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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Proto-Mayan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Proto-Mayan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Proto-Mayan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Classic_period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Classic_period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Classic period</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Classic_period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Colonial_period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Colonial_period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Colonial period</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Colonial_period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Modern period</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Genealogy_and_classification" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Genealogy_and_classification"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Genealogy and classification</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Genealogy_and_classification-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Genealogy and classification subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Genealogy_and_classification-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Relations_with_other_families" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Relations_with_other_families"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Relations with other families</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Relations_with_other_families-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Subdivisions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Subdivisions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Subdivisions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Subdivisions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Distribution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Distribution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Distribution</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Distribution-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Distribution subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Distribution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Western_branch" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Western_branch"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Western branch</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Western_branch-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Eastern_branch" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Eastern_branch"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Eastern branch</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Eastern_branch-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Yucatecan_branch" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Yucatecan_branch"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Yucatecan branch</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Yucatecan_branch-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Huastecan_branch" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Huastecan_branch"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Huastecan branch</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Huastecan_branch-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Phonology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Phonology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Phonology</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Phonology-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Phonology subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Phonology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Proto-Mayan_sound_system" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Proto-Mayan_sound_system"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Proto-Mayan sound system</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Proto-Mayan_sound_system-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Phonological_evolution_of_Proto-Mayan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Phonological_evolution_of_Proto-Mayan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Phonological evolution of Proto-Mayan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Phonological_evolution_of_Proto-Mayan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Diphthongs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Diphthongs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Diphthongs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Diphthongs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Grammar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Grammar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Grammar</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Grammar-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Grammar subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Grammar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Word_order" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Word_order"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Word order</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Word_order-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Numeral_classifiers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Numeral_classifiers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Numeral classifiers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Numeral_classifiers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Possession" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Possession"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Possession</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Possession-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Relational_nouns" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Relational_nouns"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Relational nouns</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Relational_nouns-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Subjects_and_objects" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Subjects_and_objects"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.5</span> <span>Subjects and objects</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Subjects_and_objects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Verbs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Verbs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.6</span> <span>Verbs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Verbs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Statives_and_positionals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Statives_and_positionals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.7</span> <span>Statives and positionals</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Statives_and_positionals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Word_formation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Word_formation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.8</span> <span>Word formation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Word_formation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mayan_loanwords" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mayan_loanwords"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Mayan loanwords</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mayan_loanwords-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Writing_systems" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Writing_systems"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Writing systems</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Writing_systems-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Writing systems subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Writing_systems-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Glyphic_writing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Glyphic_writing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Glyphic writing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Glyphic_writing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Colonial_orthography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Colonial_orthography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Colonial orthography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Colonial_orthography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_orthography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_orthography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>Modern orthography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_orthography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Literature</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Notes-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Notes subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Mayan languages</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 68 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-68" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">68 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Majatale" title="Majatale – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Majatale" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%BA%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="لغات المايا – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="لغات المايا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lling%C3%BCes_mayes" title="Llingües mayes – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Llingües mayes" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maja%C3%B1e%27%E1%BA%BDngu%C3%A9ra" title="Majañe'ẽnguéra – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Majañe'ẽnguéra" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maya_dill%C9%99ri" title="Maya dilləri – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Maya dilləri" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%A7_%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%84%D9%84%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="مایا دیللری – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="مایا دیللری" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE_%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%82%E0%A6%B9" title="মায়া ভাষাসমূহ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="মায়া ভাষাসমূহ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%8F%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%96%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%8B" title="Маяскія мовы – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Маяскія мовы" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%8F%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8" title="Маянски езици – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Маянски езици" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lleng%C3%BCes_maies" title="Llengües maies – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Llengües maies" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maysk%C3%A9_jazyky" title="Mayské jazyky – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Mayské jazyky" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayasprog" title="Mayasprog – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Mayasprog" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maya-Sprachen" title="Maya-Sprachen – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Maya-Sprachen" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maaja_keeled" title="Maaja keeled – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Maaja keeled" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%93%CE%BB%CF%8E%CF%83%CF%83%CE%B5%CF%82_%CE%9C%CE%AC%CE%B3%CE%B9%CE%B1" title="Γλώσσες Μάγια – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Γλώσσες Μάγια" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenguas_mayenses" title="Lenguas mayenses – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Lenguas mayenses" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Majaa_lingvaro" title="Majaa lingvaro – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Majaa lingvaro" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maia_hizkuntzak" title="Maia hizkuntzak – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Maia hizkuntzak" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86%E2%80%8C%D9%87%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D9%85%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%8C" title="زبان‌های مایایی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="زبان‌های مایایی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Langues_mayas" title="Langues mayas – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Langues mayas" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teangacha_M%C3%A1igheacha" title="Teangacha Máigheacha – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Teangacha Máigheacha" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87hengaghyn_Mayagh" title="Çhengaghyn Mayagh – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Çhengaghyn Mayagh" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguas_maias" title="Linguas maias – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Linguas maias" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-got mw-list-item"><a href="https://got.wikipedia.org/wiki/%F0%90%8D%82%F0%90%8C%B0%F0%90%8C%B6%F0%90%8C%B3%F0%90%8D%89%F0%90%8D%83_%F0%90%8C%BC%F0%90%8C%B0%F0%90%8C%BE%F0%90%8C%B0%F0%90%8C%B9%F0%90%8C%BD%F0%90%8C%BE%F0%90%8D%89%F0%90%8C%BD%F0%90%8D%83" title="𐍂𐌰𐌶𐌳𐍉𐍃 𐌼𐌰𐌾𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌾𐍉𐌽𐍃 – Gothic" lang="got" hreflang="got" data-title="𐍂𐌰𐌶𐌳𐍉𐍃 𐌼𐌰𐌾𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌾𐍉𐌽𐍃" data-language-autonym="𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺" data-language-local-name="Gothic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A7%88%EC%95%BC%EC%96%B4%EC%A1%B1" title="마야어족 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="마야어족" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Majanski_(jezi%C4%8Dna_porodica)" title="Majanski (jezična porodica) – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Majanski (jezična porodica)" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig mw-list-item"><a href="https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/As%E1%BB%A5s%E1%BB%A5_nd%E1%BB%8B_Maya" title="Asụsụ ndị Maya – Igbo" lang="ig" hreflang="ig" data-title="Asụsụ ndị Maya" data-language-autonym="Igbo" data-language-local-name="Igbo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Igbo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rumpun_bahasa_Maya" title="Rumpun bahasa Maya – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Rumpun bahasa Maya" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingue_maya" title="Lingue maya – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Lingue maya" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A9%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%9E%D7%90%D7%99%D7%94" title="שפות המאיה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="שפות המאיה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ziman%C3%AAn_mayay%C3%AE" title="Zimanên mayayî – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Zimanên mayayî" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%8F_%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8" title="Майя тилдери – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Майя тилдери" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguae_Mayenses" title="Linguae Mayenses – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Linguae Mayenses" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maiju_valodas" title="Maiju valodas – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Maiju valodas" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maj%C5%B3_kalbos" title="Majų