId":26791,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from October 2012","Webarchive template wayback links","CS1 German-language sources (de)","CS1 Spanish-language sources (es)","CS1 maint: location missing publisher","CS1 Italian-language sources (it)","CS1: abbreviated year range","CS1 French-language sources (fr)","Articles with short description","Short description matches Wikidata","Wikipedia indefinitely move-protected pages","Use mdy dates from November 2019", "Pages using sidebar with the child parameter","Articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases from October 2023","All articles with unsourced statements","Articles with unsourced statements from September 2021","Articles with unsourced statements from November 2021","CS1 Greek-language sources (el)","Commons category link is on Wikidata","Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference","Satire","Film genres","Genres","Humanities","Humour","Literary genres","Rhetoric","Television genres","Theatrical genres"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Satire","wgRelevantArticleId":26791,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":["sysop"],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick": true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":100000,"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q128758","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user": "ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","ext.scribunto.logs","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns", "ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.quicksurveys.init","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&amp;modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&amp;only=styles&amp;skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&amp;modules=startup&amp;only=scripts&amp;raw=1&amp;skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&amp;modules=site.styles&amp;only=styles&amp;skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.5"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/29/Punch.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1659"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/29/Punch.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1106"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="885"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Satire - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satire"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Satire&amp;action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satire"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&amp;feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Satire rootpage-Satire skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page&#039;s font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&amp;utm_medium=sidebar&amp;utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&amp;uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&amp;returnto=Satire" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&amp;returnto=Satire" title="You&#039;re encouraged to log in; however, it&#039;s not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&amp;utm_medium=sidebar&amp;utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&amp;uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&amp;returnto=Satire" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&amp;returnto=Satire" title="You&#039;re encouraged to log in; however, it&#039;s not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"><!-- CentralNotice --></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Etymology_and_roots" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Etymology_and_roots"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Etymology and roots</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Etymology_and_roots-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Humour" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Humour"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Humour</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Humour-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Social_and_psychological_functions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Social_and_psychological_functions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Social and psychological functions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Social_and_psychological_functions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Classifications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Classifications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Classifications</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Classifications-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Classifications subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Classifications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Horatian,_Juvenalian,_Menippean" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Horatian,_Juvenalian,_Menippean"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Horatian, Juvenalian, Menippean</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Horatian,_Juvenalian,_Menippean-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Horatian" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Horatian"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.1</span> <span>Horatian</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Horatian-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Juvenalian" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Juvenalian"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.2</span> <span>Juvenalian</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Juvenalian-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Menippean" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Menippean"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.3</span> <span>Menippean</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Menippean-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Satire_vis-à-vis_teasing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Satire_vis-à-vis_teasing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Satire vis-à-vis teasing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Satire_vis-à-vis_teasing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Classifications_by_topics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Classifications_by_topics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Classifications by topics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Classifications_by_topics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Development" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Development"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Development</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Development-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Development subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Development-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ancient_Egypt" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ancient_Egypt"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Ancient Egypt</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ancient_Egypt-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ancient_Greece" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ancient_Greece"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Ancient Greece</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ancient_Greece-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ancient_China" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ancient_China"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Ancient China</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ancient_China-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Roman_world" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Roman_world"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Roman world</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Roman_world-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Medieval_Islamic_world" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Medieval_Islamic_world"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.5</span> <span>Medieval Islamic world</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Medieval_Islamic_world-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Medieval_Europe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Medieval_Europe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.6</span> <span>Medieval Europe</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Medieval_Europe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Early_modern_western_satire" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_modern_western_satire"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.7</span> <span>Early modern western satire</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_modern_western_satire-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ancient_and_modern_India" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ancient_and_modern_India"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.8</span> <span>Ancient and modern India</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ancient_and_modern_India-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Age_of_Enlightenment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Age_of_Enlightenment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.9</span> <span>Age of Enlightenment</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Age_of_Enlightenment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Satire_in_Victorian_England" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Satire_in_Victorian_England"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.10</span> <span>Satire in Victorian England</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Satire_in_Victorian_England-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-20th-century_satire" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#20th-century_satire"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.11</span> <span>20th-century satire</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-20th-century_satire-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Contemporary_satire" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Contemporary_satire"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.12</span> <span>Contemporary satire</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Contemporary_satire-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Techniques" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Techniques"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Techniques</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Techniques-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legal_status" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legal_status"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Legal status</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Legal_status-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Legal status subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Legal_status-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Australia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Australia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Australia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Australia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Censorship_and_criticism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Censorship_and_criticism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Censorship and criticism</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Censorship_and_criticism-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Censorship and criticism subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Censorship_and_criticism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Typical_arguments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Typical_arguments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Typical arguments</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Typical_arguments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Bad_taste" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bad_taste"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1.1</span> <span>Bad taste</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bad_taste-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Targeting_the_victim" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Targeting_the_victim"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1.2</span> <span>Targeting the victim</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Targeting_the_victim-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Romantic_prejudice" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Romantic_prejudice"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1.3</span> <span>Romantic prejudice</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Romantic_prejudice-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History_of_opposition_toward_notable_satires" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History_of_opposition_toward_notable_satires"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>History of opposition toward notable satires</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History_of_opposition_toward_notable_satires-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-1599_book_ban" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1599_book_ban"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2.1</span> <span>1599 book ban</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1599_book_ban-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-21st-century_polemics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#21st-century_polemics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2.2</span> <span>21st-century polemics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-21st-century_polemics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Satirical_prophecy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Satirical_prophecy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Satirical prophecy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Satirical_prophecy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.1</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.2</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Further reading subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Theories/critical_approaches_to_satire_as_a_genre" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Theories/critical_approaches_to_satire_as_a_genre"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14.1</span> <span>Theories/critical approaches to satire as a genre</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Theories/critical_approaches_to_satire_as_a_genre-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_plot_of_satire" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_plot_of_satire"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14.2</span> <span>The plot of satire</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_plot_of_satire-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Satire</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 86 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-86" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">86 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satire" title="Satire – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Satire" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%A1_(%D8%A3%D8%AF%D8%A8)" title="هجاء (أدب) – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="هجاء (أدب)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B5%D6%80%D5%A3%D5%AB%D5%AE%D5%A1%D5%B6%D6%84" title="Երգիծանք – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Երգիծանք" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Արեւմտահայերէն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%97" title="ব্যংগ – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="ব্যংগ" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A1tira" title="Sátira – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Sátira" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satira" title="Satira – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Satira" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B7%D9%86%D8%B2" title="طنز – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="طنز" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khau-s%C3%A9" title="Khau-sé – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Khau-sé" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Сатира – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Сатира" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Сатыра – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Сатыра" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Сатыра – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Сатыра" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Сатира – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Сатира" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satira" title="Satira – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Satira" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flemmskrid" title="Flemmskrid – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Flemmskrid" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A0tira" title="Sàtira – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Sàtira" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satira" title="Satira – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Satira" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dychan" title="Dychan – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Dychan" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satire" title="Satire – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Satire" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satire" title="Satire – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Satire" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satiir" title="Satiir – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Satiir" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A3%CE%AC%CF%84%CE%B9%CF%81%CE%B1" title="Σάτιρα – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Σάτιρα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A1tira" title="Sátira – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Sátira" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satiro" title="Satiro – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Satiro" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satira" title="Satira – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Satira" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B7%D9%86%D8%B2" title="طنز – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="طنز" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satire" title="Satire – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Satire" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satire" title="Satire – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Satire" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satire" title="Satire – Friulian" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Satire" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="Friulian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Furlan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A1tira" title="Sátira – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Sátira" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%92%8D%EC%9E%90" title="풍자 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="풍자" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B5%D6%80%D5%A3%D5%AB%D5%AE%D5%A1%D5%B6%D6%84" title="Երգիծանք – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Երգիծանք" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8" title="कटूपहास – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="कटूपहास" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satira" title="Satira – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Satira" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satiro" title="Satiro – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Satiro" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satir_(seni)" title="Satir (seni) – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Satir (seni)" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satira" title="Satira – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Satira" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A1%D7%90%D7%98%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%94" title="סאטירה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="סאטירה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B5%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%A1%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%AC%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%86" title="ವಿಡಂಬನೆ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ವಿಡಂಬನೆ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90" title="სატირა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="სატირა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Сатира – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Сатира" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tashtiti" title="Tashtiti – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Tashtiti" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Сатира – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Сатира" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satura" title="Satura – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Satura" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sat%C4%ABra" title="Satīra – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Satīra" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satir" title="Satir – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Satir" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satyra" title="Satyra – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Satyra" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satire" title="Satire – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Satire" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Szat%C3%ADra" title="Szatíra – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Szatíra" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Сатира – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Сатира" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%86%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B7%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%B9%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%82" title="ആക്ഷേപഹാസ്യം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ആക്ഷേപഹാസ്യം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satira" title="Satira – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Satira" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satire" title="Satire – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Satire" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%A2%A8%E5%88%BA" title="風刺 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="風刺" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satiire" title="Satiire – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Satiire" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satire" title="Satire – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Satire" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satire" title="Satire – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Satire" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satira" title="Satira – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Satira" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satira" title="Satira – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Satira" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%85%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%97" title="ਵਿਅੰਗ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਵਿਅੰਗ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satyra" title="Satyra – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Satyra" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A1tira" title="Sátira – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Sátira" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satir%C4%83" title="Satiră – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Satiră" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%96%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Сатіра – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Сатіра" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Сатира – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Сатира" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Сатира – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Сатира" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satira" title="Satira – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Satira" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A0tira" title="Sàtira – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Sàtira" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satire" title="Satire – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Satire" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BD%D9%88%DA%AA%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B2%D9%8A" title="ٽوڪبازي – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="ٽوڪبازي" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satira" title="Satira – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Satira" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satira" title="Satira – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Satira" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%DB%95%D9%86%D8%B2" title="تەنز – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="تەنز" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Сатира – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Сатира" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satira" title="Satira – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Satira" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satiiri" title="Satiiri – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Satiiri" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satir" title="Satir – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Satir" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satira" title="Satira – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Satira" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%99%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="அங்கதம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="அங்கதம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B5" title="การเสียดสี – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="การเสียดสี" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiciv" title="Hiciv – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Hiciv" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Сатира – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Сатира" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B7%D9%86%D8%B2" title="طنز – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="طنز" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C3%A2m_bi%E1%BA%BFm" title="Châm biếm – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Châm biếm" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%AE%BD%E5%88%BA" title="讽刺 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="讽刺" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%AB%B7%E5%88%BA" title="諷刺 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="諷刺" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%AE%BD%E5%88%BA" title="讽刺 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="讽刺" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q128758#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Satire" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Satire" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Satire"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Satire&amp;action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Satire&amp;action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Satire"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Satire&amp;action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Satire&amp;action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Satire" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Satire" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Special pages</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Satire&amp;oldid=1258131184" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Satire&amp;action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&amp;page=Satire&amp;id=1258131184&amp;wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FSatire"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FSatire"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&amp;page=Satire&amp;action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Satire&amp;printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Satire" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikiquote mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Satire" hreflang="en"><span>Wikiquote</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q128758" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Literary and art genre with a style of humor based on parody</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Satires" redirects here. For the film and television genre, see <a href="/wiki/Satire_(film_and_television)" title="Satire (film and television)">Satire (film and television)</a>. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Satires_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Satires (disambiguation)">Satires (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Punch.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Punch.jpg/220px-Punch.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="304" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/29/Punch.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="243" data-file-height="336" /></a><figcaption>1867 edition of <i><a href="/wiki/Punch_(magazine)" title="Punch (magazine)">Punch</a></i>, a ground-breaking British magazine of popular humour, including a great deal of satire of the contemporary, social, and political scene</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em!important}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-subgroup{width:100%;margin:0;border-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-none{float:none;clear:both;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-outer-title{padding:0 0.4em 0.2em;font-size:125%;line-height:1.2em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-image{padding:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-caption,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-caption{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle{padding:0.4em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.2em 0.8em;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-image{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-heading{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content{padding:0 0.5em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title" style="padding-bottom:0"><a href="/wiki/Literature" title="Literature">Literature</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span class="skin-invert notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Books_and_Scroll_Ornament_with_Open_Book.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Books_and_Scroll_Ornament_with_Open_Book.png/175px-Books_and_Scroll_Ornament_with_Open_Book.png" decoding="async" width="175" height="96" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Books_and_Scroll_Ornament_with_Open_Book.png/263px-Books_and_Scroll_Ornament_with_Open_Book.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Books_and_Scroll_Ornament_with_Open_Book.png/350px-Books_and_Scroll_Ornament_with_Open_Book.png 2x" data-file-width="1016" data-file-height="560" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ddddff;"> <a href="/wiki/Oral_literature" title="Oral literature">Oral literature</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Folklore" title="Folklore">Folklore</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fable" title="Fable">fable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fairy_tale" title="Fairy tale">fairy tale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folk_play" title="Folk play">folk play</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folksong" class="mw-redirect" title="Folksong">folksong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epic_poetry" title="Epic poetry">heroic epic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legend" title="Legend">legend</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myth" title="Myth">myth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proverb" title="Proverb">proverb</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_speaking" title="Public speaking">Oration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Performance" title="Performance">Performance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Audiobook" title="Audiobook">audiobook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spoken_word" title="Spoken word">spoken word</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saying" title="Saying">Saying</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ddddff;"> Major written forms</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content-with-subgroup hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Drama" title="Drama">Drama</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Closet_drama" title="Closet drama">closet drama</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poetry" title="Poetry">Poetry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lyric_poetry" title="Lyric poetry">lyric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narrative_poetry" title="Narrative poetry">narrative</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prose" title="Prose">Prose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literary_nonsense" title="Literary nonsense">Nonsense</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nonsense_verse" title="Nonsense verse">verse</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ergodic_literature" title="Ergodic literature">Ergodic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_literature" title="Electronic literature">Electronic</a></li></ul> <table class="sidebar-subgroup"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Long prose fiction</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anthology" title="Anthology">Anthology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serial_(literature)" title="Serial (literature)">Serial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novel" title="Novel">Novel</a>/<a href="/wiki/Romance_(prose_fiction)" title="Romance (prose fiction)">romance</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Short prose fiction</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Novella" title="Novella">Novella</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novelette_(literature)" class="mw-redirect" title="Novelette (literature)">Novelette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Short_story" title="Short story">Short story</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drabble" title="Drabble">Drabble</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sketch_story" title="Sketch story">Sketch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flash_fiction" title="Flash fiction">Flash fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parable" title="Parable">Parable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_text" title="Religious text">Religious</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wisdom_literature" title="Wisdom literature">Wisdom</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ddddff;"> Prose genres</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content-with-subgroup hlist"> <table class="sidebar-subgroup"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Fiction" title="Fiction">Fiction</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Speculative_fiction" title="Speculative fiction">Speculative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Realist_literature" class="mw-redirect" title="Realist literature">Realist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Children%27s_literature" title="Children&#39;s literature">Children's</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genre_fiction" title="Genre fiction">Genre</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Action_fiction" title="Action fiction">action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adventure_fiction" title="Adventure fiction">adventure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coming-of-age_story" title="Coming-of-age story">coming-of-age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_fiction" title="Crime fiction">crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erotic_literature" title="Erotic literature">erotic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fantasy_literature" title="Fantasy literature">fantasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_fiction" title="Military fiction">military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paranormal_fiction" title="Paranormal fiction">paranormal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romance_novel" title="Romance novel">romance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_fiction" title="Science fiction">science fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supernatural_fiction" title="Supernatural fiction">supernatural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_(genre)" title="Western (genre)">western</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horror_fiction" title="Horror fiction">horror</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_fiction" title="Historical fiction">Historical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Encyclopedic_novel" title="Encyclopedic novel">Encyclopedic</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Non-fiction" title="Non-fiction">Non-fiction</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Academic_publishing" title="Academic publishing">Academic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History" title="History">history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy" title="Philosophy">philosophy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anecdote" title="Anecdote">Anecdote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epistle" title="Epistle">Epistle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Essay" title="Essay">Essay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Journalism" title="Journalism">Journalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Letter_(message)" title="Letter (message)">Letter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Life_writing" title="Life writing">Life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nature_writing" title="Nature writing">Nature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persuasive_writing" title="Persuasive writing">Persuasive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Travel_literature" title="Travel literature">Travelogue</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ddddff;"> Poetry genres</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content-with-subgroup hlist"> <table class="sidebar-subgroup"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Narrative_poetry" title="Narrative poetry">Narrative</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Children%27s_poetry" title="Children&#39;s poetry">Children</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epic_poetry" title="Epic poetry">Epic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verse_drama_and_dramatic_verse" title="Verse drama and dramatic verse">Dramatic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verse_novel" title="Verse novel">Verse novel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_poetry" title="National poetry">National</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Lyric_poetry" title="Lyric poetry">Lyric</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ballad" title="Ballad">Ballad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elegy" title="Elegy">Elegy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epigram" title="Epigram">Epigram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghazal" title="Ghazal">Ghazal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haiku" title="Haiku">Haiku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hymn" title="Hymn">Hymn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limerick_(poetry)" title="Limerick (poetry)">Limerick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ode" title="Ode">Ode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qasida" title="Qasida">Qasida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sonnet" title="Sonnet">Sonnet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Villanelle" title="Villanelle">Villanelle</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Lists</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_epic_poems" title="List of epic poems">Epic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_poetry_groups_and_movements" title="List of poetry groups and movements">Groups and movements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_poets" title="List of poets">Poets</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ddddff;"> Dramatic genres</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comedy" title="Comedy">Comedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libretto" title="Libretto">Libretto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Play_(theatre)" title="Play (theatre)">Play</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_(theatrical_genre)" title="History (theatrical genre)">historical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morality_play" title="Morality play">moral</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Satire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Screenplay" title="Screenplay">Script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tragedy" title="Tragedy">Tragedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tragicomedy" title="Tragicomedy">Tragicomedy</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ddddff;"> <a href="/wiki/History_of_literature" title="History of literature">History</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_literature" title="Ancient literature">Ancient</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classics" title="Classics">Classical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_literature" title="Medieval literature">Medieval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literary_modernism" title="Literary modernism">Modernist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postmodern_literature" title="Postmodern literature">Postmodern</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ddddff;"> Lists and outlines</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_literature" title="Outline of literature">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_literary_terms" title="Glossary of literary terms">Glossary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_books" title="Lists of books">Books</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_writers" title="Lists of writers">Writers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_literary_movements" title="List of literary movements">Movements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_literary_cycles" title="List of literary cycles">Cycles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_literary_awards" title="List of literary awards">Literary awards</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_poetry_awards" title="List of poetry awards">poetry</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Short_story_collection" title="Short story collection">Short story collection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lost_literary_work" title="Lost literary work">Lost literary work</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ddddff;"> <a href="/wiki/Literary_theory" title="Literary theory">Theory</a> and <a href="/wiki/Literary_criticism" title="Literary criticism">criticism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_literature" title="Sociology of literature">Sociology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literary_magazine" title="Literary magazine">Magazines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Composition_(language)" title="Composition (language)">Composition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literary_language" title="Literary language">Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narrative" title="Narrative">Narrative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literary_feud" title="Literary feud">Feud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literary_estate" title="Literary estate">Estate</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="display:block; margin-top:0.3em; border-top:1px solid #aaa; padding-top:0.15em; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"> <span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Books-aj.svg_aj_ashton_01.svg/16px-Books-aj.svg_aj_ashton_01.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Books-aj.svg_aj_ashton_01.svg/24px-Books-aj.svg_aj_ashton_01.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Books-aj.svg_aj_ashton_01.svg/32px-Books-aj.svg_aj_ashton_01.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="309" data-file-height="274" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Literature" title="Portal:Literature">Literature&#32;portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Literature" title="Template:Literature"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Literature" title="Template talk:Literature"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Literature" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Literature"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle" style="background:antiquewhite;">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Performing_arts" title="Category:Performing arts">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background:antiquewhite;;display:block;margin-bottom:0.4em;"><a href="/wiki/Performing_arts" title="Performing arts">Performing arts</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acrobatics" title="Acrobatics">Acrobatics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ballet" title="Ballet">Ballet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_circus_skills" title="List of circus skills">Circus skills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clown" title="Clown">Clown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dance" title="Dance">Dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gymnastics" title="Gymnastics">Gymnastics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magic_(illusion)" title="Magic (illusion)">Magic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mime_artist" title="Mime artist">Mime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music" title="Music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opera" title="Opera">Opera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Professional_wrestling" title="Professional wrestling">Professional wrestling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puppetry" title="Puppetry">Puppetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_speaking" title="Public speaking">Speech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stand-up_comedy" title="Stand-up comedy">Stand-up comedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Street_performance" title="Street performance">Street performance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theatre" title="Theatre">Theatre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ventriloquism" title="Ventriloquism">Ventriloquism</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Performing_arts" title="Template:Performing arts"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Performing_arts" title="Template talk:Performing arts"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Performing_arts" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Performing arts"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Satire</b> is a <a href="/wiki/Genre" title="Genre">genre</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Visual_arts" title="Visual arts">visual</a>, <a href="/wiki/Literature" title="Literature">literary</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Performing_art" class="mw-redirect" title="Performing art">performing arts</a>, usually in the form of <a href="/wiki/Fiction" title="Fiction">fiction</a> and less frequently <a href="/wiki/Nonfiction" class="mw-redirect" title="Nonfiction">non-fiction</a>, in which vices, follies, abuses, and shortcomings are held up to ridicule, often with the intent of exposing or shaming the perceived flaws of individuals, corporations, government, or society itself into improvement.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEElliott2004_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEElliott2004-1"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Although satire is usually meant to be humorous, its greater purpose is often constructive <a href="/wiki/Social_criticism" title="Social criticism">social criticism</a>, using <a href="/wiki/Wit" title="Wit">wit</a> to draw attention to both particular and wider issues in society. </p><p>A prominent feature of satire is strong <a href="/wiki/Irony" title="Irony">irony</a> or <a href="/wiki/Sarcasm" title="Sarcasm">sarcasm</a>—"in satire, irony is <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/militant" class="extiw" title="wikt:militant">militant</a>", according to <a href="/wiki/Literary_criticism" title="Literary criticism">literary critic</a> <a href="/wiki/Northrop_Frye" title="Northrop Frye">Northrop Frye</a>—<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> but <a href="/wiki/Parody" title="Parody">parody</a>, <a href="/wiki/Burlesque_(literary)" class="mw-redirect" title="Burlesque (literary)">burlesque</a>, <a href="/wiki/Exaggeration" title="Exaggeration">exaggeration</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Claridge2010p257_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Claridge2010p257-3"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Juxtaposition" title="Juxtaposition">juxtaposition</a>, comparison, analogy, and <a href="/wiki/Double_entendre" title="Double entendre">double entendre</a> are all frequently used in satirical speech and writing. This "militant" irony or sarcasm often professes to approve of (or at least accept as natural) the very things the satirist wishes to question. </p><p>Satire is found in many artistic forms of expression, including internet memes, literature, plays, commentary, <a href="/wiki/Satirical_music" title="Satirical music">music</a>, <a href="/wiki/Satire_(film_and_television)" title="Satire (film and television)">film and television</a> shows, and media such as lyrics. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology_and_roots">Etymology and roots</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Satire&amp;action=edit&amp;section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology and roots"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The word <i>satire</i> comes from the <a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a> word <i>satur</i> and the subsequent phrase <i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/satura#Latin" class="extiw" title="wikt:satura">lanx satura</a>.</i> <i>Satur</i> meant "full", but the juxtaposition with <i>lanx</i> shifted the meaning to "miscellany or medley": the expression <i>lanx satura</i> literally means "a full dish of various kinds of fruits".<sup id="cite_ref-Kharpertian_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kharpertian-4"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> The use of the word <i>lanx</i> in this phrase, however, is disputed by B.L. Ullman.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>The word <i>satura</i> as used by <a href="/wiki/Quintilian" title="Quintilian">Quintilian</a>, however, was used to denote only Roman verse satire, a strict genre that imposed <a href="/wiki/Hexameter" title="Hexameter">hexameter</a> form, a narrower genre than what would be later intended as <i>satire</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Kharpertian_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kharpertian-4"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Quintilian famously said that <i>satura,</i> that is a satire in hexameter verses, was a literary genre of wholly Roman origin (<i>satura tota nostra est</i>). He was aware of and commented on Greek satire, but at the time did not label it as such, although today the origin of satire is considered to be <a href="/wiki/Aristophanes%27_Old_Comedy" class="mw-redirect" title="Aristophanes&#39; Old Comedy">Aristophanes' Old Comedy</a>. The first critic to use the term <i>satire</i> in the modern broader sense was <a href="/wiki/Apuleius" title="Apuleius">Apuleius</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Kharpertian_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kharpertian-4"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>To Quintilian, the satire was a strict literary form, but the term soon escaped from the original narrow definition. Robert Elliott writes: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p> As soon as a noun enters the domain of metaphor, as one modern scholar has pointed out, it clamours for extension; and satura (which had had no verbal, adverbial, or adjectival forms) was immediately broadened by appropriation from the Greek word for "satyr" (satyros) and its derivatives. The odd result is that the English "satire" comes from the Latin satura; but "satirize", "satiric", etc., are of Greek origin. By about the 4th century AD the writer of satires came to be known as satyricus; St. Jerome, for example, was called by one of his enemies 'a satirist in prose' ('satyricus scriptor in prosa'). Subsequent orthographic modifications obscured the Latin origin of the word satire: satura becomes satyra, and in England, by the 16th century, it was written 'satyre.'<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEElliott2004_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEElliott2004-1"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>The word <i>satire</i> derives from <i>satura</i>, and its origin was not influenced by the <a href="/wiki/Greek_mythology" title="Greek mythology">Greek mythological</a> figure of the <i><a href="/wiki/Satyr" title="Satyr">satyr</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> In the 17th century, philologist <a href="/wiki/Isaac_Casaubon" title="Isaac Casaubon">Isaac Casaubon</a> was the first to dispute the etymology of satire from satyr, contrary to the belief up to that time.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Humour">Humour</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Satire&amp;action=edit&amp;section=2" title="Edit section: Humour"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1023981488">@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .rquote{width:auto!important;float:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote rquote" style="float: right; width: 33%;"><p>The rules of satire are such that it must do more than make you laugh. No matter how amusing it is, it doesn't count unless you find yourself wincing a little even as you chuckle.<sup id="cite_ref-galaxy196806_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-galaxy196806-9"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p><a href="/wiki/Laughter" title="Laughter">Laughter</a> is not an essential component of satire;<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> in fact, there are types of satire that are not meant to be "funny" at all. Conversely, not all humour, even on such topics as politics, religion or art is necessarily "satirical", even when it uses the satirical tools of irony, parody, and <a href="/wiki/Burlesque" title="Burlesque">burlesque</a>. </p><p>Even light-hearted satire has a serious "after-taste": the organizers of the <a href="/wiki/Ig_Nobel_Prize" title="Ig Nobel Prize">Ig Nobel Prize</a> describe this as "first make people laugh, and then make them think".<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Social_and_psychological_functions">Social and psychological functions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Satire&amp;action=edit&amp;section=3" title="Edit section: Social and psychological functions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pedro_II_angelo_agostini.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Pedro_II_angelo_agostini.jpg/220px-Pedro_II_angelo_agostini.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="295" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Pedro_II_angelo_agostini.jpg/330px-Pedro_II_angelo_agostini.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Pedro_II_angelo_agostini.jpg/440px-Pedro_II_angelo_agostini.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1125" data-file-height="1507" /></a><figcaption>A satire by <a href="/wiki/Angelo_Agostini" title="Angelo Agostini">Angelo Agostini</a> to <i><a href="/wiki/Revista_Illustrada" title="Revista Illustrada">Revista Illustrada</a></i> mocking the lack of interest from Emperor <a href="/wiki/Pedro_II_of_Brazil" title="Pedro II of Brazil">Pedro II of Brazil</a> in politics toward the end of his reign</figcaption></figure> <p>Satire and <a href="/wiki/Irony" title="Irony">irony</a> in some cases have been regarded as the most effective source to understand a society, the oldest form of social study.<sup id="cite_ref-Rosenberg1960p155_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rosenberg1960p155-12"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> They provide the keenest insights into a group's <a href="/wiki/Collective_unconscious" title="Collective unconscious">collective psyche</a>, reveal its deepest values and tastes, and the society's structures of power.<sup id="cite_ref-Deloria69p146_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Deloria69p146-13"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Nash1970p203_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nash1970p203-14"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Some authors have regarded satire as superior to non-comic and non-artistic disciplines like history or <a href="/wiki/Anthropology" title="Anthropology">anthropology</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Rosenberg1960p155_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rosenberg1960p155-12"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Babcock1984_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Babcock1984-15"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Coppola_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Coppola-16"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> In a prominent example from <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece" title="Ancient Greece">ancient Greece</a>, philosopher <a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a>, when asked by a friend for a book to understand Athenian society, referred him to the plays of <a href="/wiki/Aristophanes" title="Aristophanes">Aristophanes</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Willi2003p1_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Willi2003p1-18"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Ehrenberg1962p39_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ehrenberg1962p39-19"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Historically, satire has satisfied the popular <a href="/wiki/Need" title="Need">need</a> to <a href="/wiki/Debunk" class="mw-redirect" title="Debunk">debunk</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ridiculous" title="Ridiculous">ridicule</a> the leading figures in politics, economy, religion and other prominent realms of <a href="/wiki/Power_(social_and_political)" title="Power (social and political)">power</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Bevere2006p265_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bevere2006p265-20"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Satire confronts <a href="/wiki/Public_discourse" class="mw-redirect" title="Public discourse">public discourse</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Collective_imaginary" class="mw-redirect" title="Collective imaginary">collective imaginary</a>, playing as a public opinion counterweight to power (be it political, economic, religious, symbolic, or otherwise), by challenging leaders and authorities. For instance, it forces administrations to clarify, amend or establish their policies. Satire's job is to expose problems and contradictions, and it is not obligated to solve them.<sup id="cite_ref-WieseForbes2010p.xv_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WieseForbes2010p.xv-21"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Karl_Kraus_(writer)" title="Karl Kraus (writer)">Karl Kraus</a> set in the history of satire a prominent example of a satirist role as confronting public discourse.<sup id="cite_ref-Knight2004p254_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Knight2004p254-22"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>For its nature and social role, satire has enjoyed in many societies a special freedom license to mock prominent individuals and institutions.<sup id="cite_ref-Test1991p9licencequote_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Test1991p9licencequote-23"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> The satiric impulse, and its ritualized expressions, carry out the function of resolving social tension.<sup id="cite_ref-Test1991p8_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Test1991p8-24"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Institutions like the <a href="/wiki/Ritual_clown" class="mw-redirect" title="Ritual clown">ritual clowns</a>, by giving expression to the <a href="/wiki/Antisocial_tendencies" class="mw-redirect" title="Antisocial tendencies">antisocial tendencies</a>, represent a <a href="/wiki/Safety_valve" title="Safety valve">safety valve</a> which re-establishes equilibrium and health in the <a href="/wiki/Collective_imaginary" class="mw-redirect" title="Collective imaginary">collective imaginary</a>, which are jeopardized by the <a href="/wiki/Social_repression" class="mw-redirect" title="Social repression">repressive aspects of society</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Cazeneuve1957p244_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cazeneuve1957p244-25"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Durand1984p106_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Durand1984p106-26"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>The state of <a href="/wiki/Political_satire" title="Political satire">political satire</a> in a given society reflects the tolerance or intolerance that characterizes it,<sup id="cite_ref-Bevere2006p265_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bevere2006p265-20"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> and the state of <a href="/wiki/Civil_liberties" title="Civil liberties">civil liberties</a> and <a href="/wiki/Human_rights" title="Human rights">human rights</a>. Under <a href="/wiki/Totalitarianism" title="Totalitarianism">totalitarian regimes</a> any criticism of a political system, and especially satire, is suppressed. A typical example is the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> where the <a href="/wiki/Dissidents" class="mw-redirect" title="Dissidents">dissidents</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Aleksandr_Solzhenitsyn" title="Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn">Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn</a> and <a href="/wiki/Andrei_Sakharov" title="Andrei Sakharov">Andrei Sakharov</a> were under strong pressure from the government. While satire of everyday life in the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">USSR</a> was allowed, the most prominent satirist being <a href="/wiki/Arkady_Raikin" title="Arkady Raikin">Arkady Raikin</a>, political satire existed in the form of <a href="/wiki/Anecdote" title="Anecdote">anecdotes</a><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> that made fun of Soviet political leaders, especially <a href="/wiki/Brezhnev" class="mw-redirect" title="Brezhnev">Brezhnev</a>, famous for his narrow-mindedness and love for awards and decorations. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Classifications">Classifications</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Satire&amp;action=edit&amp;section=4" title="Edit section: Classifications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Satire is a diverse genre which is complex to classify and define, with a wide range of satiric "modes".<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Horatian,_Juvenalian,_Menippean"><span id="Horatian.2C_Juvenalian.2C_Menippean"></span>Horatian, Juvenalian, Menippean</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Satire&amp;action=edit&amp;section=5" title="Edit section: Horatian, Juvenalian, Menippean"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Satire_(Orazio)_-_pag._12.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Satire_%28Orazio%29_-_pag._12.JPG/170px-Satire_%28Orazio%29_-_pag._12.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="277" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Satire_%28Orazio%29_-_pag._12.JPG/255px-Satire_%28Orazio%29_-_pag._12.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Satire_%28Orazio%29_-_pag._12.JPG/340px-Satire_%28Orazio%29_-_pag._12.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1124" data-file-height="1829" /></a><figcaption><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">"Le satire e l'epistole di Q. Orazio Flacco", printed in 1814</div></figcaption></figure> <p>Satirical literature can commonly be categorized as either Horatian, Juvenalian, or <a href="/wiki/Menippean_satire" title="Menippean satire">Menippean</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Horatian">Horatian</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Satire&amp;action=edit&amp;section=6" title="Edit section: Horatian"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Horatian satire, named for the Roman satirist <a href="/wiki/Horace" title="Horace">Horace</a> (65–8 BCE), playfully criticizes some social vice through gentle, mild, and light-hearted humour. Horace (Quintus Horatius Flaccus) wrote Satires to gently ridicule the dominant opinions and "philosophical beliefs of ancient Rome and Greece".<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Rather than writing in harsh or accusing tones, he addressed issues with humor and clever mockery. Horatian satire follows this same pattern of "gently [ridiculing] the absurdities and follies of human beings".<sup id="cite_ref-nku.edu_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nku.edu-32"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>It directs wit, exaggeration, and self-deprecating humour toward what it identifies as folly, rather than evil. Horatian satire's sympathetic tone is common in modern society.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> A Horatian satirist's goal is to heal the situation with smiles, rather than by anger. Horatian satire is a gentle reminder to take life less seriously and evokes a wry smile.<sup id="cite_ref-nku.edu_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nku.edu-32"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Juvenalian">Juvenalian</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Satire&amp;action=edit&amp;section=7" title="Edit section: Juvenalian"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Satires_of_Juvenal" class="mw-redirect" title="Satires of Juvenal">Satires of Juvenal</a></div> <p>Juvenalian satire, named for the writings of the Roman satirist <a href="/wiki/Juvenal" title="Juvenal">Juvenal</a> (late first century – early second century AD), is more contemptuous and abrasive than the Horatian. Juvenal disagreed with the opinions of the public figures and institutions of the Republic and actively attacked them through his literature. "He utilized the satirical tools of exaggeration and parody to make his targets appear monstrous and incompetent".<sup id="cite_ref-wisegeek.com_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wisegeek.com-34"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Juvenal's satire follows this same pattern of abrasively ridiculing societal structures. Juvenal also, unlike Horace, attacked public officials and governmental organizations through his satires, regarding their opinions as not just wrong, but evil. </p><p>Following in this tradition, Juvenalian satire addresses perceived social evil through scorn, outrage, and savage ridicule. This form is often pessimistic, characterized by the use of irony, sarcasm, moral indignation and personal invective, with less emphasis on humor. Strongly polarized political satire can often be classified as Juvenalian. </p><p>A Juvenal satirist's goal is generally to provoke some sort of political or societal change because he sees his opponent or object as evil or harmful.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> A Juvenal satirist mocks "societal structure, power, and civilization"<sup id="cite_ref-k887_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-k887-36"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> by exaggerating the words or position of his opponent in order to jeopardize their opponent's reputation and/or power. <a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Swift" title="Jonathan Swift">Jonathan Swift</a> has been established as an author who "borrowed heavily from Juvenal's techniques in [his critique] of contemporary English society".<sup id="cite_ref-wisegeek.com_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wisegeek.com-34"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Menippean">Menippean</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Satire&amp;action=edit&amp;section=8" title="Edit section: Menippean"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Menippean_satire" title="Menippean satire">Menippean satire</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Satire_vis-à-vis_teasing"><span id="Satire_vis-.C3.A0-vis_teasing"></span>Satire vis-à-vis teasing</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Satire&amp;action=edit&amp;section=9" title="Edit section: Satire vis-à-vis teasing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/History_of_theatre" title="History of theatre">history of theatre</a> there has always been a conflict between engagement and disengagement on <a href="/wiki/Politics" title="Politics">politics</a> and relevant issue, between satire and <a href="/wiki/Grotesque" title="Grotesque">grotesque</a> on one side, and <a href="/wiki/Jest" class="mw-redirect" title="Jest">jest</a> with <a href="/wiki/Teasing" title="Teasing">teasing</a> on the other.<sup id="cite_ref-Fo1990p9_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fo1990p9-37"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Max_Eastman" title="Max Eastman">Max Eastman</a> defined the <a href="/wiki/Spectrum" title="Spectrum">spectrum</a> of satire in terms of "degrees of biting", as ranging from satire proper at the hot-end, and "kidding" at the violet-end; Eastman adopted the term kidding to denote what is just satirical in form, but is not really firing at the target.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="Nobel Prize in Literature">Nobel laureate</a> satirical playwright <a href="/wiki/Dario_Fo" title="Dario Fo">Dario Fo</a> pointed out the difference between satire and teasing (<i>sfottò</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-Lorch1997p128_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lorch1997p128-39"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Teasing is the <a href="/wiki/Reactionary" title="Reactionary">reactionary</a> side of the <a href="/wiki/Comic" class="mw-redirect" title="Comic">comic</a>; it limits itself to a shallow <a href="/wiki/Parody" title="Parody">parody</a> of physical appearance. The side-effect of teasing is that it humanizes and draws sympathy for the powerful individual towards which it is directed. Satire instead uses the comic to go against power and its oppressions, has a <a href="/wiki/Subversive" class="mw-redirect" title="Subversive">subversive</a> character, and a <a href="/wiki/Moral" title="Moral">moral</a> dimension which draws judgement against its targets.<sup id="cite_ref-Fo1990p2_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fo1990p2-40"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Fo1990pn_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fo1990pn-41"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Arroyop303_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Arroyop303-42"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Morson1988p114_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Morson1988p114-43"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Fo formulated an <a href="/wiki/Operational_definition" title="Operational definition">operational</a> criterion to tell real satire from <i>sfottò</i>, saying that real satire arouses an outraged and violent reaction, and that the more they try to stop you, the better is the job you are doing.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Fo contends that, historically, people in positions of power have welcomed and encouraged good-humoured buffoonery, while modern day people in positions of power have tried to censor, ostracize and repress satire.<sup id="cite_ref-Fo1990p9_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fo1990p9-37"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Fo1990p2_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fo1990p2-40"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Teasing (<i>sfottò</i>) is an ancient form of simple <a href="/wiki/Buffoonery" class="mw-redirect" title="Buffoonery">buffoonery</a>, a form of comedy without satire's subversive edge. Teasing includes light and affectionate parody, good-humoured mockery, simple one-dimensional poking fun, and benign spoofs. Teasing typically consists of an <a href="/wiki/Impressionist_(entertainment)" title="Impressionist (entertainment)">impersonation</a> of someone monkeying around with his exterior attributes, <a href="/wiki/Tic" title="Tic">tics</a>, physical blemishes, voice and mannerisms, quirks, way of dressing and walking, and/or the phrases he typically repeats. By contrast, teasing never touches on the core issue, never makes a serious criticism judging the target with <a href="/wiki/Irony" title="Irony">irony</a>; it never harms the target's conduct, <a href="/wiki/Ideology" title="Ideology">ideology</a> and position of power; it never undermines the perception of his morality and cultural dimension.<sup id="cite_ref-Fo1990p2_40-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fo1990p2-40"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Arroyop303_42-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Arroyop303-42"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> <i>Sfottò</i> directed towards a powerful individual makes him appear more human and draws sympathy towards him.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Hermann_G%C3%B6ring" title="Hermann Göring">Hermann Göring</a> propagated <a href="/wiki/Jest" class="mw-redirect" title="Jest">jests</a> and jokes against himself, with the aim of humanizing his image.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Classifications_by_topics">Classifications by topics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Satire&amp;action=edit&amp;section=10" title="Edit section: Classifications by topics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Types of satire can also be classified according to the topics it deals with. From the earliest times, at least since the plays of <a href="/wiki/Aristophanes" title="Aristophanes">Aristophanes</a>, the primary topics of literary satire have been <a href="/wiki/Politics" title="Politics">politics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Religion" title="Religion">religion</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sex" title="Sex">sex</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Clark91p116_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Clark91p116-48"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Clark73p20_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Clark73p20-49"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Clark80p45_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Clark80p45-50"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> This is partly because these are the most pressing problems that affect anybody living in a society, and partly because these topics are usually <a href="/wiki/Taboo" title="Taboo">taboo</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Clark91p116_48-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Clark91p116-48"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Hodgart2009p33_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hodgart2009p33-52"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Among these, politics in the broader sense is considered the pre-eminent topic of satire.<sup id="cite_ref-Hodgart2009p33_52-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hodgart2009p33-52"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Satire which targets the <a href="/wiki/Clergy" title="Clergy">clergy</a> is a type of <a href="/wiki/Political_satire" title="Political satire">political satire</a>, while <a href="/wiki/Religious_satire" title="Religious satire">religious satire</a> is that which targets <a href="/wiki/Religious_belief" class="mw-redirect" title="Religious belief">religious beliefs</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Hodgart2009p39_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hodgart2009p39-53"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Satire on sex may overlap with <a href="/wiki/Blue_comedy" class="mw-redirect" title="Blue comedy">blue comedy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Off-color_humor" title="Off-color humor">off-color humor</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dick_joke" title="Dick joke">dick jokes</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Scatology" title="Scatology">Scatology</a> has a long literary association with satire,<sup id="cite_ref-Clark91p116_48-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Clark91p116-48"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Wilson2002pp_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wilson2002pp-54"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Anspaugh94_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Anspaugh94-55"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> as it is a classical mode of the <a href="/wiki/Grotesque" title="Grotesque">grotesque</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Grotesque_body" title="Grotesque body">grotesque body</a> and the satiric grotesque.<sup id="cite_ref-Clark91p116_48-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Clark91p116-48"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Andries2000p10_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Andries2000p10-56"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Shit" title="Shit">Shit</a> plays a fundamental role in satire because it symbolizes <a href="/wiki/Death" title="Death">death</a>, the turd being "the ultimate dead object".<sup id="cite_ref-Wilson2002pp_54-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wilson2002pp-54"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Anspaugh94_55-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Anspaugh94-55"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> The satirical comparison of individuals or institutions with human <a href="/wiki/Excrement" class="mw-redirect" title="Excrement">excrement</a>, exposes their "inherent inertness, corruption and dead-likeness".<sup id="cite_ref-Wilson2002pp_54-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wilson2002pp-54"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Klein1993p20_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Klein1993p20-57"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Duprat1982p178_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Duprat1982p178-58"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Ritual_clown" class="mw-redirect" title="Ritual clown">ritual clowns</a> of <a href="/wiki/Clown_societies" class="mw-redirect" title="Clown societies">clown societies</a>, like among the <a href="/wiki/Pueblo_Indians" class="mw-redirect" title="Pueblo Indians">Pueblo Indians</a>, have ceremonies with <a href="/wiki/Coprophagia" title="Coprophagia">filth-eating</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Parsons34_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Parsons34-59"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Hyers96_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hyers96-60"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> In other cultures, <a href="/wiki/Sin-eating" class="mw-redirect" title="Sin-eating">sin-eating</a> is an <a href="/wiki/Apotropaic_magic" title="Apotropaic magic">apotropaic</a> rite in which the sin-eater (also called filth-eater),<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> by ingesting the food provided, takes "upon himself the sins of the departed".<sup id="cite_ref-Davidson_1993p85_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Davidson_1993p85-63"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Satire about death overlaps with <a href="/wiki/Black_humor" class="mw-redirect" title="Black humor">black humor</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gallows_humor" class="mw-redirect" title="Gallows humor">gallows humor</a>. </p><p>Another classification by topics is the distinction between political satire, religious satire and satire of manners.<sup id="cite_ref-Bloom1979_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bloom1979-64"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Political satire is sometimes called topical satire, satire of manners is sometimes called satire of everyday life, and religious satire is sometimes called philosophical satire. <a href="/wiki/Comedy_of_manners" title="Comedy of manners">Comedy of manners</a>, sometimes also called satire of manners, criticizes mode of life of common people; political satire aims at behavior, manners of politicians, and vices of political systems. Historically, comedy of manners, which first appeared in British theater in 1620, has uncritically accepted the social code of the upper classes.<sup id="cite_ref-Nicoll1951p179_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nicoll1951p179-65"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Comedy in general accepts the rules of the social game, while satire subverts them.<sup id="cite_ref-Hodgart2009p189_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hodgart2009p189-66"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Another analysis of satire is the spectrum of his possible <a href="/wiki/Tone_(literature)" title="Tone (literature)">tones</a>: <a href="/wiki/Wit" title="Wit">wit</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ridicule" class="mw-redirect" title="Ridicule">ridicule</a>, <a href="/wiki/Irony" title="Irony">irony</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sarcasm" title="Sarcasm">sarcasm</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cynicism_(philosophy)" title="Cynicism (philosophy)">cynicism</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Sardonic" class="mw-redirect" title="Sardonic">sardonic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Invective" title="Invective">invective</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Pollard1970p66_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pollard1970p66-67"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Clark1946p32_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Clark1946p32-68"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>The type of humour that deals with creating laughter at the expense of the person telling the joke is called reflexive humour.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-69"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Reflexive humour can take place at dual levels of directing humour at self or at the larger community the self identifies with. The audience's understanding of the context of reflexive humour is important for its receptivity and success.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_69-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-69"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Satire is found not only in written literary forms. In <a href="/wiki/Preliterate_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Preliterate culture">preliterate cultures</a> it manifests itself in <a href="/wiki/Ritual_clown" class="mw-redirect" title="Ritual clown">ritual</a> and folk forms, as well as in <a href="/wiki/Trickster" title="Trickster">trickster</a> tales and <a href="/wiki/Oral_poetry" title="Oral poetry">oral poetry</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Test1991p8_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Test1991p8-24"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>It appears also in graphic arts, music, sculpture, dance, <a href="/wiki/Cartoon_strip" class="mw-redirect" title="Cartoon strip">cartoon strips</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Graffiti" title="Graffiti">graffiti</a>. Examples are <a href="/wiki/Dada" title="Dada">Dada</a> sculptures, <a href="/wiki/Pop_Art" class="mw-redirect" title="Pop Art">Pop Art</a> works, music of <a href="/wiki/Gilbert_and_Sullivan" title="Gilbert and Sullivan">Gilbert and Sullivan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Erik_Satie" title="Erik Satie">Erik Satie</a>, <a href="/wiki/Punk_rock" title="Punk rock">punk</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rock_music" title="Rock music">rock music</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Test1991p8_24-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Test1991p8-24"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> In modern <a href="/wiki/Media_culture" title="Media culture">media culture</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stand-up_comedy" title="Stand-up comedy">stand-up comedy</a> is an enclave in which satire can be introduced into <a href="/wiki/Mass_media" title="Mass media">mass media</a>, challenging mainstream discourse.<sup id="cite_ref-Test1991p8_24-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Test1991p8-24"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Roast_(comedy)" title="Roast (comedy)">Comedy roasts</a>, mock festivals, and stand-up comedians in nightclubs and concerts are the modern forms of ancient satiric rituals.<sup id="cite_ref-Test1991p8_24-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Test1991p8-24"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Development">Development</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Satire&amp;action=edit&amp;section=11" title="Edit section: Development"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ancient_Egypt">Ancient Egypt</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Satire&amp;action=edit&amp;section=12" title="Edit section: Ancient Egypt"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Satirical_papyrus.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Satirical_papyrus.jpg/500px-Satirical_papyrus.jpg" decoding="async" width="500" height="84" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Satirical_papyrus.jpg/750px-Satirical_papyrus.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Satirical_papyrus.jpg/1000px-Satirical_papyrus.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2470" data-file-height="413" /></a><figcaption>The satirical papyrus at the British Museum</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cat_guarding_geese_c1120_BC_Egypt.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Cat_guarding_geese_c1120_BC_Egypt.jpg/220px-Cat_guarding_geese_c1120_BC_Egypt.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="206" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Cat_guarding_geese_c1120_BC_Egypt.jpg/330px-Cat_guarding_geese_c1120_BC_Egypt.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7c/Cat_guarding_geese_c1120_BC_Egypt.jpg 2x" data-file-width="430" data-file-height="403" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Satirical_ostraca" title="Satirical ostraca">Satirical ostracon</a> showing a cat guarding geese, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;">&#8201;1120 BC</span>, Egypt</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:WLA_brooklynmuseum_Figured_Ostracon_Showing_a_Cat_Waiting_on_a_Mouse.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/WLA_brooklynmuseum_Figured_Ostracon_Showing_a_Cat_Waiting_on_a_Mouse.jpg/220px-WLA_brooklynmuseum_Figured_Ostracon_Showing_a_Cat_Waiting_on_a_Mouse.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="129" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/WLA_brooklynmuseum_Figured_Ostracon_Showing_a_Cat_Waiting_on_a_Mouse.jpg/330px-WLA_brooklynmuseum_Figured_Ostracon_Showing_a_Cat_Waiting_on_a_Mouse.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/WLA_brooklynmuseum_Figured_Ostracon_Showing_a_Cat_Waiting_on_a_Mouse.jpg/440px-WLA_brooklynmuseum_Figured_Ostracon_Showing_a_Cat_Waiting_on_a_Mouse.jpg 2x" data-file-width="871" data-file-height="512" /></a><figcaption>Figured ostracon showing a cat waiting on a mouse, Egypt</figcaption></figure> <p>One of the earliest examples of what might be called satire, <a href="/wiki/The_Satire_of_the_Trades" title="The Satire of the Trades">The Satire of the Trades</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> is in Egyptian writing from the beginning of the 2nd millennium BC. The text's apparent readers are students, tired of studying. It argues that their lot as scribes is not only useful, but far superior to that of the ordinary man. Scholars such as Helck<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> think that the context was meant to be serious. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Papyrus_Anastasi_I" title="Papyrus Anastasi I">Papyrus Anastasi I</a><sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> (late 2nd millennium BC) contains a satirical letter which first praises the virtues of its recipient, but then mocks the reader's meagre knowledge and achievements. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ancient_Greece">Ancient Greece</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Satire&amp;action=edit&amp;section=13" title="Edit section: Ancient Greece"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Greeks had no word for what later would be called "satire", although the terms cynicism and parody were used. Modern critics call the <a href="/wiki/Greek_comedy" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek comedy">Greek playwright</a> <a href="/wiki/Aristophanes" title="Aristophanes">Aristophanes</a> one of the best known early satirists: his plays are known for their critical political and <a href="/wiki/Societal_commentary" class="mw-redirect" title="Societal commentary">societal commentary</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Sutton,_D._F._1993_p.56_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sutton,_D._F._1993_p.56-74"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> particularly for the <a href="/wiki/Political_satire" title="Political satire">political satire</a> by which he criticized the powerful <a href="/wiki/Cleon" title="Cleon">Cleon</a> (as in <i><a href="/wiki/The_Knights" title="The Knights">The Knights</a></i>). He is also notable for the persecution he underwent.<sup id="cite_ref-Sutton,_D._F._1993_p.56_74-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sutton,_D._F._1993_p.56-74"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Aristophanes' plays turned upon images of filth and disease.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilson200217_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilson200217-78"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> His bawdy style was adopted by Greek dramatist-comedian <a href="/wiki/Menander" title="Menander">Menander</a>. His early play <i>Drunkenness</i> contains an attack on the politician <a href="/wiki/Callimedon" title="Callimedon">Callimedon</a>. </p><p>The oldest form of satire still in use is the <a href="/wiki/Menippean_satire" title="Menippean satire">Menippean satire</a> by <a href="/wiki/Menippus" title="Menippus">Menippus of Gadara</a>. His own writings are lost. Examples from his admirers and imitators mix seriousness and mockery in dialogues and present parodies before a background of <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/diatribe" class="extiw" title="wikt:diatribe">diatribe</a>. As in the case of Aristophanes plays, menippean satire turned upon images of filth and disease.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilson200217_78-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilson200217-78"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ancient_China">Ancient China</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Satire&amp;action=edit&amp;section=14" title="Edit section: Ancient China"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Satire, or fengci (諷刺) the way it is called in Chinese, goes back at least to <a href="/wiki/Confucius" title="Confucius">Confucius</a>, being mentioned in the <a href="/wiki/Classic_of_Poetry" title="Classic of Poetry">Book of Odes</a> (Shijing 詩經). It meant "to criticize by means of an ode". In the pre-Qin era it was also common for schools of thought to clarify their views through the use of short explanatory anecdotes, also called yuyan (寓言), translated as "entrusted words". These yuyan usually were brimming with satirical content. The <a href="/wiki/Daoist" class="mw-redirect" title="Daoist">Daoist</a> text <a href="/wiki/Zhuangzi_(book)" title="Zhuangzi (book)">Zhuangzi</a> is the first to define this concept of Yuyan. During the Qin and Han dynasty, however, the concept of yuyan mostly died out through their heavy persecution of dissent and literary circles, especially by <a href="/wiki/Qin_Shi_Huang" title="Qin Shi Huang">Qin Shi Huang</a> and <a href="/wiki/Han_Wudi" class="mw-redirect" title="Han Wudi">Han Wudi</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Roman_world">Roman world</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Satire&amp;action=edit&amp;section=15" title="Edit section: Roman world"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The first Roman to discuss satire critically was <a href="/wiki/Quintilian" title="Quintilian">Quintilian</a>, who invented the term to describe the writings of <a href="/wiki/Gaius_Lucilius" title="Gaius Lucilius">Gaius Lucilius</a>. The two most prominent and influential ancient Roman satirists are <a href="/wiki/Horace" title="Horace">Horace</a> and <a href="/wiki/Satires_of_Juvenal" class="mw-redirect" title="Satires of Juvenal">Juvenal</a>, who wrote during the early days of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a>. Other important satirists in ancient <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> are Gaius Lucilius and <a href="/wiki/Persius" title="Persius">Persius</a>. <i>Satire</i> in their work is much wider than in the modern sense of the word, including fantastic and highly coloured humorous writing with little or no real mocking intent. When Horace criticized <a href="/wiki/Augustus" title="Augustus">Augustus</a>, he used <a href="/wiki/Veil" title="Veil">veiled</a> ironic terms. In contrast, <a href="/wiki/Pliny_the_Elder" title="Pliny the Elder">Pliny</a> reports that the 6th-century-BC poet <a href="/wiki/Hipponax" title="Hipponax">Hipponax</a> wrote <i>satirae</i> that were so cruel that the offended hanged themselves.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 2nd century AD, <a href="/wiki/Lucian" title="Lucian">Lucian</a> wrote <i><a href="/wiki/True_History" class="mw-redirect" title="True History">True History</a></i>, a book satirizing the clearly unrealistic travelogues/adventures written by <a href="/wiki/Ctesias" title="Ctesias">Ctesias</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iambulus" title="Iambulus">Iambulus</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Homer" title="Homer">Homer</a>. He states that he was surprised they expected people to believe their lies, and stating that he, like them, has no actual knowledge or experience, but shall now tell lies as if he did. He goes on to describe a far more obviously extreme and unrealistic tale, involving interplanetary exploration, war among alien life forms, and life inside a 200 mile long whale back in the terrestrial ocean, all intended to make obvious the fallacies of books like <i><a href="/wiki/Indica_(Ctesias)" title="Indica (Ctesias)">Indica</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/The_Odyssey" class="mw-redirect" title="The Odyssey">The Odyssey</a></i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Medieval_Islamic_world">Medieval Islamic world</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Satire&amp;action=edit&amp;section=16" title="Edit section: Medieval Islamic world"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Arabic_literature#Satire_and_comedy" title="Arabic literature">Arabic satire</a> and <a href="/wiki/Persian_satire" title="Persian satire">Persian satire</a></div> <p>Medieval <a href="/wiki/Arabic_poetry" title="Arabic poetry">Arabic poetry</a> included the satiric genre <i>hija</i>. Satire was introduced into <a href="/wiki/Arabic_literature" title="Arabic literature">Arabic prose literature</a> by the author <a href="/wiki/Al-Jahiz" title="Al-Jahiz">Al-Jahiz</a> in the 9th century. While dealing with serious topics in what are now known as <a href="/wiki/Anthropology" title="Anthropology">anthropology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sociology_in_medieval_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Sociology in medieval Islam">sociology</a> and <a href="/wiki/Psychology_in_medieval_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Psychology in medieval Islam">psychology</a>, he introduced a satirical approach, "based on the premise that, however serious the subject under review, it could be made more interesting and thus achieve greater effect, if only one leavened the lump of solemnity by the insertion of a few amusing anecdotes or by the throwing out of some witty or paradoxical observations. He was well aware that, in treating of new themes in his prose works, he would have to employ a vocabulary of a nature more familiar in <i>hija</i>, satirical poetry."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBosworth197632_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBosworth197632-81"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> For example, in one of his <a href="/wiki/Zoology" title="Zoology">zoological</a> works, he satirized the preference for longer <a href="/wiki/Human_penis_size" title="Human penis size">human penis size</a>, writing: "If the length of the penis were a sign of honor, then the <a href="/wiki/Mule" title="Mule">mule</a> would belong to the (honorable tribe of) <a href="/wiki/Quraysh_(tribe)" class="mw-redirect" title="Quraysh (tribe)">Quraysh</a>". Another satirical story based on this preference was an <i><a href="/wiki/One_Thousand_and_One_Nights" title="One Thousand and One Nights">Arabian Nights</a></i> tale called "Ali with the Large Member".<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 10th century, the writer <a href="/wiki/Tha%27alibi" class="mw-redirect" title="Tha&#39;alibi">Tha'alibi</a> recorded satirical poetry written by the Arabic poets As-Salami and Abu Dulaf, with As-Salami praising Abu Dulaf's <a href="/wiki/Polymath" title="Polymath">wide breadth of knowledge</a> and then mocking his ability in all these subjects, and with Abu Dulaf responding back and satirizing As-Salami in return.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBosworth197677–8_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBosworth197677–8-83"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> An example of Arabic political satire included another 10th-century poet Jarir satirizing Farazdaq as "a transgressor of the <a href="/wiki/Sharia" title="Sharia">Sharia</a>" and later Arabic poets in turn using the term "Farazdaq-like" as a form of political satire.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBosworth197670_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBosworth197670-84"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>The terms "<a href="/wiki/Comedy" title="Comedy">comedy</a>" and "satire" became synonymous after <a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Poetics_(Aristotle)" title="Poetics (Aristotle)">Poetics</a></i> was translated into <a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Golden_Age" title="Islamic Golden Age">medieval Islamic world</a>, where it was elaborated upon by <a href="/wiki/Early_Islamic_philosophy" title="Early Islamic philosophy">Islamic philosophers</a> and writers, such as Abu Bischr, his pupil <a href="/wiki/Al-Farabi" title="Al-Farabi">Al-Farabi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Avicenna" title="Avicenna">Avicenna</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Averroes" title="Averroes">Averroes</a>. Due to cultural differences, they disassociated comedy from <a href="/wiki/Greek_drama" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek drama">Greek dramatic</a> representation and instead identified it with <a href="/wiki/Arabic_poetry" title="Arabic poetry">Arabic poetic</a> themes and forms, such as <i>hija</i> (satirical poetry). They viewed comedy as simply the "art of reprehension", and made no reference to light and cheerful events, or troubled beginnings and happy endings, associated with classical Greek comedy. After the <a href="/wiki/Latin_translations_of_the_12th_century" title="Latin translations of the 12th century">Latin translations of the 12th century</a>, the term "comedy" thus gained a new semantic meaning in <a href="/wiki/Medieval_literature" title="Medieval literature">Medieval literature</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Ubayd_Zakani" title="Ubayd Zakani">Ubayd Zakani</a> introduced satire in <a href="/wiki/Persian_literature" title="Persian literature">Persian literature</a> during the 14th century. His work is noted for its satire and obscene verses, often political or bawdy, and often cited in debates involving <a href="/wiki/Homosexual" class="mw-redirect" title="Homosexual">homosexual</a> practices. He wrote the <i>Resaleh-ye Delgosha</i>, as well as <i>Akhlaq al-Ashraf</i> ("Ethics of the Aristocracy") and the famous humorous fable <i>Masnavi Mush-O-Gorbeh</i> (Mouse and Cat), which was a political satire. His non-satirical serious classical verses have also been regarded as very well written, in league with the other great works of <a href="/wiki/Persian_literature" title="Persian literature">Persian literature</a>. Between 1905 and 1911, <a href="/wiki/Bibi_Khatoon_Astarabadi" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibi Khatoon Astarabadi">Bibi Khatoon Astarabadi</a> and other Iranian writers wrote notable satires. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Medieval_Europe">Medieval Europe</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Satire&amp;action=edit&amp;section=17" title="Edit section: Medieval Europe"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/Early_Middle_Ages" title="Early Middle Ages">Early Middle Ages</a>, examples of satire were the songs by <a href="/wiki/Goliard" class="mw-redirect" title="Goliard">Goliards</a> or <a href="/wiki/Clerici_vagantes" title="Clerici vagantes">vagants</a> now best known as an anthology called <a href="/wiki/Carmina_Burana" title="Carmina Burana">Carmina Burana</a> and made famous as texts of a composition by the 20th-century composer <a href="/wiki/Carl_Orff" title="Carl Orff">Carl Orff</a>. Satirical poetry is believed to have been popular, although little has survived. With the advent of the <a href="/wiki/High_Middle_Ages" title="High Middle Ages">High Middle Ages</a> and the birth of modern <a href="/wiki/Vernacular_literature" title="Vernacular literature">vernacular literature</a> in the 12th century, it began to be used again, most notably by <a href="/wiki/Chaucer" class="mw-redirect" title="Chaucer">Chaucer</a>. The disrespectful manner was considered "unchristian" and ignored, except for the <b>moral satire</b>, which mocked misbehaviour in Christian terms. Examples are <i>Livre des Manières</i> by <a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%89tienne_de_Foug%C3%A8res&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Étienne de Fougères (page does not exist)">Étienne de Fougères</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;">&#160;&#91;<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89tienne_de_Foug%C3%A8res" class="extiw" title="fr:Étienne de Fougères">fr</a>&#93;</span> (~1178), and some of Chaucer's <i><a href="/wiki/Canterbury_Tales" class="mw-redirect" title="Canterbury Tales">Canterbury Tales</a></i>. Sometimes <a href="/wiki/Epic_poetry" title="Epic poetry">epic poetry (epos)</a> was mocked, and even feudal society, but there was hardly a general interest in the genre. </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/High_Middle_Ages" title="High Middle Ages">High Middle Ages</a> the work <a href="/wiki/Reynard_the_Fox" title="Reynard the Fox">Reynard the Fox</a>, written by Willem die Madoc maecte, and its translations were a popular work that satirized the class system at the time. Representing the various classes as certain anthropomorphic animals. As example, the lion in the story represents the nobility, which is portrayed as being weak and without character, but very greedy. Versions of Reynard the Fox were also popular well into the early modern period. The dutch translation <a href="/wiki/Van_den_vos_Reynaerde" title="Van den vos Reynaerde">Van den vos Reynaerde</a> is considered a major medieval dutch literary work. In the dutch version De Vries argues that the animal characters represent barons who conspired against the Count of Flanders.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_modern_western_satire">Early modern western satire</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Satire&amp;action=edit&amp;section=18" title="Edit section: Early modern western satire"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%87%D0%B0_%D0%BE_%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BF%D1%8B%D1%85.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%87%D0%B0_%D0%BE_%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BF%D1%8B%D1%85.jpeg/220px-%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%87%D0%B0_%D0%BE_%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BF%D1%8B%D1%85.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%87%D0%B0_%D0%BE_%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BF%D1%8B%D1%85.jpeg/330px-%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%87%D0%B0_%D0%BE_%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BF%D1%8B%D1%85.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%87%D0%B0_%D0%BE_%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BF%D1%8B%D1%85.jpeg/440px-%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%87%D0%B0_%D0%BE_%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BF%D1%8B%D1%85.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="2700" data-file-height="1520" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Pieter_Bruegel_the_Elder" title="Pieter Bruegel the Elder">Pieter Bruegel</a>'s 1568 satirical painting <i><a href="/wiki/The_Blind_Leading_the_Blind" title="The Blind Leading the Blind">The Blind Leading the Blind</a></i></figcaption></figure> <p>Direct <a href="/wiki/Social_commentary" title="Social commentary">social commentary</a> via satire returned in the 16th century, when texts such as the works of <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Rabelais" title="François Rabelais">François Rabelais</a> tackled more serious issues. </p><p>Two major satirists of Europe in the <a href="/wiki/Renaissance" title="Renaissance">Renaissance</a> were <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Boccaccio" title="Giovanni Boccaccio">Giovanni Boccaccio</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Rabelais" title="François Rabelais">François Rabelais</a>. Other examples of Renaissance satire include <i><a href="/wiki/Till_Eulenspiegel" title="Till Eulenspiegel">Till Eulenspiegel</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Reynard_the_Fox" title="Reynard the Fox">Reynard the Fox</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Sebastian_Brant" title="Sebastian Brant">Sebastian Brant</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Ship_of_Fools_(satire)" title="Ship of Fools (satire)">Narrenschiff</a></i> (1494), <a href="/wiki/Erasmus" title="Erasmus">Erasmus</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Moriae_Encomium" class="mw-redirect" title="Moriae Encomium">Moriae Encomium</a></i> (1509), <a href="/wiki/Thomas_More" title="Thomas More">Thomas More</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Utopia_(More_book)" class="mw-redirect" title="Utopia (More book)">Utopia</a></i> (1516), and <i><a href="/wiki/Carajicomedia" title="Carajicomedia">Carajicomedia</a></i> (1519). </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Elizabethan" class="mw-redirect" title="Elizabethan">Elizabethan</a> (i.e. 16th-century English) writers thought of satire as related to the notoriously rude, coarse and sharp satyr play. Elizabethan "satire" (typically in pamphlet form) therefore contains more straightforward abuse than subtle irony. The French <a href="/wiki/Huguenot" class="mw-redirect" title="Huguenot">Huguenot</a> <a href="/wiki/Isaac_Casaubon" title="Isaac Casaubon">Isaac Casaubon</a> pointed out in 1605 that satire in the Roman fashion was something altogether more civilised. Casaubon discovered and published Quintilian's writing and presented the original meaning of the term (satira, not satyr), and the sense of wittiness (reflecting the "dishfull of fruits") became more important again. Seventeenth-century English satire once again aimed at the "amendment of vices" (<a href="/wiki/Dryden" class="mw-redirect" title="Dryden">Dryden</a>). </p><p>In the 1590s a new wave of verse satire broke with the publication of <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Hall_(bishop)" title="Joseph Hall (bishop)">Hall</a>'s <i>Virgidemiarum</i>, six books of verse satires targeting everything from literary fads to corrupt noblemen. Although <a href="/wiki/John_Donne" title="John Donne">Donne</a> had already circulated satires in manuscript, Hall's was the first real attempt in English at verse satire on the Juvenalian model.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHall1969_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHall1969-87"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title=" (October 2012)">page&#160;needed</span></a></i>&#93;</sup> The success of his work combined with a national mood of disillusion in the last years of Elizabeth's reign triggered an avalanche of satire—much of it less conscious of classical models than Hall's — until the fashion was brought to an abrupt stop by censorship.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>note 1<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Another satiric genre to emerge around this time was the satirical <a href="/wiki/Almanac" title="Almanac">almanac</a>, with <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Rabelais" title="François Rabelais">François Rabelais</a>'s work <i>Pantagrueline Prognostication</i> (1532), which mocked astrological predictions. The strategies François utilized within this work were employed by later satirical almanacs, such as the <i>Poor Robin</i> series that spanned the 17th to 19th centuries.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ancient_and_modern_India">Ancient and modern India</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Satire&amp;action=edit&amp;section=19" title="Edit section: Ancient and modern India"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Satire (<i>Kataksh</i> or <i>Vyang</i>) has played a prominent role in <a href="/wiki/Indian_literature" title="Indian literature">Indian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hindi_literature" title="Hindi literature">Hindi literature</a>, and is counted as one of the "<a href="/wiki/Rasa_(aesthetics)" title="Rasa (aesthetics)">ras</a>" of literature in ancient books.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> With the commencement of printing of books in local language in the nineteenth century and especially after India's freedom, this grew.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Many of the works of <a href="/wiki/Tulsi_Das" class="mw-redirect" title="Tulsi Das">Tulsi Das</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kabir" title="Kabir">Kabir</a>, <a href="/wiki/Munshi_Premchand" class="mw-redirect" title="Munshi Premchand">Munshi Premchand</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> village minstrels, <a href="/wiki/Harikatha" title="Harikatha">Hari katha</a> singers, poets, Dalit singers and current day stand up Indian comedians incorporate satire, usually ridiculing authoritarians, fundamentalists and incompetent people in power.<sup id="cite_ref-modisong_95-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-modisong-95"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> In India, it has usually been used as a means of expression and an outlet for common people to express their anger against authoritarian entities.<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> A popular custom in Northern India of "Bura na mano Holi hai" continues, in which comedians on the stage mock local people of importance (who are usually brought in as special guests).<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Age_of_Enlightenment">Age of Enlightenment</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Satire&amp;action=edit&amp;section=20" title="Edit section: Age of Enlightenment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:A_Welch_wedding._Satire_c.1780.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/A_Welch_wedding._Satire_c.1780.jpg/300px-A_Welch_wedding._Satire_c.1780.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/A_Welch_wedding._Satire_c.1780.jpg/450px-A_Welch_wedding._Satire_c.1780.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/A_Welch_wedding._Satire_c.1780.jpg/600px-A_Welch_wedding._Satire_c.1780.jpg 2x" data-file-width="779" data-file-height="376" /></a><figcaption>'A Welch wedding' satirical cartoon <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;">&#8201;1780</span></figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Age of Enlightenment</a>, an intellectual movement in the 17th and 18th centuries advocating rationality, produced a great revival of satire in Britain. This was fuelled by the rise of partisan politics, with the formalisation of the <a href="/wiki/Tories_(British_political_party)" title="Tories (British political party)">Tory</a> and <a href="/wiki/British_Whig_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="British Whig Party">Whig</a> parties—and also, in 1714, by the formation of the <a href="/wiki/Scriblerus_Club" title="Scriblerus Club">Scriblerus Club</a>, which included <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Pope" title="Alexander Pope">Alexander Pope</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Swift" title="Jonathan Swift">Jonathan Swift</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Gay" title="John Gay">John Gay</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Arbuthnot" title="John Arbuthnot">John Arbuthnot</a>, <a href="/wiki/Robert_Harley,_1st_Earl_of_Oxford_and_Earl_Mortimer" title="Robert Harley, 1st Earl of Oxford and Earl Mortimer">Robert Harley</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Parnell" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomas Parnell">Thomas Parnell</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Henry_St_John,_1st_Viscount_Bolingbroke" title="Henry St John, 1st Viscount Bolingbroke">Henry St John, 1st Viscount Bolingbroke</a>. This club included several of the notable satirists of early-18th-century Britain. They focused their attention on Martinus Scriblerus, "an invented learned fool... whose work they attributed all that was tedious, narrow-minded, and pedantic in contemporary scholarship".<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> In their hands astute and biting satire of institutions and individuals became a popular weapon. The turn to the 18th century was characterized by a switch from Horatian, soft, pseudo-satire, to biting "juvenal" satire.<sup id="cite_ref-Weinbrot2007p136_103-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Weinbrot2007p136-103"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Swift" title="Jonathan Swift">Jonathan Swift</a> was one of the greatest of Anglo-Irish satirists, and one of the first to practise modern journalistic satire. For instance, In his <i><a href="/wiki/A_Modest_Proposal" title="A Modest Proposal">A Modest Proposal</a></i> Swift suggests that Irish peasants be encouraged to sell their own children as food for the rich, as a solution to the "problem" of poverty. His purpose is of course to attack indifference to the plight of the desperately poor. In his book <i><a href="/wiki/Gulliver%27s_Travels" title="Gulliver&#39;s Travels">Gulliver's Travels</a></i> he writes about the flaws in human society in general and English society in particular. <a href="/wiki/John_Dryden" title="John Dryden">John Dryden</a> wrote an influential essay entitled "A Discourse Concerning the Original and Progress of Satire"<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> that helped fix the definition of satire in the literary world. His satirical <i><a href="/wiki/Mac_Flecknoe" title="Mac Flecknoe">Mac Flecknoe</a></i> was written in response to a rivalry with <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Shadwell" title="Thomas Shadwell">Thomas Shadwell</a> and eventually inspired <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Pope" title="Alexander Pope">Alexander Pope</a> to write his satirical <i><a href="/wiki/Dunciad" class="mw-redirect" title="Dunciad">Dunciad</a></i>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Pope" title="Alexander Pope">Alexander Pope</a> (b. May 21, 1688) was a satirist known for his Horatian satirist style and translation of the <i><a href="/wiki/Iliad" title="Iliad">Iliad</a></i>. Famous throughout and after the <a href="/wiki/Long_eighteenth_century" title="Long eighteenth century">long 18th century</a>, Pope died in 1744.<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Pope, in his <i>The Rape of the Lock</i>, is delicately chiding society in a sly but polished voice by holding up a mirror to the follies and vanities of the upper class. Pope does not actively attack the self-important pomp of the British aristocracy, but rather presents it in such a way that gives the reader a new perspective from which to easily view the actions in the story as foolish and ridiculous. A mockery of the upper class, more delicate and lyrical than brutal, Pope nonetheless is able to effectively illuminate the moral degradation of society to the public. <i>The Rape of the Lock</i> assimilates the masterful qualities of a heroic epic, such as the <i>Iliad</i>, which Pope was translating at the time of writing <i>The Rape of the Lock</i>. However, Pope applied these qualities satirically to a seemingly petty egotistical elitist quarrel to prove his point wryly.<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Other satirical works by Pope include the <i><a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_Dr_Arbuthnot" title="Epistle to Dr Arbuthnot">Epistle to Dr Arbuthnot</a></i>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Defoe" title="Daniel Defoe">Daniel Defoe</a> pursued a more journalistic type of satire, being famous for his <i><a href="/wiki/The_True-Born_Englishman" title="The True-Born Englishman">The True-Born Englishman</a></i> which mocks <a href="/wiki/Xenophobia" title="Xenophobia">xenophobic</a> patriotism, and <i><a href="/wiki/The_Shortest-Way_with_the_Dissenters" class="mw-redirect" title="The Shortest-Way with the Dissenters">The Shortest-Way with the Dissenters</a></i>—advocating <a href="/wiki/Religious_toleration" class="mw-redirect" title="Religious toleration">religious toleration</a> by means of an ironical exaggeration of the highly intolerant attitudes of his time. </p><p>The pictorial satire of <a href="/wiki/William_Hogarth" title="William Hogarth">William Hogarth</a> is a precursor to the development of <a href="/wiki/Political_cartoons" class="mw-redirect" title="Political cartoons">political cartoons</a> in 18th-century England.<sup id="cite_ref-Press_107-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Press-107"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> The medium developed under the direction of its greatest exponent, <a href="/wiki/James_Gillray" title="James Gillray">James Gillray</a> from London.<sup id="cite_ref-Guardian_108-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Guardian-108"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> With his satirical works calling the king (George III), prime ministers and generals (especially Napoleon) to account, Gillray's wit and keen sense of the ridiculous made him the pre-eminent <a href="/wiki/Cartoonist" title="Cartoonist">cartoonist</a> of the era.<sup id="cite_ref-Guardian_108-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Guardian-108"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Ebenezer_Cooke_(poet)" title="Ebenezer Cooke (poet)">Ebenezer Cooke</a> (1665–1732), author of "The Sot-Weed Factor" (1708), was among the first writers of literary satire in <a href="/wiki/Colonial_America" class="mw-redirect" title="Colonial America">Colonial America</a>. <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin" title="Benjamin Franklin">Benjamin Franklin</a> (1706–1790) and others followed, using satire to shape an emerging nation's culture through its sense of the ridiculous. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Satire_in_Victorian_England">Satire in Victorian England</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Satire&amp;action=edit&amp;section=21" title="Edit section: Satire in Victorian England"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:DV257_no.19_The_donkey_race.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/DV257_no.19_The_donkey_race.png/220px-DV257_no.19_The_donkey_race.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="172" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/DV257_no.19_The_donkey_race.png/330px-DV257_no.19_The_donkey_race.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/DV257_no.19_The_donkey_race.png/440px-DV257_no.19_The_donkey_race.png 2x" data-file-width="1232" data-file-height="964" /></a><figcaption>A Victorian satirical sketch depicting a gentleman's donkey race in 1852</figcaption></figure> <p>Several satiric papers competed for the public's attention in the <a href="/wiki/Victorian_era" title="Victorian era">Victorian era</a> (1837–1901) and <a href="/wiki/Edwardian" class="mw-redirect" title="Edwardian">Edwardian</a> period, such as <i><a href="/wiki/Punch_(magazine)" title="Punch (magazine)">Punch</a></i> (1841) and <i><a href="/wiki/Fun_(magazine)" title="Fun (magazine)">Fun</a></i> (1861). </p><p>Perhaps the most enduring examples of Victorian satire, however, are to be found in the <a href="/wiki/Savoy_Opera" class="mw-redirect" title="Savoy Opera">Savoy Operas</a> of <a href="/wiki/Gilbert_and_Sullivan" title="Gilbert and Sullivan">Gilbert and Sullivan</a>. In fact, in <i><a href="/wiki/The_Yeomen_of_the_Guard" title="The Yeomen of the Guard">The Yeomen of the Guard</a></i>, a jester is given lines that paint a very neat picture of the method and purpose of the satirist, and might almost be taken as a statement of Gilbert's own intent: </p> <dl><dd><i>"I can set a braggart quailing with a quip,</i></dd> <dd><i>The upstart I can wither with a whim;</i></dd> <dd><i>He may wear a merry laugh upon his lip,</i></dd> <dd><i>But his laughter has an echo that is grim!"</i></dd></dl> <p>Novelists such as <a href="/wiki/Charles_Dickens" title="Charles Dickens">Charles Dickens</a> (1812–1870) often used passages of satiric writing in their treatment of social issues. </p><p>Continuing the tradition of Swiftian journalistic satire, <a href="/wiki/Sidney_Godolphin_Osborne" class="mw-redirect" title="Sidney Godolphin Osborne">Sidney Godolphin Osborne</a> (1808–1889) was the most prominent writer of scathing "Letters to the Editor" of the London <i><a href="/wiki/The_Times" title="The Times">Times</a></i>. Famous in his day, he is now all but forgotten. His maternal grandfather <a href="/wiki/William_Eden,_1st_Baron_Auckland" title="William Eden, 1st Baron Auckland">William Eden, 1st Baron Auckland</a> was considered to be a possible candidate for the authorship of the <a href="/wiki/Junius_(writer)" title="Junius (writer)">Junius</a> letters. Osborne's satire was so bitter and biting that at one point he received a public censure from <a href="/wiki/Parliament" title="Parliament">Parliament</a>'s then Home Secretary Sir <a href="/wiki/James_Graham,_3rd_Duke_of_Montrose" title="James Graham, 3rd Duke of Montrose">James Graham</a>. Osborne wrote mostly in the Juvenalian mode over a wide range of topics mostly centered on British government's and landlords' mistreatment of poor farm workers and field laborers. He bitterly opposed the <a href="/w/index.php?title=New_Poor_Laws&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="New Poor Laws (page does not exist)">New Poor Laws</a> and was passionate on the subject of the British government's botched response to the <a href="/wiki/Great_Famine_(Ireland)" title="Great Famine (Ireland)">Great Irish Famine</a> and the mistreatment of <a href="/wiki/British_Army" title="British Army">British soldiers</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Crimean_War" title="Crimean War">Crimean War</a>. </p><p>A number of works of fiction during this time, influenced by <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egypt_in_the_Western_imagination" title="Ancient Egypt in the Western imagination">Egyptomania</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-:02_109-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-109"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> used the backdrop of Ancient Egypt as a device for satire. Some works, like <a href="/wiki/Edgar_Allan_Poe" title="Edgar Allan Poe">Edgar Allan Poe</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Some_Words_with_a_Mummy" title="Some Words with a Mummy">Some Words with a Mummy</a></i> (1845) and <a href="/wiki/Grant_Allen" title="Grant Allen">Grant Allen</a>'s <i>My New Year's Eve Among the Mummies</i> (1878), portrayed Egyptian civilization as having already achieved many of the Victorian era's advancements (like the <a href="/wiki/Steam_engine" title="Steam engine">steam engine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gaslamp" class="mw-redirect" title="Gaslamp">gaslamps</a>) in an effort to satire the notion of progress.<sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Other works, like <a href="/wiki/Jane_Loudon" title="Jane Loudon">Jane Loudon's</a> <i><a href="/wiki/The_Mummy!:_Or_a_Tale_of_the_Twenty-Second_Century" class="mw-redirect" title="The Mummy!: Or a Tale of the Twenty-Second Century">The Mummy!: Or a Tale of the Twenty-Second Century</a></i>, satirized Victorian curiosities with the afterlife.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_109-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-109"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Later in the nineteenth century, in the United States, <a href="/wiki/Mark_Twain" title="Mark Twain">Mark Twain</a> (1835–1910) grew to become American's greatest satirist: his novel <i><a href="/wiki/Adventures_of_Huckleberry_Finn" title="Adventures of Huckleberry Finn">Huckleberry Finn</a></i> (1884) is set in the <a href="/wiki/Antebellum_era" class="mw-redirect" title="Antebellum era">antebellum</a> South, where the moral values Twain wishes to promote are completely turned on their heads. His hero, Huck, is a rather simple but goodhearted lad who is ashamed of the "sinful temptation" that leads him to help a <a href="/wiki/Fugitive_slaves_in_the_United_States" title="Fugitive slaves in the United States">fugitive slave</a>. In fact his conscience, warped by the distorted moral world he has grown up in, often bothers him most when he is at his best. He is prepared to do good, believing it to be wrong. </p><p>Twain's younger contemporary <a href="/wiki/Ambrose_Bierce" title="Ambrose Bierce">Ambrose Bierce</a> (1842–1913) gained notoriety as a <a href="/wiki/Cynicism_(contemporary)" title="Cynicism (contemporary)">cynic</a>, pessimist and black humorist with his dark, bitterly ironic stories, many set during the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a>, which satirized the limitations of human perception and reason. Bierce's most famous work of satire is probably <i><a href="/wiki/The_Devil%27s_Dictionary" title="The Devil&#39;s Dictionary">The Devil's Dictionary</a></i> (1906), in which the definitions mock cant, <a href="/wiki/Hypocrisy" title="Hypocrisy">hypocrisy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Appeal_to_tradition" title="Appeal to tradition">received wisdom</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="20th-century_satire">20th-century satire</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Satire&amp;action=edit&amp;section=22" title="Edit section: 20th-century satire"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Karl_Kraus_(writer)" title="Karl Kraus (writer)">Karl Kraus</a> is considered the first major European satirist since <a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Swift" title="Jonathan Swift">Jonathan Swift</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Knight2004p254_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Knight2004p254-22"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> In 20th-century literature, satire was used by English authors such as <a href="/wiki/Aldous_Huxley" title="Aldous Huxley">Aldous Huxley</a> (1930s) and <a href="/wiki/George_Orwell" title="George Orwell">George Orwell</a> (1940s), which under the inspiration of <a href="/wiki/Yevgeny_Zamyatin" title="Yevgeny Zamyatin">Zamyatin</a>'s Russian 1921 novel <i><a href="/wiki/We_(novel)" title="We (novel)">We</a></i>, made serious and even frightening commentaries on the dangers of the sweeping social changes taking place throughout Europe. <a href="/wiki/Anatoly_Lunacharsky" title="Anatoly Lunacharsky">Anatoly Lunacharsky</a> wrote 'Satire attains its greatest significance when a newly evolving class creates an ideology considerably more advanced than that of the ruling class, but has not yet developed to the point where it can conquer it. Herein lies its truly great ability to triumph, its scorn for its adversary and its hidden fear of it. Herein lies its venom, its amazing energy of hate, and quite frequently, its grief, like a black frame around glittering images. Herein lie its contradictions, and its power.'<sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Many social critics of this same time in the United States, such as <a href="/wiki/Dorothy_Parker" title="Dorothy Parker">Dorothy Parker</a> and <a href="/wiki/H._L._Mencken" title="H. L. Mencken">H. L. Mencken</a>, used satire as their main weapon, and Mencken in particular is noted for having said that "one horse-laugh is worth ten thousand <a href="/wiki/Syllogism" title="Syllogism">syllogisms</a>" in the persuasion of the public to accept a criticism. Novelist <a href="/wiki/Sinclair_Lewis" title="Sinclair Lewis">Sinclair Lewis</a> was known for his satirical stories such as <i><a href="/wiki/Main_Street_(novel)" title="Main Street (novel)">Main Street</a></i> (1920), <i><a href="/wiki/Babbitt_(novel)" title="Babbitt (novel)">Babbitt</a></i> (1922), <i><a href="/wiki/Elmer_Gantry" title="Elmer Gantry">Elmer Gantry</a></i> (1927; dedicated by Lewis to H. L. Mencken), and <i><a href="/wiki/It_Can%27t_Happen_Here" title="It Can&#39;t Happen Here">It Can't Happen Here</a></i> (1935), and his books often explored and satirized contemporary American values. The film <i><a href="/wiki/The_Great_Dictator" title="The Great Dictator">The Great Dictator</a></i> (1940) by <a href="/wiki/Charlie_Chaplin" title="Charlie Chaplin">Charlie Chaplin</a> is itself a parody of <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a>; Chaplin later declared that he would have not made the film if he had known about the <a href="/wiki/Nazi_concentration_camps" title="Nazi concentration camps">concentration camps</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ChaplinLager_112-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ChaplinLager-112"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Modern <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet</a> satire was very popular in the 1920s and 1930s. This form of satire is recognized by its level of sophistication and intelligence used, along with its own level of parody. Since there is no longer the need of survival or revolution to write about, modern Soviet satire focused on the quality of life.<sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dictator_charlie6.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Dictator_charlie6.jpg/220px-Dictator_charlie6.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Dictator_charlie6.jpg/330px-Dictator_charlie6.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Dictator_charlie6.jpg/440px-Dictator_charlie6.jpg 2x" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="320" /></a><figcaption>Benzino Napaloni and Adenoid Hynkel in <i>The Great Dictator</i> (1940).</figcaption></figure> <p>In the United States 1950s, satire was introduced into American <a href="/wiki/Stand-up_comedy" title="Stand-up comedy">stand-up comedy</a> most prominently by <a href="/wiki/Lenny_Bruce" title="Lenny Bruce">Lenny Bruce</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mort_Sahl" title="Mort Sahl">Mort Sahl</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Test1991p8_24-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Test1991p8-24"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> As they challenged the <a href="/wiki/Taboo" title="Taboo">taboos</a> and <a href="/wiki/Conventional_wisdom" title="Conventional wisdom">conventional wisdom</a> of the time, were ostracized by the mass media establishment as <i><a href="/wiki/Sick_comedian" class="mw-redirect" title="Sick comedian">sick comedians</a></i>. In the same period, <a href="/wiki/Paul_Krassner" title="Paul Krassner">Paul Krassner</a>'s magazine <i><a href="/wiki/The_Realist" title="The Realist">The Realist</a></i> began publication, to become immensely popular during the 1960s and early 1970s among people in the <a href="/wiki/Counterculture_of_the_1960s" title="Counterculture of the 1960s">counterculture</a>; it had articles and cartoons that were savage, biting satires of politicians such as <a href="/wiki/Lyndon_Johnson" class="mw-redirect" title="Lyndon Johnson">Lyndon Johnson</a> and <a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Richard Nixon</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a> and the <a href="/wiki/War_on_Drugs" class="mw-redirect" title="War on Drugs">War on Drugs</a>. This baton was also carried by the original <a href="/wiki/National_Lampoon_(magazine)" title="National Lampoon (magazine)">National Lampoon</a> magazine, edited by <a href="/wiki/Doug_Kenney" class="mw-redirect" title="Doug Kenney">Doug Kenney</a> and <a href="/wiki/Henry_Beard" title="Henry Beard">Henry Beard</a> and featuring blistering satire written by <a href="/wiki/Michael_O%27Donoghue" title="Michael O&#39;Donoghue">Michael O'Donoghue</a>, <a href="/wiki/P.J._O%27Rourke" class="mw-redirect" title="P.J. O&#39;Rourke">P.J. O'Rourke</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Tony_Hendra" title="Tony Hendra">Tony Hendra</a>, among others.<sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Prominent satiric stand-up comedian <a href="/wiki/George_Carlin" title="George Carlin">George Carlin</a> acknowledged the influence <i>The Realist</i> had in his 1970s conversion to a satiric comedian.<sup id="cite_ref-Sullivan2010p94_115-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sullivan2010p94-115"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>A more humorous brand of satire enjoyed a renaissance in the UK in the early 1960s with the <a href="/wiki/Satire_boom" title="Satire boom">satire boom</a>, led by comedians including <a href="/wiki/Peter_Cook" title="Peter Cook">Peter Cook</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alan_Bennett" title="Alan Bennett">Alan Bennett</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Miller" title="Jonathan Miller">Jonathan Miller</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Dudley_Moore" title="Dudley Moore">Dudley Moore</a>, whose stage show <i><a href="/wiki/Beyond_the_Fringe" title="Beyond the Fringe">Beyond the Fringe</a></i> was a hit not only in Britain, but also in the United States. Other significant influences in 1960s British satire include <a href="/wiki/David_Frost" title="David Frost">David Frost</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eleanor_Bron" title="Eleanor Bron">Eleanor Bron</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Television_program" class="mw-redirect" title="Television program">television program</a> <i><a href="/wiki/That_Was_The_Week_That_Was" class="mw-redirect" title="That Was The Week That Was">That Was The Week That Was</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Heller" title="Joseph Heller">Joseph Heller</a>'s most famous work, <i><a href="/wiki/Catch-22" title="Catch-22">Catch-22</a></i> (1961), satirizes bureaucracy and the military, and is frequently cited as one of the greatest literary works of the twentieth century.<sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-118"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Departing from traditional Hollywood <a href="/wiki/Farce" title="Farce">farce</a> and <a href="/wiki/Screwball_comedy_film" class="mw-redirect" title="Screwball comedy film">screwball</a>, director and comedian <a href="/wiki/Jerry_Lewis" title="Jerry Lewis">Jerry Lewis</a> used satire in his self-directed films <i><a href="/wiki/The_Bellboy" title="The Bellboy">The Bellboy</a></i> (1960), <i><a href="/wiki/The_Errand_Boy" title="The Errand Boy">The Errand Boy</a></i> (1961) and <i><a href="/wiki/The_Patsy_(1964_film)" title="The Patsy (1964 film)">The Patsy</a></i> (1964) to comment on celebrity and the star-making machinery of Hollywood.<sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-119"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> The film <i><a href="/wiki/Dr._Strangelove" title="Dr. Strangelove">Dr. Strangelove</a></i> (1964) starring <a href="/wiki/Peter_Sellers" title="Peter Sellers">Peter Sellers</a> was a popular satire on the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a>. Sellers and the British satire boom had a direct influence on the comedy troupe <a href="/wiki/Monty_Python" title="Monty Python">Monty Python</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-120" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-120"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/Empire_(magazine)" title="Empire (magazine)">Empire</a></i> magazine called <i><a href="/wiki/Monty_Python%27s_Life_of_Brian" title="Monty Python&#39;s Life of Brian">Monty Python's Life of Brian</a></i> (1979) "an unrivalled satire on religion".<sup id="cite_ref-121" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-121"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Nonoy_Marcelo" title="Nonoy Marcelo">Severino "Nonoy" Marcelo</a>'s 1978 Philippine <a href="/wiki/Adult_animation" title="Adult animation">adult animated</a> comedy film, <i><a href="/wiki/Tadhana_(film)" title="Tadhana (film)">Tadhana</a></i>, presents a satirical, humorous and poignant view of the Philippines' history of <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Empire" title="Spanish Empire">Spanish colonization</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_122-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-122"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Contemporary_satire">Contemporary satire</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Satire&amp;action=edit&amp;section=23" title="Edit section: Contemporary satire"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><p> Contemporary popular usage of the term "satire" is often very imprecise. While satire often uses <a href="/wiki/Caricature" title="Caricature">caricature</a> and <a href="/wiki/Parody" title="Parody">parody</a>, by no means are all uses of these or other humorous devices satiric. Refer to the careful definition of satire that heads this article. <i>The Cambridge Companion to Roman Satire</i> also warns of the ambiguous nature of satire: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"></p><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>[W]hile "satire," or perhaps rather "satiric(al)," are words we run up against constantly in analyses of contemporary culture [...], the search for any defining formal charcteristic (sic) [of satire] that will link past to present may turn out to be more frustrating than enlightening.<sup id="cite_ref-Rome_123-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rome-123"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Spitting_Image_Puppet_of_Eric_Cantona_(2956625432).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Spitting_Image_Puppet_of_Eric_Cantona_%282956625432%29.jpg/170px-Spitting_Image_Puppet_of_Eric_Cantona_%282956625432%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Spitting_Image_Puppet_of_Eric_Cantona_%282956625432%29.jpg/255px-Spitting_Image_Puppet_of_Eric_Cantona_%282956625432%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Spitting_Image_Puppet_of_Eric_Cantona_%282956625432%29.jpg/340px-Spitting_Image_Puppet_of_Eric_Cantona_%282956625432%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1600" /></a><figcaption>Puppet of Manchester United striker <a href="/wiki/Eric_Cantona" title="Eric Cantona">Eric Cantona</a> from the British satirical puppet show <i><a href="/wiki/Spitting_Image" title="Spitting Image">Spitting Image</a></i></figcaption></figure> <p>Satire is used on many UK television programmes, particularly popular panel shows and quiz shows such as <i><a href="/wiki/Mock_the_Week" title="Mock the Week">Mock the Week</a></i> (2005–2022) and <i><a href="/wiki/Have_I_Got_News_for_You" title="Have I Got News for You">Have I Got News for You</a></i> (1990–ongoing). It is found on radio quiz shows such as <i><a href="/wiki/The_News_Quiz" title="The News Quiz">The News Quiz</a></i> (1977–ongoing) and <i><a href="/wiki/The_Now_Show" title="The Now Show">The Now Show</a></i> (1998–2024). One of the most watched UK television shows of the 1980s and early 1990s, the puppet show <i><a href="/wiki/Spitting_Image" title="Spitting Image">Spitting Image</a></i> was a satire of the <a href="/wiki/British_Royal_Family" class="mw-redirect" title="British Royal Family">royal family</a>, politics, entertainment, sport and <a href="/wiki/British_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="British culture">British culture</a> of the era.<sup id="cite_ref-124" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-124"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Spitting_Image#Evolution" title="Spitting Image">Court Flunkey</a> from <i>Spitting Image</i> is a caricature of <a href="/wiki/James_Gillray" title="James Gillray">James Gillray</a>, intended as a homage to the father of political cartooning.<sup id="cite_ref-125" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-125"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Created by <a href="/wiki/DMA_Design" class="mw-redirect" title="DMA Design">DMA Design</a> in 1997, satire features prominently in the British video game series <i><a href="/wiki/Grand_Theft_Auto" title="Grand Theft Auto">Grand Theft Auto</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-126" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-126"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-127" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-127"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Another example is the <i><a href="/wiki/Fallout_(franchise)" title="Fallout (franchise)">Fallout</a></i> series, namely <a href="/wiki/Interplay_Entertainment" title="Interplay Entertainment">Interplay</a>-developed <i><a href="/wiki/Fallout_(video_game)" title="Fallout (video game)">Fallout: A Post Nuclear Role Playing Game</a></i> (1995).<sup id="cite_ref-128" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-128"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Other games utilizing satire include <i><a href="/wiki/Postal_(video_game)" title="Postal (video game)">Postal</a></i> (1997),<sup id="cite_ref-GothicWorld_129-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GothicWorld-129"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/State_of_Emergency_(video_game)" title="State of Emergency (video game)">State of Emergency</a></i> (2002),<sup id="cite_ref-GothicWorld_129-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GothicWorld-129"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/Phone_Story" title="Phone Story">Phone Story</a></i> (2011), and <i><a href="/wiki/7_Billion_Humans" title="7 Billion Humans">7 Billion Humans</a></i> (2018).<sup id="cite_ref-130" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-130"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Trey_Parker" title="Trey Parker">Trey Parker</a> and <a href="/wiki/Matt_Stone" title="Matt Stone">Matt Stone</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/South_Park" title="South Park">South Park</a></i> (1997–ongoing) relies almost exclusively on satire to address issues in American culture, with episodes addressing <a href="/wiki/With_Apologies_to_Jesse_Jackson" title="With Apologies to Jesse Jackson">racism</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Passion_of_the_Jew" title="The Passion of the Jew">anti-Semitism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Go_God_Go" title="Go God Go">militant atheism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Big_Gay_Al%27s_Big_Gay_Boat_Ride" title="Big Gay Al&#39;s Big Gay Boat Ride">homophobia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eat,_Pray,_Queef" title="Eat, Pray, Queef">sexism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rainforest_Shmainforest" title="Rainforest Shmainforest">environmentalism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gnomes_(South_Park)" title="Gnomes (South Park)">corporate culture</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Death_Camp_of_Tolerance" title="The Death Camp of Tolerance">political correctness</a> and <a href="/wiki/Red_Hot_Catholic_Love" title="Red Hot Catholic Love">anti-Catholicism</a>, among many other issues. </p><p>Satirical web series and sites include Emmy-nominated <i><a href="/wiki/Honest_Trailers" class="mw-redirect" title="Honest Trailers">Honest Trailers</a></i> (2012–),<sup id="cite_ref-131" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-131"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Internet phenomena-themed <a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_Dramatica" title="Encyclopedia Dramatica">Encyclopedia Dramatica</a> (2004–),<sup id="cite_ref-SocioMobile_132-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SocioMobile-132"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Uncyclopedia" title="Uncyclopedia">Uncyclopedia</a> (2005–),<sup id="cite_ref-133" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-133"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> self-proclaimed "America's Finest News Source" <i><a href="/wiki/The_Onion" title="The Onion">The Onion</a></i> (1988–).<sup id="cite_ref-134" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-134"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> and <i>The Onion's</i> Christian conservative counterpart <i><a href="/wiki/The_Babylon_Bee" title="The Babylon Bee">The Babylon Bee</a></i> (2016–).<sup id="cite_ref-135" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-135"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Stephen_Colbert_by_David_Shankbone.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Stephen_Colbert_by_David_Shankbone.jpg/220px-Stephen_Colbert_by_David_Shankbone.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="234" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Stephen_Colbert_by_David_Shankbone.jpg/330px-Stephen_Colbert_by_David_Shankbone.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Stephen_Colbert_by_David_Shankbone.jpg/440px-Stephen_Colbert_by_David_Shankbone.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2295" data-file-height="2440" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Colbert" title="Stephen Colbert">Stephen Colbert</a> satirically impersonated an <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Colbert_(character)" title="Stephen Colbert (character)">opinionated and self-righteous television commentator</a> on his <a href="/wiki/Comedy_Central" title="Comedy Central">Comedy Central</a> program in the U.S.</figcaption></figure> <p>In the United States, <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Colbert" title="Stephen Colbert">Stephen Colbert</a>'s television program, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Colbert_Report" title="The Colbert Report">The Colbert Report</a></i> (2005–14) is instructive in the methods of contemporary American satire; sketch comedy television show <i><a href="/wiki/Saturday_Night_Live" title="Saturday Night Live">Saturday Night Live</a></i> is also known for its satirical impressions and parodies of prominent persons and politicians, among some of the most notable, their parodies of U.S. political figures <a href="/wiki/Saturday_Night_Live_parodies_of_Hillary_Clinton" title="Saturday Night Live parodies of Hillary Clinton">Hillary Clinton</a><sup id="cite_ref-TVGuide1_136-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TVGuide1-136"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> and of <a href="/wiki/Saturday_Night_Live_parodies_of_Sarah_Palin" title="Saturday Night Live parodies of Sarah Palin">Sarah Palin</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-137" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-137"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Colbert_(character)" title="Stephen Colbert (character)">Colbert's character</a> is an opinionated and self-righteous commentator who, in his TV interviews, interrupts people, points and wags his finger at them, and "unwittingly" uses a number of logical fallacies. In doing so, he demonstrates the principle of modern American political satire: the ridicule of the actions of politicians and other public figures by taking all their statements and purported beliefs to their furthest (supposedly) logical conclusion, thus revealing their perceived hypocrisy or absurdity. </p><p>In the United Kingdom, a popular modern satirist was the late Sir <a href="/wiki/Terry_Pratchett" title="Terry Pratchett">Terry Pratchett</a>, author of the internationally best-selling <i><a href="/wiki/Discworld" title="Discworld">Discworld</a></i> book series. One of the most well-known and controversial British satirists is <a href="/wiki/Chris_Morris_(satirist)" title="Chris Morris (satirist)">Chris Morris</a>, co-writer and director of <i><a href="/wiki/Four_Lions" title="Four Lions">Four Lions</a></i>. </p><p>In Canada, satire has become an important part of the comedy scene. <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Leacock" title="Stephen Leacock">Stephen Leacock</a> was one of the best known early Canadian satirists, and in the early 20th century, he achieved fame by targeting the attitudes of small-town life. In more recent years, Canada has had several prominent satirical television series and radio shows. Some, including <i><a href="/wiki/CODCO" title="CODCO">CODCO</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Royal_Canadian_Air_Farce" class="mw-redirect" title="The Royal Canadian Air Farce">The Royal Canadian Air Farce</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/This_Is_That" title="This Is That">This Is That</a></i>, and <i><a href="/wiki/This_Hour_Has_22_Minutes" title="This Hour Has 22 Minutes">This Hour Has 22 Minutes</a></i> deal directly with current news stories and political figures, while others, like <i><a href="/wiki/History_Bites" title="History Bites">History Bites</a></i> present contemporary social satire in the context of events and figures in history. <a href="/wiki/The_Beaverton" title="The Beaverton">The Beaverton</a> is a Canadian news satire site similar to The Onion. Canadian songwriter <a href="/wiki/Nancy_White_(singer-songwriter)" title="Nancy White (singer-songwriter)">Nancy White</a> uses music as the vehicle for her satire, and her comic folk songs are regularly played on <a href="/wiki/CBC_Radio_One" title="CBC Radio One">CBC Radio</a>. </p><p>In Hong Kong, there was a well-known Australian <a href="/wiki/Kim_Jong-un" class="mw-redirect" title="Kim Jong-un">Kim Jong-un</a> <a href="/wiki/Impersonator" title="Impersonator">impersonator</a> <a href="/wiki/Howard_X" title="Howard X">Howard X</a> whom often utilised satire to show his support for Hong Kong city's pro-democracy movements and liberation of North Korea. He believed that humour is a very powerful weapon and he often made it clear that he imitates the dictator to satirize him, not to glorify him. Throughout his career as a professional impersonator, he had also worked with multiple organisations and celebrities to create parodies and to stir up conversations of politics and human rights.<sup id="cite_ref-138" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-138"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Cartoonists often use satire as well as straight humour. <a href="/wiki/Al_Capp" title="Al Capp">Al Capp</a>'s satirical <a href="/wiki/Comic_strip" title="Comic strip">comic strip</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Li%27l_Abner" title="Li&#39;l Abner">Li'l Abner</a></i> was censored in September 1947. The controversy, as reported in <i>Time</i>, centred on Capp's portrayal of the US Senate. Said Edward Leech of Scripps-Howard, "We don't think it is good editing or sound citizenship to picture the Senate as an assemblage of freaks and crooks... boobs and undesirables."