kalbos – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Majų kalbos" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayaspraoke" title="Mayaspraoke – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Mayaspraoke" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maia_(linguas)" title="Maia (linguas) – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Maia (linguas)" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maja_nyelvcsal%C3%A1d" title="Maja nyelvcsalád – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Maja nyelvcsalád" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8" title="Мајански јазици – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Мајански јазици" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%BB_%E0%B4%AD%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B7%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%BE" title="മായൻ ഭാഷകൾ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="മായൻ ഭാഷകൾ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%98%E1%83%90%E1%83%A8_%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%A4%E1%83%98" title="მაიაშ ნინეფი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="მაიაშ ნინეფი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Maya" title="Bahasa Maya – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Bahasa Maya" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayatalen" title="Mayatalen – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Mayatalen" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%9E%E3%83%A4%E8%AA%9E%E6%97%8F" title="マヤ語族 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="マヤ語族" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maya_spriaken" title="Maya spriaken – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Maya spriaken" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayiske_spr%C3%A5k" title="Mayiske språk – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Mayiske språk" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayaspr%C3%A5k" title="Mayaspråk – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Mayaspråk" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lengas_maias" title="Lengas maias – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Lengas maias" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenghe_maya" title="Lenghe maya – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Lenghe maya" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C4%99zyki_maja%C5%84skie" title="Języki majańskie – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Języki majańskie" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%ADnguas_maias" title="Línguas maias – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Línguas maias" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limbi_maya%C8%99e" title="Limbi mayașe – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Limbi mayașe" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maya_rimaykuna" title="Maya rimaykuna – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Maya rimaykuna" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%8F%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%B8" title="Майяские языки – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Майяские языки" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayan_languages" title="Mayan languages – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Mayan languages" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maysk%C3%A9_jazyky" title="Mayské jazyky – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Mayské jazyky" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%98%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8" title="Мајански језици – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Мајански језици" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Majanski_jezici" title="Majanski jezici – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Majanski jezici" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayakielet" title="Mayakielet – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Mayakielet" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayaspr%C3%A5k" title="Mayaspråk – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Mayaspråk" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%B4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%8D" title="மாயன் மொழிகள் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="மாயன் மொழிகள்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B2" title="ตระกูลภาษามายา – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ตระกูลภาษามายา" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maya_dilleri" title="Maya dilleri – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Maya dilleri" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%8F%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D1%96_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8" title="Маянські мови – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Маянські мови" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ng%E1%BB%AF_h%E1%BB%87_Maya" title="Ngữ hệ Maya – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Ngữ hệ Maya" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%8E%9B%E9%9B%85%E8%AF%AD%E7%B3%BB" title="玛雅语系 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="玛雅语系" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z%C4%B1wan%C3%AA_Maya" title="Zıwanê Maya – Dimli" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Zıwanê Maya" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Dimli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%A6%AC%E9%9B%85%E8%AA%9E%E7%B3%BB" title="馬雅語系 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="馬雅語系" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q33738#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul 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</div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-featured-star" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Featured_articles*" title="This is a featured article. Click here for more information."><img alt="Featured article" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/20px-Cscr-featured.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/30px-Cscr-featured.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/40px-Cscr-featured.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="466" data-file-height="443" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Language family spoken in Mesoamerica</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Maya language" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Maya_language_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Maya language (disambiguation)">Maya language (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox" style="width:22em;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background-color: #4865bd;">Mayan</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Geographic<br />distribution</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Mesoamerica" title="Mesoamerica">Mesoamerica</a>: Southern <a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a>; <a href="/wiki/Guatemala" title="Guatemala">Guatemala</a>; <a href="/wiki/Belize" title="Belize">Belize</a>; western <a href="/wiki/Honduras" title="Honduras">Honduras</a> and <a href="/wiki/El_Salvador" title="El Salvador">El Salvador</a>; small refugee and emigrant populations, especially in the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> and <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Native speakers</div></th><td class="infobox-data">6.0 million</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Language_family" title="Language family">Linguistic classification</a></th><td class="infobox-data">One of the world's primary <a href="/wiki/Language_family" title="Language family">language families</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Proto-language</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Proto-Mayan_language" title="Proto-Mayan language">Proto-Mayan</a></td></tr><tr class="plainlist"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Subdivisions</th><td class="infobox-data"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Huastecan_languages" title="Huastecan languages">Huastecan</a></li> <li>Core Mayan (all other languages)</li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: #4865bd;">Language codes</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-2" title="ISO 639-2">ISO 639-2</a> / <a href="/wiki/ISO_639-5" title="ISO 639-5">5</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><samp><code><a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/myn" class="extiw" title="iso639-3:myn">myn</a></code></samp></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-3" title="ISO 639-3">ISO 639-3</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data">–</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Glottolog" title="Glottolog">Glottolog</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><samp><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/maya1287">maya1287</a></code></samp></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Distribution-myn2.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Distribution-myn2.png/300px-Distribution-myn2.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Distribution-myn2.png/450px-Distribution-myn2.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Distribution-myn2.png/600px-Distribution-myn2.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="454" /></a></span><div style="text-align:left;">Location of Mayan speaking populations. See <a href="#Distribution">below</a> for a detailed map of the different languages.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This image needs references to reliable sources (December 2022)">image reference needed</span></a></i>]</sup></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol 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.sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239334494">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}</style><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">This article is part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Maya_civilization" title="Category:Maya civilization">a series</a> on the</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background: #50C578;"><a href="/wiki/Maya_civilization" title="Maya civilization"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#FFFFFF">Maya civilization</span></a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:MA_D293_Maya_stone_carving_from_Copan.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Drawing of a Mayan stone carving with elaborate decoration." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/MA_D293_Maya_stone_carving_from_Copan.jpg/260px-MA_D293_Maya_stone_carving_from_Copan.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="76" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/MA_D293_Maya_stone_carving_from_Copan.jpg/390px-MA_D293_Maya_stone_carving_from_Copan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/MA_D293_Maya_stone_carving_from_Copan.jpg/520px-MA_D293_Maya_stone_carving_from_Copan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1774" data-file-height="521" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maya_peoples" title="Maya peoples">People</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_society" title="Maya society">Society</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_script" title="Maya script">Writing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_religion" title="Maya religion">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_mythology" title="Maya mythology">Mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacrifice_in_Maya_culture" title="Sacrifice in Maya culture">Sacrifice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mayan_cities" title="Mayan cities">Cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_architecture" title="Maya architecture">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_astronomy" title="Maya astronomy">Astronomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_calendar" title="Maya calendar">Calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_stelae" title="Maya stelae">Stelae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Maya_art" title="Ancient Maya art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_textiles" title="Maya textiles">Textiles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_in_Maya_civilization" title="Trade in Maya civilization">Trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_music" title="Maya music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_dance" title="Maya dance">Dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_medicine" title="Maya medicine">Medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Maya_cuisine" title="Ancient Maya cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_warfare" title="Maya warfare">Warfare</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Maya_civilization" title="History of the Maya civilization">History</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Preclassic_Maya" title="Preclassic Maya">Preclassic Maya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classic_Maya_collapse" title="Classic Maya collapse">Classic Maya collapse</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_the_Maya" title="Spanish conquest of the Maya">Spanish conquest of the Maya</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_Yucat%C3%A1n" title="Spanish conquest of Yucatán">Yucatán</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_Chiapas" title="Spanish conquest of Chiapas">Chiapas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_Guatemala" title="Spanish conquest of Guatemala">Guatemala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_Pet%C3%A9n" title="Spanish conquest of Petén">Petén</a></li></ul> <hr /></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/M%C3%A1scara_de_Xiuhtecuhtli_Cultura_Azteza-Mixteca_Ars_Summum.JPG/12px-M%C3%A1scara_de_Xiuhtecuhtli_Cultura_Azteza-Mixteca_Ars_Summum.JPG" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/M%C3%A1scara_de_Xiuhtecuhtli_Cultura_Azteza-Mixteca_Ars_Summum.JPG/18px-M%C3%A1scara_de_Xiuhtecuhtli_Cultura_Azteza-Mixteca_Ars_Summum.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/M%C3%A1scara_de_Xiuhtecuhtli_Cultura_Azteza-Mixteca_Ars_Summum.JPG/24px-M%C3%A1scara_de_Xiuhtecuhtli_Cultura_Azteza-Mixteca_Ars_Summum.JPG 2x" data-file-width="972" data-file-height="1296" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Mesoamerica" title="Portal:Mesoamerica">Mesoamerica portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Maya_civilization" title="Template:Maya civilization"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Maya_civilization" title="Template talk:Maya civilization"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Maya_civilization" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Maya civilization"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Mayan languages</b><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>notes 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> form a <a href="/wiki/Language_family" title="Language family">language family</a> spoken in <a href="/wiki/Mesoamerica" title="Mesoamerica">Mesoamerica</a>, both in the south of Mexico and northern <a href="/wiki/Central_America" title="Central America">Central America</a>. Mayan languages are spoken by at least six million <a href="/wiki/Maya_peoples" title="Maya peoples">Maya people</a>, primarily in <a href="/wiki/Guatemala" title="Guatemala">Guatemala</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a>, <a href="/wiki/Belize" title="Belize">Belize</a>, <a href="/wiki/El_Salvador" title="El Salvador">El Salvador</a> and <a href="/wiki/Honduras" title="Honduras">Honduras</a>. In 1996, Guatemala formally recognized 21 Mayan languages by name,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESpenceDyeWorbyde_Leon-Escribano1998_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESpenceDyeWorbyde_Leon-Escribano1998-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>notes 2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Mexico <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Mexico" title="Languages of Mexico">recognizes</a> eight within its territory. </p><p>The Mayan language family is one of the best-documented and most studied in the <a href="/wiki/Americas" title="Americas">Americas</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Campbell_1997,_p.165_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Campbell_1997,_p.165-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Modern Mayan languages descend from the <a href="/wiki/Proto-Mayan_language" title="Proto-Mayan language">Proto-Mayan language</a>, thought to have been spoken at least 5,000 years ago; it has been partially <a href="/wiki/Historical_linguistics" title="Historical linguistics">reconstructed</a> using the <a href="/wiki/Comparative_method_(linguistics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Comparative method (linguistics)">comparative method</a>. The proto-Mayan language diversified into at least six different branches: the <a href="/wiki/Huastecan_languages" title="Huastecan languages">Huastecan</a>, <a href="/wiki/K%CA%BCiche%CA%BC_language" title="Kʼicheʼ language">Quichean</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yucatecan_languages" title="Yucatecan languages">Yucatecan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Q%CA%BCanjob%CA%BCal_language" title="Qʼanjobʼal language">Qanjobalan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mamean_languages" title="Mamean languages">Mamean</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ch%CA%BColan_languages" title="Chʼolan languages">Chʼolan–Tzeltalan</a> branches. </p><p>Mayan languages form part of the <a href="/wiki/Mesoamerican_language_area" title="Mesoamerican language area">Mesoamerican language area</a>, an <a href="/wiki/Sprachbund" title="Sprachbund">area of linguistic convergence</a> developed throughout millennia of interaction between the peoples of Mesoamerica. All Mayan languages display the basic diagnostic traits of this linguistic area. For example, all use <a href="/wiki/Relational_noun" title="Relational noun">relational nouns</a> instead of <a href="/wiki/Preposition" class="mw-redirect" title="Preposition">prepositions</a> to indicate spatial relationships. They also possess <a href="/wiki/Grammar" title="Grammar">grammatical</a> and <a href="/wiki/Linguistic_typology" title="Linguistic typology">typological</a> features that set them apart from other languages of Mesoamerica, such as the use of <a href="/wiki/Ergative%E2%80%93absolutive_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ergative–absolutive language">ergativity</a> in the grammatical treatment of verbs and their subjects and objects, specific inflectional categories on verbs, and a special <a href="/wiki/Lexical_category" class="mw-redirect" title="Lexical category">word class</a> of "positionals" which is typical of all Mayan languages. </p><p>During the <a href="/wiki/Pre-Columbian_era" title="Pre-Columbian era">pre-Columbian era</a> of <a href="/wiki/Mesoamerican_chronology" title="Mesoamerican chronology">Mesoamerican history</a>, some Mayan languages were written in the <a href="/wiki/Logogram" title="Logogram">logo-syllabic</a> <a href="/wiki/Maya_script" title="Maya script">Maya script</a>. Its use was particularly widespread during the <a href="/wiki/Maya_civilization#Classic_period_(c._250–900_AD)" title="Maya civilization">Classic period</a> of Maya civilization (c. 250–900). The surviving corpus of over 5,000 known individual Maya inscriptions on buildings, monuments, pottery and bark-paper <a href="/wiki/Maya_codices" title="Maya codices">codices</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKettunenHelmke20206_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKettunenHelmke20206-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> combined with the rich post-Conquest <a href="/wiki/Mesoamerican_literature" title="Mesoamerican literature">literature in Mayan languages</a> written in the <a href="/wiki/Latin_script" title="Latin script">Latin script</a>, provides a basis for the modern understanding of pre-Columbian history unparalleled in the Americas. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mayan_languages&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Proto-Mayan">Proto-Mayan</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mayan_languages&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Proto-Mayan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mayan_Language_Migration_Map.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Mayan_Language_Migration_Map.svg/360px-Mayan_Language_Migration_Map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="360" height="264" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Mayan_Language_Migration_Map.svg/540px-Mayan_Language_Migration_Map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Mayan_Language_Migration_Map.svg/720px-Mayan_Language_Migration_Map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="470" /></a><figcaption>Approximate migration routes and dates for various Mayan language families. The region shown as Proto-Mayan is now occupied by speakers of the Qʼanjobalan branch (light blue in other figures).<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>notes 3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Mayan languages are the descendants of a <a href="/wiki/Proto-language" title="Proto-language">proto-language</a> called Proto-Mayan or, in Kʼicheʼ Maya, <i>Nabʼee Mayaʼ Tzij</i> ("the old Maya Language").<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEngland1994_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEngland1994-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Proto-Mayan language is believed to have been spoken in the Cuchumatanes highlands of central Guatemala in an area corresponding roughly to where Qʼanjobalan is spoken today.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECampbell1997165_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECampbell1997165-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The earliest proposal which identified the Chiapas-Guatemalan highlands as the likely "cradle" of Mayan languages was published by the German antiquarian and scholar <a href="/wiki/Karl_Sapper" title="Karl Sapper">Karl Sapper</a> in 1912.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>notes 4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Terrence_Kaufman" title="Terrence Kaufman">Terrence Kaufman</a> and John Justeson have reconstructed more than 3000 lexical items for the proto-Mayan language.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKaufmanwith_Justeson2003_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKaufmanwith_Justeson2003-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to the prevailing classification scheme by <a href="/wiki/Lyle_Campbell" title="Lyle Campbell">Lyle Campbell</a> and Terrence Kaufman, the first division occurred around 2200 BCE, when Huastecan split away from Mayan proper after its speakers moved northwest along the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_Coast_of_Mexico" class="mw-redirect" title="Gulf Coast of Mexico">Gulf Coast of Mexico</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECampbellKaufman1985_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECampbellKaufman1985-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Proto-Yucatecan and Proto-Chʼolan speakers subsequently split off from the main group and moved north into the <a href="/wiki/Yucat%C3%A1n_Peninsula" title="Yucatán Peninsula">Yucatán Peninsula</a>. Speakers of the western branch moved south into the areas now inhabited by Mamean and Quichean people. When speakers of proto-Tzeltalan later separated from the Chʼolan group and moved south into the <a href="/wiki/Chiapas_Highlands" title="Chiapas Highlands">Chiapas Highlands</a>, they came into contact with speakers of <a href="/wiki/Mixe%E2%80%93Zoque_languages" title="Mixe–Zoque languages">Mixe–Zoque languages</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKaufman1976_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKaufman1976-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to an alternative theory by Robertson and <a href="/wiki/Stephen_D._Houston" title="Stephen D. Houston">Houston</a>, Huastecan stayed in the Guatemalan highlands with speakers of Chʼolan–Tzeltalan, separating from that branch at a much later date than proposed by Kaufman.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobertsonHouston2002_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobertsonHouston2002-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the Archaic period (before 2000 BCE), a number of <a href="/wiki/Loanword" title="Loanword">loanwords</a> from Mixe–Zoquean languages seem to have entered the proto-Mayan language. This has led to hypotheses that the early Maya were dominated by speakers of Mixe–Zoquean languages, possibly the <a href="/wiki/Olmec" class="mw-redirect" title="Olmec">Olmec</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>notes 5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the case of the <a href="/wiki/Xincan_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Xincan language">Xincan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lencan_languages" title="Lencan languages">Lencan languages</a>, on the other hand, Mayan languages are more often the source than the receiver of loanwords. Mayan language specialists such as Campbell believe this suggests a period of intense contact between Maya and the <a href="/wiki/Lenca_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Lenca people">Lencan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Xinca_people" title="Xinca people">Xinca people</a>, possibly during the Classic period (250–900).<sup id="cite_ref-Campbell_1997,_p.165_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Campbell_1997,_p.165-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Classic_period">Classic period</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mayan_languages&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Classic period"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Palenque_glyphs-edit1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Palenque_glyphs-edit1.jpg/400px-Palenque_glyphs-edit1.jpg" decoding="async" width="400" height="279" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Palenque_glyphs-edit1.jpg/600px-Palenque_glyphs-edit1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Palenque_glyphs-edit1.jpg/800px-Palenque_glyphs-edit1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="896" data-file-height="624" /></a><figcaption>Classic period Maya glyphs in stucco at the <i>Museo de sitio</i> in <a href="/wiki/Palenque" title="Palenque">Palenque</a>, Mexico</figcaption></figure> <p>During the Classic period the major branches began diversifying into separate languages. The split between Proto-Yucatecan (in the north, that is, the Yucatán Peninsula) and Proto-Chʼolan (in the south, that is, the Chiapas highlands and <a href="/wiki/Pet%C3%A9n_Basin" title="Petén Basin">Petén Basin</a>) had already occurred by the Classic period, when most extant <a href="#Glyphic_writing">Maya inscriptions</a> were written. Both variants are attested in hieroglyphic inscriptions at the <a href="/wiki/List_of_Maya_sites" title="List of Maya sites">Maya sites</a> of the time, and both are commonly referred to as "<a href="/wiki/Classic_Maya_language" title="Classic Maya language">Classic Maya language</a>". Although a single prestige language was by far the most frequently recorded on extant hieroglyphic texts, evidence for at least three different varieties of Mayan have been discovered within the hieroglyphic corpus—an Eastern Chʼolan variety found in texts written in the southern Maya area and the highlands, a Western Chʼolan variety diffused from the Usumacinta region from the mid-7th century on,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHrubyChild2004_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHrubyChild2004-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and a Yucatecan variety found in the texts from the Yucatán Peninsula.<sup id="cite_ref-Kettunen_&_Helmke_2020_p._13_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kettunen_&_Helmke_2020_p._13-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The reason why only few linguistic varieties are found in the glyphic texts is probably that these served as <a href="/wiki/Prestige_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Prestige dialect">prestige dialects</a> throughout the Maya region; hieroglyphic texts would have been composed in the language of the elite.<sup id="cite_ref-Kettunen_&_Helmke_2020_p._13_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kettunen_&_Helmke_2020_p._13-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Stephen Houston, John Robertson and David Stuart have suggested that the specific variety of Chʼolan found in the majority of Southern Lowland glyphic texts was a language they dub "Classic Chʼoltiʼan", the ancestor language of the modern <a href="/wiki/Ch%CA%BCorti%CA%BC_language" title="Chʼortiʼ language">Chʼortiʼ</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ch%CA%BColti%CA%BC_language" title="Chʼoltiʼ language">Chʼoltiʼ languages</a>. They propose that it originated in western and south-central Petén Basin, and that it was used in the inscriptions and perhaps also spoken by elites and priests.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoustonRobertsonStuart2000_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoustonRobertsonStuart2000-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, Mora-Marín has argued that traits shared by Classic Lowland Maya and the Chʼoltiʼan languages are retentions rather than innovations, and that the diversification of Chʼolan in fact post-dates the classic period. The language of the classical lowland inscriptions then would have been proto-Chʼolan.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMora-Marín2009_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMora-Marín2009-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Colonial_period">Colonial period</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mayan_languages&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Colonial period"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During the Spanish colonization of Central America, all <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_languages_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous languages of the Americas">indigenous</a> languages were eclipsed by <a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a>, which became the new prestige language. The use of Mayan languages came to an end in many important domains of society, including administration, religion and literature. Yet the Maya area was more resistant to outside influence than others,<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>notes 6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and perhaps for this reason, many Maya communities still retain a high proportion of <a href="/wiki/Monolingual" class="mw-redirect" title="Monolingual">monolingual</a> speakers. The Maya area is now dominated by the Spanish language. While a number of Mayan languages are <a href="/wiki/Moribund_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Moribund language">moribund</a> or are considered <a href="/wiki/Endangered_language" title="Endangered language">endangered</a>, others remain quite viable, with speakers across all age groups and native language use in all domains of society.