<sup id="cite_ref-139" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-139"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Walt_Kelly" title="Walt Kelly">Walt Kelly</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Pogo_(comics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pogo (comics)">Pogo</a></i> was likewise censored in 1952 over his overt satire of <a href="/wiki/Joseph_McCarthy" title="Joseph McCarthy">Senator Joe McCarthy</a>, caricatured in his comic strip as "Simple J. Malarky". <a href="/wiki/Garry_Trudeau" title="Garry Trudeau">Garry Trudeau</a>, whose <a href="/wiki/Comic_strip" title="Comic strip">comic strip</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Doonesbury" title="Doonesbury">Doonesbury</a></i> focuses on satire of the political system, and provides a trademark cynical view on national events. Trudeau exemplifies humour mixed with criticism. For example, the character <a href="/wiki/Mark_Slackmeyer" title="Mark Slackmeyer">Mark Slackmeyer</a> lamented that because he was not legally married to his partner, he was deprived of the "exquisite agony" of experiencing a nasty and painful divorce like heterosexuals. This, of course, satirized the claim that gay unions would denigrate the sanctity of heterosexual marriage. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2014-_02_-_Obama_and_Putin,_by_Ranan_Lurie.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/2014-_02_-_Obama_and_Putin%2C_by_Ranan_Lurie.png/220px-2014-_02_-_Obama_and_Putin%2C_by_Ranan_Lurie.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="285" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/2014-_02_-_Obama_and_Putin%2C_by_Ranan_Lurie.png/330px-2014-_02_-_Obama_and_Putin%2C_by_Ranan_Lurie.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/2014-_02_-_Obama_and_Putin%2C_by_Ranan_Lurie.png/440px-2014-_02_-_Obama_and_Putin%2C_by_Ranan_Lurie.png 2x" data-file-width="767" data-file-height="994" /></a><figcaption>Political satire by <a href="/wiki/Ranan_Lurie" title="Ranan Lurie">Ranan Lurie</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Like some literary predecessors, many recent television satires contain strong elements of parody and <a href="/wiki/Caricature" title="Caricature">caricature</a>; for instance, the popular animated series <i>The Simpsons</i> and <i>South Park</i> both parody modern family and social life by taking their assumptions to the extreme; both have led to the creation of similar series. As well as the purely humorous effect of this sort of thing, they often strongly criticise various phenomena in politics, economic life, religion and many other aspects of society, and thus qualify as satirical. Due to their animated nature, these shows can easily use images of public figures and generally have greater freedom to do so than conventional shows using live actors. </p><p><a href="/wiki/News_satire" title="News satire">News satire</a> is also a very popular form of contemporary satire, appearing in as wide an array of formats as the news media itself: print (e.g. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Onion" title="The Onion">The Onion</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Waterford_Whispers_News" title="Waterford Whispers News">Waterford Whispers News</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Private_Eye" title="Private Eye">Private Eye</a></i>), radio (e.g. <i><a href="/wiki/On_the_Hour" title="On the Hour">On the Hour</a></i>), television (e.g. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Day_Today" title="The Day Today">The Day Today</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Show" title="The Daily Show">The Daily Show</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Brass_Eye" title="Brass Eye">Brass Eye</a></i>) and the web (e.g. <i><a href="/wiki/Faking_News" title="Faking News">Faking News</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/El_Koshary_Today" title="El Koshary Today">El Koshary Today</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Babylon_Bee" class="mw-redirect" title="Babylon Bee">Babylon Bee</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Beaverton" title="The Beaverton">The Beaverton</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Bonnet" title="The Daily Bonnet">The Daily Bonnet</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/The_Onion" title="The Onion">The Onion</a></i>). Other satires are on the <a href="/wiki/List_of_satirists_and_satires" title="List of satirists and satires">list of satirists and satires</a>. </p><p>In an interview with <i><a href="/wiki/Wikinews" title="Wikinews">Wikinews</a></i>, Sean Mills, President of <i><a href="/wiki/The_Onion" title="The Onion">The Onion</a></i>, said angry letters about their news parody always carried the same message. "It's whatever affects that person", said Mills. "So it's like, 'I love it when you make a joke about murder or rape, but if you talk about cancer, well my brother has cancer and that's not funny to me.' Or someone else can say, 'Cancer's <i>hilarious</i>, but don't talk about rape because my cousin got raped.' Those are rather extreme examples, but if it affects somebody personally, they tend to be more sensitive about it."<sup id="cite_ref-DS_140-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DS-140"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>139<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Satire is also gaining recognition for its value in social science research, particularly when authors are seeking to unpack complex social issues like gendered racism.<sup id="cite_ref-141" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-141"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>140<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Techniques">Techniques</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Satire&amp;action=edit&amp;section=24" title="Edit section: Techniques"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Literary satire is usually written out of earlier satiric works, <a href="/wiki/Reprise#In_literature" title="Reprise">reprising</a> previous conventions, commonplaces, stance, situations and tones of voice.<sup id="cite_ref-Griffin1994p136_142-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Griffin1994p136-142"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>141<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Exaggeration" title="Exaggeration">Exaggeration</a> is one of the most common satirical techniques.<sup id="cite_ref-Claridge2010p257_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Claridge2010p257-3"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Contrarily <a href="/wiki/Diminution_(satire)" title="Diminution (satire)">diminution</a> is also a satirical technique. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legal_status">Legal status</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Satire&amp;action=edit&amp;section=25" title="Edit section: Legal status"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>For its nature and social role, satire has enjoyed in many societies a special freedom license to mock prominent individuals and institutions.<sup id="cite_ref-Test1991p9licencequote_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Test1991p9licencequote-23"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> In Germany,<sup id="cite_ref-Geisler2005p73_143-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Geisler2005p73-143"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>142<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a>, and Italy<sup id="cite_ref-Bevere2006p265_20-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bevere2006p265-20"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Pezzella2009p566_144-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pezzella2009p566-144"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>143<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> satire is protected by the constitution. </p><p>Since satire belongs to the realm of <a href="/wiki/Art" title="Art">art</a> and artistic expression, it benefits from broader lawfulness limits than mere <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_information" title="Freedom of information">freedom of information</a> of journalistic kind.<sup id="cite_ref-Pezzella2009p566_144-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pezzella2009p566-144"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>143<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> In some countries a specific "right to satire" is recognized and its limits go beyond the "right to report" of journalism and even the "right to criticize".<sup id="cite_ref-Pezzella2009p566_144-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pezzella2009p566-144"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>143<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Satire benefits not only of the protection to <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_speech" title="Freedom of speech">freedom of speech</a>, but also to that to <a href="/wiki/Culture" title="Culture">culture</a>, and that to scientific and artistic production.<sup id="cite_ref-Bevere2006p265_20-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bevere2006p265-20"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Pezzella2009p566_144-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pezzella2009p566-144"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>143<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Australia">Australia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Satire&amp;action=edit&amp;section=26" title="Edit section: Australia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/The_Juice_Media#Controversy" title="The Juice Media">The Juice Media §&#160;Controversy</a></div> <p>In September 2017 <a href="/wiki/The_Juice_Media" title="The Juice Media">The Juice Media</a> received an e-mail from the Australian National Symbols Officer requesting that the use of a satirical logo, called the "Coat of Harms" based on the <a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Australia" title="Coat of arms of Australia">Australian Coat of Arms</a>, no longer be used as they had received complaints from the members of the public.<sup id="cite_ref-145" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-145"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>144<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Coincidentally 5 days later a Bill was proposed to <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Australia" title="Parliament of Australia">Australian parliament</a> to amend the <a href="/wiki/Criminal_law_of_Australia" title="Criminal law of Australia">Criminal Code Act 1995</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-146" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-146"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>145<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> If passed, those found to be in breach of the new amendment can face 2–5 years imprisonment.<sup id="cite_ref-147" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-147"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>146<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>As of June 2018, the Criminal Code Amendment (Impersonating a Commonwealth Body) Bill 2017 was before the <a href="/wiki/Australian_Senate" title="Australian Senate">Australian Senate</a> with the <a href="/wiki/Reading_(legislature)" title="Reading (legislature)">third reading</a> moved May 10, 2018.<sup id="cite_ref-148" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-148"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>147<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Censorship_and_criticism">Censorship and criticism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Satire&amp;action=edit&amp;section=27" title="Edit section: Censorship and criticism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Descriptions of satire's biting effect on its target include 'venomous', 'cutting', 'stinging',<sup id="cite_ref-Kinservik2002p21_149-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kinservik2002p21-149"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>148<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> vitriol. Because satire often combines anger and humor, as well as the fact that it addresses and calls into question many controversial issues, it can be profoundly disturbing.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="The material near this tag may use weasel words or too-vague attribution. (October 2023)">by whom?</span></a></i>&#93;</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Typical_arguments">Typical arguments</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Satire&amp;action=edit&amp;section=28" title="Edit section: Typical arguments"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Because it is essentially ironic or sarcastic, satire is often misunderstood. A typical misunderstanding is to confuse the satirist with their <a href="/wiki/Persona" title="Persona">persona</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Test1991p10_150-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Test1991p10-150"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>149<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Bad_taste">Bad taste</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Satire&amp;action=edit&amp;section=29" title="Edit section: Bad taste"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Common uncomprehending responses to satire include revulsion (accusations of <a href="/wiki/Taste_(sociology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Taste (sociology)">poor taste</a>, or that "it's just not funny" for instance) and the idea that the satirist actually does support the ideas, policies, or people being ridiculed. For instance, at the time of its publication, many people misunderstood Swift's purpose in <i><a href="/wiki/A_Modest_Proposal" title="A Modest Proposal">A Modest Proposal</a></i>, assuming it to be a serious recommendation of economically motivated cannibalism.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>&#93;</sup> Much later in history, in the weeks following <a href="/wiki/9/11" class="mw-redirect" title="9/11">9/11</a> the American public at large found works of satire to be in bad taste and not appropriate for the social climate at the time. Some media outlets at the time, like essayist <a href="/wiki/Roger_Rosenblatt" title="Roger Rosenblatt">Roger Rosenblatt</a> in an editorial for <i>Time</i> magazine's September 24 issue, would go so far as to claim that irony was dead.<sup id="cite_ref-151" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-151"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>150<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Targeting_the_victim">Targeting the victim</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Satire&amp;action=edit&amp;section=30" title="Edit section: Targeting the victim"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some critics of <a href="/wiki/Mark_Twain" title="Mark Twain">Mark Twain</a> see <a href="/wiki/Adventures_of_Huckleberry_Finn_(novel)" class="mw-redirect" title="Adventures of Huckleberry Finn (novel)"><i>Huckleberry Finn</i></a> as <a href="/wiki/Racist" class="mw-redirect" title="Racist">racist</a> and offensive, missing the point that its author clearly intended it to be satire (racism being in fact only one of a number of Mark Twain's known concerns attacked in <i>Huckleberry Finn</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-152" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-152"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>151<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-153" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-153"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>152<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> This same misconception was suffered by the main character of the 1960s British television comedy satire <i><a href="/wiki/Till_Death_Us_Do_Part" title="Till Death Us Do Part">Till Death Us Do Part</a></i>. The character of <a href="/wiki/Alf_Garnett" title="Alf Garnett">Alf Garnett</a> (played by <a href="/wiki/Warren_Mitchell" title="Warren Mitchell">Warren Mitchell</a>) was created to poke fun at the kind of narrow-minded, racist, <a href="/wiki/Little_Englander" title="Little Englander">little Englander</a> that Garnett represented. Instead, his character became a sort of <a href="/wiki/Anti-hero" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-hero">anti-hero</a> to people who actually agreed with his views. (The same situation occurred with <a href="/wiki/Archie_Bunker" title="Archie Bunker">Archie Bunker</a> in American TV show <i><a href="/wiki/All_in_the_Family" title="All in the Family">All in the Family</a></i>, a character derived directly from Garnett.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>&#93;</sup>) </p><p>The Australian satirical television comedy show <i><a href="/wiki/The_Chaser%27s_War_on_Everything" title="The Chaser&#39;s War on Everything">The Chaser's War on Everything</a></i> has suffered repeated attacks based on various perceived interpretations of the "target" of its attacks. The "Make a Realistic Wish Foundation" sketch (June 2009), which attacked in classical satiric fashion the heartlessness of people who are reluctant to donate to <a href="/wiki/Charitable_organization" title="Charitable organization">charities</a>, was widely interpreted as an attack on the <a href="/wiki/Make_a_Wish_Foundation" class="mw-redirect" title="Make a Wish Foundation">Make a Wish Foundation</a>, or even the terminally ill children helped by that organisation. <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Australia" title="Prime Minister of Australia">Prime Minister</a> of the time <a href="/wiki/Kevin_Rudd" title="Kevin Rudd">Kevin Rudd</a> stated that The Chaser team "should hang their heads in shame". He went on to say that "I didn't see that but it's been described to me. ...But having a go at kids with a terminal illness is really beyond the pale, absolutely beyond the pale."<sup id="cite_ref-154" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-154"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>153<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Television station management suspended the show for two weeks and reduced the third season to eight episodes. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Romantic_prejudice">Romantic prejudice</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Satire&amp;action=edit&amp;section=31" title="Edit section: Romantic prejudice"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The romantic prejudice against satire is the belief spread by the <a href="/wiki/Romanticism" title="Romanticism">romantic movement</a> that satire is something unworthy of serious attention; this prejudice has held considerable influence to this day.<sup id="cite_ref-155" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-155"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>154<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Such prejudice extends to humour and everything that arouses laughter, which are often underestimated as frivolous and unworthy of serious study.<sup id="cite_ref-156" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-156"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>155<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> For instance, humor is generally neglected as a topic of anthropological research and teaching.<sup id="cite_ref-157" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-157"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>156<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="History_of_opposition_toward_notable_satires">History of opposition toward notable satires</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Satire&amp;action=edit&amp;section=32" title="Edit section: History of opposition toward notable satires"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Because satire criticises in an ironic, essentially indirect way, it frequently escapes <a href="/wiki/Censorship" title="Censorship">censorship</a> in a way more direct criticism might not. Periodically, however, it runs into serious opposition, and people in power who perceive themselves as attacked attempt to censor it or prosecute its practitioners. In a classic example, <a href="/wiki/Aristophanes" title="Aristophanes">Aristophanes</a> was persecuted by the <a href="/wiki/Demagogue" title="Demagogue">demagogue</a> <a href="/wiki/Cleon" title="Cleon">Cleon</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="1599_book_ban">1599 book ban</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Satire&amp;action=edit&amp;section=33" title="Edit section: 1599 book ban"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1599, the <a href="/wiki/Archbishop_of_Canterbury" title="Archbishop of Canterbury">Archbishop of Canterbury</a> <a href="/wiki/John_Whitgift" title="John Whitgift">John Whitgift</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Bishop_of_London" title="Bishop of London">Bishop of London</a> <a href="/wiki/Richard_Bancroft" title="Richard Bancroft">Richard Bancroft</a>, whose offices had the function of licensing books for publication in England, issued a decree banning verse satire. The decree, now known as the <a href="/wiki/Bishops%27_Ban_of_1599" title="Bishops&#39; Ban of 1599">Bishops' Ban of 1599</a>, ordered the burning of certain volumes of satire by <a href="/wiki/John_Marston_(playwright)" title="John Marston (playwright)">John Marston</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Middleton" title="Thomas Middleton">Thomas Middleton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Hall_(bishop)" title="Joseph Hall (bishop)">Joseph Hall</a>, and others; it also required histories and plays to be specially approved by a member of the Queen's <a href="/wiki/Privy_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="Privy Council">Privy Council</a>, and it prohibited the future printing of satire in verse.<sup id="cite_ref-158" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-158"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>157<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>The motives for the ban are obscure, particularly since some of the books banned had been licensed by the same authorities less than a year earlier. Various scholars have argued that the target was obscenity, libel, or sedition. It seems likely that lingering anxiety about the <a href="/wiki/Martin_Marprelate" title="Martin Marprelate">Martin Marprelate</a> controversy, in which the bishops themselves had employed satirists, played a role; both <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Nashe" title="Thomas Nashe">Thomas Nashe</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Harvey" title="Gabriel Harvey">Gabriel Harvey</a>, two of the key figures in that controversy, suffered a complete ban on all their works. In the event, though, the ban was little enforced, even by the licensing authority itself. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="21st-century_polemics">21st-century polemics</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Satire&amp;action=edit&amp;section=34" title="Edit section: 21st-century polemics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2005, the <a href="/wiki/Jyllands-Posten_Muhammad_cartoons_controversy" title="Jyllands-Posten Muhammad cartoons controversy">Jyllands-Posten Muhammad cartoons controversy</a> caused global protests by offended Muslims and violent attacks with many <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/fatality" class="extiw" title="wikt:fatality">fatalities</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Near_East" title="Near East">Near East</a>. It was not the first case of <a href="/wiki/Muslim" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim">Muslim</a> protests against criticism in the form of satire, but the Western world was surprised by the hostility of the reaction: Any country's flag in which a newspaper chose to publish the parodies was being burnt in a Near East country, then embassies were attacked, killing 139 people in mainly four countries; politicians throughout Europe agreed that satire was an aspect of the <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_speech" title="Freedom of speech">freedom of speech</a>, and therefore to be a protected means of dialogue. Iran threatened to start an <a href="/wiki/International_Holocaust_Cartoon_Competition" title="International Holocaust Cartoon Competition">International Holocaust Cartoon Competition</a>, which was immediately responded to by Jews with an <a href="/wiki/Israeli_Anti-Semitic_Cartoons_Contest" class="mw-redirect" title="Israeli Anti-Semitic Cartoons Contest">Israeli Anti-Semitic Cartoons Contest</a>. </p><p>In 2006 British comedian <a href="/wiki/Sacha_Baron_Cohen" title="Sacha Baron Cohen">Sacha Baron Cohen</a> released <i><a href="/wiki/Borat" title="Borat">Borat: Cultural Learnings of America for Make Benefit Glorious Nation of Kazakhstan</a></i>, a "<a href="/wiki/Mockumentary" title="Mockumentary">mockumentary</a>" that satirized everyone, from high society to frat boys. The film was criticized by many. Although Baron Cohen is Jewish, some complained that it was <a href="/wiki/Antisemitism" title="Antisemitism">antisemitic</a>, and the government of <a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a> boycotted the film. The film itself had been a reaction to a longer quarrel between the government and the comedian. </p><p>In 2008, popular South African cartoonist and satirist <a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Shapiro" class="mw-redirect" title="Jonathan Shapiro">Jonathan Shapiro</a> (who is published under the pen name Zapiro) came under fire for depicting then-president of the <a href="/wiki/African_National_Congress" title="African National Congress">ANC</a> <a href="/wiki/Jacob_Zuma" title="Jacob Zuma">Jacob Zuma</a> in the act of undressing in preparation for the implied rape of 'Lady Justice' which is held down by Zuma loyalists.<sup id="cite_ref-159" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-159"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>158<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> The cartoon was drawn in response to Zuma's efforts to duck corruption charges, and the controversy was heightened by the fact that Zuma was himself acquitted of <a href="/wiki/Jacob_Zuma_rape_trial" title="Jacob Zuma rape trial">rape</a> in May 2006. In February 2009, the <a href="/wiki/SABC" title="SABC">South African Broadcasting Corporation</a>, viewed by some opposition parties as the mouthpiece of the governing ANC,<sup id="cite_ref-160" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-160"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>159<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> shelved a satirical TV show created by Shapiro,<sup id="cite_ref-161" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-161"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>160<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> and in May 2009 the broadcaster pulled a documentary about political satire (featuring Shapiro among others) for the second time, hours before scheduled broadcast.<sup id="cite_ref-162" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-162"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>161<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>On December 29, 2009, Samsung sued <a href="/wiki/Michael_Breen_(author)" title="Michael Breen (author)">Mike Breen</a>, and the <i><a href="/wiki/The_Korea_Times" title="The Korea Times">Korea Times</a></i> for $1&#160;million, claiming criminal defamation over a satirical column published on Christmas Day, 2009.<sup id="cite_ref-163" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-163"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>162<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-164" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-164"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>163<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>On April 29, 2015, the <a href="/wiki/UK_Independence_Party" title="UK Independence Party">UK Independence Party</a> (UKIP) requested <a href="/wiki/Kent_Police" title="Kent Police">Kent Police</a> investigate the <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a>, claiming that comments made about Party leader <a href="/wiki/Nigel_Farage" title="Nigel Farage">Nigel Farage</a> by a panelist on the comedy show <i><a href="/wiki/Have_I_Got_News_For_You" class="mw-redirect" title="Have I Got News For You">Have I Got News For You</a></i> might hinder his chances of success in the general election (which would take place a week later), and claimed the BBC breached the Representation of the People Act.<sup id="cite_ref-UKIP_165-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UKIP-165"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>164<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Kent Police rebuffed the request to open an investigation, and the BBC released a statement, "Britain has a proud tradition of satire, and everyone knows that the contributors on <i>Have I Got News for You</i> regularly make jokes at the expense of politicians of all parties."<sup id="cite_ref-UKIP_165-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UKIP-165"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>164<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Satirical_prophecy">Satirical prophecy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Satire&amp;action=edit&amp;section=35" title="Edit section: Satirical prophecy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Satire is occasionally prophetic: the jokes precede actual events.<sup id="cite_ref-166" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-166"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>165<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-LuttazziProphetic_167-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LuttazziProphetic-167"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>166<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Among the eminent examples are: </p> <ul><li>The 1784 presaging of modern <a href="/wiki/Daylight_saving_time" title="Daylight saving time">daylight saving time</a>, later actually proposed in 1907. While an American envoy to France, <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin" title="Benjamin Franklin">Benjamin Franklin</a> anonymously published a letter in 1784 suggesting that <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Parisians</a> economise on candles by arising earlier to use morning sunlight.<sup id="cite_ref-Franklin_168-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Franklin-168"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>167<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></li> <li>In the 1920s, an English <a href="/wiki/Cartoonist" title="Cartoonist">cartoonist</a> imagined a laughable thing for the time: a hotel for cars. He drew a <a href="/wiki/Multi-story_car_park" class="mw-redirect" title="Multi-story car park">multi-story car park</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-LuttazziProphetic_167-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LuttazziProphetic-167"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>166<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></li> <li>The second episode of <i><a href="/wiki/Monty_Python%27s_Flying_Circus" title="Monty Python&#39;s Flying Circus">Monty Python's Flying Circus</a></i>, which debuted in 1969, featured a <i><a href="/wiki/Sketch_comedy" title="Sketch comedy">sketch</a></i> entitled "<a href="/wiki/The_Mouse_Problem" title="The Mouse Problem">The Mouse Problem</a>" (meant to satirize contemporary media exposés on homosexuality), which depicted a cultural phenomenon similar to some aspects of the modern <a href="/wiki/Furry_fandom" title="Furry fandom">furry fandom</a> (which did not become widespread until the 1980s, over a decade after the sketch was first aired).</li> <li>The comedy film <i><a href="/wiki/Americathon" title="Americathon">Americathon</a></i>, released in 1979 and set in the United States of 1998, predicted a number of trends and events that would eventually unfold in the near future, including an American debt crisis, Chinese <a href="/wiki/Capitalism" title="Capitalism">capitalism</a>, the fall of the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>, a presidential sex scandal, and the popularity of <a href="/wiki/Reality_shows" class="mw-redirect" title="Reality shows">reality shows</a>.</li> <li>In January 2001, a satirical news article in <i><a href="/wiki/The_Onion" title="The Onion">The Onion</a></i>, entitled "Our Long National Nightmare of Peace and Prosperity Is Finally Over"<sup id="cite_ref-169" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-169"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>168<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> had newly elected President George Bush vowing to "develop new and expensive weapons technologies" and to "engage in at least one Gulf War-level armed conflict in the next four years". Furthermore, he would "bring back economic stagnation by implementing substantial tax cuts, which would lead to a recession". This prophesied the <a href="/wiki/Iraq_War" title="Iraq War">Iraq War</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Bush_tax_cuts" title="Bush tax cuts">Bush tax cuts</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Great_Recession" title="Great Recession">Great Recession</a>.</li> <li>In 1975, the first episode of <i><a href="/wiki/Saturday_Night_Live" title="Saturday Night Live">Saturday Night Live</a></i> included an ad for a triple blade razor called the Triple-Trac; in 2001, <a href="/wiki/Gillette_(brand)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gillette (brand)">Gillette</a> introduced the Mach3. In 2004, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Onion" title="The Onion">The Onion</a></i> satirized <a href="/wiki/Schick_(razors)" title="Schick (razors)">Schick</a> and Gillette's marketing of ever-increasingly multi-blade razors with a mock article proclaiming Gillette will now introduce a five-blade razor.<sup id="cite_ref-170" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-170"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>169<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> In 2006, Gillette released the <a href="/wiki/Gillette_Fusion" class="mw-redirect" title="Gillette Fusion">Gillette Fusion</a>, a five-blade razor.</li> <li>After the <a href="/wiki/Joint_Comprehensive_Plan_of_Action" title="Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action">Iran nuclear deal</a> in 2015, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Onion" title="The Onion">The Onion</a></i> ran an article with the headline "U.S. Soothes Upset Netanyahu With Shipment Of Ballistic Missiles". Sure enough, reports broke the next day of the Obama administration offering military upgrades to Israel in the wake of the deal.<sup id="cite_ref-171" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-171"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>170<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></li> <li>In July 2016, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Simpsons" title="The Simpsons">The Simpsons</a></i> released the most recent in a string of satirical references to a potential <a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Donald Trump</a> presidency (although the first was made back <a href="/wiki/Bart_to_the_Future" title="Bart to the Future">in a 2000 episode</a>). Other media sources, including the popular film <i><a href="/wiki/Back_to_the_Future_Part_II" title="Back to the Future Part II">Back to the Future Part II</a></i> have also made similar satirical references.<sup id="cite_ref-172" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-172"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>171<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Infinite_Jest" title="Infinite Jest">Infinite Jest</a></i>, published in 1996, described an alternate America following the presidency of Johnny Gentle, a celebrity who had not held prior political office. Gentle's signature policy was the erection of a wall between the United States and Canada for use as a hazardous waste dump. The US territory behind the wall was "given" to Canada, and the Canadian government was forced to pay for the wall. This appeared to parody the signature campaign promise and background of <a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Donald Trump</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-173" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-173"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>172<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Satire&amp;action=edit&amp;section=36" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Culture_jamming" title="Culture jamming">Culture jamming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_the_press" title="Freedom of the press">Freedom of the press</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onomasti_komodein" title="Onomasti komodein">Onomasti komodein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parody_religion" title="Parody religion">Parody religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satiric_misspellings" class="mw-redirect" title="Satiric misspellings">Satiric misspellings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sage_writing" title="Sage writing">Sage writing</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Satire&amp;action=edit&amp;section=37" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Archbishop of Canterbury and the Bishop of London, the censors of the press, issued Orders to the Stationers' Company on June 1 and 4, 1599, prohibiting the further printing of satires—the so-called 'Bishop's Ban'.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavenport1969_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavenport1969-88"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title=" (October 2012)">page&#160;needed</span></a></i>&#93;</sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Satire&amp;action=edit&amp;section=38" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Satire&amp;action=edit&amp;section=39" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEElliott2004-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEElliott2004_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEElliott2004_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFElliott2004">Elliott 2004</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFFrye1957" class="citation book cs1">Frye, Northrup (1957). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/anatomyofcritici0000frye"><i>Anatomy of Criticism</i></a></span>. Princeton, NJ: Princeton UP. p.&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/anatomyofcritici0000frye/page/222">222</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-691-06004-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-691-06004-5"><bdi>0-691-06004-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Anatomy+of+Criticism&amp;rft.place=Princeton%2C+NJ&amp;rft.pages=222&amp;rft.pub=Princeton+UP&amp;rft.date=1957&amp;rft.isbn=0-691-06004-5&amp;rft.aulast=Frye&amp;rft.aufirst=Northrup&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fanatomyofcritici0000frye&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASatire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Claridge2010p257-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Claridge2010p257_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Claridge2010p257_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Claridge, Claudia (2010) <i>Hyperbole in English: A Corpus-based Study of Exaggeration</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=aegq_QdX6h8C&amp;pg=PA257">p.257</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kharpertian-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kharpertian_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kharpertian_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kharpertian_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKharpertian1990" class="citation book cs1">Kharpertian, Theodore D (1990). "Thomas Pynchon and Postmodern American Satire". In Kharpertian (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=um0h0arlUdoC"><i>A hand to turn the time: the Menippean satires of Thomas Pynchon</i></a>. Fairleigh Dickinson Univ Press. pp.&#160;25–7. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780838633618" title="Special:BookSources/9780838633618"><bdi>9780838633618</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.atitle=Thomas+Pynchon+and+Postmodern+American+Satire&amp;rft.btitle=A+hand+to+turn+the+time%3A+the+Menippean+satires+of+Thomas+Pynchon&amp;rft.pages=25-7&amp;rft.pub=Fairleigh+Dickinson+Univ+Press&amp;rft.date=1990&amp;rft.isbn=9780838633618&amp;rft.aulast=Kharpertian&amp;rft.aufirst=Theodore+D&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dum0h0arlUdoC&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASatire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUllman1913" class="citation journal cs1">Ullman, B. L. (1913). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/pdf/10.1086/359771">"Satura and Satire"</a>. <i>Classical Philology</i>. <b>8</b> (2): 172–194. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F359771">10.1086/359771</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:161191881">161191881</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210505095643/https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/pdf/10.1086/359771">Archived</a> from the original on May 5, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Classical+Philology&amp;rft.atitle=Satura+and+Satire&amp;rft.volume=8&amp;rft.issue=2&amp;rft.pages=172-194&amp;rft.date=1913&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F359771&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A161191881%23id-name%3DS2CID&amp;rft.aulast=Ullman&amp;rft.aufirst=B.+L.&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.journals.uchicago.edu%2Fdoi%2Fpdf%2F10.1086%2F359771&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASatire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPetronius1996" class="citation cs2">Petronius (1996), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XrNEns3_yd0C&amp;pg=PR24%20XXI"><i>Satyrica</i></a>, translated by Kinney; Branham, University of California Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-21118-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-21118-6"><bdi>978-0-520-21118-6</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Satyrica&amp;rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&amp;rft.date=1996&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-520-21118-6&amp;rft.au=Petronius&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXrNEns3_yd0C%26pg%3DPR24%2520XXI&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASatire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUllman1913" class="citation cs2">Ullman, BL (1913), "Satura and Satire", <i>Classical Philology</i>, <b>8</b> (2): 172–194, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F359771">10.1086/359771</a>, <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/262450">262450</a>, <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:161191881">161191881</a>, <q>The <a href="/wiki/Renaissance" title="Renaissance">Renaissance</a> confusion of the two origins encouraged a satire more aggressive than that of its Roman forebearers</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Classical+Philology&amp;rft.atitle=Satura+and+Satire&amp;rft.volume=8&amp;rft.issue=2&amp;rft.pages=172-194&amp;rft.date=1913&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A161191881%23id-name%3DS2CID&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F262450%23id-name%3DJSTOR&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F359771&amp;rft.aulast=Ullman&amp;rft.aufirst=BL&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASatire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSzabari2009" class="citation cs2">Szabari, Antonia (October 23, 2009), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3-QJLqEwvb0C&amp;pg=PA2"><i>Less Rightly Said: Scandals and Readers in Sixteenth-Century France</i></a>, Stanford University Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-7354-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-7354-6"><bdi>978-0-8047-7354-6</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Less+Rightly+Said%3A+Scandals+and+Readers+in+Sixteenth-Century+France&amp;rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&amp;rft.date=2009-10-23&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-8047-7354-6&amp;rft.aulast=Szabari&amp;rft.aufirst=Antonia&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3-QJLqEwvb0C%26pg%3DPA2&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASatire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-galaxy196806-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-galaxy196806_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1">"Forecast". <i>Galaxy Science Fiction</i>. June 1968. p.&#160;113.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Galaxy+Science+Fiction&amp;rft.atitle=Forecast&amp;rft.pages=113&amp;rft.date=1968-06&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASatire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBirberickGanim2002" class="citation cs2">Birberick; Ganim (2002), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ikGt9gkXv74C&amp;pg=PA175"><i>The Shape of Change: Essays in Early Modern Literature and La Fontaine in Honor of David Lee Rubin</i></a>, Rodopi, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-420-1449-0" title="Special:BookSources/90-420-1449-0"><bdi>90-420-1449-0</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=The+Shape+of+Change%3A+Essays+in+Early+Modern+Literature+and+La+Fontaine+in+Honor+of+David+Lee+Rubin&amp;rft.pub=Rodopi&amp;rft.date=2002&amp;rft.isbn=90-420-1449-0&amp;rft.au=Birberick&amp;rft.au=Ganim&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DikGt9gkXv74C%26pg%3DPA175&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASatire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2">"Ig", <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190604012502/http://improbable.com/ig/"><i>Improbable</i></a>, July 5, 2004, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://improbable.com/ig/">the original</a> on June 4, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 20,</span> 2012</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.atitle=Ig&amp;rft.btitle=Improbable&amp;rft.date=2004-07-05&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fimprobable.com%2Fig%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASatire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rosenberg1960p155-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Rosenberg1960p155_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rosenberg1960p155_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRosenberg1960" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Harold_Rosenberg" title="Harold Rosenberg">Rosenberg, Harold</a> (1960), "Community, Values, Comedy", <i>Commentary</i>, <b>30</b>, The <a href="/wiki/American_Jewish_Committee" title="American Jewish Committee">American Jewish Committee</a>: 155, <q>the oldest form of social study is comedy... If the comedian, from Aristophanes to Joyce, does not solve sociology's problem of "the participant observer", he does demonstrate his objectivity by capturing behavior in its most intimate aspects yet in its widest typicality. Comic irony sets whole cultures side by side in a multiple exposure (e.g., <i>Don Quixote, Ulysses</i>), causing valuation to spring out of the recital of facts alone, in contrast to the hidden editorializing of tongue-in-cheek ideologists.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Commentary&amp;rft.atitle=Community%2C+Values%2C+Comedy&amp;rft.volume=30&amp;rft.pages=155&amp;rft.date=1960&amp;rft.aulast=Rosenberg&amp;rft.aufirst=Harold&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASatire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Deloria69p146-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Deloria69p146_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDeloria1969" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Vine_Deloria,_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="Vine Deloria, Jr.">Deloria, Vine</a> (1969), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=eeIazzLJChMC&amp;pg=PA146">"Indian humor"</a>, <a href="/wiki/Custer_Died_For_Your_Sins:_An_Indian_Manifesto" class="mw-redirect" title="Custer Died For Your Sins: An Indian Manifesto"><i>Custer Died For Your Sins: An Indian Manifesto</i></a>, University of Oklahoma Press, p.&#160;146, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780806121291" title="Special:BookSources/9780806121291"><bdi>9780806121291</bdi></a>, <q>Irony and satire provide much keener insights into a group's collective psyche and values than do years of [conventional] research</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.atitle=Indian+humor&amp;rft.btitle=Custer+Died+For+Your+Sins%3A+An+Indian+Manifesto&amp;rft.pages=146&amp;rft.pub=University+of+Oklahoma+Press&amp;rft.date=1969&amp;rft.isbn=9780806121291&amp;rft.aulast=Deloria&amp;rft.aufirst=Vine&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DeeIazzLJChMC%26pg%3DPA146&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASatire" class="Z3988"></span> as quoted in <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRyan1999" class="citation cs2">Ryan, Allan J (1999), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=EwEDxskm3ycC&amp;pg=PA9"><i>The trickster shift: humour and irony in contemporary native art</i></a>, UBC Press, p.&#160;9, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780774807043" title="Special:BookSources/9780774807043"><bdi>9780774807043</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=The+trickster+shift%3A+humour+and+irony+in+contemporary+native+art&amp;rft.pages=9&amp;rft.pub=UBC+Press&amp;rft.date=1999&amp;rft.isbn=9780774807043&amp;rft.aulast=Ryan&amp;rft.aufirst=Allan+J&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DEwEDxskm3ycC%26pg%3DPA9&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASatire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nash1970p203-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Nash1970p203_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNash1970" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Roderick_Frazier_Nash" class="mw-redirect" title="Roderick Frazier Nash">Nash, Roderick Frazier</a> (1970), "21. The New Humor", <i>The Call of the Wild: 1900–1916</i>, p.&#160;203, <q>Humor is one of the best indicators of popular thought. To ask what strikes a period as funny is to probe its deepest values and tastes.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.atitle=21.