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>notes 7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern_period">Modern period</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mayan_languages&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Modern period"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Idioma_Chuj.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Idioma_Chuj.JPG/220px-Idioma_Chuj.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="338" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Idioma_Chuj.JPG/330px-Idioma_Chuj.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Idioma_Chuj.JPG/440px-Idioma_Chuj.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1029" data-file-height="1579" /></a><figcaption>Drawing with text written in the Chuj language from Ixcán, Guatemala.</figcaption></figure> <p>As Maya archaeology advanced during the 20th century and <a href="/wiki/Nationalist" class="mw-redirect" title="Nationalist">nationalist</a> and ethnic-pride-based ideologies spread, the Mayan-speaking peoples began to develop a shared <a href="/wiki/Ethnic" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic">ethnic</a> identity as Maya, the heirs of the <a href="/wiki/Maya_civilization" title="Maya civilization">Maya civilization</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>notes 8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The word "Maya" was likely derived from the postclassical Yucatán city of <a href="/wiki/Mayapan" title="Mayapan">Mayapan</a>; its more restricted meaning in pre-colonial and colonial times points to an origin in a particular region of the Yucatán Peninsula. The broader meaning of "Maya" now current, while defined by linguistic relationships, is also used to refer to ethnic or cultural traits. Most Maya identify first and foremost with a particular ethnic group, e.g. as "Yucatec" or "Kʼicheʼ"; but they also recognize a shared Maya kinship.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChoi2002_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChoi2002-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Language has been fundamental in defining the boundaries of that kinship. Fabri writes: "The term Maya is problematic because Maya peoples do not constitute a homogeneous identity. Maya, rather, has become a strategy of self-representation for the Maya movements and its followers. The Academia de Lenguas Mayas de Guatemala (ALMG) finds twenty-one distinct Mayan languages."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFabri200361._n1_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFabri200361._n1-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This pride in unity has led to an insistence on the distinctions of different Mayan languages, some of which are so closely related that they could easily be referred to as <a href="/wiki/Dialects" class="mw-redirect" title="Dialects">dialects</a> of a single language. But, given that the term "dialect" has been used by some with <a href="/wiki/Racism" title="Racism">racialist</a> overtones in the past, as scholars made a spurious distinction between Amerindian "dialects" and European "languages", the preferred usage in Mesoamerica in recent years has been to designate the linguistic varieties spoken by different ethnic group as separate languages.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>notes 9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Guatemala, matters such as developing standardized orthographies for the Mayan languages are governed by the <a href="/wiki/Academia_de_Lenguas_Mayas_de_Guatemala" title="Academia de Lenguas Mayas de Guatemala">Academia de Lenguas Mayas de Guatemala</a> (ALMG; Guatemalan Academy of Mayan Languages), which was founded by Maya organisations in 1986. Following the 1996 <a href="/wiki/Guatemalan_Civil_War" title="Guatemalan Civil War">peace accords</a>, it has been gaining a growing recognition as the regulatory authority on Mayan languages both among Mayan scholars and the Maya peoples.<sup id="cite_ref-French_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-French-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-England2007_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-England2007-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Genealogy_and_classification">Genealogy and classification</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mayan_languages&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Genealogy and classification"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_Mayan_languages" title="List of Mayan languages">List of Mayan languages</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Relations_with_other_families">Relations with other families</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mayan_languages&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Relations with other families"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Mayan language family has no demonstrated <a href="/wiki/Genetic_relationship_(linguistics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Genetic relationship (linguistics)">genetic relationship</a> to other language families. Similarities with some languages of Mesoamerica are understood to be due to diffusion of linguistic traits from neighboring languages into Mayan and not to common ancestry. Mesoamerica has been proven to be an area of substantial linguistic diffusion.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECampbellKaufmanSmith-Stark1986_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECampbellKaufmanSmith-Stark1986-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A wide range of proposals have tried to link the Mayan family to other language families or <a href="/wiki/Language_isolate" title="Language isolate">isolates</a>, but none is generally supported by linguists. Examples include linking Mayan with the <a href="/wiki/Uru%E2%80%93Chipaya_languages" title="Uru–Chipaya languages">Uru–Chipaya languages</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mapuche_language" title="Mapuche language">Mapuche</a>, the Lencan languages, <a href="/wiki/Pur%C3%A9pecha_language" title="Purépecha language">Purépecha</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Huave_language" title="Huave language">Huave</a>. Mayan has also been included in various <a href="/wiki/Hokan_languages" title="Hokan languages">Hokan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Penutian_languages" title="Penutian languages">Penutian</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Siouan" class="mw-redirect" title="Siouan">Siouan</a> hypotheses. The linguist <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Greenberg" title="Joseph Greenberg">Joseph Greenberg</a> included Mayan in his highly controversial <a href="/wiki/Amerind_languages" title="Amerind languages">Amerind hypothesis</a>, which is rejected by most <a href="/wiki/Historical_linguistics" title="Historical linguistics">historical linguists</a> as unsupported by available evidence.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECampbell1997''passim''_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECampbell1997''passim''-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Writing in 1997, <a href="/wiki/Lyle_Campbell" title="Lyle Campbell">Lyle Campbell</a>, an expert in Mayan languages and historical linguistics, argued that the most promising proposal is the "<a href="/wiki/Macro-Mayan_languages" title="Macro-Mayan languages">Macro-Mayan</a>" hypothesis, which posits links between Mayan, the <a href="/wiki/Mixe%E2%80%93Zoque_languages" title="Mixe–Zoque languages">Mixe–Zoque languages</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Totonacan_languages" title="Totonacan languages">Totonacan languages</a>, but more research is needed to support or disprove this hypothesis.<sup id="cite_ref-Campbell_1997,_p.165_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Campbell_1997,_p.165-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2015, Campbell noted that recent evidence presented by David Mora-Marin makes the case for a relationship between Mayan and Mixe-Zoquean languages "much more plausible".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMora-Marín2016_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMora-Marín2016-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECampbell201554_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECampbell201554-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Subdivisions">Subdivisions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mayan_languages&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Subdivisions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Mayan family consists of thirty languages. Typically, these languages are grouped into 5–6 major subgroups (Yucatecan, Huastecan, Chʼolan–Tzeltalan, Qʼanjobʼalan, Mamean, and Kʼichean).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECampbellKaufman1985_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECampbellKaufman1985-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECampbell2015_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECampbell2015-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBennettCoonHenderson2015_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBennettCoonHenderson2015-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Mayan language family is extremely well documented, and its internal genealogical classification scheme is widely accepted and established, except for some minor unresolved differences.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELaw2013_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELaw2013-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>One point still at issue is the position of Chʼolan and Qʼanjobalan–Chujean. Some scholars think these form a separate Western branch<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECampbellKaufman1985_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECampbellKaufman1985-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (as in the diagram below). Other linguists do not support the positing of an especially close relationship between Chʼolan and Qʼanjobalan–Chujean; consequently they classify these as two distinct branches emanating directly from the proto-language.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobertson1977_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobertson1977-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An alternative proposed classification groups the Huastecan branch as springing from the Chʼolan–Tzeltalan node, rather than as an outlying branch springing directly from the proto-Mayan node.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobertsonHouston2002_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobertsonHouston2002-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoustonRobertsonStuart2000_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoustonRobertsonStuart2000-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Mayan_languages_tree_en.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Genealogy of Mayan languages."><img alt="Genealogy of Mayan languages." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Mayan_languages_tree_en.svg/710px-Mayan_languages_tree_en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="710" height="502" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Mayan_languages_tree_en.svg/1065px-Mayan_languages_tree_en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Mayan_languages_tree_en.svg/1420px-Mayan_languages_tree_en.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1052" data-file-height="744" /></a><figcaption>Genealogy of Mayan languages.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Distribution">Distribution</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mayan_languages&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Distribution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_Mayan_languages" title="List of Mayan languages">List of Mayan languages</a></div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:292px;max-width:292px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:290px;max-width:290px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:253px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mayan_languages_map.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Mayan_languages_map.svg/288px-Mayan_languages_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="288" height="254" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Mayan_languages_map.svg/432px-Mayan_languages_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Mayan_languages_map.svg/576px-Mayan_languages_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="502" data-file-height="442" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Present geographic distribution of Mayan languages in Mexico and Central America</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:290px;max-width:290px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:359px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mayan_Language_Map.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Mayan_Language_Map.png/288px-Mayan_Language_Map.png" decoding="async" width="288" height="360" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Mayan_Language_Map.png/432px-Mayan_Language_Map.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Mayan_Language_Map.png/576px-Mayan_Language_Map.png 2x" data-file-width="1559" data-file-height="1947" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Map of Mayan language communities—font size indicates relative size of speaker population. (Yucatec and Kʼicheʼ with 900,000 and 400,000 speakers respectively; 100,000–500,000 speakers; 10,000–100,000 speakers; and under 10,000 speakers.)<sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This image needs references to reliable sources (December 2022)">image reference needed</span></a></i>]</sup></div></div></div></div></div> <p>Studies estimate that Mayan languages are spoken by more than six million people. Most of them live in Guatemala where, depending on estimates, 40%–60% of the population speaks a Mayan language. In Mexico the Mayan speaking population was estimated at 2.5 million people in 2010, whereas the Belizean speaker population figures around 30,000.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBennettCoonHenderson2015_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBennettCoonHenderson2015-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Western_branch">Western branch</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mayan_languages&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Western branch"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Chʼolan languages were formerly widespread throughout the Maya area, but today the language with most speakers is <a href="/wiki/Ch%CA%BCol_language" title="Chʼol language">Chʼol</a>, spoken by 130,000 in Chiapas.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its closest relative, the <a href="/wiki/Chontal_Maya_language" title="Chontal Maya language">Chontal Maya language</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>notes 10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is spoken by 55,000<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in the state of <a href="/wiki/Tabasco" title="Tabasco">Tabasco</a>. Another related language, now endangered, is <a href="/wiki/Ch%CA%BCorti%CA%BC_language" title="Chʼortiʼ language">Chʼortiʼ</a>, which is spoken by 30,000 in Guatemala.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was previously also spoken in the extreme west of <a href="/wiki/Honduras" title="Honduras">Honduras</a> and <a href="/wiki/El_Salvador" title="El Salvador">El Salvador</a>, but the Salvadorian variant is now extinct and the Honduran one is considered moribund. <a href="/wiki/Ch%CA%BColti%CA%BC_language" title="Chʼoltiʼ language">Chʼoltiʼ</a>, a sister language of Chʼortiʼ, is also extinct.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECampbellKaufman1985_11-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECampbellKaufman1985-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Chʼolan languages are believed to be the most conservative in vocabulary and phonology, and are closely related to the <a href="/wiki/Classic_Maya_language" title="Classic Maya language">language of the Classic-era inscriptions</a> found in the Central Lowlands. They may have served as prestige languages, coexisting with other dialects in some areas. This assumption provides a plausible explanation for the geographical distance between the Chʼortiʼ zone and the areas where Chʼol and Chontal are spoken.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKettunenHelmke202013_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKettunenHelmke202013-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The closest relatives of the Chʼolan languages are the languages of the Tzeltalan branch, <a href="/wiki/Tzotzil_language" title="Tzotzil language">Tzotzil</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tzeltal_language" title="Tzeltal language">Tzeltal</a>, both spoken in Chiapas by large and stable or growing populations (265,000 for Tzotzil and 215,000 for <a href="/wiki/Tzeltal_people" title="Tzeltal people">Tzeltal</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tzeltal has tens of thousands of monolingual speakers.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Q%CA%BCanjob%CA%BCal_language" title="Qʼanjobʼal language">Qʼanjobʼal</a> is spoken by 77,700 in Guatemala's <a href="/wiki/Huehuetenango" title="Huehuetenango">Huehuetenango</a> department,<sup id="cite_ref-Gordon,_Raymond_G._2005_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gordon,_Raymond_G._2005-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with small populations elsewhere. The region of Qʼanjobalan speakers in Guatemala, due to genocidal policies during the <a href="/wiki/Guatemalan_Civil_War" title="Guatemalan Civil War">Civil War</a> and its close proximity to the <a href="/wiki/Guatemala%E2%80%93Mexico_border" title="Guatemala–Mexico border">Mexican border</a>, was the source of a number of refugees. Thus there are now small Qʼanjobʼal, Jakaltek, and Akatek populations in various locations in Mexico, the United States (such as <a href="/wiki/Tuscarawas_County,_Ohio" title="Tuscarawas County, Ohio">Tuscarawas County, Ohio</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESolá2011_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESolá2011-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Los Angeles, California<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPopkin2005_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPopkin2005-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>), and, through postwar resettlement, other parts of Guatemala.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERao2015_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERao2015-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Jakaltek_language" title="Jakaltek language">Jakaltek</a> (also known as Poptiʼ<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) is spoken by almost 100,000 in several municipalities<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> of <a href="/wiki/Huehuetenango" title="Huehuetenango">Huehuetenango</a>. Another member of this branch is <a href="/wiki/Akatek_language" title="Akatek language">Akatek</a>, with over 50,000 speakers in <a href="/wiki/San_Miguel_Acat%C3%A1n" title="San Miguel Acatán">San Miguel Acatán</a> and <a href="/wiki/San_Rafael_La_Independencia" title="San Rafael La Independencia">San Rafael La Independencia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Chuj_language" title="Chuj language">Chuj</a> is spoken by 40,000 people in Huehuetenango, and by 9,500 people, primarily refugees, over the border in Mexico, in the municipality of <a href="/wiki/La_Trinitaria,_Mexico" class="mw-redirect" title="La Trinitaria, Mexico">La Trinitaria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chiapas" title="Chiapas">Chiapas</a>, and the villages of Tziscau and Cuauhtémoc. <a href="/wiki/Tojolabal_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Tojolabal language">Tojolabʼal</a> is spoken in eastern Chiapas by 36,000 people.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Eastern_branch">Eastern branch</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mayan_languages&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Eastern branch"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Quichean–Mamean languages and dialects, with two sub-branches and three subfamilies, are spoken in the <a href="/wiki/Guatemalan_Highlands" title="Guatemalan Highlands">Guatemalan highlands</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Q%CA%BCeqchi%CA%BC_language" title="Qʼeqchiʼ language">Qʼeqchiʼ</a> (sometimes spelled Kekchi), which constitutes its own sub-branch within Quichean–Mamean, is spoken by about 800,000 people in the southern <a href="/wiki/Pet%C3%A9n_(department)" class="mw-redirect" title="Petén (department)">Petén</a>, <a href="/wiki/Izabal_Department" title="Izabal Department">Izabal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alta_Verapaz" class="mw-redirect" title="Alta Verapaz">Alta Verapaz</a> departments of Guatemala, and also in Belize by 9,000 speakers. In El Salvador it is spoken by 12,000 as a result of recent migrations.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Uspantek_language" title="Uspantek language">Uspantek language</a>, which also springs directly from the Quichean–Mamean node, is native only to the <a href="/wiki/Uspant%C3%A1n" title="Uspantán">Uspantán</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Municipalities_of_Guatemala" title="Municipalities of Guatemala">municipio</a></i> in the department of <a href="/wiki/Quich%C3%A9_(department)" class="mw-redirect" title="Quiché (department)">El Quiché</a>, and has 3,000 speakers.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Within the Quichean sub-branch <a href="/wiki/K%CA%BCiche%CA%BC_language" title="Kʼicheʼ language">Kʼicheʼ (Quiché)</a>, the Mayan language with the largest number of speakers, is spoken by around 1,000,000 <a href="/wiki/K%CA%BCiche%CA%BC_people" title="Kʼicheʼ people">Kʼicheʼ Maya</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Guatemala" title="Guatemala">Guatemalan</a> highlands, around the towns of <a href="/wiki/Chichicastenango" title="Chichicastenango">Chichicastenango</a> and <a href="/wiki/Quetzaltenango" title="Quetzaltenango">Quetzaltenango</a> and in the <a href="/wiki/Sierra_de_los_Cuchumatanes" title="Sierra de los Cuchumatanes">Cuchumatán mountains</a>, as well as by urban emigrants in <a href="/wiki/Guatemala_City" title="Guatemala City">Guatemala City</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Gordon,_Raymond_G._2005_42-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gordon,_Raymond_G._2005-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The famous Maya mythological document, <i><a href="/wiki/Popol_Vuh" title="Popol Vuh">Popol Vuh</a></i>, is written in an antiquated Kʼicheʼ often called <a href="/wiki/Classical_K%CA%BCiche%CA%BC_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Classical Kʼicheʼ language">Classical Kʼicheʼ (or Quiché)</a>. The <a href="/wiki/K%CA%BCiche%CA%BC_Kingdom_of_Q%CA%BCumarkaj" class="mw-redirect" title="Kʼicheʼ Kingdom of Qʼumarkaj">Kʼicheʼ culture</a> was at its pinnacle at the time of the Spanish conquest. <a href="/wiki/Q%CA%BCumarkaj" title="Qʼumarkaj">Qʼumarkaj</a>, near the present-day city of <a href="/wiki/Santa_Cruz_del_Quich%C3%A9" title="Santa Cruz del Quiché">Santa Cruz del Quiché</a>, was its economic and ceremonial center.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEdmonson1968250–251_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdmonson1968250–251-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Achi_language" title="Achi language">Achi</a> is spoken by 85,000 people in <a href="/wiki/Cubulco" title="Cubulco">Cubulco</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rabinal" title="Rabinal">Rabinal</a>, two <i>municipios</i> of <a href="/wiki/Baja_Verapaz" class="mw-redirect" title="Baja Verapaz">Baja Verapaz</a>. In some classifications, e.g. the one by <a href="/wiki/Lyle_Campbell" title="Lyle Campbell">Campbell</a>, Achi is counted as a form of Kʼicheʼ. However, owing to a historical division between the two ethnic groups, the Achi Maya do not regard themselves as Kʼicheʼ.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>notes 11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Kaqchikel_language" title="Kaqchikel language">Kaqchikel language</a> is spoken by about 400,000 people in an area stretching from Guatemala City westward to the northern shore of <a href="/wiki/Lago_de_Atitl%C3%A1n" class="mw-redirect" title="Lago de Atitlán">Lake Atitlán</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Tz%CA%BCutujil_language" title="Tzʼutujil language">Tzʼutujil</a> has about 90,000 speakers in the vicinity of Lake Atitlán.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other members of the Kʼichean branch are <a href="/wiki/Sakapultek_language" title="Sakapultek language">Sakapultek</a>, spoken by about 15,000 people mostly in <a href="/wiki/El_Quich%C3%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="El Quiché">El Quiché</a> department,<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Sipakapense_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sipakapense language">Sipakapense</a>, which is spoken by 8,000 people in <a href="/wiki/Sipacapa" title="Sipacapa">Sipacapa</a>, <a href="/wiki/San_Marcos_(department)" class="mw-redirect" title="San Marcos (department)">San Marcos</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The largest language in the Mamean sub-branch is <a href="/wiki/Mam_language" title="Mam language">Mam</a>, spoken by 478,000 people in the departments of San Marcos and Huehuetenango. <a href="/wiki/Awakatek_language" title="Awakatek language">Awakatek</a> is the language of 20,000 inhabitants of central <a href="/wiki/Aguacat%C3%A1n" title="Aguacatán">Aguacatán</a>, another municipality of Huehuetenango. <a href="/wiki/Ixil_language" title="Ixil language">Ixil</a> (possibly three different languages) is spoken by 70,000 in the "<a href="/wiki/Ixil_Triangle" class="mw-redirect" title="Ixil Triangle">Ixil Triangle</a>" region of the <a href="/wiki/Quich%C3%A9_(department)" class="mw-redirect" title="Quiché (department)">department of El Quiché</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Tektitek_language" title="Tektitek language">Tektitek</a> (or Teko) is spoken by over 6,000 people in the municipality of Tectitán, and 1,000 refugees in Mexico. According to the Ethnologue the number of speakers of Tektitek is growing.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Poqom languages are closely related to Core Quichean, with which they constitute a Poqom-Kʼichean sub-branch on the Quichean–Mamean node.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECampbell1997163_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECampbell1997163-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Poqomchi%CA%BC_language" title="Poqomchiʼ language">Poqomchiʼ</a> is spoken by 90,000 people<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in <a href="/wiki/Purulh%C3%A1" title="Purulhá">Purulhá</a>, <a href="/wiki/Baja_Verapaz" class="mw-redirect" title="Baja Verapaz">Baja Verapaz</a>, and in the following municipalities of <a href="/wiki/Alta_Verapaz" class="mw-redirect" title="Alta Verapaz">Alta Verapaz</a>: <a href="/wiki/Santa_Cruz_Verapaz" title="Santa Cruz Verapaz">Santa Cruz Verapaz</a>, <a href="/wiki/San_Crist%C3%B3bal_Verapaz" title="San Cristóbal Verapaz">San Cristóbal Verapaz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tactic_(municipality)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tactic (municipality)">Tactic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tamah%C3%BA" title="Tamahú">Tamahú</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tucur%C3%BA" title="Tucurú">Tucurú</a>. <a href="/wiki/Poqomam_language" title="Poqomam language">Poqomam</a> is spoken by around 49,000 people in several small pockets in <a href="/wiki/Guatemala" title="Guatemala">Guatemala</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Yucatecan_branch">Yucatecan branch</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mayan_languages&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Yucatecan branch"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Map-Maya_in_Mexico.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Map-Maya_in_Mexico.svg/220px-Map-Maya_in_Mexico.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Map-Maya_in_Mexico.svg/330px-Map-Maya_in_Mexico.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Map-Maya_in_Mexico.svg/440px-Map-Maya_in_Mexico.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="150" /></a><figcaption>The area where Yucatec Maya is spoken in the peninsula of Yucatán<sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This image needs references to reliable sources (December 2022)">image reference needed</span></a></i>]</sup></figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Yucatec_Maya_language" title="Yucatec Maya language">Yucatec Maya</a> (known simply as "Maya" to its speakers) is the most commonly spoken Mayan language in <a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a>. It is currently spoken by approximately 800,000 people, the vast majority of whom are to be found on the <a href="/wiki/Yucat%C3%A1n_Peninsula" title="Yucatán Peninsula">Yucatán Peninsula</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Gordon,_Raymond_G._2005_42-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gordon,_Raymond_G._2005-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It remains common in <a href="/wiki/Yucat%C3%A1n_(state)" class="mw-redirect" title="Yucatán (state)">Yucatán</a> and in the adjacent states of <a href="/wiki/Quintana_Roo" title="Quintana Roo">Quintana Roo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Campeche" title="Campeche">Campeche</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The other three Yucatecan languages are <a href="/wiki/Mopan_language" title="Mopan language">Mopan</a>, spoken by around 10,000 speakers primarily in <a href="/wiki/Belize" title="Belize">Belize</a>; <a href="/wiki/Itza%CA%BC_language" title="Itzaʼ language">Itzaʼ</a>, an extinct or moribund language from Guatemala's Petén Basin;<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Lacandon_language" title="Lacandon language">Lacandón</a> or Lakantum, also severely endangered with about 1,000 speakers in a few villages on the outskirts of the <a href="/wiki/Selva_Lacandona" class="mw-redirect" title="Selva Lacandona">Selva Lacandona</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Chiapas" title="Chiapas">Chiapas</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Huastecan_branch">Huastecan branch</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mayan_languages&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Huastecan branch"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Wastek_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Wastek language">Wastek</a> (also spelled Huastec and Huaxtec) is spoken in the Mexican states of <a href="/wiki/Veracruz" title="Veracruz">Veracruz</a> and <a href="/wiki/San_Luis_Potos%C3%AD" title="San Luis Potosí">San Luis Potosí</a> by around 110,000 people.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is the most divergent of modern Mayan languages. <a href="/wiki/Chicomuceltec" class="mw-redirect" title="Chicomuceltec">Chicomuceltec</a> was a language related to Wastek and spoken in <a href="/wiki/Chiapas" title="Chiapas">Chiapas</a> that became extinct some time before 1982.