+The+New+Humor&amp;rft.btitle=The+Call+of+the+Wild%3A+1900%E2%80%931916&amp;rft.pages=203&amp;rft.date=1970&amp;rft.aulast=Nash&amp;rft.aufirst=Roderick+Frazier&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASatire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Babcock1984-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Babcock1984_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBabcock1984" class="citation cs2">Babcock, Barbara A. (1984), "Arrange Me Into Disorder: Fragments and Reflections on Ritual Clowning", in MacAloon (ed.), <i>Rite, Drama, Festival, Spectacle</i></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.atitle=Arrange+Me+Into+Disorder%3A+Fragments+and+Reflections+on+Ritual+Clowning&amp;rft.btitle=Rite%2C+Drama%2C+Festival%2C+Spectacle&amp;rft.date=1984&amp;rft.aulast=Babcock&amp;rft.aufirst=Barbara+A.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASatire" class="Z3988"></span>. Also collected as <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBabcock1996" class="citation cs2">Babcock, Barbara A Grimes (1996), Ronald, L (ed.), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FKZMAAAAYAAJ"><i>Readings in ritual studies</i></a>, Prentice Hall, p.&#160;5, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780023472534" title="Special:BookSources/9780023472534"><bdi>9780023472534</bdi></a>, <q>Harold Rosenberg has asserted that sociology needs to bring comedy into the foreground, including "an awareness of the comedy of sociology with its disguises", and, like Burke and Duncan, he has argued that comedy provides "the radical effect of self- knowledge which the anthropological bias excludes.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Readings+in+ritual+studies&amp;rft.pages=5&amp;rft.pub=Prentice+Hall&amp;rft.date=1996&amp;rft.isbn=9780023472534&amp;rft.aulast=Babcock&amp;rft.aufirst=Barbara+A+Grimes&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFKZMAAAAYAAJ&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASatire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Coppola-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Coppola_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCoppola1958" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Jo_Coppola" title="Jo Coppola">Coppola, Jo</a> (1958), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ep.tc/realist/01/02.html">"An Angry Young Magazine ..."</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Realist" title="The Realist">The Realist</a></i> (1), <q>Good comedy is social criticism—although you might find that hard to believe if all you ever saw were some of the so-called clowns of videoland.... Comedy is dying today because criticism is on its deathbed... because telecasters, frightened by the threats and pressure of sponsors, blacklists and viewers, helped introduce conformity to this age... In such a climate, comedy cannot flourish. For comedy is, after all, a look at ourselves, not as we pretend to be when we look in the mirror of our imagination, but as we really are. Look at the comedy of any age and you will know volumes about that period and its people which neither historian nor anthropologist can tell you.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=The+Realist&amp;rft.atitle=An+Angry+Young+Magazine+...&amp;rft.issue=1&amp;rft.date=1958&amp;rft.aulast=Coppola&amp;rft.aufirst=Jo&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ep.tc%2Frealist%2F01%2F02.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASatire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCoppola1958" class="citation book cs1">Coppola, Jo (December 12, 1958). <i>Comedy on Television</i>. Commonweal. p.&#160;288.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Comedy+on+Television&amp;rft.pages=288&amp;rft.pub=Commonweal&amp;rft.date=1958-12-12&amp;rft.aulast=Coppola&amp;rft.aufirst=Jo&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASatire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Willi2003p1-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Willi2003p1_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilli2003" class="citation cs2">Willi, Andreas (2003), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vzMqorCIh4cC&amp;pg=PA1"><i>The Languages of Aristophanes: Aspects of Linguistic Variation in Classical Attic Greek</i></a>, Oxford University Press, pp.&#160;1–2, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780199262649" title="Special:BookSources/9780199262649"><bdi>9780199262649</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=The+Languages+of+Aristophanes%3A+Aspects+of+Linguistic+Variation+in+Classical+Attic+Greek&amp;rft.pages=1-2&amp;rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&amp;rft.date=2003&amp;rft.isbn=9780199262649&amp;rft.aulast=Willi&amp;rft.aufirst=Andreas&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvzMqorCIh4cC%26pg%3DPA1&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASatire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ehrenberg1962p39-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ehrenberg1962p39_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEhrenberg1962" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Victor_Ehrenberg_(historian)" title="Victor Ehrenberg (historian)">Ehrenberg, Victor</a> (1962), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=oikOAAAAQAAJ&amp;pg=PA39"><i>The people of Aristophanes: a sociology of old Attic comedy</i></a>, p.&#160;39</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=The+people+of+Aristophanes%3A+a+sociology+of+old+Attic+comedy&amp;rft.pages=39&amp;rft.date=1962&amp;rft.aulast=Ehrenberg&amp;rft.aufirst=Victor&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DoikOAAAAQAAJ%26pg%3DPA39&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASatire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bevere2006p265-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bevere2006p265_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bevere2006p265_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bevere2006p265_20-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bevere2006p265_20-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Bevere, Antonio and Cerri, Augusto (2006) <i>Il Diritto di informazione e i diritti della persona</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=upIO4EwTwTwC&amp;pg=PA265">pp.265–6</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221122073915/https://books.google.com/books?id=upIO4EwTwTwC&amp;pg=PA265">Archived</a> November 22, 2022, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> quotation: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>nella storia della nostra cultura, la satira ha realizzato il bisogno popolare di irridere e dissacrare il <i>gotha</i> politico ed economico, le cui reazioni punitive non sono certo state condizionate da critiche estetiche, ma dalla tolleranza o intolleranza caratterizzanti in quel momento storico la società e i suoi governanti. (...) la reale esistenza della satira in una società deriva, (...) dal margine di tolleranza espresso dai poteri punitivi dello Stato.</p></blockquote></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-WieseForbes2010p.xv-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-WieseForbes2010p.xv_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Amy Wiese Forbes (2010) The Satiric Decade: Satire and the Rise of Republicanism in France, 1830–1840 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ryI7MnlYAi4C&amp;pg=PR15">p.xv</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221122073815/https://books.google.com/books?id=ryI7MnlYAi4C&amp;pg=PR15">Archived</a> November 22, 2022, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, quotation: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>a critical public discourse (...) Satire rose the daunting question of what role public opinion would play in government. (...) satirists criticized government activities, exposed ambiguities, and forced administrators to clarify or establish policies. Not surprisingly, heated public controversy surrounded satiric commentary, resulting in an outright ban on political satire in 1835 (...) Government officials cracked down on their humorous public criticism that challenged state authority through both its form and content. Satire had been a political resource in France for a long time, but the anxious political context of the July Monarchy had unlocked its political power. Satire also taught lessons in democracy. It fit into the July Monarchy's tense political context as a voice in favor of public political debate. Satiric expression took place in the public sphere and spoke from a position of public opinion-that is, from a position of the nation's expressing a political voice and making claims on its government representatives and leadership. Beyond mere entertainment, satire's humor appealed to and exercised public opinion, drawing audiences into new practices of representative government.</p></blockquote></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Knight2004p254-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Knight2004p254_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Knight2004p254_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Knight, Charles A. (2004) <i>Literature of Satire</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SOfVePSFctgC&amp;pg=PA254">p.254</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Test1991p9licencequote-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Test1991p9licencequote_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Test1991p9licencequote_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Test (1991) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QkhMi6mKmUMC&amp;pg=PA9">p.9</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221122073815/https://books.google.com/books?id=QkhMi6mKmUMC&amp;pg=PA9">Archived</a> November 22, 2022, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> quotation: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>A surprising variety of societies have allowed certain persons the freedom to mock other individuals and social institutions in rituals. From the earliest times the same freedom has been claimed by and granted to social groups at certain times of the year, as can be seen in such festivals as the Saturnalia, the Feast of Fools, Carnival, and similar folk festivals in India, nineteenth-century Newfoundland, and the ancient Mediterranean world.</p></blockquote></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Test1991p8-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Test1991p8_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Test1991p8_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Test1991p8_24-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Test1991p8_24-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Test1991p8_24-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Test1991p8_24-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Test (1991) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QkhMi6mKmUMC&amp;pg=PA8">pp.8–9</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cazeneuve1957p244-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Cazeneuve1957p244_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cazeneuve (1957) p.244-5 quotation: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Ils constituent donc pour la tribu un moyen de donner une satisfaction symbolique aux tendances anti-sociales. Les Zunis, précisément parce qu'ils sont un peuple apollinien [où la règle prédomine], avaient besoin de cette soupape de sûreté. Les Koyemshis représentent ce que M. Caillois nomme le «&#160;Sacré de transgression&#160;».</p></blockquote></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Durand1984p106-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Durand1984p106_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Durand (1984) p.106 quotation: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Déjà Cazeneuve (2) [<i>Les dieux dansent à Cibola</i>] avait mis auparavant en relief, dans la Société «&#160;apollinienne&#160;» des Zuñi, l'institution et le symbolisme saturnal des clowns Koyemshis, véritable soupape de sûreté «&#160;dionysienne&#160;».</p></blockquote></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYatsko" class="citation cs2">Yatsko, V, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://samlib.ru/j/jacko_w_a/anecdotes.shtml"><i>Russian folk funny stories</i></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Russian+folk+funny+stories&amp;rft.aulast=Yatsko&amp;rft.aufirst=V&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsamlib.ru%2Fj%2Fjacko_w_a%2Fanecdotes.shtml&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASatire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBirberickGanim2002" class="citation cs2">Birberick; Ganim (2002), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ikGt9gkXv74C&amp;pg=PA163"><i>The Shape of Change: Essays in Early Modern Literature and La Fontaine in Honor of David Lee Rubin</i></a>, Rodopi, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-420-1449-0" title="Special:BookSources/90-420-1449-0"><bdi>90-420-1449-0</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=The+Shape+of+Change%3A+Essays+in+Early+Modern+Literature+and+La+Fontaine+in+Honor+of+David+Lee+Rubin&amp;rft.pub=Rodopi&amp;rft.date=2002&amp;rft.isbn=90-420-1449-0&amp;rft.au=Birberick&amp;rft.au=Ganim&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DikGt9gkXv74C%26pg%3DPA163&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASatire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">David Worcester (1968) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=foUbAQAAIAAJ"><i>The Art of Satire</i></a> p.16</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMüller1973" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Müller, Rolf Arnold (1973). <i>Komik und Satire</i> (in German). Zürich: Juris-Verlag. p.&#160;92. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-260-03570-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-260-03570-8"><bdi>978-3-260-03570-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Komik+und+Satire&amp;rft.place=Z%C3%BCrich&amp;rft.pages=92&amp;rft.pub=Juris-Verlag&amp;rft.date=1973&amp;rft.isbn=978-3-260-03570-8&amp;rft.aulast=M%C3%BCller&amp;rft.aufirst=Rolf+Arnold&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASatire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-horatian-satire.htm">"What Is Horatian Satire?"</a>. <i>wiseGEEK</i>. May 3, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=wiseGEEK&amp;rft.atitle=What+Is+Horatian+Satire%3F&amp;rft.date=2023-05-03&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wisegeek.com%2Fwhat-is-horatian-satire.htm&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASatire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nku.edu-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-nku.edu_32-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nku.edu_32-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nku.edu/~rkdrury/422/satire_terms.html">"Satire Terms"</a>. <i>nku.edu</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=nku.edu&amp;rft.atitle=Satire+Terms&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nku.edu%2F~rkdrury%2F422%2Fsatire_terms.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASatire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSharma2011" class="citation book cs1">Sharma, Raja (2011). <i>"Comedy" in New Light-Literary Studies</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=%22Comedy%22+in+New+Light-Literary+Studies&amp;rft.date=2011&amp;rft.aulast=Sharma&amp;rft.aufirst=Raja&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASatire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-wisegeek.com-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-wisegeek.com_34-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-wisegeek.com_34-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPodzemny2011" class="citation web cs1">Podzemny, Todd (November 9, 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.languagehumanities.org/what-is-juvenalian-satire.htm">"What Is Juvenalian Satire?"</a>. <i>Language &amp; Humanities</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 16,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=Language+%26+Humanities&amp;rft.atitle=What+Is+Juvenalian+Satire%3F&amp;rft.date=2011-11-09&amp;rft.aulast=Podzemny&amp;rft.aufirst=Todd&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.languagehumanities.org%2Fwhat-is-juvenalian-satire.htm&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASatire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.literarydevices.com/satire/">"Satire Examples and Definition"</a>. <i>Literary Devices</i>. January 30, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=Literary+Devices&amp;rft.atitle=Satire+Examples+and+Definition&amp;rft.date=2015-01-30&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.literarydevices.com%2Fsatire%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASatire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-k887-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-k887_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://study.com/academy/lesson/satire-in-literature-definition-types-examples.html">"Definition, Types &amp; Examples"</a>. <i>Study.com</i>. September 2, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 16,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=Study.com&amp;rft.atitle=Definition%2C+Types+%26+Examples&amp;rft.date=2013-09-02&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fstudy.com%2Facademy%2Flesson%2Fsatire-in-literature-definition-types-examples.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASatire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fo1990p9-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Fo1990p9_37-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fo1990p9_37-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Fo (1990) p.9 quotation: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Nella storia del teatro si ritrova sempre questo conflitto in cui si scontrano impegno e disimpegno ... grottesco, satirico e lazzo con sfottò. E spesso vince lo sfotto. tanto amato dal potere. Quando si dice che il potere ama la satira</p></blockquote></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEastman1936" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Max_Eastman" title="Max Eastman">Eastman, Max</a> (1936), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Tyd5wwn8acwC&amp;pg=PA236">"IV. Degrees of Biting"</a>, <i>Enjoyment of Laughter</i>, Transaction Publishers, pp.&#160;236–43, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781412822626" title="Special:BookSources/9781412822626"><bdi>9781412822626</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.atitle=IV.+Degrees+of+Biting&amp;rft.btitle=Enjoyment+of+Laughter&amp;rft.pages=236-43&amp;rft.pub=Transaction+Publishers&amp;rft.date=1936&amp;rft.isbn=9781412822626&amp;rft.aulast=Eastman&amp;rft.aufirst=Max&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTyd5wwn8acwC%26pg%3DPA236&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASatire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lorch1997p128-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Lorch1997p128_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFoLorch1997" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Dario_Fo" title="Dario Fo">Fo, Dario</a>; Lorch, Jennifer (1997), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=u12fXi_HDO4C&amp;pg=PA128"><i>Dario Fo</i></a>, Manchester University Press, p.&#160;128, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780719038488" title="Special:BookSources/9780719038488"><bdi>9780719038488</bdi></a>, <q>In other writings Fo makes an important distinction between <i>sfottò</i> and satire.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Dario+Fo&amp;rft.pages=128&amp;rft.pub=Manchester+University+Press&amp;rft.date=1997&amp;rft.isbn=9780719038488&amp;rft.aulast=Fo&amp;rft.aufirst=Dario&amp;rft.au=Lorch%2C+Jennifer&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Du12fXi_HDO4C%26pg%3DPA128&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASatire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fo1990p2-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Fo1990p2_40-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fo1990p2_40-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fo1990p2_40-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Fo (1990) pp.2–3 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>... Una caricatura che, è ovvio, risulta del tutto bonaria, del tutto epidermica, che indica, come dicevo prima, soltanto la parte più esteriore del loro carattere, i tic la cui messa in risalto non lede assolutamente l'operato, l'ideologia, la morale e la dimensione culturale di questi personaggi. ... ricordando che i politici provano un enorme piacere nel sentirsi presi in giro; è quasi un premio che si elargisce loro, nel momento stesso in cui li si sceglie per essere sottoposti alla caricatura, a quella caricatura. ... Di fatto questa è una forma di comicità che non si può chiamare satira, ma solo sfottò. ... Pensa quanti pretesti satirici si offrirebbero se solo quei comici del "Biberon" volessero prendere in esame il modo in cui questi personaggi gestiscono il potere e lo mantengono, o si decidessero a gettare l'occhio sulle vere magagne di questa gente, le loro violenze più o meno mascherate, le loro arroganze e soprattutto le loro ipocrisie. ...un teatro cabaret capostipite: il Bagaglino, un teatro romano che, già vent'anni fa, si metteva in una bella chiave politica dichiaratamente di estrema destra, destra spudoratamente reazionaria, scopertamente fascista. Nelle pieghe del gruppo del Bagaglino e del suo lavoro c'era sempre la caricatura feroce dell'operaio, del sindacalista, del comunista, dell'uomo di sinistra, e una caricatura bonacciona invece, e ammiccante, accattivante, degli uomini e della cultura al potere</p></blockquote></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fo1990pn-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Fo1990pn_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fo (1990) quotation: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>L'ironia fatta sui tic, sulla caricatura dei connotati più o meno grotteschi dei politici presi di mira, dei loro eventuali difetti fisici, della loro particolare pronuncia, dei loro vezzi, del loro modo di vestire, del loro modo di camminare, delle frasi tipiche che vanno ripetendo. ...[lo sfottò è] una chiave buffonesca molto antica, che viene di lontano, quella di giocherellare con gli attributi esteriori e non toccare mai il problema di fondo di una critica seria che è l'analisi messa in grottesco del comportamento, la valutazione ironica della posizione, dell'ideologia del personaggio.</p></blockquote><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (October 2012)">page&#160;needed</span></a></i>&#93;</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Arroyop303-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Arroyop303_42-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Arroyop303_42-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArroyoCasanova2006" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Arroyo, José Luís Blas; Casanova, Mónica Velando (2006), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=CxZ_zH44PVkC&amp;pg=PA303"><i>Discurso y sociedad: contribuciones al estudio de la lengua en...</i></a> (in Spanish), vol.&#160;1, Publicacions de la Universitat Jaume I, pp.&#160;303–4, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788480215381" title="Special:BookSources/9788480215381"><bdi>9788480215381</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Discurso+y+sociedad%3A+contribuciones+al+estudio+de+la+lengua+en...&amp;rft.pages=303-4&amp;rft.pub=Publicacions+de+la+Universitat+Jaume+I&amp;rft.date=2006&amp;rft.isbn=9788480215381&amp;rft.aulast=Arroyo&amp;rft.aufirst=Jos%C3%A9+Lu%C3%ADs+Blas&amp;rft.au=Casanova%2C+M%C3%B3nica+Velando&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCxZ_zH44PVkC%26pg%3DPA303&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASatire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Morson1988p114-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Morson1988p114_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorson1988" class="citation cs2">Morson, Gary Saul (1988), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PpLiINhO83MC&amp;pg=PA114"><i>Boundaries of Genre</i></a>, Northwestern University Press, p.&#160;114, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780810108110" title="Special:BookSources/9780810108110"><bdi>9780810108110</bdi></a>, <q>second, that parodies can be, as Bakhtin observes, "shallow" as well as "deep" (<i>Problems of Dostoevsky's Poetics</i>, 160), which is to say, directed at superficial as well as fundamental faults of the original. [...] the distinction between shallow and deep [...] [is] helpful in understanding the complex ways in which parodies are used. For instance, shallow parody is sometimes used to pay an author an indirect compliment. The opposite of damning with faint praise, this parody with faint criticism may be designed to show that no more fundamental criticism <i>could</i> be made.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Boundaries+of+Genre&amp;rft.pages=114&amp;rft.pub=Northwestern+University+Press&amp;rft.date=1988&amp;rft.isbn=9780810108110&amp;rft.aulast=Morson&amp;rft.aufirst=Gary+Saul&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPpLiINhO83MC%26pg%3DPA114&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASatire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLuttazzi2005" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Daniele_Luttazzi" title="Daniele Luttazzi">Luttazzi, Daniele</a> (2005), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20051225171452/http://news.danieleluttazzi.it/?q=node%2F147"><i>Matrix</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">IT</a>, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.danieleluttazzi.it/?q=node/147">the original</a> on December 25, 2005, <q>Dario Fo disse a Satyricon: —La satira vera si vede dalla reazione che suscita.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Matrix&amp;rft.place=IT&amp;rft.date=2005&amp;rft.aulast=Luttazzi&amp;rft.aufirst=Daniele&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.danieleluttazzi.it%2F%3Fq%3Dnode%2F147&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASatire" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Citation" title="Template:Citation">citation</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLuttazzi2003" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Daniele_Luttazzi" title="Daniele Luttazzi">Luttazzi, Daniele</a> (October 2003), Fracassi, Federica; Guerriero, Jacopo (eds.), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nazioneindiana.com/2003/10/28/state-a-casa-a-fare-i-compiti-2/">"State a casa a fare i compiti"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(interview)</span>, <i>Nazione Indiana</i> (in Italian), <q>Lo sfottò è reazionario. Non cambia le carte in tavola, anzi, rende simpatica la persona presa di mira. La Russa, oggi, è quel personaggio simpatico, con la voce cavernosa, il doppiatore dei Simpson di cui Fiorello fa l'imitazione. Nessuno ricorda più il La Russa picchiatore fascista. Nessuno ricorda gli atti fascisti e reazionari di questo governo in televisione.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Nazione+Indiana&amp;rft.atitle=State+a+casa+a+fare+i+compiti&amp;rft.date=2003-10&amp;rft.aulast=Luttazzi&amp;rft.aufirst=Daniele&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nazioneindiana.com%2F2003%2F10%2F28%2Fstate-a-casa-a-fare-i-compiti-2%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASatire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKremer2003" class="citation cs2">Kremer, S Lillian (2003), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Gvfxm_YuGT4C&amp;pg=PA100"><i>Holocaust Literature: Agosín to Lentin</i></a>, Routledge, p.&#160;100, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780415929837" title="Special:BookSources/9780415929837"><bdi>9780415929837</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Holocaust+Literature%3A+Agos%C3%ADn+to+Lentin&amp;rft.pages=100&amp;rft.pub=Routledge&amp;rft.date=2003&amp;rft.isbn=9780415929837&amp;rft.aulast=Kremer&amp;rft.aufirst=S+Lillian&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGvfxm_YuGT4C%26pg%3DPA100&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASatire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLipman1991" class="citation cs2">Lipman, Stephen 'Steve' (1991), <i>Laughter in hell: the use of humour during the Holocaust</i>, Northvale, NJ: J Aronson, p.&#160;40</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Laughter+in+hell%3A+the+use+of+humour+during+the+Holocaust&amp;rft.place=Northvale%2C+NJ&amp;rft.pages=40&amp;rft.pub=J+Aronson&amp;rft.date=1991&amp;rft.aulast=Lipman&amp;rft.aufirst=Stephen+%27Steve%27&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASatire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Clark91p116-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Clark91p116_48-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Clark91p116_48-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Clark91p116_48-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Clark91p116_48-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Clark (1991) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LOeLRDzui_wC&amp;pg=PA116">pp.116–8</a> quotation: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>...religion, politics, and sexuality are the primary stuff of literary satire. Among these sacret targets, matters costive and defecatory play an important part. ... from the earliest times, satirists have utilized scatological and bathroom humor. Aristophanes, always livid and nearly scandalous in his religious, political, and sexual references...</p></blockquote></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Clark73p20-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Clark73p20_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClarkMotto1973" class="citation cs2">Clark, John R; Motto, Anna Lydia (1973), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=A5NZAAAAMAAJ"><i>Satire–that blasted art</i></a>, Putnam, p.&#160;20, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780399110597" title="Special:BookSources/9780399110597"><bdi>9780399110597</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Satire%E2%80%93that+blasted+art&amp;rft.pages=20&amp;rft.pub=Putnam&amp;rft.date=1973&amp;rft.isbn=9780399110597&amp;rft.aulast=Clark&amp;rft.aufirst=John+R&amp;rft.au=Motto%2C+Anna+Lydia&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DA5NZAAAAMAAJ&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASatire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Clark80p45-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Clark80p45_50-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClarkMotto1980" class="citation cs2">Clark, John R; Motto, Anna Lydia (1980), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SnwhAQAAIAAJ">"Menippeans &amp; Their Satire: Concerning Monstrous Leamed Old Dogs and Hippocentaurs"</a>, <i>Scholia Satyrica</i>, <b>6</b> (3/4): 45, <q>[Chapple's book <i>Soviet satire of the twenties</i>]... classifying the very <i>topics</i> his satirists satirized: housing, food, and fuel supplies, poverty, inflation, "hooliganism", public services, religion, stereotypes of nationals (the Englishman, German, &amp;c), &amp;c. Yet the truth of the matter is that no satirist worth his salt (Petronius, Chaucer, Rabelais, Swift, Leskov, Grass) ever avoids man's habits and living standards, or scants those delicate desiderata: religion, politics, and sex.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Scholia+Satyrica&amp;rft.atitle=Menippeans+%26+Their+Satire%3A+Concerning+Monstrous+Leamed+Old+Dogs+and+Hippocentaurs&amp;rft.volume=6&amp;rft.issue=3%2F4&amp;rft.pages=45&amp;rft.date=1980&amp;rft.aulast=Clark&amp;rft.aufirst=John+R&amp;rft.au=Motto%2C+Anna+Lydia&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSnwhAQAAIAAJ&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASatire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ferdie Addis (2012) <i>Qual è il tuo "tallone da killer"?</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kKysGIQV4SgC&amp;pg=PT20">p.20</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hodgart2009p33-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hodgart2009p33_52-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hodgart2009p33_52-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Hodgart (2009) ch 2 <i>The topics of satire: politics</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dGrCooK63TsC&amp;pg=PA33">p.33</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221122073814/https://books.google.ca/books?id=dGrCooK63TsC&amp;pg=PA33">Archived</a> November 22, 2022, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The most pressing of the problems that face us when we close the book or leave the theatre are ultimately political ones; and so politics is the pre-eminent topic of satire. ...to some degree public affairs vex every man, if he pays taxes, does military service or even objects to the way his neighbour is behaving. There is no escape from politics where more than a dozen people are living together.<br />There is an essential connection between satire and politics in the widest sense: satire is not only the commonest form of political literature, but, insofar as it tries to influence public behaviours, it is the most political part of all literature.</p></blockquote></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hodgart2009p39-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hodgart2009p39_53-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hodgart (2009) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dGrCooK63TsC&amp;pg=PA39">p.39</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wilson2002pp-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Wilson2002pp_54-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wilson2002pp_54-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wilson2002pp_54-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Wilson (2002) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/hydrastaleimagin00wils/page/14">pp. 14–5, 20</a> and notes 25 (p. 308), 32 (p. 309)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Anspaugh94-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Anspaugh94_55-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Anspaugh94_55-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Anspaugh, Kelly (1994)<i> 'Bung Goes the Enemay': Wyndham Lewis and the Uses of Disgust.</i> in <i>Mattoid</i> (ISSN 0314-5913) issue 48.3, pp.21–29. As quoted in Wilson (2002): <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The turd is the ultimate dead object.</p></blockquote></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Andries2000p10-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Andries2000p10_56-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lise Andries <i>Etat des recherche. Présentation</i> in <i>Dix-Huitième Siècle</i> n.32, 2000, special on <i>Rire</i> p.10, as quoted in Jean-Michel Racault (2005) <i>Voyages badins, burlesques et parodiques du XVIIIe siècle</i>, p.7, quotation: "Le corps grotesque dans ses modalités clasiques – la scatologie notamment – ..."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Klein1993p20-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Klein1993p20_57-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Klein, Cecelia F. (1993) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.accessmylibrary.com/article-1G1-14538980/teocuitlatl-divine-excrement-significance.html"><i>Teocuitlatl, 'Divine Excrement': The Significance of 'Holy Shit' in Ancient Mexico</i></a>, in <i><a href="/wiki/Art_Journal_(CAA)" class="mw-redirect" title="Art Journal (CAA)">Art Journal (CAA)</a></i>, Vol.52, n.3, Fall 1993, pp.20–7</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Duprat1982p178-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Duprat1982p178_58-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Duprat, Annie (1982) <i>La dégradation de l'image royale dans la caricature révolutionnaire</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lsrAGZWHpK4C&amp;pg=PA178">p.178</a> quotation: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Le corps grotesque est una realite populaire detournee au profit d'une representation du corps a but politique, plaquege du corps scatologique sur le corps de ceux qu'il covient de denoncer. Denonciation scatologique projetee sur le corps aristocratique pour lui signifier sa degenerescence.</p></blockquote></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Parsons34-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Parsons34_59-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParsonsBeals1934" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Elsie_Clews_Parsons" title="Elsie Clews Parsons">Parsons, Elsie Clews</a>; Beals, Ralph L. (October–December 1934). "The Sacred Clowns of the Pueblo and Mayo-Yaqui Indians". <i>American Anthropologist</i>. <b>36</b> (4): 491–514. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1525%2Faa.1934.36.4.02a00020">10.1525/aa.1934.36.4.02a00020</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/661824">661824</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=American+Anthropologist&amp;rft.atitle=The+Sacred+Clowns+of+the+Pueblo+and+Mayo-Yaqui+Indians&amp;rft.volume=36&amp;rft.issue=4&amp;rft.pages=491-514&amp;rft.date=1934-10%2F1934-12&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1525%2Faa.1934.36.4.02a00020&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F661824%23id-name%3DJSTOR&amp;rft.aulast=Parsons&amp;rft.aufirst=Elsie+Clews&amp;rft.au=Beals%2C+Ralph+L.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASatire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hyers96-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hyers96_60-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHyers1996" class="citation book cs1">Hyers, M. Conrad (1996) [1996]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_0KjfR6U4VwC"><i>The Spirituality of Comedy: comic heroism in a tragic world</i></a>. Transaction Publishers. p.&#160;145. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-56000-218-2" title="Special:BookSources/1-56000-218-2"><bdi>1-56000-218-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=The+Spirituality+of+Comedy%3A+comic+heroism+in+a+tragic+world&amp;rft.pages=145&amp;rft.pub=Transaction+Publishers&amp;rft.date=1996&amp;rft.isbn=1-56000-218-2&amp;rft.aulast=Hyers&amp;rft.aufirst=M.+Conrad&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_0KjfR6U4VwC&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASatire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Donald Alexander Mackenzie (1923) <i>Myths of Pre-Columbian America</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6chKHROa1icC&amp;pg=PA229">p.229</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Patrick Marnham (2000) <i>Dreaming with His Eyes Open: A Life of Diego Rivera</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pcddElQo9JkC&amp;pg=PA297">p.297</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Davidson_1993p85-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Davidson_1993p85_63-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Hilda_Ellis_Davidson" title="Hilda Ellis Davidson">Hilda Ellis Davidson</a> (1993) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QHPYAAAAMAAJ"><i>Boundaries &amp; Thresholds</i></a> p.85 quotation: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>It is this fear of what the dead in their uncontrollable power might cause which has brought forth apotropaic rites, protective rites against the dead. (...) One of these popular rites was the funeral rite of sin-eating, performed by a sin-eater, a man or woman. Through accepting the food and drink provided, he took upon himself the sins of the departed.</p></blockquote></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bloom1979-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Bloom1979_64-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBloomBloom1979" class="citation cs2">Bloom, Edward Alan; Bloom, Lillian D. (1979), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=i5JZAAAAMAAJ"><i>Satire's persuasive voice</i></a>, Cornell University Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780801408397" title="Special:BookSources/9780801408397"><bdi>9780801408397</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Satire%27s+persuasive+voice&amp;rft.pub=Cornell+University+Press&amp;rft.date=1979&amp;rft.isbn=9780801408397&amp;rft.aulast=Bloom&amp;rft.aufirst=Edward+Alan&amp;rft.au=Bloom%2C+Lillian+D.&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Di5JZAAAAMAAJ&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASatire" class="Z3988"></span>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title=" (October 2012)">page&#160;needed</span></a></i>&#93;</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nicoll1951p179-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Nicoll1951p179_65-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNicoll1951" class="citation cs2">Nicoll, Allardyce (1951), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Vyzyna4URIYC&amp;pg=PA179"><i>British drama: an historical survey from the beginnings to the present time</i></a>, p.&#160;179</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=British+drama%3A+an+historical+survey+from+the+beginnings+to+the+present+time&amp;rft.pages=179&amp;rft.date=1951&amp;rft.aulast=Nicoll&amp;rft.aufirst=Allardyce&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVyzyna4URIYC%26pg%3DPA179&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASatire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hodgart2009p189-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hodgart2009p189_66-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hodgart (2009) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dGrCooK63TsC&amp;pg=PA189">p.189</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pollard1970p66-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Pollard1970p66_67-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPollard1970" class="citation cs2">Pollard, Arthur (1970), "4. Tones", <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TccOAAAAQAAJ"><i>Satire</i></a>, p.&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TccOAAAAQAAJ&amp;pg=PA66">66</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.atitle=4.+Tones&amp;rft.btitle=Satire&amp;rft.pages=66&amp;rft.date=1970&amp;rft.aulast=Pollard&amp;rft.aufirst=Arthur&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTccOAAAAQAAJ&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASatire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Clark1946p32-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Clark1946p32_68-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClark1946" class="citation cs2">Clark, Arthur Melville (1946), "The Art of Satire and the Satiric Spectrum", <i>Studies in literary modes</i>, p.&#160;32</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.atitle=The+Art+of+Satire+and+the+Satiric+Spectrum&amp;rft.btitle=Studies+in+literary+modes&amp;rft.pages=32&amp;rft.date=1946&amp;rft.aulast=Clark&amp;rft.aufirst=Arthur+Melville&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASatire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_69-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_69-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZekavat2020" class="citation journal cs1">Zekavat, Massih (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.7592%2FEJHR2019.7.4.zekavat">"Reflexive humour and satire: a critical review"</a>. <i>European Journal of Humour Research</i>. <b>7</b> (4): 125–136. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.7592%2FEJHR2019.7.4.zekavat">10.7592/EJHR2019.7.4.zekavat</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=European+Journal+of+Humour+Research&amp;rft.atitle=Reflexive+humour+and+satire%3A+a+critical+review&amp;rft.volume=7&amp;rft.issue=4&amp;rft.pages=125-136&amp;rft.date=2020&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.7592%2FEJHR2019.7.4.zekavat&amp;rft.aulast=Zekavat&amp;rft.aufirst=Massih&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.7592%252FEJHR2019.7.4.zekavat&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASatire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVuong2022" class="citation book cs1">Vuong, Quan-Hoang (2022). <i>The Kingfisher Story Collection</i>. AISDL. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/979-8353946595" title="Special:BookSources/979-8353946595"><bdi>979-8353946595</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=The+Kingfisher+Story+Collection&amp;rft.pub=AISDL&amp;rft.date=2022&amp;rft.isbn=979-8353946595&amp;rft.aulast=Vuong&amp;rft.aufirst=Quan-Hoang&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASatire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLichtheim1973" class="citation cs2">Lichtheim, M (1973), <i>Ancient Egyptian Literature</i>, vol.&#160;I, pp.&#160;184–93</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Ancient+Egyptian+Literature&amp;rft.pages=184-93&amp;rft.date=1973&amp;rft.aulast=Lichtheim&amp;rft.aufirst=M&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASatire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHelck1970" class="citation cs2">Helck, W (1970), <i>Die Lehre des DwA-xtjj</i>, Wiesbaden</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Die+Lehre+des+DwA-xtjj&amp;rft.pub=Wiesbaden&amp;rft.date=1970&amp;rft.aulast=Helck&amp;rft.aufirst=W&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASatire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGardiner1911" class="citation cs2">Gardiner, Alan H (1911), <i>Egyptian Hieratic Texts</i>, I: Literary Texts of the New Kingdom, vol.&#160;I, Leipzig</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Egyptian+Hieratic+Texts&amp;rft.place=Leipzig&amp;rft.series=I%3A+Literary+Texts+of+the+New+Kingdom&amp;rft.date=1911&amp;rft.aulast=Gardiner&amp;rft.aufirst=Alan+H&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASatire" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Citation" title="Template:Citation">citation</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sutton,_D._F._1993_p.56-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Sutton,_D._F._1993_p.56_74-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sutton,_D._F._1993_p.56_74-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSutton1993" class="citation cs2">Sutton, DF (1993), <i>Ancient Comedy: The War of the Generations</i>, New York, p.&#160;56</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Ancient+Comedy%3A+The+War+of+the+Generations&amp;rft.place=New+York&amp;rft.pages=56&amp;rft.date=1993&amp;rft.aulast=Sutton&amp;rft.aufirst=DF&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASatire" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Citation" title="Template:Citation">citation</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBates1906" class="citation cs2">Bates, Alfred, ed. (1906), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theatrehistory.com/ancient/aristophanes003.html">"Political and social satires of Aristophanes"</a>, <i>The Drama, Its History, Literature and Influence on Civilization</i>, vol.&#160;2, London: Historical Publishing, pp.&#160;55–59</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.atitle=Political+and+social+satires+of+Aristophanes&amp;rft.btitle=The+Drama%2C+Its+History%2C+Literature+and+Influence+on+Civilization&amp;rft.place=London&amp;rft.pages=55-59&amp;rft.pub=Historical+Publishing&amp;rft.date=1906&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.theatrehistory.com%2Fancient%2Faristophanes003.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASatire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAtkinson1992" class="citation cs2">Atkinson, JE (1992), "Curbing the Comedians: Cleon versus Aristophanes and Syracosius' Decree", <i>The Classical Quarterly</i>, New, <b>42</b> (1): 56–64, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fs0009838800042580">10.1017/s0009838800042580</a>, <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/639144">639144</a>, <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:170936469">170936469</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=The+Classical+Quarterly&amp;rft.atitle=Curbing+the+Comedians%3A+Cleon+versus+Aristophanes+and+Syracosius%27+Decree&amp;rft.volume=42&amp;rft.issue=1&amp;rft.pages=56-64&amp;rft.date=1992&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A170936469%23id-name%3DS2CID&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F639144%23id-name%3DJSTOR&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2Fs0009838800042580&amp;rft.aulast=Atkinson&amp;rft.aufirst=JE&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASatire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnderson" class="citation cs2">Anderson, John Louis, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061019054115/http://www.commondreams.org/views04/0714-06.htm"><i>Aristophanes: the Michael Moore of his Day</i></a>, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.commondreams.org/views04/0714-06.htm">the original</a> on October 19, 2006</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Aristophanes%3A+the+Michael+Moore+of+his+Day&amp;rft.aulast=Anderson&amp;rft.aufirst=John+Louis&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.commondreams.org%2Fviews04%2F0714-06.htm&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASatire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilson200217-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilson200217_78-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilson200217_78-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWilson2002">Wilson 2002</a>, p.&#160;17.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeggieri2021" class="citation cs2">Leggieri, Antonio (2021), "Magistrates, Doctors, and Monks: Satire in the Chinese Jestbook Xiaolin Guangji", <i>The Rhetoric of Topics and Forms</i>, pp.&#160;369–380, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1515%2F9783110642032-029">10.1515/9783110642032-029</a></span>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783110642032" title="Special:BookSources/9783110642032"><bdi>9783110642032</bdi></a>, <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:234214074">234214074</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.atitle=Magistrates%2C+Doctors%2C+and+Monks%3A+Satire+in+the+Chinese+Jestbook+Xiaolin+Guangji&amp;rft.btitle=The+Rhetoric+of+Topics+and+Forms&amp;rft.pages=369-380&amp;rft.date=2021&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A234214074%23id-name%3DS2CID&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1515%2F9783110642032-029&amp;rft.isbn=9783110642032&amp;rft.aulast=Leggieri&amp;rft.aufirst=Antonio&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASatire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCuddon1998" class="citation cs2">Cuddon (1998), "Satire", <i>Dictionary of Literary Terms</i>, Oxford</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.atitle=Satire&amp;rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+Literary+Terms&amp;rft.place=Oxford&amp;rft.date=1998&amp;rft.au=Cuddon&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASatire" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Citation" title="Template:Citation">citation</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBosworth197632-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBosworth197632_81-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBosworth1976">Bosworth 1976</a>, p.&#160;32.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarzolphvan_LeeuwenWassouf2004" class="citation book cs1">Marzolph, Ulrich; van Leeuwen, Richard; Wassouf, Hassan (2004). <i>The Arabian Nights Encyclopedia</i>. ABC-CLIO. pp.