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECampbellCanger1978_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECampbellCanger1978-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Phonology">Phonology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mayan_languages&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Phonology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Proto-Mayan_sound_system">Proto-Mayan sound system</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mayan_languages&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Proto-Mayan sound system"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Proto-Mayan" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Mayan">Proto-Mayan</a> (the common ancestor of the Mayan languages as reconstructed using the <a href="/wiki/Comparative_method" title="Comparative method">comparative method</a>) has a predominant CVC syllable structure, only allowing consonant clusters across syllable boundaries.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECampbellKaufman1985_11-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECampbellKaufman1985-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECampbell2015_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECampbell2015-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>notes 12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most Proto-Mayan roots were <i>monosyllabic</i> except for a few disyllabic nominal roots. Due to subsequent vowel loss, many Mayan languages now show complex consonant clusters at both ends of syllables. Following the reconstruction of <a href="/wiki/Lyle_Campbell" title="Lyle Campbell">Lyle Campbell</a> and <a href="/wiki/Terrence_Kaufman" title="Terrence Kaufman">Terrence Kaufman</a>, the Proto-Mayan language had the following sounds.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECampbell2015_31-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECampbell2015-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It has been suggested that proto-Mayan was a <a href="/wiki/Tonal_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Tonal Language">tonal language</a>, based on the fact that four different contemporary Mayan languages have tone (Yucatec, Uspantek, San Bartolo Tzotzil<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>notes 13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Mochoʼ), but since these languages each can be shown to have innovated tone in different ways, Campbell considers this unlikely.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECampbell2015_31-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECampbell2015-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table align="center" class="wikitable" style="float: none; text-align: center"> <caption>Proto-Mayan vowels </caption> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2"> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Front_vowel" title="Front vowel">Front</a> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Central_vowel" title="Central vowel">Central</a> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Back_vowel" title="Back vowel">Back</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th><small><a href="/wiki/Vowel_length" title="Vowel length">Short</a></small> </th> <th><small><a href="/wiki/Vowel_length" title="Vowel length">Long</a></small> </th> <th><small><a href="/wiki/Vowel_length" title="Vowel length">Short</a></small> </th> <th><small><a href="/wiki/Vowel_length" title="Vowel length">Long</a></small> </th> <th><small><a href="/wiki/Vowel_length" title="Vowel length">Short</a></small> </th> <th><small><a href="/wiki/Vowel_length" title="Vowel length">Long</a></small> </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Close_vowel" title="Close vowel">High</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close front unrounded vowel">i</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close front unrounded vowel">iː</a></span> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close back rounded vowel">u</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close back rounded vowel">uː</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_vowel" title="Close-mid vowel">Mid</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close-mid front unrounded vowel">e</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close-mid front unrounded vowel">eː</a></span> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close-mid back rounded vowel">o</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close-mid back rounded vowel">oː</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Open_vowel" title="Open vowel">Low</a> </th> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Open_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open front unrounded vowel">a</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Open_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open front unrounded vowel">aː</a></span> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable" align="center" style="float: none; text-align: center"> <caption>Proto-Mayan consonants </caption> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2"> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Bilabial_consonant" title="Bilabial consonant">Bilabial</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Alveolar_consonant" title="Alveolar consonant">Alveolar</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Palatal_consonant" title="Palatal consonant">Palatal</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Velar_consonant" title="Velar consonant">Velar</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Uvular_consonant" title="Uvular consonant">Uvular</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Glottal_consonant" title="Glottal consonant">Glottal</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Nasal_consonant" title="Nasal consonant">Nasal</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_nasal" title="Voiced bilabial nasal">m</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_nasal" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar nasal">n</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_nasal" title="Voiced velar nasal">ŋ</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Plosive" title="Plosive">Plosive</a> </th> <th><span style="font-size:85%;">Plain</span> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiceless bilabial plosive">p</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless alveolar plosive">t</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Palatalization_(phonetics)" title="Palatalization (phonetics)">tʲ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_plosive" title="Voiceless velar plosive">k</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_uvular_plosive" title="Voiceless uvular plosive">q</a></span> </td> <td rowspan="2"><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Glottal_stop" title="Glottal stop">ʔ</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Glottalic_consonant" title="Glottalic consonant">Glottalic</a></span> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_implosive" title="Voiced bilabial implosive">ɓ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Alveolar_ejective_stop" class="mw-redirect" title="Alveolar ejective stop">tʼ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Palatalization_(phonetics)" title="Palatalization (phonetics)">tʲʼ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Velar_ejective_stop" title="Velar ejective stop">kʼ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Uvular_ejective_stop" title="Uvular ejective stop">qʼ</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Affricate" title="Affricate">Affricate</a> </th> <th><span style="font-size:85%;">Plain</span> </th> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_affricate" title="Voiceless alveolar affricate">t͡s</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_affricate" title="Voiceless postalveolar affricate">t͡ʃ</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Glottalic_consonant" title="Glottalic consonant">Glottalic</a></span> </th> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Alveolar_ejective_affricate" title="Alveolar ejective affricate">t͡sʼ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Palato-alveolar_ejective_affricate" title="Palato-alveolar ejective affricate">t͡ʃʼ</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Fricative" title="Fricative">Fricative</a> </th> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless alveolar fricative">s</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless postalveolar fricative">ʃ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_fricative" title="Voiceless velar fricative">x</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_glottal_fricative" title="Voiceless glottal fricative">h</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Liquid_consonant" title="Liquid consonant">Liquid</a> </th> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_lateral_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar lateral approximant">l</a></span>   <span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_trill" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar trill">r</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Glide_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Glide consonant">Glide</a> </th> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_approximant" title="Voiced palatal approximant">j</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_labial%E2%80%93velar_approximant" title="Voiced labial–velar approximant">w</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Phonological_evolution_of_Proto-Mayan">Phonological evolution of Proto-Mayan</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mayan_languages&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Phonological evolution of Proto-Mayan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Proto-Mayan_language" title="Proto-Mayan language">Proto-Mayan language</a></div> <p>The classification of Mayan languages is based on changes shared between groups of languages. For example, languages of the western group (such as Huastecan, Yucatecan and Chʼolan) all changed the Proto-Mayan <a href="/wiki/Phoneme" title="Phoneme">phoneme</a> *<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/r/</span> into <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[j]</span>, some languages of the eastern branch retained <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[r]</span> (Kʼichean), and others changed it into <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[tʃ]</span> or, word-finally, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[t]</span> (Mamean). The shared innovations between Huastecan, Yucatecan and Chʼolan show that they separated from the other Mayan languages before the changes found in other branches had taken place.<sup id="cite_ref-England_1994,_pp.30–31_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-England_1994,_pp.30–31-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Reflexes of Proto-Mayan *<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[r]</span> in daughter languages </caption> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col">Proto-Mayan </th> <th scope="col" style="background-color:orange;">Wastek </th> <th scope="col" style="background-color:lime;">Yucatec </th> <th scope="col" style="background-color:lime;">Mopan </th> <th scope="col" style="background-color:blue; color:white">Tzeltal </th> <th scope="col" style="background-color:#2a7FFF; color:white">Chuj </th> <th scope="col" style="background-color:#2a7FFF; color:white">Qʼanjobʼal </th> <th scope="col" style="background-color:#892ca0; color:white">Mam </th> <th scope="col" style="background-color:#892ca0; color:white">Ixil </th> <th scope="col" style="background-color:magenta">Kʼicheʼ </th> <th scope="col" style="background-color:magenta">Kaqchikel </th> <th scope="col" style="background-color:magenta">Poqomam </th> <th scope="col" style="background-color:magenta">Qʼeqchiʼ </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="font-weight:normal;">*<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[raʔʃ]</span><br />"<i>green</i>" </th> <td style="background-color:#FFD482;" align="center"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[jaʃ]</span> </td> <td style="background-color:#83FF82;" align="center"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[jaʔʃ]</span> </td> <td style="background-color:#83FF82;" align="center"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[jaʔaʃ]</span> </td> <td style="background-color:#9B9CFF;" align="center"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[jaʃ]</span> </td> <td style="background-color:#95C0FF;" align="center"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[jaʔaʃ]</span> </td> <td style="background-color:#95C0FF;" align="center"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[jaʃ]</span> </td> <td style="background-color:#bb9fb8;" align="center"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[tʃaʃ]</span> </td> <td style="background-color:#bb9fb8;" align="center"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[tʃaʔʃ]</span> </td> <td style="background-color:#FF82FF;" align="center"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[raʃ]</span> </td> <td style="background-color:#FF82FF;" align="center"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[rɐʃ]</span> </td> <td style="background-color:#FF82FF;" align="center"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[raʃ]</span> </td> <td style="background-color:#FF82FF;" align="center"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[raʃ]</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="font-weight:normal;">*<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[war]</span><br />"<i>sleep</i>" </th> <td style="background-color:#FFD482;" align="center"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[waj]</span> </td> <td style="background-color:#83FF82;" align="center"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[waj]</span> </td> <td style="background-color:#83FF82;" align="center"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[wɐjn]</span> </td> <td style="background-color:#9B9CFF;" align="center"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[waj]</span> </td> <td style="background-color:#95C0FF;" align="center"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[waj]</span> </td> <td style="background-color:#95C0FF;" align="center"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[waj]</span> </td> <td style="background-color:#bb9fb8;" align="center"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[wit]</span><br /><small>(Awakatek)</small> </td> <td style="background-color:#bb9fb8;" align="center"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[wat]</span> </td> <td style="background-color:#FF82FF;" align="center"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[war]</span> </td> <td style="background-color:#FF82FF;" align="center"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[war]</span> </td> <td style="background-color:#FF82FF;" align="center"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[wɨr]</span> </td> <td style="background-color:#FF82FF;" align="center"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[war]</span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The palatalized <a href="/wiki/Plosive" title="Plosive">plosives</a> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[tʲʼ]</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[tʲ]</span> are not found in most of the modern families. Instead they are reflected differently in different branches, allowing a reconstruction of these phonemes as palatalized plosives. In the eastern branch (Chujean-Qʼanjobalan and Chʼolan) they are reflected as <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[t]</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[tʼ]</span>. In Mamean they are reflected as <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ts]</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[tsʼ]</span> and in Quichean as <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[tʃ]</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[tʃʼ]</span>. Yucatec stands out from other western languages in that its palatalized plosives are sometimes changed into <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[tʃ]</span> and sometimes <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[t]</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEngland199435_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEngland199435-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Reflexes of Proto-Mayan <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[tʲʼ]</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[tʲ]</span><sup id="cite_ref-EnglandCognates_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EnglandCognates-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-HullChorti_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HullChorti-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-HopkinsChuj1965_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HopkinsChuj1965-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col">Proto-Mayan </th> <th scope="col" style="background-color:lime;">Yucatec </th> <th scope="col" style="background-color:blue; color:white">Ch'ol </th> <th scope="col" style="background-color:blue; color:white">Chʼortiʼ </th> <th scope="col" style="background-color:#2a7FFF; color:white">Chuj </th> <th scope="col" style="background-color:#2a7FFF; color:white">Qʼanjobʼal </th> <th scope="col" style="background-color:#2a7FFF; color:white">Poptiʼ (Jakaltek) </th> <th scope="col" style="background-color:#892ca0; color:white">Mam </th> <th scope="col" style="background-color:#892ca0; color:white">Ixil </th> <th scope="col" style="background-color:magenta">Kʼicheʼ </th> <th scope="col" style="background-color:magenta">Kaqchikel </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="font-weight:normal;">*<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[tʲeːʔ]</span><br />"<i>tree</i>" </th> <td style="background-color:#83FF82;" align="center"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[tʃeʔ]</span> </td> <td style="background-color:#9B9CFF;" align="center"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/tʲeʔ/</span> </td> <td style="background-color:#9B9CFF;" align="center"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/teʔ/</span> </td> <td style="background-color:#95C0FF;" align="center"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/teʔ/</span> </td> <td style="background-color:#95C0FF;" align="center"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[teʔ]</span> </td> <td style="background-color:#95C0FF;" align="center"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[teʔ]</span> </td> <td style="background-color:#bb9fb8;" align="center"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[tseːʔ]</span> </td> <td style="background-color:#bb9fb8;" align="center"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[tseʔ]</span> </td> <td style="background-color:#FF82FF;" align="center"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[tʃeːʔ]</span> </td> <td style="background-color:#FF82FF;" align="center"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[tʃeʔ]</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="font-weight:normal;">*<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[tʲaʔŋ]</span><br />"<i>ashes</i>" </th> <td style="background-color:#83FF82;" align="center"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[taʔn]</span> </td> <td style="background-color:#9B9CFF;" align="center"> </td> <td style="background-color:#9B9CFF;" align="center"> </td> <td style="background-color:#95C0FF;" align="center"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/taʔaŋ/</span> </td> <td style="background-color:#95C0FF;" align="center"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[tan]</span> </td> <td style="background-color:#95C0FF;" align="center"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[taŋ]</span> </td> <td style="background-color:#bb9fb8;" align="center"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[tsaːx]</span> </td> <td style="background-color:#bb9fb8;" align="center"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[tsaʔ]</span> </td> <td style="background-color:#FF82FF;" align="center"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[tʃaːx]</span> </td> <td style="background-color:#FF82FF;" align="center"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[tʃax]</span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The Proto-Mayan velar nasal *<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ŋ]</span> is reflected as <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[x]</span> in the eastern branches (Quichean–Mamean), <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[n]</span> in Qʼanjobalan, Chʼolan and Yucatecan, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[h]</span> in Huastecan, and only conserved as <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ŋ]</span> in Chuj and Jakaltek.<sup id="cite_ref-England_1994,_pp.30–31_71-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-England_1994,_pp.30–31-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-HullChorti_74-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HullChorti-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-HopkinsChuj1965_75-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HopkinsChuj1965-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Reflexes of Proto-Mayan <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ŋ]</span><sup id="cite_ref-EnglandCognates_73-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EnglandCognates-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col">Proto-Mayan </th> <th scope="col" style="background-color:lime;">Yucatec </th> <th scope="col" style="background-color:blue; color:white">Chʼortiʼ </th> <th scope="col" style="background-color:#2a7FFF; color:white">Qʼanjobal </th> <th scope="col" style="background-color:#2a7FFF; color:white">Chuj </th> <th scope="col" style="background-color:#2a7FFF; color:white">Jakaltek (Poptiʼ) </th> <th scope="col" style="background-color:#892ca0; color:white">Ixil </th> <th scope="col" style="background-color:magenta">Kʼicheʼ </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="font-weight:normal;">*<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ŋeːh]</span><br />"<i>tail</i>" </th> <td style="background-color:#83FF82;" align="center"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[neːh]</span> </td> <td style="background-color:#9B9CFF;" align="center"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/nex/</span> </td> <td style="background-color:#95C0FF;" align="center"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ne]</span> </td> <td style="background-color:#95C0FF;" align="center"><span class="nowrap"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ŋeh/</span></span> </td> <td style="background-color:#95C0FF;" align="center"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ŋe]</span> </td> <td style="background-color:#a47fA0;" align="center"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[xeh]</span> </td> <td style="background-color:#FF82FF;" align="center"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[xeːʔ]</span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Diphthongs">Diphthongs</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mayan_languages&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Diphthongs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Vowel quality is typically classified as having monophthongal vowels. In traditionally diphthongized contexts, Mayan languages will realize the V-V sequence by inserting a hiatus-breaking glottal stop or glide insertion between the vowels. Some Kʼichean-branch languages have exhibited developed diphthongs from historical long vowels, by breaking /e:/ and /o:/.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEngland2001_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEngland2001-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Grammar">Grammar</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mayan_languages&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Grammar"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Morphology_(linguistics)" title="Morphology (linguistics)">morphology</a> of Mayan languages is simpler than that of other Mesoamerican languages,<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>notes 14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> yet its <a href="/wiki/Morphology_(linguistics)" title="Morphology (linguistics)">morphology</a> is still considered <a href="/wiki/Agglutinative_language" title="Agglutinative language">agglutinating</a> and <a href="/wiki/Polysynthetic_language" title="Polysynthetic language">polysynthetic</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESuárez198365_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESuárez198365-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Verbs are marked for <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_aspect" title="Grammatical aspect">aspect</a> or <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_tense" title="Grammatical tense">tense</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_person" title="Grammatical person">person</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Subject_(grammar)" title="Subject (grammar)">subject</a>, the person of the <a href="/wiki/Object_(grammar)" title="Object (grammar)">object</a> (in the case of <a href="/wiki/Transitive_verb" title="Transitive verb">transitive verbs</a>), and for <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_number" title="Grammatical number">plurality</a> of person. Possessed nouns are marked for person of possessor. In Mayan languages, nouns are not marked for case, and gender is not explicitly marked. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Word_order">Word order</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mayan_languages&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Word order"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Proto-Mayan is thought to have had a basic <a href="/wiki/Verb%E2%80%93object%E2%80%93subject" class="mw-redirect" title="Verb–object–subject">verb–object–subject</a> word order with possibilities of switching to <a href="/wiki/Verb%E2%80%93subject%E2%80%93object" class="mw-redirect" title="Verb–subject–object">VSO</a> in certain circumstances, such as complex sentences, sentences where object and subject were of equal animacy and when the subject was definite.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>notes 15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Today Yucatecan, Tzotzil and Tojolabʼal have a basic fixed VOS word order. Mamean, Qʼanjobʼal, Jakaltek and one dialect of Chuj have a fixed VSO one. Only Chʼortiʼ has a basic <a href="/wiki/Subject%E2%80%93verb%E2%80%93object" class="mw-redirect" title="Subject–verb–object">SVO</a> word order. Other Mayan languages allow both VSO and VOS word orders.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEngland1991_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEngland1991-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Numeral_classifiers">Numeral classifiers</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mayan_languages&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Numeral classifiers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In many Mayan languages, counting requires the use of <a href="/wiki/Numeral_classifiers" class="mw-redirect" title="Numeral classifiers">numeral classifiers</a>, which specify the class of items being counted; the numeral cannot appear without an accompanying classifier. Some Mayan languages, such as Kaqchikel, do not use numeral classifiers. Class is usually assigned according to whether the object is animate or inanimate or according to an object's general shape.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thus when counting "flat" objects, a different form of numeral classifier is used than when counting round things, oblong items or people. In some Mayan languages such as Chontal, classifiers take the form of affixes attached to the numeral; in others such as Tzeltal, they are free forms. Jakaltek has both numeral classifiers and noun classifiers, and the noun classifiers can also be used as pronouns.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECraig1977141_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECraig1977141-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The meaning denoted by a noun may be altered significantly by changing the accompanying classifier. In Chontal, for example, when the classifier <i>-tek</i> is used with names of plants it is understood that the objects being enumerated are whole trees. If in this expression a different classifier, <i>-tsʼit</i> (for counting long, slender objects) is substituted for <i>-tek</i>, this conveys the meaning that only sticks or branches of the tree are being counted:<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table align="center" class="wikitable"> <caption>Semantic differences in numeral classifiers (from Chontal) </caption> <tbody><tr> <td bgcolor="#FFDEAD"><i><b>untek wop</b></i> (one-tree Jahuacte) </td> <td bgcolor="#FFFFAA"><i><b>untsʼit wop</b></i> (one-stick jahuacte) </td></tr> <tr> <td><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1209690778">.mw-parser-output .interlinear .bold{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .interlinear .smallcaps{text-transform:uppercase;font-size:smaller}</style><div class="interlinear"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">un-</p><p style="margin: 0px;">one-</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">tek</p><p style="margin: 0px;">"plant"</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">wop</p><p style="margin: 0px;">jahuacte tree</p></div><p style="display: none;">un- tek wop</p><p style="display: none;">one- "plant" {jahuacte tree}</p><p style="clear: left;">"one jahuacte tree"</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">un-</p><p style="margin: 0px;">one-</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">tsʼit</p><p style="margin: 0px;">"long.slender.object"</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">wop</p><p style="margin: 0px;">jahuacte tree</p></div><p style="display: none;">un- tsʼit wop</p><p style="display: none;">one- {"long.slender.object"} {jahuacte tree}</p><p style="clear: left;">"one stick from a jahuacte tree"</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Possession">Possession</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mayan_languages&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Possession"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The morphology of Mayan nouns is fairly simple: they inflect for number (plural or singular), and, when possessed, for person and number of their possessor. Pronominal possession is expressed by a set of possessive prefixes attached to the noun, as in Kaqchikel <i>ru-kej</i> "his/her horse". Nouns may furthermore adopt a special form marking them as possessed. For nominal possessors, the possessed noun is inflected as possessed by a third-person possessor, and followed by the possessor noun, e.g. Kaqchikel <i>ru-kej ri achin</i> "the man's horse" (literally "his horse the man").