&#160;97–8. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-57607-204-5" title="Special:BookSources/1-57607-204-5"><bdi>1-57607-204-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=The+Arabian+Nights+Encyclopedia&amp;rft.pages=97-8&amp;rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&amp;rft.date=2004&amp;rft.isbn=1-57607-204-5&amp;rft.aulast=Marzolph&amp;rft.aufirst=Ulrich&amp;rft.au=van+Leeuwen%2C+Richard&amp;rft.au=Wassouf%2C+Hassan&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASatire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBosworth197677–8-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBosworth197677–8_83-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBosworth1976">Bosworth 1976</a>, pp.&#160;77–8.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBosworth197670-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBosworth197670_84-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBosworth1976">Bosworth 1976</a>, p.&#160;70.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWebber1958" class="citation journal cs1">Webber, Edwin J (January 1958). "Comedy as Satire in Hispano-Arabic Spain". <i>Hispanic Review</i>. <b>26</b> (1). <a href="/wiki/University_of_Pennsylvania_Press" title="University of Pennsylvania Press">University of Pennsylvania Press</a>: 1–11. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F470561">10.2307/470561</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/470561">470561</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Hispanic+Review&amp;rft.atitle=Comedy+as+Satire+in+Hispano-Arabic+Spain&amp;rft.volume=26&amp;rft.issue=1&amp;rft.pages=1-11&amp;rft.date=1958-01&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F470561&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F470561%23id-name%3DJSTOR&amp;rft.aulast=Webber&amp;rft.aufirst=Edwin+J&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASatire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">André De Vries, Flanders: A Cultural History, Oxford University Press, New York, 2007, p.100-101.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHall1969-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHall1969_87-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHall1969">Hall 1969</a>: 'Hall's <i>Virgidemiae</i> was a new departure in that the true Juvenalian mode of satire was being attempted for the first time, and successfully, in English.'</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavenport1969-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavenport1969_88-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDavenport1969">Davenport 1969</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPalmeri2003" class="citation book cs1">Palmeri, Frank (2003). <i>Satire, history, novel: Narrative forms, 1665–1815</i>. University of Delaware Press. pp.&#160;47–49. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61149-232-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-61149-232-3"><bdi>978-1-61149-232-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Satire%2C+history%2C+novel%3A+Narrative+forms%2C+1665%E2%80%931815&amp;rft.pages=47-49&amp;rft.pub=University+of+Delaware+Press&amp;rft.date=2003&amp;rft.isbn=978-1-61149-232-3&amp;rft.aulast=Palmeri&amp;rft.aufirst=Frank&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASatire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://suvicharhindi.com/hasya-vyangya-kavita-hindi/">"हास्य व्यंग्य कविता हिन्दी में Hasya Vyangya Kavita In Hindi funny poetry"</a>. <i>suvicharhindi.com</i>. November 4, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 19,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=suvicharhindi.com&amp;rft.atitle=%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF+%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF+%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE+%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%80+%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%82+Hasya+Vyangya+Kavita+In+Hindi+funny+poetry&amp;rft.date=2016-11-04&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsuvicharhindi.com%2Fhasya-vyangya-kavita-hindi%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASatire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPritam" class="citation book cs1">Pritam, Sarojani. <i>51 Shresth Vyang Rachnayen</i>. Diamond pocket books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=51+Shresth+Vyang+Rachnayen&amp;rft.pub=Diamond+pocket+books&amp;rft.aulast=Pritam&amp;rft.aufirst=Sarojani&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASatire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPremchandGopal" class="citation book cs1">Premchand, Munshi; Gopal, Madan. <i>My Life and Times</i>. Roli Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=My+Life+and+Times&amp;rft.pub=Roli+Books&amp;rft.aulast=Premchand&amp;rft.aufirst=Munshi&amp;rft.au=Gopal%2C+Madan&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASatire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPremchand" class="citation book cs1">Premchand, Munshi. <i>Premchand Ki Amar Kahaniyan</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Premchand+Ki+Amar+Kahaniyan&amp;rft.aulast=Premchand&amp;rft.aufirst=Munshi&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASatire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-modisong-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-modisong_95-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShankarji2019" class="citation web cs1">Shankarji (February 24, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sh3mlMAkXrE">"The Modi song"</a>. <i>Rough cut productions</i>. Mazdoor Kisan Shakti Sangathan. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211211/sh3mlMAkXrE">Archived</a> from the original on December 11, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 16,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=Rough+cut+productions&amp;rft.atitle=The+Modi+song&amp;rft.date=2019-02-24&amp;rft.au=Shankarji&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3Dsh3mlMAkXrE&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASatire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChatterjee2018" class="citation news cs1">Chatterjee, Suprateek (March 17, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.livemint.com/Leisure/C39AsWWaic7qvGsONZNCnJ/Kunal-Kamra-The-accidental-revolutionary.html">"Kunal Kamra: The accidental revolutionary"</a>. <i>Live Mint</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 16,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Live+Mint&amp;rft.atitle=Kunal+Kamra%3A+The+accidental+revolutionary&amp;rft.date=2018-03-17&amp;rft.aulast=Chatterjee&amp;rft.aufirst=Suprateek&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.livemint.com%2FLeisure%2FC39AsWWaic7qvGsONZNCnJ%2FKunal-Kamra-The-accidental-revolutionary.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASatire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thewire.in/humour/kunal-kamra">"Gujarat Varsity Cancels Show by 'Anti-National' Comedian Kunal Kamra After Alumni Complaint"</a>. The Wire<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 16,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Gujarat+Varsity+Cancels+Show+by+%27Anti-National%27+Comedian+Kunal+Kamra+After+Alumni+Complaint&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthewire.in%2Fhumour%2Fkunal-kamra&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASatire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTyagi" class="citation book cs1">Tyagi, Ravindranath. <i>Urdu Hindi Hashya Vyang</i>. Rajkamal Prakashan.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Urdu+Hindi+Hashya+Vyang&amp;rft.pub=Rajkamal+Prakashan&amp;rft.aulast=Tyagi&amp;rft.aufirst=Ravindranath&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASatire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSekhri2019" class="citation news cs1">Sekhri, Abhinandan (April 17, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newslaundry.com/">"Interview with Kunal Kamra"</a>. News laundry<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 19,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Interview+with+Kunal+Kamra&amp;rft.date=2019-04-17&amp;rft.aulast=Sekhri&amp;rft.aufirst=Abhinandan&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newslaundry.com%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASatire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGujarati" class="citation book cs1">Gujarati, Ashok. <i>Vyang Ke Rang</i>. Prabhat Prakashan.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Vyang+Ke+Rang&amp;rft.pub=Prabhat+Prakashan&amp;rft.aulast=Gujarati&amp;rft.aufirst=Ashok&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASatire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJaimini2013" class="citation book cs1">Jaimini, Arun (2013). <i>Hasya Vyang Ki Shikhar Kavitaye</i>. Rādhākr̥shṇa. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8183615686" title="Special:BookSources/978-8183615686"><bdi>978-8183615686</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Hasya+Vyang+Ki+Shikhar+Kavitaye&amp;rft.pub=R%C4%81dh%C4%81kr%CC%A5sh%E1%B9%87a&amp;rft.date=2013&amp;rft.isbn=978-8183615686&amp;rft.aulast=Jaimini&amp;rft.aufirst=Arun&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASatire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><i>The Broadview Anthology of British Literature: The Restoration and the Eighteenth Century</i>, vol.&#160;3, p.&#160;435</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=The+Broadview+Anthology+of+British+Literature%3A+The+Restoration+and+the+Eighteenth+Century&amp;rft.pages=435&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASatire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Weinbrot2007p136-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Weinbrot2007p136_103-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Weinbrot, Howard D. (2007) <i>Eighteenth-Century Satire: Essays on Text and Context from Dryden to Peter...</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vHADZOHbJ2QC&amp;pg=PA136">p.136</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDryden" class="citation cs2">Dryden, John, Lynch, Jack (ed.), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://andromeda.rutgers.edu/~jlynch/Texts/drydendiscourse2.html"><i>Discourse</i></a>, Rutgers</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Discourse&amp;rft.pub=Rutgers&amp;rft.aulast=Dryden&amp;rft.aufirst=John&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fandromeda.rutgers.edu%2F~jlynch%2FTexts%2Fdrydendiscourse2.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASatire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151218092153/http://www.biography.com/people/alexander-pope-9444371#synopsis">"Biography of Alexander Pope § Synopsis"</a>. <i>Biography.com</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.biography.com/people/alexander-pope-9444371#synopsis">the original</a> on December 18, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 10,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=Biography.com&amp;rft.atitle=Biography+of+Alexander+Pope+%C2%A7+Synopsis&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.biography.com%2Fpeople%2Falexander-pope-9444371%23synopsis&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASatire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJonathan_J._Szwec2011" class="citation journal cs1">Jonathan J. Szwec (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.studentpulse.com/articles/545/satire-in-18th-century-british-society-alexander-popes-the-rape-of-the-lock-and-jonathan-swifts-a-modest-proposal">"Satire in 18th Century British Society: Alexander Pope's <i>The Rape of the Lock</i> and Jonathan Swift's <i>A Modest Proposal</i>"</a>. <i>Student Pulse</i>. <b>3</b> (6).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Student+Pulse&amp;rft.atitle=Satire+in+18th+Century+British+Society%3A+Alexander+Pope%27s+The+Rape+of+the+Lock+and+Jonathan+Swift%27s+A+Modest+Proposal&amp;rft.volume=3&amp;rft.issue=6&amp;rft.date=2011&amp;rft.au=Jonathan+J.+Szwec&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.studentpulse.com%2Farticles%2F545%2Fsatire-in-18th-century-british-society-alexander-popes-the-rape-of-the-lock-and-jonathan-swifts-a-modest-proposal&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASatire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Press-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Press_107-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCharles_Press1981" class="citation book cs1">Charles Press (1981). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fwzWAAAAMAAJ"><i>The Political Cartoon</i></a>. Fairleigh Dickinson University Press. p.&#160;34. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780838619018" title="Special:BookSources/9780838619018"><bdi>9780838619018</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=The+Political+Cartoon&amp;rft.pages=34&amp;rft.pub=Fairleigh+Dickinson+University+Press&amp;rft.date=1981&amp;rft.isbn=9780838619018&amp;rft.au=Charles+Press&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DfwzWAAAAMAAJ&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASatire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Guardian-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Guardian_108-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Guardian_108-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2015/mar/21/satire-sewers-and-statesmen-james-gillray-king-of-cartoon">"Satire, sewers and statesmen: why James Gillray was king of the cartoon"</a>. The Guardian. June 18, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Satire%2C+sewers+and+statesmen%3A+why+James+Gillray+was+king+of+the+cartoon&amp;rft.date=2015-06-18&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fartanddesign%2F2015%2Fmar%2F21%2Fsatire-sewers-and-statesmen-james-gillray-king-of-cartoon&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASatire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:02-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:02_109-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:02_109-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrio2018" class="citation journal cs1">Brio, Sara (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/08905495.2018.1484608">"The Shocking Truth: Science, Religion, and Ancient Egypt in Early Nineteenth-Century Fiction"</a>. <i>Nineteenth-Century Contexts</i>. <b>40</b> (4): 331–344. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F08905495.2018.1484608">10.1080/08905495.2018.1484608</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:194827445">194827445</a> &#8211; via Taylor and Francis Online.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Nineteenth-Century+Contexts&amp;rft.atitle=The+Shocking+Truth%3A+Science%2C+Religion%2C+and+Ancient+Egypt+in+Early+Nineteenth-Century+Fiction&amp;rft.volume=40&amp;rft.issue=4&amp;rft.pages=331-344&amp;rft.date=2018&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F08905495.2018.1484608&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A194827445%23id-name%3DS2CID&amp;rft.aulast=Brio&amp;rft.aufirst=Sara&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tandfonline.com%2Fdoi%2Ffull%2F10.1080%2F08905495.2018.1484608&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASatire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDobson2017" class="citation journal cs1">Dobson, Eleanor (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS1060150316000462">"Gods and Ghost-Light: Ancient Egypt, Electricity, and X-Rays"</a>. <i>Victorian Literature and Culture</i>. <b>45</b> (1): 121. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS1060150316000462">10.1017/S1060150316000462</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:165064168">165064168</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Victorian+Literature+and+Culture&amp;rft.atitle=Gods+and+Ghost-Light%3A+Ancient+Egypt%2C+Electricity%2C+and+X-Rays&amp;rft.volume=45&amp;rft.issue=1&amp;rft.pages=121&amp;rft.date=2017&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS1060150316000462&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A165064168%23id-name%3DS2CID&amp;rft.aulast=Dobson&amp;rft.aufirst=Eleanor&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1017%252FS1060150316000462&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASatire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/David_King_(graphic_designer)" title="David King (graphic designer)">David King</a> &amp; Cathy Porter 'Blood &amp; Laughter: Caricatures from the 1905 Revolution' Jonathan Cape 1983 p.31</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ChaplinLager-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ChaplinLager_112-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Chaplin (1964) <i>My Autobiography</i>, p.392, quotation: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Had I known of the actual horrors of the German concentration camps, I could not have made <i>The Great Dictator</i>, I could not have made fun of the homicidal insanity of the Nazis.</p></blockquote></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChappleHenry1976" class="citation journal cs1">Chapple, Richard L.; Henry, Peter (1976). "Modern Soviet Satire". <i>The Slavic and East European Journal</i>. <b>20</b> (3): 318. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F306330">10.2307/306330</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0037-6752">0037-6752</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/306330">306330</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=The+Slavic+and+East+European+Journal&amp;rft.atitle=Modern+Soviet+Satire&amp;rft.volume=20&amp;rft.issue=3&amp;rft.pages=318&amp;rft.date=1976&amp;rft.issn=0037-6752&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F306330%23id-name%3DJSTOR&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F306330&amp;rft.aulast=Chapple&amp;rft.aufirst=Richard+L.&amp;rft.au=Henry%2C+Peter&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASatire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStein2013" class="citation news cs1">Stein, Nathaniel (July 1, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2013/07/01/funny-pages-how-the-national-lampoon-made-american-humor">"Funny Pages: How the National Lampoon made American Humor"</a>. <i>The Daily Beast</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 22,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Beast&amp;rft.atitle=Funny+Pages%3A+How+the+National+Lampoon+made+American+Humor&amp;rft.date=2013-07-01&amp;rft.aulast=Stein&amp;rft.aufirst=Nathaniel&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thedailybeast.com%2Farticles%2F2013%2F07%2F01%2Ffunny-pages-how-the-national-lampoon-made-american-humor&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASatire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sullivan2010p94-115"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Sullivan2010p94_115-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sullivan, James (2010) <i>Seven Dirty Words: The Life and Crimes of George Carlin</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=y3dzVQ5wX9UC&amp;pg=PA94">p.94</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/George_Carlin" title="George Carlin">George Carlin</a> (2002) <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://paulkrassner.com/carlinintro.htm">Introduction</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304043456/http://paulkrassner.com/carlinintro.htm">Archived</a> March 4, 2016, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></i> to <i>Murder At the Conspiracy Convention</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/media/2010/jun/14/david-frost-satire-documentary">"David Frost's Q&amp;A on how to be a satirist"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170315134203/https://www.theguardian.com/media/2010/jun/14/david-frost-satire-documentary">Archived</a> March 15, 2017, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. <i>The Guardian</i> (London). Retrieved February 2, 2015</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/1868619.stm">"What is Catch-22? And why does the book matter?"</a>. BBC. March 12, 2002.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=What+is+Catch-22%3F+And+why+does+the+book+matter%3F&amp;rft.date=2002-03-12&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F1%2Fhi%2Fuk%2F1868619.stm&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASatire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDalton2017" class="citation magazine cs1">Dalton, Stephen (August 21, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/critics-notebook-jerry-lewis-a-comic-genius-by-turns-sweet-bitter-1031194">"Critics Notebook: Jerry Lewis a Comic Genius by Turns Sweet and Bitter"</a>. <i>The Hollywood Reporter</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=The+Hollywood+Reporter&amp;rft.atitle=Critics+Notebook%3A+Jerry+Lewis+a+Comic+Genius+by+Turns+Sweet+and+Bitter&amp;rft.date=2017-08-21&amp;rft.aulast=Dalton&amp;rft.aufirst=Stephen&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hollywoodreporter.com%2Fnews%2Fcritics-notebook-jerry-lewis-a-comic-genius-by-turns-sweet-bitter-1031194&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASatire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.screenonline.org.uk/tv/id/1377417/index.html">"The Roots of Monty Python"</a>. BFI Screenonline. Retrieved 26 November 2023</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.empireonline.com/movies/features/100britishfilms/">"The 100 best British films"</a>. <i>Empire</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 26,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Empire&amp;rft.atitle=The+100+best+British+films&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.empireonline.com%2Fmovies%2Ffeatures%2F100britishfilms%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASatire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-122"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:3_122-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mb.com.ph/2022/07/29/tadhana-by-ferdinand-e-marcos">"Tadhana by Ferdinand E. Marcos"</a>. <i>Manila Bulletin</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 17,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=Manila+Bulletin&amp;rft.atitle=Tadhana+by+Ferdinand+E.+Marcos&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmb.com.ph%2F2022%2F07%2F29%2Ftadhana-by-ferdinand-e-marcos&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASatire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rome-123"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Rome_123-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Freudenburg, Kirk (2001). <i>Satires of Rome: Threatening Poses from Lucilius to Juvenal.</i> Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, p. 299. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-00621-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-00621-X">0-521-00621-X</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Van Norris (2014). British Television Animation 1997–2010: Drawing Comic Tradition". p. 153. Palgrave Macmillan,</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lambiek.net/artists/g/gillray_james.htm">"James Gillray"</a>. <i>lambiek.net</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161125110250/https://www.lambiek.net/artists/g/gillray_james.htm">Archived</a> from the original on November 25, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=lambiek.net&amp;rft.atitle=James+Gillray&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lambiek.net%2Fartists%2Fg%2Fgillray_james.htm&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASatire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Embrick DG, Talmadge J. Wright TJ, Lukacs A (2012). <i>Social Exclusion, Power, and Video Game Play: New Research in Digital Media and Technology</i>, Lexington Books, p. 19, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780739138625" title="Special:BookSources/9780739138625">9780739138625</a>. Quote: "In-game television programs and advertisements, radio stations, and billboards provide a running satirical commentary on the state of civilization in general, and on the roles of males in particular."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/technology/video-games/10316267/GTA-5-a-Great-British-export.html">"GTA 5: a Great British export"</a></span>. <i>The Telegraph</i>. September 29, 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220111/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/technology/video-games/10316267/GTA-5-a-Great-British-export.html">Archived</a> from the original on January 11, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=The+Telegraph&amp;rft.atitle=GTA+5%3A+a+Great+British+export&amp;rft.date=2015-09-29&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Ftechnology%2Fvideo-games%2F10316267%2FGTA-5-a-Great-British-export.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASatire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Canavan G, Robinson KS (2014). <i>Green Planets: Ecology and Science Fiction</i>, Wesleyan University Press, p. 278, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780819574282" title="Special:BookSources/9780819574282">9780819574282</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-GothicWorld-129"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-GothicWorld_129-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-GothicWorld_129-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Byron G, Townshend D (2013). <i>The Gothic World</i>. Routledge. p. 456. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781135053062" title="Special:BookSources/9781135053062">9781135053062</a>. Quote: "[P]resent themselves as deliberately controversial, incorporating hyper-violent gameplay, dark social satire and conspicuous political incorrectness[.]"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYi2020" class="citation journal cs1">Yi, Sherry (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ceeol.com/search/article-detail?id=875507">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Is This a Joke?': The Delivery of Serious Content through Satirical Digital Games"</a>. <i>Acta Ludologica</i>. <b>1</b> (1): 18–30 &#8211; via CEEOL.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Acta+Ludologica&amp;rft.atitle=%27Is+This+a+Joke%3F%27%3A+The+Delivery+of+Serious+Content+through+Satirical+Digital+Games&amp;rft.volume=1&amp;rft.issue=1&amp;rft.pages=18-30&amp;rft.date=2020&amp;rft.aulast=Yi&amp;rft.aufirst=Sherry&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ceeol.com%2Fsearch%2Farticle-detail%3Fid%3D875507&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASatire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lavender III, Isiah (2017). <i>Dis-Orienting Planets: Racial Representations of Asia in Science Fiction</i>. Univ. Press of Mississippi, p. 208, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781496811554" title="Special:BookSources/9781496811554">9781496811554</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SocioMobile-132"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-SocioMobile_132-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDeumert2014" class="citation book cs1">Deumert, Ana (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SPXcCQAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PT181"><i>Sociolinguistics and Mobile Communication</i></a>. Edinburgh University Press. p.&#160;181. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780748655779" title="Special:BookSources/9780748655779"><bdi>9780748655779</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 12,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Sociolinguistics+and+Mobile+Communication&amp;rft.pages=181&amp;rft.pub=Edinburgh+University+Press&amp;rft.date=2014&amp;rft.isbn=9780748655779&amp;rft.aulast=Deumert&amp;rft.aufirst=Ana&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSPXcCQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT181&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASatire" class="Z3988"></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLund2020" class="citation book cs1">Lund, Arwid (2020). <i>Wikipedia, Work, and Capitalism</i>. Springer: Dynamics of Virtual Work. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783319506890" title="Special:BookSources/9783319506890"><bdi>9783319506890</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Wikipedia%2C+Work%2C+and+Capitalism&amp;rft.pub=Springer%3A+Dynamics+of+Virtual+Work&amp;rft.date=2020&amp;rft.isbn=9783319506890&amp;rft.aulast=Lund&amp;rft.aufirst=Arwid&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASatire" class="Z3988"></span>, p. 48.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kaye, Sharon M. (2010). <i>The Onion and Philosophy: Fake News Story True, Alleges Indignant Area Professor</i>. Open Court Publishing. p. 243. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780812696875" title="Special:BookSources/9780812696875">9780812696875</a>. Quote: "People might be justified in concluding that the <i>Onion</i> is a legitimate small-town paper when they see headlines like "Local Woman Devotes Life To Doing God's Busy Work" (10/4/08), "God Help Him, Area Man Loves That Crazy Bitch" (11/22/08), or "Area Woman Wouldn't Mind Feeding Your Cats" (12/6/08). Even if they read the full story, they may never figure out it is a satire. Maybe if they scroll to the bottom of the webpage and notice the disclaimer, 'The Onion is not intended for readers under 18 years of age' they would realize that this is not your average news source. Maybe not—especially if they think that there might be such a thing as "adult news.""</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDickson2020" class="citation magazine cs1">Dickson, E. J. (October 16, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rollingstone.com/culture/culture-news/babylon-bee-satire-news-trump-tweet-1076701/">"What Is the Babylon Bee? Trump Retweeted the Satirical Website"</a>. <i>Rolling Stone</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 20,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Rolling+Stone&amp;rft.atitle=What+Is+the+Babylon+Bee%3F+Trump+Retweeted+the+Satirical+Website&amp;rft.date=2020-10-16&amp;rft.aulast=Dickson&amp;rft.aufirst=E.+J.&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rollingstone.com%2Fculture%2Fculture-news%2Fbabylon-bee-satire-news-trump-tweet-1076701%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASatire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-TVGuide1-136"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-TVGuide1_136-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tvguide.com/news/snl-hillary-clinton-saturday-night-live-kate-mckinnon-amy-poehler/">Liz Raftery – "Who Did the Best Hillary Clinton Impression on SNL?", <i>TV Guide</i>, April 30, 2015. (Video)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171018060944/http://www.tvguide.com/news/snl-hillary-clinton-saturday-night-live-kate-mckinnon-amy-poehler/">Archived</a> October 18, 2017, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Retrieved August 15, 2015</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-137"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120709105331/http://goldderby.latimes.com/awards_goldderby/2009/09/you-betcha-tina-fey-wins-emmy-as-sarah-palin-on-snl-entertainment-news-2468097.html">"You betcha—Tina Fey wins Emmy as Sarah Palin on 'SNL'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times" title="Los Angeles Times">Los Angeles Times</a></i>. September 13, 2009. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://goldderby.latimes.com/awards_goldderby/2009/09/you-betcha-tina-fey-wins-emmy-as-sarah-palin-on-snl-entertainment-news-2468097.html">the original</a> on July 9, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 13,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Los+Angeles+Times&amp;rft.atitle=You+betcha%E2%80%94Tina+Fey+wins+Emmy+as+Sarah+Palin+on+%27SNL%27&amp;rft.date=2009-09-13&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgoldderby.latimes.com%2Fawards_goldderby%2F2009%2F09%2Fyou-betcha-tina-fey-wins-emmy-as-sarah-palin-on-snl-entertainment-news-2468097.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASatire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-138"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://time.com/5549634/howard-x-kim-jung-un-impersonator/">"Meet Howard X, the Dictator Doppelgänger From Hong Kong"</a>. <i>Time</i>. Amy Gunia. March 29, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Time&amp;rft.atitle=Meet+Howard+X%2C+the+Dictator+Doppelg%C3%A4nger+From+Hong+Kong&amp;rft.date=2019-03-29&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftime.com%2F5549634%2Fhoward-x-kim-jung-un-impersonator%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASatire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-139"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-139">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071023081224/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,804275,00.html">"Tain't Funny – <i>Time</i>"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Time_(magazine)" title="Time (magazine)">Time</a>. September 29, 1947. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,804275,00.html">the original</a> on October 23, 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 29,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Tain%27t+Funny+%E2%80%93+Time&amp;rft.date=1947-09-29&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.time.com%2Ftime%2Fmagazine%2Farticle%2F0%2C9171%2C804275%2C00.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASatire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-DS-140"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-DS_140-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/The_Onion:_An_interview_with_%27America%27s_Finest_News_Source%27" class="extiw" title="n:The Onion: An interview with &#39;America&#39;s Finest News Source&#39;">An interview with The Onion</a>, David Shankbone, <i><a href="/wiki/Wikinews" title="Wikinews">Wikinews</a></i>, November 25, 2007.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-141"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-141">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLewellenBohonos2021" class="citation journal cs1">Lewellen, Chelesea; Bohonos, Jeremy W. (January 2021). "Excuse me, sir?: A critical race theory (hair) chronicle". <i>Gender, Work &amp; Organization</i>. <b>28</b> (S1): 1–5. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fgwao.12522">10.1111/gwao.12522</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0968-6673">0968-6673</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:225368135">225368135</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Gender%2C+Work+%26+Organization&amp;rft.atitle=Excuse+me%2C+sir%3F%3A+A+critical+race+theory+%28hair%29+chronicle&amp;rft.volume=28&amp;rft.issue=S1&amp;rft.pages=1-5&amp;rft.date=2021-01&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A225368135%23id-name%3DS2CID&amp;rft.issn=0968-6673&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fgwao.12522&amp;rft.aulast=Lewellen&amp;rft.aufirst=Chelesea&amp;rft.au=Bohonos%2C+Jeremy+W.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASatire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Griffin1994p136-142"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Griffin1994p136_142-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Griffin, Dustin H. (1994) <i>Satire: A Critical Reintroduction</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MLM2edymLtUC&amp;pg=PA136">p.136</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Geisler2005p73-143"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Geisler2005p73_143-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Geisler, Michael E. (2005) <i>National Symbols, Fractured Identities: Contesting the National Narrative</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=CLVaSxt-sV0C&amp;pg=PA73">p.73</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pezzella2009p566-144"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Pezzella2009p566_144-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pezzella2009p566_144-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pezzella2009p566_144-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pezzella2009p566_144-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Pezzella, Vincenzo (2009) <i>La diffamazione: responsabilità penale e civile</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TRPEO2aSOvgC&amp;pg=PA566">pp.566–7</a> quotation: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Il diritto di satira trova il suo fondamento negli artt. 21 e 33 della Costituzione che tutelano, rispettivamente, la libertà di manifestazione del pensiero e quella di elaborazione artistica e scientifica. (...) la satira, in quanto operante nell'ambito di ciò che è arte, non è strettamente correlata ad esigenze informative, dal che deriva che i suoi limiti di liveità siano ben più ammpi di quelli propri del diritto di cronaca</p></blockquote></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-145"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-145">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://twitter.com/thejuicemedia/status/906104236789841920/photo/1">"theJuice on Twitter"</a>. <i>Twitter</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 10,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Twitter&amp;rft.atitle=theJuice+on+Twitter&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftwitter.com%2Fthejuicemedia%2Fstatus%2F906104236789841920%2Fphoto%2F1&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASatire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-146"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-146">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aph.gov.au/Parliamentary_Business/Bills_LEGislation/Bills_Search_Results/Result?bId=r5973">"Criminal Code Amendment (Impersonating a Commonwealth Body) Bill 2017"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 10,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Criminal+Code+Amendment+%28Impersonating+a+Commonwealth+Body%29+Bill+2017&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aph.gov.au%2FParliamentary_Business%2FBills_LEGislation%2FBills_Search_Results%2FResult%3FbId%3Dr5973&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASatire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-147"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-147">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://parlinfo.aph.gov.au/parlInfo/search/display/display.w3p;query=Id:%22legislation/billsdgs/5767580%22">"ParlInfo – Criminal Code Amendment (Impersonating a Commonwealth Body) Bill 2017"</a>. <i>parlinfo.aph.gov.au</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 10,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=parlinfo.aph.gov.au&amp;rft.atitle=ParlInfo+%E2%80%93+Criminal+Code+Amendment+%28Impersonating+a+Commonwealth+Body%29+Bill+2017&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fparlinfo.aph.gov.au%2FparlInfo%2Fsearch%2Fdisplay%2Fdisplay.w3p%3Bquery%3DId%3A%2522legislation%2Fbillsdgs%2F5767580%2522&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASatire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-148"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-148">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aph.gov.au/Parliamentary_Business/Bills_LEGislation/Bills_Search_Results/Result?bId=r5973#">"Criminal Code Amendment (Impersonating a Commonwealth Body) Bill 2017"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 10,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Criminal+Code+Amendment+%28Impersonating+a+Commonwealth+Body%29+Bill+2017&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aph.gov.au%2FParliamentary_Business%2FBills_LEGislation%2FBills_Search_Results%2FResult%3FbId%3Dr5973%23&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASatire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kinservik2002p21-149"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Kinservik2002p21_149-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kinservik, Matthew J. (2002) <i>Disciplining Satire: The Censorship of Satiric Comedy on the Eighteenth...</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=haUcp4-01DMC&amp;pg=PA21">p.21</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Test1991p10-150"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Test1991p10_150-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Test (1991) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QkhMi6mKmUMC&amp;pg=PA10">p.10</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-151"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-151">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJones2009" class="citation journal cs1">Jones, William R. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://muse.jhu.edu/article/365928">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"People Have to Watch What They Say": What Horace, Juvenal, and 9/11 Can Tell Us about Satire and History"</a>. <i>Helios</i>. <b>36</b> (1): 27–28. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009Helio..36...27W">2009Helio..36...27W</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fhel.0.0017">10.1353/hel.0.0017</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1935-0228">1935-0228</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:162089939">162089939</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Helios&amp;rft.atitle=%22People+Have+to+Watch+What+They+Say%22%3A+What+Horace%2C+Juvenal%2C+and+9%2F11+Can+Tell+Us+about+Satire+and+History&amp;rft.volume=36&amp;rft.issue=1&amp;rft.pages=27-28&amp;rft.date=2009&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Fhel.0.0017&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A162089939%23id-name%3DS2CID&amp;rft.issn=1935-0228&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2009Helio..36...27W&amp;rft.aulast=Jones&amp;rft.aufirst=William+R.&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmuse.jhu.edu%2Farticle%2F365928&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASatire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-152"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-152">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeonardTenneyDavis1992" class="citation book cs1">Leonard, James S; Tenney, Thomas A; Davis, Thadious M (December 1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fdrBtpSSCisC&amp;q=hemingway+%22huckleberry+finn%22+%22green+hills%22&amp;pg=RA1-PA116"><i>Satire or Evasion?: Black Perspectives on Huckleberry Finn</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Duke_University_Press" title="Duke University Press">Duke University Press</a>. p.&#160;224. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8223-1174-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8223-1174-4"><bdi>978-0-8223-1174-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Satire+or+Evasion%3F%3A+Black+Perspectives+on+Huckleberry+Finn&amp;rft.pages=224&amp;rft.pub=Duke+University+Press&amp;rft.date=1992-12&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-8223-1174-4&amp;rft.aulast=Leonard&amp;rft.aufirst=James+S&amp;rft.au=Tenney%2C+Thomas+A&amp;rft.au=Davis%2C+Thadious+M&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DfdrBtpSSCisC%26q%3Dhemingway%2B%2522huckleberry%2Bfinn%2522%2B%2522green%2Bhills%2522%26pg%3DRA1-PA116&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASatire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-153"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-153">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFishin1997" class="citation cs2">Fishin, Shelley Fisher (1997), <i>Lighting out for the Territory: Reflections on Mark Twain and American Culture</i>, New York: Oxford University Press</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Lighting+out+for+the+Territory%3A+Reflections+on+Mark+Twain+and+American+Culture&amp;rft.place=New+York&amp;rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&amp;rft.date=1997&amp;rft.aulast=Fishin&amp;rft.aufirst=Shelley+Fisher&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASatire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-154"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-154">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.abc.net.au/news/2009-06-04/hang-your-heads-rudd-tells-chaser-boys/1703862">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Hang your heads' Rudd tells Chaser boys"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Australian_Broadcasting_Corporation" title="Australian Broadcasting Corporation">Australian Broadcasting Corporation</a>. June 4, 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 5,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=%27Hang+your+heads%27+Rudd+tells+Chaser+boys&amp;rft.date=2009-06-04&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.abc.net.au%2Fnews%2F2009-06-04%2Fhang-your-heads-rudd-tells-chaser-boys%2F1703862&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASatire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-155"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-155">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSutherland1958" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/James_Runcieman_Sutherland" title="James Runcieman Sutherland">Sutherland, James</a> (1958), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4kc4AAAAIAAJ&amp;pg=PA1"><i>English Satire</i></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=English+Satire&amp;rft.date=1958&amp;rft.aulast=Sutherland&amp;rft.aufirst=James&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4kc4AAAAIAAJ%26pg%3DPA1&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASatire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-156"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-156">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMartin2007" class="citation cs2">Martin, Rod A (2007), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ieAcp2Z_zkIC&amp;pg=PA27"><i>The Psychology of Humor: An Integrative Approach</i></a>, Elsevier, pp.&#160;27–8, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780080465999" title="Special:BookSources/9780080465999"><bdi>9780080465999</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=The+Psychology+of+Humor%3A+An+Integrative+Approach&amp;rft.pages=27-8&amp;rft.pub=Elsevier&amp;rft.date=2007&amp;rft.isbn=9780080465999&amp;rft.aulast=Martin&amp;rft.aufirst=Rod+A&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DieAcp2Z_zkIC%26pg%3DPA27&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASatire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-157"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-157">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFApte1985" class="citation cs2">Apte, Mahadev L (1985), "Introduction", <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4fuAAAAAMAAJ"><i>Humor and laughter: an anthropological approach</i></a>, Cornell University Press, p.&#160;23, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780801493072" title="Special:BookSources/9780801493072"><bdi>9780801493072</bdi></a>, <q>The general neglect of humor as a topic of anthropological research is reflected in teaching practice. Most introductory textbooks do not even list humor as a significant characteristic of cultural systems together with kinship, social roles, behavioral patterns, religion, language, economic transactions, political institutions, values, and material culture.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.atitle=Introduction&amp;rft.btitle=Humor+and+laughter%3A+an+anthropological+approach&amp;rft.pages=23&amp;rft.pub=Cornell+University+Press&amp;rft.date=1985&amp;rft.isbn=9780801493072&amp;rft.aulast=Apte&amp;rft.aufirst=Mahadev+L&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4fuAAAAAMAAJ&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASatire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-158"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-158">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArber1875–94" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-year-range-abbreviated">Arber, Edward, ed. (1875–94), <i>A Transcript of the Registers of the Company of Stationers of London, 1554–1640</i>, vol.&#160;III, London, p.&#160;677</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=A+Transcript+of+the+Registers+of+the+Company+of+Stationers+of+London%2C+1554%E2%80%931640&amp;rft.place=London&amp;rft.pages=677&amp;rft.date=1875%2F1894&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASatire" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Citation" title="Template:Citation">citation</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-159"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-159">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mg.co.za/article/2008-12-18-zuma-claims-r7m-over-zapiro-cartoon">"Zuma claims R7m over Zapiro cartoon"</a>. <i>Mail and Guardian</i>. <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">ZA</a>. December 18, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=Mail+and+Guardian&amp;rft.atitle=Zuma+claims+R7m+over+Zapiro+cartoon&amp;rft.date=2008-12-18&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mg.co.za%2Farticle%2F2008-12-18-zuma-claims-r7m-over-zapiro-cartoon&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASatire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-160"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-160">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050912184428/https://mg.co.za/articlePage.aspx?articleid=248529&amp;area=/breaking_news/breaking_news__national/">"How a lone cameraman 'dented' SABC's credibility"</a>. <i>Mail and Guardian</i>. ZA. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mg.co.za/articlePage.aspx?articleid=248529&amp;area=/breaking_news/breaking_news__national/">the original</a> on September 12, 2005.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=Mail+and+Guardian&amp;rft.atitle=How+a+lone+cameraman+%27dented%27+SABC%27s+credibility&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mg.co.za%2FarticlePage.aspx%3Farticleid%3D248529%26area%3D%2Fbreaking_news%2Fbreaking_news&#95;_national%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASatire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-161"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-161">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120326004224/http://www.dispatch.co.za/article.aspx?id=308632">"ZNews: Zapiro's puppet show"</a>. <i>Dispatch</i>. ZA. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dispatch.co.za/article.aspx?id=308632">the original</a> on March 26, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=Dispatch&amp;rft.atitle=ZNews%3A+Zapiro%27s+puppet+show&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dispatch.co.za%2Farticle.aspx%3Fid%3D308632&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASatire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-162"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-162">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mg.co.za/article/2009-05-26-sabc-pulls-zapiro-doccie-again">"SABC pulls Zapiro doccie, again"</a>. <i>Mail and Guardian</i>. ZA. September 26, 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=Mail+and+Guardian&amp;rft.atitle=SABC+pulls+Zapiro+doccie%2C+again&amp;rft.date=2009-09-26&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mg.co.za%2Farticle%2F2009-05-26-sabc-pulls-zapiro-doccie-again&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASatire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-163"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-163">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.techdirt.com/articles/20100510/1820159367.shtml">"Samsung Sues Satirist, Claiming Criminal Defamation, Over Satirical Column Poking Fun At Samsung"</a>. Techdirt. May 11, 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 9,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Samsung+Sues+Satirist%2C+Claiming+Criminal+Defamation%2C+Over+Satirical+Column+Poking+Fun+At+Samsung&amp;rft.pub=Techdirt&amp;rft.date=2010-05-11&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.techdirt.com%2Farticles%2F20100510%2F1820159367.shtml&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASatire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-164"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-164">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGlionna2010" class="citation news cs1">Glionna, John M (May 10, 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20171019205601/http://articles.latimes.com/2010/may/10/world/la-fg-korea-samsung-20100510">"Samsung doesn't find satirical spoof amusing"</a>. <i>Los Angeles Times</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.latimes.com/news/nationworld/world/asia/la-fg-korea-samsung-20100510,0,7395282,full.story">the original</a> on October 19, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Los+Angeles+Times&amp;rft.atitle=Samsung+doesn%27t+find+satirical+spoof+amusing&amp;rft.date=2010-05-10&amp;rft.aulast=Glionna&amp;rft.aufirst=John+M&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.latimes.com%2Fnews%2Fnationworld%2Fworld%2Fasia%2Fla-fg-korea-samsung-20100510%2C0%2C7395282%2Cfull.story&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASatire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-UKIP-165"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-UKIP_165-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-UKIP_165-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.itv.com/news/2015-04-29/ukip-asks-police-to-investigate-the-bbc-over-have-i-got-news-for-you/">"Ukip asks police to investigate the BBC over Have I Got News for You"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150826200302/http://www.itv.com/news/2015-04-29/ukip-asks-police-to-investigate-the-bbc-over-have-i-got-news-for-you/">Archived</a> August 26, 2015, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. BBC. Retrieved June 18, 2015</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-166"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-166">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKrassner2003" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Paul_Krassner" title="Paul Krassner">Krassner, Paul</a> (August 26, 2003), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nypress.com/terminal-velocity-television-is-here/">"Terminal velocity television is here"</a>, <i>New York Press</i>, <b>16</b> (35)</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=New+York+Press&amp;rft.atitle=Terminal+velocity+television+is+here&amp;rft.volume=16&amp;rft.issue=35&amp;rft.date=2003-08-26&amp;rft.aulast=Krassner&amp;rft.aufirst=Paul&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnypress.com%2Fterminal-velocity-television-is-here%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASatire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-LuttazziProphetic-167"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-LuttazziProphetic_167-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-LuttazziProphetic_167-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLuttazzi2007" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Daniele_Luttazzi" title="Daniele Luttazzi">Luttazzi, Daniele</a> (2007), <i>Lepidezze postribolari</i> (in Italian), Feltrinelli, p.&#160;275</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Lepidezze+postribolari&amp;rft.pages=275&amp;rft.pub=Feltrinelli&amp;rft.date=2007&amp;rft.aulast=Luttazzi&amp;rft.aufirst=Daniele&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASatire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Franklin-168"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Franklin_168-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFranklin1784" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin" title="Benjamin Franklin">Franklin, Benjamin</a> (April 26, 1784). "Aux auteurs du Journal". <i><a href="/wiki/Journal_de_Paris" title="Journal de Paris">Journal de Paris</a></i> (in French) (117).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Journal+de+Paris&amp;rft.atitle=Aux+auteurs+du+Journal&amp;rft.issue=117&amp;rft.date=1784-04-26&amp;rft.aulast=Franklin&amp;rft.aufirst=Benjamin&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASatire" class="Z3988"></span> Wrote <a href="/wiki/Anonymously" class="mw-redirect" title="Anonymously">anonymously</a>. Its first publication was in the journal's "Économie" section. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://webexhibits.org/daylightsaving/franklin3.html"><i>An Economical Project</i></a> (revised English version&#160;ed.)<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 26,</span> 2007</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=An+Economical+Project&amp;rft.edition=revised+English+version&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwebexhibits.org%2Fdaylightsaving%2Ffranklin3.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASatire" class="Z3988"></span> has a title that is not Franklin's; see <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAldridge1956" class="citation journal cs1">Aldridge, A. O. (1956). "Franklin's essay on daylight saving". <i>American Literature</i>. <b>28</b> (1): 23–29. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2922719">10.2307/2922719</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2922719">2922719</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=American+Literature&amp;rft.atitle=Franklin%27s+essay+on+daylight+saving&amp;rft.volume=28&amp;rft.issue=1&amp;rft.pages=23-29&amp;rft.date=1956&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2922719&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2922719%23id-name%3DJSTOR&amp;rft.aulast=Aldridge&amp;rft.aufirst=A.+O.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASatire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-169"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-169">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theonion.com/content/node/28784">"Bush: 'Our Long National Nightmare of Peace And Prosperity Is Finally Over'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. The Onion<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 9,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Bush%3A+%27Our+Long+National+Nightmare+of+Peace+And+Prosperity+Is+Finally+Over%27&amp;rft.pub=The+Onion&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.theonion.com%2Fcontent%2Fnode%2F28784&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASatire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-170"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-170">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theonion.com/fuck-everything-were-doing-five-blades-1819584036">"Fuck Everything, We're Doing Five Blades"</a>. The Onion. February 18, 2004. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171116162510/https://www.theonion.com/fuck-everything-were-doing-five-blades-1819584036">Archived</a> from the original on November 16, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 30,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Fuck+Everything%2C+We%27re+Doing+Five+Blades&amp;rft.pub=The+Onion&amp;rft.date=2004-02-18&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theonion.com%2Ffuck-everything-were-doing-five-blades-1819584036&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASatire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-171"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-171">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/1.666977">"Where Satire Meets Truth: Did The Onion Just Predict a Real Israeli Headline?"</a>. <i>Haaretz</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 1,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Haaretz&amp;rft.atitle=Where+Satire+Meets+Truth%3A+Did+The+Onion+Just+Predict+a+Real+Israeli+Headline%3F&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.haaretz.com%2Fisrael-news%2F1.666977&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASatire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-172"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-172">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAddley2016" class="citation news cs1">Addley, Esther (November 10, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2016/nov/10/simpsons-predicted-president-trump-back-to-the-future">"Back to the future: how the Simpsons and others predicted President Trump"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 5,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&amp;rft.atitle=Back+to+the+future%3A+how+the+Simpsons+and+others+predicted+President+Trump&amp;rft.date=2016-11-10&amp;rft.aulast=Addley&amp;rft.aufirst=Esther&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fus-news%2F2016%2Fnov%2F10%2Fsimpsons-predicted-president-trump-back-to-the-future&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASatire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-173"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-173">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.org/weta/washingtonweek/blog-post/donald-trump-wants-build-wall-border-mexico-can-he-do-it">"Donald Trump wants to build a wall on the border with Mexico. Can he do it?"</a>. <i>PBS</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 3,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=PBS&amp;rft.atitle=Donald+Trump+wants+to+build+a+wall+on+the+border+with+Mexico.+Can+he+do+it%3F&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pbs.org%2Fweta%2Fwashingtonweek%2Fblog-post%2Fdonald-trump-wants-build-wall-border-mexico-can-he-do-it&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASatire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Satire&amp;action=edit&amp;section=40" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJonsonMiola2000" class="citation book cs1">Jonson, Ben; Miola, Robert S. (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5CL1ONLMCCQC&amp;q=bishop&amp;pg=PA72"><i>Every Man in His Humour: Quarto Version</i></a>. Manchester University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780719015656" title="Special:BookSources/9780719015656"><bdi>9780719015656</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Every+Man+in+His+Humour%3A+Quarto+Version&amp;rft.pub=Manchester+University+Press&amp;rft.date=2000&amp;rft.isbn=9780719015656&amp;rft.aulast=Jonson&amp;rft.aufirst=Ben&amp;rft.au=Miola%2C+Robert+S.&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5CL1ONLMCCQC%26q%3Dbishop%26pg%3DPA72&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASatire" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Satire&amp;action=edit&amp;section=41" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBosworth1976" class="citation cs2">Bosworth, Clifford Edmund (1976), <i>The Mediaeval Islamic Underworld: The Banu Sasan in Arabic Society and Literature</i>, <a href="/wiki/Brill_Publishers" title="Brill Publishers">Brill Publishers</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-04-04392-6" title="Special:BookSources/90-04-04392-6"><bdi>90-04-04392-6</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=The+Mediaeval+Islamic+Underworld%3A+The+Banu+Sasan+in+Arabic+Society+and+Literature&amp;rft.pub=Brill+Publishers&amp;rft.date=1976&amp;rft.isbn=90-04-04392-6&amp;rft.aulast=Bosworth&amp;rft.aufirst=Clifford+Edmund&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASatire" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBranhamKinney1997" class="citation book cs1">Branham, R Bracht; Kinney, Daniel (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XrNEns3_yd0C">Introduction</a>. <a href="/wiki/Satyrica" class="mw-redirect" title="Satyrica"><i>Satyrica</i></a>. By <a href="/wiki/Petronius" title="Petronius">Petronius</a>. University of California Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780520211186" title="Special:BookSources/9780520211186"><bdi>9780520211186</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.atitle=Introduction&amp;rft.btitle=Satyrica&amp;rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&amp;rft.date=1997&amp;rft.isbn=9780520211186&amp;rft.aulast=Branham&amp;rft.aufirst=R+Bracht&amp;rft.au=Kinney%2C+Daniel&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXrNEns3_yd0C&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASatire" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClark1991" class="citation cs2">Clark, John R (1991), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LOeLRDzui_wC"><i>The Modern Satiric Grotesque and its traditions</i></a>, Lexington: U of Kentucky P, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780813130323" title="Special:BookSources/9780813130323"><bdi>9780813130323</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=The+Modern+Satiric+Grotesque+and+its+traditions&amp;rft.place=Lexington&amp;rft.pub=U+of+Kentucky+P&amp;rft.date=1991&amp;rft.isbn=9780813130323&amp;rft.aulast=Clark&amp;rft.aufirst=John+R&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLOeLRDzui_wC&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASatire" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCorum2002" class="citation cs2">Corum, Robert T. (2002), "The rhetoric of disgust and contempt in Boileau", in Birberick, Anne Lynn; Ganim, Russell (eds.), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ikGt9gkXv74C&amp;pg=PA175"><i>The Shape of Change: Essays in Early Modern Literature and La Fontaine in Honor of David Lee Rubin</i></a>, Rodopi, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9042014490" title="Special:BookSources/9042014490"><bdi>9042014490</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.atitle=The+rhetoric+of+disgust+and+contempt+in+Boileau&amp;rft.btitle=The+Shape+of+Change%3A+Essays+in+Early+Modern+Literature+and+La+Fontaine+in+Honor+of+David+Lee+Rubin&amp;rft.pub=Rodopi&amp;rft.date=2002&amp;rft.isbn=9042014490&amp;rft.aulast=Corum&amp;rft.aufirst=Robert+T.&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DikGt9gkXv74C%26pg%3DPA175&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASatire" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavenport1969" class="citation cs2">Davenport, A, ed. (1969), <i>The Poems</i>, Liverpool University Press</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=The+Poems&amp;rft.pub=Liverpool+University+Press&amp;rft.date=1969&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASatire" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFElliott2004" class="citation cs2">Elliott, Robert C (2004), "The nature of satire", <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.atitle=The+nature+of+satire&amp;rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&amp;rft.date=2004&amp;rft.aulast=Elliott&amp;rft.aufirst=Robert+C&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASatire" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFo1990" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Dario_Fo" title="Dario Fo">Fo, Dario</a> (1990), "Satira e sfottò", in Allegri, Luigi (ed.), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.arengario.net/poli/poli12.html"><i>Dialogo provocatorio sul comico, il tragico, la follia e la ragione</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(interview)</span> (in Italian), pp.&#160;2, 9</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.atitle=Satira+e+sfott%C3%B2&amp;rft.btitle=Dialogo+provocatorio+sul+comico%2C+il+tragico%2C+la+follia+e+la+ragione&amp;rft.pages=2%2C+9&amp;rft.date=1990&amp;rft.aulast=Fo&amp;rft.aufirst=Dario&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.arengario.net%2Fpoli%2Fpoli12.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASatire" class="Z3988"></span>. <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFo1993" class="citation cs2">Fo, Dario (1993), <i>Provocative Dialogue on the Comic, the Tragic, Folly and Reason</i>, London: <a href="/wiki/Methuen_Publishing" title="Methuen Publishing">Methuen Publishing</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Provocative+Dialogue+on+the+Comic%2C+the+Tragic%2C+Folly+and+Reason&amp;rft.place=London&amp;rft.pub=Methuen+Publishing&amp;rft.date=1993&amp;rft.aulast=Fo&amp;rft.aufirst=Dario&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASatire" class="Z3988"></span> (transl.).</li></ul></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrye1957" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Northrop_Frye" title="Northrop Frye">Frye, Northrop</a> (1957), <a href="/wiki/Anatomy_of_Criticism" title="Anatomy of Criticism"><i>Anatomy of Criticism</i></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Anatomy+of+Criticism&amp;rft.date=1957&amp;rft.aulast=Frye&amp;rft.aufirst=Northrop&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASatire" class="Z3988"></span> (in particular the discussion of the 4 "myths").</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><span id="CITEREFHall1969" class="citation">Hall, Joseph. "Virgidemiae". In <a href="#CITEREFDavenport1969">Davenport (1969)</a>.</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHodgartConnery2009" class="citation cs2">Hodgart, Matthew; Connery, Brian (2009) [1969], <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dGrCooK63TsC"><i>Satire: Origins and Principles</i></a>, Transaction Publishers, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781412833646" title="Special:BookSources/9781412833646"><bdi>9781412833646</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Satire%3A+Origins+and+Principles&amp;rft.pub=Transaction+Publishers&amp;rft.date=2009&amp;rft.isbn=9781412833646&amp;rft.aulast=Hodgart&amp;rft.aufirst=Matthew&amp;rft.au=Connery%2C+Brian&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DdGrCooK63TsC&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASatire" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPietrasik2011" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Pietrasik, Vanessa (2011), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fabula.org/actualites/v-pietrasik-la-satire-en-jeu-critique-et-scepticisme-en-allemagne-a-la-fin-du-xviiie-siecle_43779.php"><i>La satire en jeu. Critique et scepticisme en Allemagne à la fin du XVIIIe siècle</i></a> (in French), Tusson: Du Lérot éditeur, Charente</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=La+satire+en+jeu.+Critique+et+scepticisme+en+Allemagne+%C3%A0+la+fin+du+XVIIIe+si%C3%A8cle&amp;rft.place=Tusson&amp;rft.pub=Du+L%C3%A9rot+%C3%A9diteur%2C+Charente&amp;rft.date=2011&amp;rft.aulast=Pietrasik&amp;rft.aufirst=Vanessa&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fabula.org%2Factualites%2Fv-pietrasik-la-satire-en-jeu-critique-et-scepticisme-en-allemagne-a-la-fin-du-xviiie-siecle_43779.php&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASatire" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTest1991" class="citation cs2">Test, George Austin (1991), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QkhMi6mKmUMC"><i>Elliott's Bind; or, What Is Satire, Anyway? </i>in<i> Satire: Spirit &amp; Art</i></a>, University of South Florida Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780813010878" title="Special:BookSources/9780813010878"><bdi>9780813010878</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Elliott%27s+Bind%3B+or%2C+What+Is+Satire%2C+Anyway%3F+in+Satire%3A+Spirit+%26+Art&amp;rft.pub=University+of+South+Florida+Press&amp;rft.date=1991&amp;rft.isbn=9780813010878&amp;rft.aulast=Test&amp;rft.aufirst=George+Austin&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQkhMi6mKmUMC&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASatire" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilson2002" class="citation cs2">Wilson, R Rawdon (2002), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BxSMGjkLbyoC&amp;pg=PA14"><i>The hydra's tale: imagining disgust</i></a>, University of Alberta, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780888643681" title="Special:BookSources/9780888643681"><bdi>9780888643681</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=The+hydra%27s+tale%3A+imagining+disgust&amp;rft.pub=University+of+Alberta&amp;rft.date=2002&amp;rft.isbn=9780888643681&amp;rft.aulast=Wilson&amp;rft.aufirst=R+Rawdon&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBxSMGjkLbyoC%26pg%3DPA14&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASatire" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li>Massimo Colella, <i>Seicento satirico: Il Viaggio di Antonio Abati (con edizione critica in appendice)</i>, in «La parola del testo», XXVI, 1-2, 2022, pp.&#160;77–100.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Satire&amp;action=edit&amp;section=42" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBloom1972" class="citation cs2">Bloom, Edward A (1972), "Sacramentum Militiae: The Dynamics of Religious Satire", <i>Studies in the Literary Imagination</i>, <b>5</b>: 119–42</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Studies+in+the+Literary+Imagination&amp;rft.atitle=Sacramentum+Militiae%3A+The+Dynamics+of+Religious+Satire&amp;rft.volume=5&amp;rft.pages=119-42&amp;rft.date=1972&amp;rft.aulast=Bloom&amp;rft.aufirst=Edward+A&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASatire" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBronowskiMazlish1993" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Jacob_Bronowski" title="Jacob Bronowski">Bronowski, Jacob</a>; <a href="/wiki/Bruce_Mazlish" title="Bruce Mazlish">Mazlish, Bruce</a> (1993) [1960], <i>The Western Intellectual Tradition From Leonardo to Hegel</i>, Barnes &amp; Noble, p.&#160;252</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=The+Western+Intellectual+Tradition+From+Leonardo+to+Hegel&amp;rft.pages=252&amp;rft.pub=Barnes+%26+Noble&amp;rft.date=1993&amp;rft.aulast=Bronowski&amp;rft.aufirst=Jacob&amp;rft.au=Mazlish%2C+Bruce&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASatire" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFConnery" class="citation cs2">Connery, Brian A, <i>Theorizing Satire: A Bibliography</i>, Oakland University</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Theorizing+Satire%3A+A+Bibliography&amp;rft.pub=Oakland+University&amp;rft.aulast=Connery&amp;rft.aufirst=Brian+A&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASatire" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDooley1972" class="citation cs2">Dooley, David Joseph (1972), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LGYIAQAAIAAJ"><i>Contemporary satire</i></a>, Holt, Rinehart and Winston of Canada, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780039233853" title="Special:BookSources/9780039233853"><bdi>9780039233853</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Contemporary+satire&amp;rft.pub=Holt%2C+Rinehart+and+Winston+of+Canada&amp;rft.date=1972&amp;rft.isbn=9780039233853&amp;rft.aulast=Dooley&amp;rft.aufirst=David+Joseph&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLGYIAQAAIAAJ&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASatire" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFeinberg" class="citation cs2">Feinberg, Leonard, <i>The satirist</i></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=The+satirist&amp;rft.aulast=Feinberg&amp;rft.aufirst=Leonard&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASatire" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLee1971" class="citation cs2">Lee, Jae Num (1971), <i>Scatology in Continental Satirical Writings from Aristophanes to Rabelais and English Scatological Writings from Skelton to Pope, 1,2,3 maldita madre. Swift and Scatological Satire</i>, Albuquerque: U of New Mexico P, pp.&#160;7–22, 23–53</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Scatology+in+Continental+Satirical+Writings+from+Aristophanes+to+Rabelais+and+English+Scatological+Writings+from+Skelton+to+Pope%2C+1%2C2%2C3+maldita+madre.+Swift+and+Scatological+Satire&amp;rft.place=Albuquerque&amp;rft.pages=7-22%2C+23-53&amp;rft.pub=U+of+New+Mexico+P&amp;rft.date=1971&amp;rft.aulast=Lee&amp;rft.aufirst=Jae+Num&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASatire" class="Z3988"></span>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Theories/critical_approaches_to_satire_as_a_genre"><span id="Theories.2Fcritical_approaches_to_satire_as_a_genre"></span>Theories/critical approaches to satire as a genre</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Satire&amp;action=edit&amp;section=43" title="Edit section: Theories/critical approaches to satire as a genre"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFConneryCombe1995" class="citation book cs1">Connery, Brian; Combe, Kirk, eds. (1995). <i>Theorizing Satire: Essays in Literary Criticism</i>. New York: St. Martin's Press. p.&#160;212. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-312-12302-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-312-12302-7"><bdi>0-312-12302-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Theorizing+Satire%3A+Essays+in+Literary+Criticism&amp;rft.place=New+York&amp;rft.pages=212&amp;rft.pub=St.+Martin%27s+Press&amp;rft.date=1995&amp;rft.isbn=0-312-12302-7&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASatire" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDraitser1994" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Emil_Draitser" title="Emil Draitser">Draitser, Emil</a> (1994), <i>Techniques of Satire: The Case of Saltykov-Shchedrin</i>, Berlin-New York: Mouton de Gruyter, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-11-012624-9" title="Special:BookSources/3-11-012624-9"><bdi>3-11-012624-9</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Techniques+of+Satire%3A+The+Case+of+Saltykov-Shchedrin&amp;rft.place=Berlin-New+York&amp;rft.pub=Mouton+de+Gruyter&amp;rft.date=1994&amp;rft.isbn=3-11-012624-9&amp;rft.aulast=Draitser&amp;rft.aufirst=Emil&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASatire" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHammer" class="citation cs2">Hammer, Stephanie, <i>Satirizing the Satirist</i></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Satirizing+the+Satirist&amp;rft.aulast=Hammer&amp;rft.aufirst=Stephanie&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASatire" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHighet" class="citation cs2">Highet, Gilbert, <i>Satire</i></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Satire&amp;rft.aulast=Highet&amp;rft.aufirst=Gilbert&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASatire" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKernan" class="citation cs2">Kernan, Alvin, <i>The Cankered Muse</i></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=The+Cankered+Muse&amp;rft.aulast=Kernan&amp;rft.aufirst=Alvin&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASatire" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKindermann1978" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Kindermann, Udo (1978), <i>Satyra. Die Theorie der Satire im Mittellateinischen</i>, Vorstudie zu einer Gattungsgeschichte (in German), Nürnberg</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Satyra.+Die+Theorie+der+Satire+im+Mittellateinischen&amp;rft.series=Vorstudie+zu+einer+Gattungsgeschichte&amp;rft.pub=N%C3%BCrnberg&amp;rft.date=1978&amp;rft.aulast=Kindermann&amp;rft.aufirst=Udo&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASatire" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFΚωστίου2005" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Κωστίου, Αικατερίνη (2005), <i>Εισαγωγή στην Ποιητική της Ανατροπής: σάτιρα, ειρωνεία, παρωδία, χιούμορ</i> (in Greek), Αθήνα: Νεφέλη</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=%CE%95%CE%B9%CF%83%CE%B1%CE%B3%CF%89%CE%B3%CE%AE+%CF%83%CF%84%CE%B7%CE%BD+%CE%A0%CE%BF%CE%B9%CE%B7%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE+%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%82+%CE%91%CE%BD%CE%B1%CF%84%CF%81%CE%BF%CF%80%CE%AE%CF%82%3A+%CF%83%CE%AC%CF%84%CE%B9%CF%81%CE%B1%2C+%CE%B5%CE%B9%CF%81%CF%89%CE%BD%CE%B5%CE%AF%CE%B1%2C+%CF%80%CE%B1%CF%81%CF%89%CE%B4%CE%AF%CE%B1%2C+%CF%87%CE%B9%CE%BF%CF%8D%CE%BC%CE%BF%CF%81&amp;rft.pub=%CE%91%CE%B8%CE%AE%CE%BD%CE%B1%3A+%CE%9D%CE%B5%CF%86%CE%AD%CE%BB%CE%B7&amp;rft.date=2005&amp;rft.aulast=%CE%9A%CF%89%CF%83%CF%84%CE%AF%CE%BF%CF%85&amp;rft.aufirst=%CE%91%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%B5%CF%81%CE%AF%CE%BD%CE%B7&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASatire" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_plot_of_satire">The plot of satire</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Satire&amp;action=edit&amp;section=44" title="Edit section: The plot of satire"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSeidel" class="citation cs2">Seidel, Michael, <i>Satiric Inheritance</i></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Satiric+Inheritance&amp;rft.aulast=Seidel&amp;rft.aufirst=Michael&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASatire" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZdero2008" class="citation cs2">Zdero, Rad (2008), <i>Entopia: Revolution of the Ants</i></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Entopia%3A+Revolution+of+the+Ants&amp;rft.date=2008&amp;rft.aulast=Zdero&amp;rft.aufirst=Rad&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASatire" class="Z3988"></span>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Satire&amp;action=edit&amp;section=45" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <i><b><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Satire" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/Satire">Satire</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/satire" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Special:Search/satire">satire</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Satire" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Satire">Satire</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGarnett,_Richard1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Garnett_(writer)" title="Richard Garnett (writer)">Garnett, Richard</a> (1911). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Satire"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Satire">"Satire"&#160;</a></span>. In <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a> (ed.). <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol.&#160;24 (11th&#160;ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp.&#160;228–229.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.atitle=Satire&amp;rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&amp;rft.pages=228-229&amp;rft.edition=11th&amp;rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&amp;rft.date=1911&amp;rft.au=Garnett%2C+Richard&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASatire" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.parliament.uk/about/living-heritage/evolutionofparliament/parliamentwork/communicating/from-the-parliamentary-collections/furniss1/furniss6/">Harry Furniss Parliamentary Satire Book – 1890s – UK Parliament Living Heritage</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Narrative" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Narrative" title="Template:Narrative"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Narrative" title="Template talk:Narrative"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Narrative" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Narrative"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Narrative" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Narrative" title="Narrative">Narrative</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Character_(arts)" title="Character (arts)">Character</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antagonist" title="Antagonist">Antagonist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archenemy" title="Archenemy">Archenemy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Character_arc" title="Character arc">Character arc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Character_flaw" title="Character flaw">Character flaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Characterization" title="Characterization">Characterization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confidant" title="Confidant">Confidant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deuteragonist" title="Deuteragonist">Deuteragonist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/False_protagonist" title="False protagonist">False protagonist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Focal_character" title="Focal character">Focal character</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foil_(narrative)" title="Foil (narrative)">Foil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_double" title="Gothic double">Gothic double</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hamartia" title="Hamartia">Hamartia</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hero" title="Hero">Hero</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antihero" title="Antihero">Anti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byronic_hero" title="Byronic hero">Byronic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tragic_hero" title="Tragic hero">Tragic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narration" title="Narration">Narrator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protagonist" title="Protagonist">Protagonist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stock_character" title="Stock character">Stock character</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Straight_man" title="Straight man">Straight man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supporting_character" title="Supporting character">Supporting character</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Title_character" title="Title character">Title character</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tritagonist" title="Tritagonist">Tritagonist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Villain" title="Villain">Villain</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Plot_(narrative)" title="Plot (narrative)">Plot</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Ab_ovo" title="Ab ovo">Ab ovo</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Action_(narrative)" title="Action (narrative)">Action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Backstory" title="Backstory">Backstory</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Origin_story" title="Origin story">Origin story</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chekhov%27s_gun" title="Chekhov&#39;s gun">Chekhov's gun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clich%C3%A9" title="Cliché">Cliché</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cliffhanger" title="Cliffhanger">Cliffhanger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conflict_(narrative)" title="Conflict (narrative)">Conflict</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Deus_ex_machina" title="Deus ex machina">Deus ex machina</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dialogue_in_writing" title="Dialogue in writing">Dialogue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dramatic_structure" class="mw-redirect" title="Dramatic structure">Dramatic structure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eucatastrophe" title="Eucatastrophe">Eucatastrophe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreshadowing" title="Foreshadowing">Foreshadowing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flashback_(narrative)" title="Flashback (narrative)">Flashback</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flashforward" title="Flashforward">Flashforward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frame_story" title="Frame story">Frame story</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/In_medias_res" title="In medias res">In medias res</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kish%C5%8Dtenketsu" title="Kishōtenketsu">Kishōtenketsu</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MacGuffin" title="MacGuffin">MacGuffin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pace_(narrative)" title="Pace (narrative)">Pace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plot_device" title="Plot device">Plot device</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plot_twist" title="Plot twist">Plot twist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poetic_justice" title="Poetic justice">Poetic justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_herring" title="Red herring">Red herring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reveal_(narrative)" title="Reveal (narrative)">Reveal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-insertion" title="Self-insertion">Self-insertion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaggy_dog_story" title="Shaggy dog story">Shaggy dog story</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stereotype" title="Stereotype">Stereotype</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Story_arc" title="Story arc">Story arc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Story_within_a_story" title="Story within a story">Story within a story</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subplot" title="Subplot">Subplot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suspense" title="Suspense">Suspense</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trope_(literature)" title="Trope (literature)">Trope</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Setting_(narrative)" title="Setting (narrative)">Setting</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alternate_history" title="Alternate history">Alternate history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Backstory" title="Backstory">Backstory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crossover_(fiction)" title="Crossover (fiction)">Crossover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dream_world_(plot_device)" title="Dream world (plot device)">Dreamworld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dystopia" title="Dystopia">Dystopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fictional_location" title="Fictional location">Fictional location</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fictional_city" class="mw-redirect" title="Fictional city">city</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fictional_country" title="Fictional country">country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fictional_universe" title="Fictional universe">universe</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Parallel_universes_in_fiction" title="Parallel universes in fiction">parallel</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utopia" title="Utopia">Utopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Worldbuilding" title="Worldbuilding">Worldbuilding</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Theme_(narrative)" title="Theme (narrative)">Theme</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Irony" title="Irony">Irony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leitmotif" title="Leitmotif">Leitmotif</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metaphor" title="Metaphor">Metaphor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moral" title="Moral">Moral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moral_development" title="Moral development">Moral development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motif_(narrative)" title="Motif (narrative)">Motif</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deal_with_the_Devil" title="Deal with the Devil">Deal with the Devil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Good_and_evil" title="Good and evil">Conflict between good and evil</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-fulfilling_prophecy" title="Self-fulfilling prophecy">Self-fulfilling prophecy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time_travel" title="Time travel">Time travel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Writing_style" title="Writing style">Style</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allegory" title="Allegory">Allegory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bathos" title="Bathos">Bathos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comic_relief" title="Comic relief">Comic relief</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diction" title="Diction">Diction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Figure_of_speech" title="Figure of speech">Figure of speech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imagery" title="Imagery">Imagery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mode_(literature)" title="Mode (literature)">Mode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mood_(literature)" title="Mood (literature)">Mood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narration" title="Narration">Narration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_narrative_techniques" title="List of narrative techniques">Narrative techniques</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Narrative_hook" title="Narrative hook">Hook</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Show,_don%27t_tell" title="Show, don&#39;t tell">Show, don't tell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stylistic_device" title="Stylistic device">Stylistic device</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suspension_of_disbelief" title="Suspension of disbelief">Suspension of disbelief</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symbolism_(arts)" class="mw-redirect" title="Symbolism (arts)">Symbolism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tone_(literature)" title="Tone (literature)">Tone</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dramatic_structure" class="mw-redirect" title="Dramatic structure">Structure</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Act_(drama)" title="Act (drama)">Act</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dramatic_structure" class="mw-redirect" title="Dramatic structure">Act structure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three-act_structure" title="Three-act structure">Three-act structure</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freytag%27s_Pyramid" class="mw-redirect" title="Freytag&#39;s Pyramid">Freytag's Pyramid</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Exposition_(narrative)" title="Exposition (narrative)">Exposition</a>/<a href="/wiki/Protasis" title="Protasis">Protasis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epitasis" title="Epitasis">Rising action/Epitasis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climax_(narrative)" title="Climax (narrative)">Climax</a>/<a href="/wiki/Peripeteia" title="Peripeteia">Peripeteia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catastasis" title="Catastasis">Falling action/Catastasis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catastrophe_(drama)" title="Catastrophe (drama)">Denouement/Catastrophe</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narrative_structure" class="mw-redirect" title="Narrative structure">Linear narrative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonlinear_narrative" title="Nonlinear narrative">Nonlinear narrative</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_nonlinear_narrative_films" title="List of nonlinear narrative films">films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_nonlinear_narrative_television_series" title="List of nonlinear narrative television series">television series</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Premise_(narrative)" title="Premise (narrative)">Premise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Types_of_fiction_with_multiple_endings" title="Types of fiction with multiple endings">Types of fiction with multiple endings</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_narrative_forms" title="List of narrative forms">Form</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Drama" title="Drama">Drama</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fabliau" title="Fabliau">Fabliau</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flash_fiction" title="Flash fiction">Flash fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folklore" title="Folklore">Folklore</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fable" title="Fable">Fable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fairy_tale" title="Fairy tale">Fairy tale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legend" title="Legend">Legend</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myth" title="Myth">Myth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tall_tale" title="Tall tale">Tall tale</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gamebook" title="Gamebook">Gamebook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narrative_art" title="Narrative art">Narrative art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narrative_poetry" title="Narrative poetry">Narrative poetry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Epic_poetry" title="Epic poetry">Epic poetry</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novel" title="Novel">Novel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novella" title="Novella">Novella</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parable" title="Parable">Parable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Short_story" title="Short story">Short story</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vignette_(literature)" title="Vignette (literature)">Vignette</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Literary_genre" title="Literary genre">Genre</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/List_of_writing_genres" title="List of writing genres">List</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fiction" title="Fiction">Fiction</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Action_fiction" title="Action fiction">Action fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adventure_fiction" title="Adventure fiction">Adventure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comic_novel" title="Comic novel">Comic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_fiction" title="Crime fiction">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Docufiction" title="Docufiction">Docu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epistolary_novel" title="Epistolary novel">Epistolary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ergodic_literature" title="Ergodic literature">Ergodic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erotic_literature" title="Erotic literature">Erotic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_fiction" title="Historical fiction">Historical</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_fiction" title="Western fiction">Western</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mystery_fiction" title="Mystery fiction">Mystery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nautical_fiction" title="Nautical fiction">Nautical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paranoid_fiction" title="Paranoid fiction">Paranoid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophical_fiction" title="Philosophical fiction">Philosophical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Picaresque_novel" title="Picaresque novel">Picaresque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_fiction" title="Political fiction">Political</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pop_culture_fiction" title="Pop culture fiction">Pop culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychological_fiction" title="Psychological fiction">Psychological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inspirational_fiction" title="Inspirational fiction">Religious</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rogue_literature" title="Rogue literature">Rogue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romance_novel" title="Romance novel">Romance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chivalric_romance" title="Chivalric romance">Chivalric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romance_(prose_fiction)" title="Romance (prose fiction)">Prose</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saga" title="Saga">Saga</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Satire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speculative_fiction" title="Speculative fiction">Speculative fiction</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fantasy" title="Fantasy">Fantasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_fiction" title="Gothic fiction">Gothic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Gothic" title="Southern Gothic">Southern</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horror_fiction" title="Horror fiction">Horror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magic_realism" class="mw-redirect" title="Magic realism">Magic realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_fiction" title="Science fiction">Science</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hard_science_fiction" title="Hard science fiction">Hard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utopian_and_dystopian_fiction" title="Utopian and dystopian fiction">Utopian and dystopian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_underwater_science_fiction_works" title="List of underwater science fiction works">Underwater</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superhero_fiction" title="Superhero fiction">Superhero</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theological_fiction" title="Theological fiction">Theological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thriller_(genre)" title="Thriller (genre)">Thriller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_fiction" title="Urban fiction">Urban</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonfiction" class="mw-redirect" title="Nonfiction">Nonfiction</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Autobiography" title="Autobiography">Autobiography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biography" title="Biography">Biography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-fiction_novel" title="Non-fiction novel">Novel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creative_nonfiction" title="Creative nonfiction">Creative</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Narration" title="Narration">Narration</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diegesis" title="Diegesis">Diegesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First-person_narrative" title="First-person narrative">First-person</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second-person_narrative" class="mw-redirect" title="Second-person narrative">Second-person</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third-person_narrative" class="mw-redirect" title="Third-person narrative">Third-person</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Third-person_omniscient_narrative" class="mw-redirect" title="Third-person omniscient narrative">Third-person omniscient narrative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narration#Subjective_or_objective" title="Narration">Subjectivity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unreliable_narrator" title="Unreliable narrator">Unreliable narrator</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiperspectivity" title="Multiperspectivity">Multiple narrators</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stream_of_consciousness" title="Stream of consciousness">Stream of consciousness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stream_of_unconsciousness" title="Stream of unconsciousness">Stream of unconsciousness</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Grammatical_tense" title="Grammatical tense">Tense</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Past_tense" title="Past tense">Past</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Present_tense" title="Present tense">Present</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Future_tense" title="Future tense">Future</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dominant_narrative" title="Dominant narrative">Dominant narrative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiction_writing" title="Fiction writing">Fiction writing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Continuity_(fiction)" title="Continuity (fiction)">Continuity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canon_(fiction)" title="Canon (fiction)">Canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reboot_(fiction)" title="Reboot (fiction)">Reboot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Retroactive_continuity" title="Retroactive continuity">Retcon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parallel_novel" title="Parallel novel">Parallel novel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prequel" title="Prequel">Prequel</a> / <a href="/wiki/Sequel" title="Sequel">Sequel</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genre" title="Genre">Genre</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_genres" title="List of genres">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literary_criticism" title="Literary criticism">Literary science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literary_theory" title="Literary theory">Literary theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narrative_identity" title="Narrative identity">Narrative identity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narrative_paradigm" title="Narrative paradigm">Narrative paradigm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narrative_therapy" title="Narrative therapy">Narrative therapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narratology" title="Narratology">Narratology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Metafiction" title="Metafiction">Metafiction</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_narrative" title="Political narrative">Political narrative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhetoric" title="Rhetoric">Rhetoric</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_rhetorical_terms" title="Glossary of rhetorical terms">Glossary</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Screenwriting" title="Screenwriting">Screenwriting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Works_series" title="Template:Works series">Series of works</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Storytelling" title="Storytelling">Storytelling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tellability" title="Tellability">Tellability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verisimilitude_(fiction)" title="Verisimilitude (fiction)">Verisimilitude</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Modern_satire" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:LitlessSatire" title="Template:LitlessSatire"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:LitlessSatire&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Template talk:LitlessSatire (page does not exist)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:LitlessSatire" title="Special:EditPage/Template:LitlessSatire"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Modern_satire" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Contemporary_satire">Modern satire</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Social</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Religious_satire" title="Religious satire">Religious</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Political_satire" title="Political satire">Political</a></b><br /></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Genres</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Horatian">Horatian</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Juvenalian">Juvenalian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menippean_satire" title="Menippean satire">Menippean</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Media</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/News_satire" title="News satire">News</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satirical_music" title="Satirical music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satire_(film_and_television)" title="Satire (film and television)">TV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satire_(film_and_television)" title="Satire (film and television)">Film</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Contemporary_satire">Other</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Comedy" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Comedy_footer" title="Template:Comedy footer"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Comedy_footer" title="Template talk:Comedy footer"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Comedy_footer" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Comedy footer"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Comedy" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Comedy" title="Comedy">Comedy</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comedian" title="Comedian">Comedian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comedic_device" title="Comedic device">Comedic device</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comedy_festival" title="Comedy festival">Comedy festival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comedy_troupe" title="Comedy troupe">Comedy troupe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comic_timing" title="Comic timing">Comic timing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farce" title="Farce">Farce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humorist" title="Humorist">Humorist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humour" title="Humour">Humour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impersonator" title="Impersonator">Impersonator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impressionist_(entertainment)" title="Impressionist (entertainment)">Impressionist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irony" title="Irony">Irony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joke" title="Joke">Joke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prank_call" title="Prank call">Prank call</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punch_line" title="Punch line">Punch line</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Satire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visual_gag" title="Visual gag">Visual gag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wit" title="Wit">Wit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Word_play" title="Word play">Word play</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Comedy_film" title="Comedy film">Film</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:70px">Country</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0;text-align:left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_comedy_films" title="American comedy films">American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_comedy_films" title="British comedy films">British</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_comedy_films" title="French comedy films">French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commedia_all%27italiana" title="Commedia all&#39;italiana">Italian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:70px">Genre</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0;text-align:left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Action_comedy" title="Action comedy">Action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fantasy_comedy" title="Fantasy comedy">Fantasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comedy_horror" title="Comedy horror">Horror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mockumentary" title="Mockumentary">Mockumentary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parody_film" title="Parody film">Parody</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comedy_of_remarriage" title="Comedy of remarriage">Remarriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romantic_comedy" title="Romantic comedy">Romance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_fiction_comedy" title="Science fiction comedy">Science fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Screwball_comedy" title="Screwball comedy">Screwball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_comedy" title="Sex comedy">Sex</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Commedia_sexy_all%27italiana" title="Commedia sexy all&#39;italiana">Italian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_sex_comedy" title="Mexican sex comedy">Mexican</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silent_comedy" title="Silent comedy">Silent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slapstick_film" title="Slapstick film">Slapstick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stoner_film" title="Stoner film">Stoner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comedy_thriller" title="Comedy thriller">Thriller</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Comedy_(drama)" title="Comedy (drama)">Theatre</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:70px">Country</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0;text-align:left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:70px">Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0;text-align:left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_comedy" title="Ancient Greek comedy">Ancient Greek comedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Com%C3%A9die-Fran%C3%A7aise" title="Comédie-Française">Comédie-Française</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Com%C3%A9die-Italienne" title="Comédie-Italienne">Comédie-Italienne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corral_de_comedias" title="Corral de comedias">Corral de comedias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theatre_of_ancient_Rome" title="Theatre of ancient Rome">Theatre of ancient Rome</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:70px">Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0;text-align:left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_comedy" title="Chinese comedy">China</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Xiangsheng" title="Xiangsheng">Xiangsheng</a></li></ul></li> <li>Hong Kong <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mo_lei_tau" title="Mo lei tau">Mo lei tau</a></li></ul></li> <li>Indonesia <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lenong" title="Lenong">Lenong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludruk" title="Ludruk">Ludruk</a></li></ul></li> <li>Japan <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ky%C5%8Dgen" title="Kyōgen">Kyōgen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manzai" title="Manzai">Manzai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Owarai" title="Owarai">Owarai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rakugo" title="Rakugo">Rakugo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarugaku" title="Sarugaku">Sarugaku</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_comedy" title="Korean comedy">Korea</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:70px">Genre</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0;text-align:left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boulevard_theatre_(aesthetic)" title="Boulevard theatre (aesthetic)">Boulevard theatre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comedy_drama" title="Comedy drama">Comedy drama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comedy_of_humours" title="Comedy of humours">Comedy of humours</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comedy_of_manners" title="Comedy of manners">Comedy of manners</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comedy_of_menace" title="Comedy of menace">Comedy of menace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commedia_dell%27arte" title="Commedia dell&#39;arte">Commedia dell'arte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Double_act" title="Double act">Double act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Improvisational_theatre" title="Improvisational theatre">Improvisational</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macchietta" title="Macchietta">Macchietta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One-person_show" class="mw-redirect" title="One-person show">One-person show</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pantomime" title="Pantomime">Pantomime</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Harlequinade" title="Harlequinade">Harlequinade</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Restoration_comedy" title="Restoration comedy">Restoration comedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sentimental_comedy" title="Sentimental comedy">Sentimental comedy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Com%C3%A9die_larmoyante" title="Comédie larmoyante">Comédie larmoyante</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shadow_play" title="Shadow play">Shadow play</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shakespearean_comedy" title="Shakespearean comedy">Shakespearean comedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sketch_comedy" title="Sketch comedy">Sketch comedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spex_(theatre)" title="Spex (theatre)">Spex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stand-up_comedy" title="Stand-up comedy">Stand-up comedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Street_theatre" title="Street theatre">Street theatre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theatre_of_the_Absurd" class="mw-redirect" title="Theatre of the Absurd">Theatre of the Absurd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tragicomedy" title="Tragicomedy">Tragicomedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaudeville" title="Vaudeville">Vaudeville</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:70px">Music<br />and dance</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0;text-align:left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ballad_opera" title="Ballad opera">Ballad opera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cabaret" title="Cabaret">Cabaret</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caf%C3%A9-chantant" title="Café-chantant">Café-chantant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caf%C3%A9-th%C3%A9%C3%A2tre" title="Café-théâtre">Café-théâtre</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Com%C3%A9die-ballet" title="Comédie-ballet">Comédie-ballet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comedy_club" title="Comedy club">Comedy club</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Light_music" title="Light music">Light music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_hall" title="Music hall">Music hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musical_theatre" title="Musical theatre">Musical theatre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Op%C3%A9ra_bouffe" title="Opéra bouffe">Opéra bouffe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Op%C3%A9ra_bouffon" title="Opéra bouffon">Opéra bouffon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opera_buffa" title="Opera buffa">Opera buffa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Op%C3%A9ra_comique" title="Opéra comique">Opéra comique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operetta" title="Operetta">Operetta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revue" title="Revue">Revue</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Media</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comedy_music" title="Comedy music">Music</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comedy_album" title="Comedy album">Album</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comedy_rock" title="Comedy rock">Rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comedy_hip_hop" title="Comedy hip hop">Hip hop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parody_music" title="Parody music">Parody</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_musical_comedians" title="List of musical comedians">Musical comedians</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comic_novel" title="Comic novel">Novel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_comedy" title="Radio comedy">Radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_comedy" title="Television comedy">Television</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mockumentary" title="Mockumentary">Mockumentary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roast_(comedy)" title="Roast (comedy)">Roast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sitcom" title="Sitcom">Sitcom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Animated_sitcom" title="Animated sitcom">Animated sitcom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_sitcom" title="Black sitcom">Black sitcom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teen_sitcom" title="Teen sitcom">Teen sitcom</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Comedic_genres" title="Comedic genres">Subgenres</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alternative_comedy" title="Alternative comedy">Alternative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_comedy" title="Black comedy">Black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ribaldry" title="Ribaldry">Blue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Character_comedy" title="Character comedy">Character</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_comedy" title="Christian comedy">Christian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clown" title="Clown">Clown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cringe_comedy" title="Cringe comedy">Cringe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deadpan" title="Deadpan">Deadpan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Documentary_comedy" title="Documentary comedy">Documentary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_comedy" title="High comedy">High</a> / <a href="/wiki/Low_comedy" title="Low comedy">low</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insult_comedy" title="Insult comedy">Insult</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Observational_comedy" title="Observational comedy">Observational</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physical_comedy" title="Physical comedy">Physical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prop_comedy" title="Prop comedy">Prop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-referential_humor" title="Self-referential humor">Self-referential</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shock_humour" title="Shock humour">Shock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sick_comedy" title="Sick comedy">Sick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slapstick" title="Slapstick">Slapstick</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_slapstick_comedy_topics" title="List of slapstick comedy topics">Topics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surreal_humour" title="Surreal humour">Surreal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ventriloquism" title="Ventriloquism">Ventriloquism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zombie_comedy" title="Zombie comedy">Zombie</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Comedy" title="Category:Comedy">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Comedy" title="Portal:Comedy">Portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Conformity" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Conformity" title="Template:Conformity"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Conformity" title="Template talk:Conformity"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Conformity" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Conformity"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Conformity" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Conformity" title="Conformity">Conformity</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Enforcement</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Proscription" title="Proscription">Proscription</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Damnatio_memoriae" title="Damnatio memoriae">Damnatio memoriae</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dissident" title="Dissident">Dissident</a> / <a href="/wiki/Dissenter" title="Dissenter">Dissenter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exile" title="Exile">Exile</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Homo_sacer" title="Homo sacer">Homo sacer</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ostracism" title="Ostracism">Ostracism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blacklisting" title="Blacklisting">Blacklisting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cancel_culture" title="Cancel culture">Cancel culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship" title="Censorship">Censorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deplatforming" title="Deplatforming">Deplatforming</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outcast_(person)" title="Outcast (person)">Outcast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outlaw" title="Outlaw">Outlaw</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Civil_death" title="Civil death">Civil death</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vogelfrei" title="Vogelfrei">Vogelfrei</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Persona_non_grata" title="Persona non grata">Persona non grata</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_enemy" title="Public enemy">Public enemy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Enemy_of_the_people" title="Enemy of the people">Enemy of the people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enemy_of_the_state" title="Enemy of the state">Enemy of the state</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scapegoating" title="Scapegoating">Scapegoating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shunning" title="Shunning">Shunning</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Governmental pressure</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Authoritarianism" title="Authoritarianism">Authoritarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalism" title="Nationalism">Nationalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Left-wing_nationalism" title="Left-wing nationalism">Left-wing nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_conservatism" title="National conservatism">National conservatism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Totalitarianism" title="Totalitarianism">Totalitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyranny_of_the_majority" title="Tyranny of the majority">Tyranny of the majority</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Group pressure</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bandwagon_effect" title="Bandwagon effect">Bandwagon effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brainwashing" title="Brainwashing">Brainwashing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Closure_(sociology)" title="Closure (sociology)">Closure (sociology)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_organization#Collectivism_and_individualism" title="Social organization">Collectivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consensus_reality" title="Consensus reality">Consensus reality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_shock" title="Culture shock">Culture shock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dogma" title="Dogma">Dogma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Echo_chamber_(media)" title="Echo chamber (media)">Echo chamber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/False_consensus_effect" title="False consensus effect">False consensus effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fear_of_missing_out" title="Fear of missing out">Fear of missing out</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Groupthink" title="Groupthink">Groupthink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hazing" title="Hazing">Hazing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herd_mentality" title="Herd mentality">Herd mentality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Identification_(psychology)" title="Identification (psychology)">Identification (psychology)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indoctrination" title="Indoctrination">Indoctrination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invented_tradition" title="Invented tradition">Invented tradition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memory_conformity" title="Memory conformity">Memory conformity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mere_exposure_effect" class="mw-redirect" title="Mere exposure effect">Mere exposure effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milieu_control" title="Milieu control">Milieu control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobbing" title="Mobbing">Mobbing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Normalization_(sociology)" title="Normalization (sociology)">Normalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Normative_social_influence" title="Normative social influence">Normative social influence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passing_(sociology)" title="Passing (sociology)">Passing (sociology)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriotism" title="Patriotism">Patriotism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peer_pressure" title="Peer pressure">Peer pressure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pluralistic_ignorance" title="Pluralistic ignorance">Pluralistic ignorance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propaganda" title="Propaganda">Propaganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychosocial" title="Psychosocial">Psychosocial issue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purity_spiral" title="Purity spiral">Purity spiral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operant_conditioning" title="Operant conditioning">Operant conditioning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rally_%27round_the_flag_effect" title="Rally &#39;round the flag effect">Rally 'round the flag effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_construction_of_gender" title="Social construction of gender">Social construction of gender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_contagion" title="Social contagion">Social contagion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Behavioral_addiction" title="Behavioral addiction">Addiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Behavioral_contagion" title="Behavioral contagion">Behavioral</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crime_Contagion_Models" class="mw-redirect" title="Crime Contagion Models">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hysterical_contagion" title="Hysterical contagion">Hysterical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copycat_suicide" title="Copycat suicide">Suicide</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotional_contagion" title="Emotional contagion">Emotional</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_influence" title="Social influence">Social influence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_integration" title="Social integration">Social integration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialization" title="Socialization">Socialization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spiral_of_silence" title="Spiral of silence">Spiral of silence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teasing" title="Teasing">Teasing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toxic_positivity" title="Toxic positivity">Toxic positivity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Untouchability" title="Untouchability">Untouchability</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Individual pressure</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Authoritarian_personality" title="Authoritarian personality">Authoritarian personality</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Authoritarian_leadership_style" title="Authoritarian leadership style">Authoritarian leadership style</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right-wing_authoritarian_personality" class="mw-redirect" title="Right-wing authoritarian personality">Right-wing authoritarian personality</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Control_freak" title="Control freak">Control freak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obsessive%E2%80%93compulsive_personality_disorder" title="Obsessive–compulsive personality disorder">Obsessive–compulsive personality disorder</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Conformity</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Compliance_(psychology)" title="Compliance (psychology)">Compliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communal_reinforcement" title="Communal reinforcement">Communal reinforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Countersignaling" title="Countersignaling">Countersignaling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creeping_normality" title="Creeping normality">Creeping normality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herd_behavior" title="Herd behavior">Herd behavior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internalization_(sociology)" title="Internalization (sociology)">Internalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Normalization_of_deviance" title="Normalization of deviance">Normalization of deviance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obedience_(human_behavior)" class="mw-redirect" title="Obedience (human behavior)">Obedience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preference_falsification" title="Preference falsification">Preference falsification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_proof" title="Social proof">Social proof</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_reality" title="Social reality">Social reality</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Experiments</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asch_conformity_experiments" title="Asch conformity experiments">Asch conformity experiments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breaching_experiment" title="Breaching experiment">Breaching experiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milgram_experiment" title="Milgram experiment">Milgram experiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanford_prison_experiment" title="Stanford prison experiment">Stanford prison experiment</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Anticonformity_(psychology)" title="Anticonformity (psychology)">Anticonformity</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alternative_media" title="Alternative media">Alternative media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-authoritarianism" title="Anti-authoritarianism">Anti-authoritarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-social_behaviour" title="Anti-social behaviour">Anti-social behaviour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auto-segregation" class="mw-redirect" title="Auto-segregation">Auto-segregation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_disobedience" title="Civil disobedience">Civil disobedience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmopolitanism" title="Cosmopolitanism">Cosmopolitanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counterculture" title="Counterculture">Counterculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_jamming" title="Culture jamming">Culture jamming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deviance_(sociology)" title="Deviance (sociology)">Deviance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devil%27s_advocate" title="Devil&#39;s advocate">Devil's advocate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dissent" title="Dissent">Dissent</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Political_dissent" title="Political dissent">Political</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eccentricity_(behavior)" title="Eccentricity (behavior)">Eccentricity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eclecticism" title="Eclecticism">Eclecticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermit" title="Hermit">Hermit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idiosyncrasy" title="Idiosyncrasy">Idiosyncrasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Individualism" title="Individualism">Individualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insubordination" title="Insubordination">Insubordination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pueblo_clown" title="Pueblo clown">Pueblo clown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rebellion" title="Rebellion">Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_team" title="Red team">Red team</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Satire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shock_value" title="Shock value">Shock value</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: National <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q128758#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Satire"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4051752-4">Germany</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Satire"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85117645">United States</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="satira"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&amp;local_base=aut&amp;ccl_term=ica=ph125426&amp;CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&amp;local_base=NLX10&amp;find_code=UID&amp;request=987007558484705171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <!-- NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐api‐int.codfw.main‐664bdf464b‐gccmg Cached time: 20241128191605 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 2.244 seconds Real time usage: 2.521 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 14564/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 395201/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 20142/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 19/100 Expensive parser function count: 17/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 623176/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 1.308/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 9711985/52428800 bytes Lua Profile: MediaWiki\Extension\Scribunto\Engines\LuaSandbox\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction 320 ms 23.2% ? 160 ms 11.6% recursiveClone <mwInit.lua:45> 100 ms 7.2% MediaWiki\Extension\Scribunto\Engines\LuaSandbox\LuaSandboxCallback::getAllExpandedArguments 80 ms 5.8% MediaWiki\Extension\Scribunto\Engines\LuaSandbox\LuaSandboxCallback::gsub 80 ms 5.8% dataWrapper <mw.lua:672> 60 ms 4.3% MediaWiki\Extension\Scribunto\Engines\LuaSandbox\LuaSandboxCallback::getFrameTitle 40 ms 2.9% citation0 <Module:Citation/CS1:2614> 40 ms 2.9% gsub 40 ms 2.9% MediaWiki\Extension\Scribunto\Engines\LuaSandbox\LuaSandboxCallback::find 40 ms 2.9% [others] 420 ms 30.4% Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 1/400 --> <!-- Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 2089.102 1 -total 45.62% 953.085 2 Template:Reflist 19.31% 403.467 75 Template:Citation 9.97% 208.340 22 Template:Cite_book 6.57% 137.290 1 Template:Literature 5.95% 124.248 9 Template:Sfn 4.69% 98.023 7 Template:Fix 4.66% 97.436 1 Template:Short_description 4.01% 83.852 20 Template:Cite_web 3.94% 82.278 16 Template:Cite_news --> <!-- Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:26791-0!canonical and timestamp 20241128191605 and revision id 1258131184. Rendering was triggered because: api-parse --> </div><!--esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> --><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&amp;useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Satire&amp;oldid=1258131184">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Satire&amp;oldid=1258131184</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Satire" title="Category:Satire">Satire</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Film_genres" title="Category:Film genres">Film genres</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Genres" title="Category:Genres">Genres</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Humanities" title="Category:Humanities">Humanities</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Humour" title="Category:Humour">Humour</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Literary_genres" title="Category:Literary genres">Literary genres</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Rhetoric" title="Category:Rhetoric">Rhetoric</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Television_genres" title="Category:Television genres">Television genres</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Theatrical_genres" title="Category:Theatrical genres">Theatrical genres</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_October_2012" title="Category:Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from October 2012">Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from October 2012</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_German-language_sources_(de)" title="Category:CS1 German-language sources (de)">CS1 German-language sources (de)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Spanish-language_sources_(es)" title="Category:CS1 Spanish-language sources (es)">CS1 Spanish-language sources (es)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">CS1 maint: location missing publisher</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Italian-language_sources_(it)" title="Category:CS1 Italian-language sources (it)">CS1 Italian-language sources (it)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1:_abbreviated_year_range" title="Category:CS1: abbreviated year range">CS1: abbreviated year range</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_French-language_sources_(fr)" title="Category:CS1 French-language sources (fr)">CS1 French-language sources (fr)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description matches Wikidata">Short description matches Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_indefinitely_move-protected_pages" title="Category:Wikipedia indefinitely move-protected pages">Wikipedia indefinitely move-protected pages</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_mdy_dates_from_November_2019" title="Category:Use mdy dates from November 2019">Use mdy dates from November 2019</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_using_sidebar_with_the_child_parameter" title="Category:Pages using sidebar with the child parameter">Pages using sidebar with the child parameter</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_specifically_marked_weasel-worded_phrases_from_October_2023" title="Category:Articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases from October 2023">Articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases from October 2023</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_September_2021" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from September 2021">Articles with unsourced statements from September 2021</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_November_2021" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from November 2021">Articles with unsourced statements from November 2021</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Greek-language_sources_(el)" title="Category:CS1 Greek-language sources (el)">CS1 Greek-language sources (el)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Commons_category_link_is_on_Wikidata" title="Category:Commons category link is on Wikidata">Commons category link is on Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_incorporating_a_citation_from_the_1911_Encyclopaedia_Britannica_with_Wikisource_reference" title="Category:Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference">Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 18 November 2024, at 08:04<span class="anonymous-show">&#160;(UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Satire&amp;mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.canary-55c776fcd8-nnp4w","wgBackendResponseTime":185,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"2.244","walltime":"2.521","ppvisitednodes":{"value":14564,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":395201,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":20142,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":19,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":17,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":623176,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 2089.102 1 -total"," 45.62% 953.085 2 Template:Reflist"," 19.31% 403.467 75 Template:Citation"," 9.97% 208.340 22 Template:Cite_book"," 6.57% 137.290 1 Template:Literature"," 5.95% 124.248 9 Template:Sfn"," 4.69% 98.023 7 Template:Fix"," 4.66% 97.436 1 Template:Short_description"," 4.01% 83.852 20 Template:Cite_web"," 3.94% 82.278 16 Template:Cite_news"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"1.308","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":9711985,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"table#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\nanchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"CITEREFAddley2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAldridge1956\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAnderson\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFApte1985\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFArber1875–94\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFArroyoCasanova2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAtkinson1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBabcock1984\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBabcock1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBates1906\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBirberickGanim2002\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFBloom1972\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBloomBloom1979\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBosworth1976\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBranhamKinney1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBrio2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBronowskiMazlish1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChappleHenry1976\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCharles_Press1981\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChatterjee2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFClark1946\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFClark1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFClarkMotto1973\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFClarkMotto1980\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFConnery\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFConneryCombe1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCoppola1958\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFCorum2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCuddon1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDalton2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDavenport1969\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDeloria1969\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDeumert2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDickson2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDobson2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDooley1972\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDraitser1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDryden\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEastman1936\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEhrenberg1962\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFElliott2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFeinberg\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFishin1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFo1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFo1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFoLorch1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFranklin1784\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFrye1957\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFGardiner1911\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGarnett,_Richard1911\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGlionna2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGujarati\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHall1969\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHammer\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHelck1970\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHighet\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHodgartConnery2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHyers1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJaimini2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJonathan_J._Szwec2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJones2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJonsonMiola2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKernan\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKharpertian1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKindermann1978\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKrassner2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKremer2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLee1971\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLeggieri2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLeonardTenneyDavis1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLewellenBohonos2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLichtheim1973\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLipman1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLund2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLuttazzi2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLuttazzi2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLuttazzi2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMartin2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMarzolphvan_LeeuwenWassouf2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMorson1988\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMüller1973\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNash1970\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNicoll1951\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPalmeri2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFParsonsBeals1934\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPetronius1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPietrasik2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPodzemny2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPollard1970\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPremchand\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPremchandGopal\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPritam\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRosenberg1960\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRyan1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSeidel\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSekhri2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShankarji2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSharma2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStein2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSutherland1958\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSutton1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSzabari2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTest1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTyagi\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFUllman1913\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFVuong2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWebber1958\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWilli2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWilson2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYatsko\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYi2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZdero2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZekavat2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFΚωστίου2005\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Blockquote\"] = 17,\n [\"By whom\"] = 1,\n [\"Cbignore\"] = 2,\n [\"Center\"] = 1,\n [\"Circa\"] = 2,\n [\"Citation\"] = 75,\n [\"Citation needed\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite EB1911\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 22,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 13,\n [\"Cite magazine\"] = 4,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 16,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 20,\n [\"Comedy footer\"] = 1,\n [\"Commons category\"] = 1,\n [\"Conformity\"] = 1,\n [\"Fiction writing\"] = 1,\n [\"Harvc\"] = 1,\n [\"ISBN\"] = 6,\n [\"Interlanguage link\"] = 1,\n [\"Literature\"] = 1,\n [\"LitlessSatire\"] = 1,\n [\"Main\"] = 3,\n [\"NoteFoot\"] = 1,\n [\"NoteTag\"] = 1,\n [\"Page needed\"] = 1,\n [\"Performing arts\"] = 1,\n [\"Pp-move\"] = 1,\n [\"Redirect\"] = 1,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 1,\n [\"Refend\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"Rp\"] = 3,\n [\"Rquote\"] = 1,\n [\"See also\"] = 1,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 9,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Use mdy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 8,\n [\"Wikiquote\"] = 1,\n [\"Wiktionary\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\n","limitreport-profile":[["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","320","23.2"],["?","160","11.6"],["recursiveClone \u003CmwInit.lua:45\u003E","100","7.2"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getAllExpandedArguments","80","5.8"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::gsub","80","5.8"],["dataWrapper \u003Cmw.lua:672\u003E","60","4.3"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getFrameTitle","40","2.9"],["citation0 \u003CModule:Citation/CS1:2614\u003E","40","2.9"],["gsub","40","2.9"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::find","40","2.9"],["[others]","420","30.4"]]},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-api-int.codfw.main-664bdf464b-gccmg","timestamp":"20241128191605","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Satire","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Satire","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q128758","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q128758","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2001-10-15T13:38:50Z","dateModified":"2024-11-18T08:04:30Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/2\/29\/Punch.jpg","headline":"literary and art genre with a style of humor based on parody"}</script> </body> </html>

Pages: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10