<sup id="cite_ref-Suaréz_1983,_p._85_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Suaréz_1983,_p._85-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This type of formation is a main diagnostic trait of the <a href="/wiki/Mesoamerican_Linguistic_Area" class="mw-redirect" title="Mesoamerican Linguistic Area">Mesoamerican Linguistic Area</a> and recurs throughout <a href="/wiki/Mesoamerica" title="Mesoamerica">Mesoamerica</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECampbellKaufmanSmith-Stark1986544–545_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECampbellKaufmanSmith-Stark1986544–545-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Mayan languages often contrast alienable and <a href="/wiki/Inalienable_possession" title="Inalienable possession">inalienable possession</a> by varying the way the noun is (or is not) marked as possessed. Jakaltek, for example, contrasts inalienably possessed <i><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">wetʃel</span></i> "my photo (in which I am depicted)" with alienably possessed <i><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">wetʃele</span></i> "my photo (taken by me)". The prefix <i>we-</i> marks the first person singular possessor in both, but the absence of the <i>-e</i> possessive suffix in the first form marks inalienable possession.<sup id="cite_ref-Suaréz_1983,_p._85_84-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Suaréz_1983,_p._85-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Relational_nouns">Relational nouns</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mayan_languages&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Relational nouns"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Mayan languages which have <a href="/wiki/Preposition" class="mw-redirect" title="Preposition">prepositions</a> at all normally have only one. To express location and other relations between entities, use is made of a special class of "<a href="/wiki/Relational_noun" title="Relational noun">relational nouns</a>". This pattern is also recurrent throughout Mesoamerica and is another diagnostic trait of the Mesoamerican Linguistic Area. In Mayan most relational nouns are metaphorically derived from body parts so that "on top of", for example, is expressed by the word for <i>head</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECampbellKaufmanSmith-Stark1986545–546_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECampbellKaufmanSmith-Stark1986545–546-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Subjects_and_objects">Subjects and objects</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mayan_languages&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Subjects and objects"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Mayan languages are <a href="/wiki/Ergative%E2%80%93absolutive_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ergative–absolutive language">ergative</a> in their <a href="/wiki/Morphosyntactic_alignment" title="Morphosyntactic alignment">alignment</a>. This means that the subject of an intransitive verb is treated similarly to the object of a transitive verb, but differently from the subject of a transitive verb.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECoon201047–52_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECoon201047–52-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Mayan languages have two sets of affixes that are attached to a verb to indicate the person of its arguments. One set (often referred to in Mayan grammars as set B) indicates the person of subjects of intransitive verbs, and of objects of transitive verbs. They can also be used with adjective or noun predicates to indicate the subject.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESuárez198377_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESuárez198377-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Set B </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Usage </th> <th>Language of example </th> <th>Example </th> <th>Translation </th></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:left;">Subject of an intransitive verb </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Kaqchikel_language" title="Kaqchikel language">Kaqchikel</a> </td> <td>x-<b>ix-</b>ok </td> <td>"<b>You [plural]</b> entered" </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:left;">Object of a transitive verb </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Kaqchikel_language" title="Kaqchikel language">Kaqchikel</a> </td> <td>x-<b>ix</b>-ru-chöp </td> <td>"He/she took <b>you [plural]</b>" </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:left;">Subject of an adjective predicate </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Kaqchikel_language" title="Kaqchikel language">Kaqchikel</a> </td> <td><b>ix-</b>samajel </td> <td>"<b>You [plural]</b> are hard-working." </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:left;">Subject of a noun predicate </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Tzotzil_language" title="Tzotzil language">Tzotzil</a> </td> <td>ʼantz<b>-ot</b> </td> <td>"<b>You</b> are a woman." </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Another set (set A) is used to indicate the person of subjects of transitive verbs (and in some languages, such as Yucatec, also the subjects of intransitive verbs, but only in the incompletive aspects), and also the possessors of nouns (including relational nouns).<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>notes 16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Set A </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Usage </th> <th>Language of example </th> <th>Example </th> <th>Translation </th></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:left;">Subject of a<br />transitive verb </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Kaqchikel_language" title="Kaqchikel language">Kaqchikel</a> </td> <td>x-ix-<b>ru</b>-chöp </td> <td>"<b>He/she</b> took you guys" </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:left;">Possessive marker </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Kaqchikel_language" title="Kaqchikel language">Kaqchikel</a> </td> <td><b>ru</b>-kej ri achin </td> <td>"the man'<b>s</b> horse" (literally: "<b>his</b> horse the man") </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:left;">Relational marker </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Classical_K%CA%BCiche%CA%BC" title="Classical Kʼicheʼ">Classical Kʼicheʼ</a> </td> <td><b>u</b>-wach ulew </td> <td>"on the earth" (literally: "<b>its</b> face the earth", i.e. "face of the earth") </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Verbs">Verbs</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mayan_languages&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Verbs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In addition to subject and object (agent and patient), the Mayan verb has affixes signalling aspect, tense, and mood as in the following example: </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Mayan verb structure </caption> <tbody><tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-weight:bold;">Aspect/mood/tense</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">k-</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="incompletive" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">INCOMPL</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-weight:bold;">Class A prefix</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">in-</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="first person, singular" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">1SG</abbr>.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="patient">P</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-weight:bold;">Class B prefix</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">a-</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="second person, singular" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">2SG</abbr>.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="agent">A</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-weight:bold;">Root</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">chʼay</p><p style="margin: 0px;">hit</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-weight:bold;">Aspect/mood/voice</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">-o</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="incompletive" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">INCOMPL</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-weight:bold;">Plural</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;"> </p><p style="margin: 0px;"> </p></div><p style="display: none;">Aspect/mood/tense {Class A prefix} {Class B prefix} Root Aspect/mood/voice Plural</p><p style="display: none;">k- in- a- chʼay -o {}</p><p style="display: none;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="incompletive" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">INCOMPL</abbr> 1SG.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="patient">P</abbr> 2SG.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="agent">A</abbr> hit <abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="incompletive" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">INCOMPL</abbr> {}</p><p style="clear: left;">(Kʼicheʼ) <i>kinachʼayo</i> "You are hitting me"</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><a href="/wiki/Grammatical_tense" title="Grammatical tense">Tense</a> systems in Mayan languages are generally simple. Jakaltek, for example, contrasts only past and non-past, while Mam has only future and non-future. <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_aspect" title="Grammatical aspect">Aspect</a> systems are normally more prominent. <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_mood" title="Grammatical mood">Mood</a> does not normally form a separate system in Mayan, but is instead intertwined with the tense/aspect system.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kaufman has reconstructed a tense/aspect/mood system for proto-Mayan that includes seven aspects: incompletive, progressive, completive/punctual, imperative, potential/future, optative, and perfective.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEngland1994126_91-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEngland1994126-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Mayan languages tend to have a rich set of <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_voice" class="mw-redirect" title="Grammatical voice">grammatical voices</a>. Proto-Mayan had at least one passive construction as well as an <a href="/wiki/Antipassive_voice" title="Antipassive voice">antipassive</a> rule for downplaying the importance of the agent in relation to the patient. Modern Kʼicheʼ has two antipassives: one which ascribes focus to the object and another that emphasizes the verbal action.<sup id="cite_ref-Campbell_92-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Campbell-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other voice-related constructions occurring in Mayan languages are the following: <a href="/wiki/Mediopassive_voice" title="Mediopassive voice">mediopassive</a>, incorporational (incorporating a direct object into the verb), instrumental (promoting the instrument to object position) and referential (a kind of <a href="/wiki/Applicative_voice" title="Applicative voice">applicative</a> promoting an indirect argument such as a <a href="/wiki/Benefactive" class="mw-redirect" title="Benefactive">benefactive</a> or recipient to the object position).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEngland199497–103_93-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEngland199497–103-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Statives_and_positionals">Statives and positionals</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mayan_languages&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Statives and positionals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Mayan languages, statives are a class of <a href="/wiki/Predicate_(grammar)" title="Predicate (grammar)">predicative</a> words expressing a quality or state, whose syntactic properties fall in between those of verbs and adjectives in Indo-European languages. Like verbs, statives can sometimes be inflected for person but normally lack inflections for tense, aspect and other purely verbal categories. Statives can be adjectives, positionals or numerals.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECoonPreminger2009_94-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECoonPreminger2009-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Positionals, a class of <a href="/wiki/Root_(linguistics)" title="Root (linguistics)">roots</a> characteristic of, if not unique to, the Mayan languages, form stative adjectives and verbs (usually with the help of suffixes) with meanings related to the position or shape of an object or person. Mayan languages have between 250 and 500 distinct positional roots:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECoonPreminger2009_94-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECoonPreminger2009-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p><i><b>Telan</b> ay jun naq winaq yul bʼe.</i><br /> </p><dl><dd><dl><dd><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886049734">.mw-parser-output .monospaced{font-family:monospace,monospace}</style><span class="monospaced">There is a man <b>lying down fallen</b> on the road.</span></dd></dl></dd></dl> <p><br /><i><b>Woqan</b> hin kʼal ay max ekkʼu.</i><br /> </p> <dl><dd><dl><dd><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">I spent the entire day <b>sitting down</b>.</span></dd></dl></dd></dl> <p><br /><i>Yet ewi <b>xoyan</b> ay jun lobʼaj stina.</i><br /> </p> <dl><dd><dl><dd><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">Yesterday there was a snake <b>lying curled up</b> in the entrance of the house.</span></dd></dl></dd></dl></blockquote> <p>In these three Qʼanjobʼal sentences, the positionals are <i>telan</i> ("something large or cylindrical lying down as if having fallen"), <i><span title="Q'anjob'al-language text"><i lang="kjb">woqan</i></span></i> ("person sitting on a chairlike object"), and <i><span title="Q'anjob'al-language text"><i lang="kjb">xoyan</i></span></i> ("curled up like a rope or snake").<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEngland199487_95-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEngland199487-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Word_formation">Word formation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mayan_languages&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Word formation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Compounding of noun roots to form new nouns is commonplace; there are also many morphological processes to derive nouns from verbs. Verbs also admit highly productive <a href="/wiki/Derivation_(linguistics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Derivation (linguistics)">derivational</a> affixes of several kinds, most of which specify transitivity or voice.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESuárez198365–67_96-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESuárez198365–67-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As in other Mesoamerican languages, there is a widespread metaphorical use of roots denoting body parts, particularly to form locatives and relational nouns, such as Kaqchikel <i>-pan</i> ("inside" and "stomach") or <i>-wi</i> ("head-hair" and "on top of").<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECampbellKaufmanSmith-Stark1986549_97-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECampbellKaufmanSmith-Stark1986549-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mayan_loanwords">Mayan loanwords</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mayan_languages&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Mayan loanwords"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A number of <a href="/wiki/Loanword" title="Loanword">loanwords</a> of Mayan or potentially Mayan origins are found in many other languages, principally <a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a>, <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a>, and some neighboring <a href="/wiki/Mesoamerican_languages" title="Mesoamerican languages">Mesoamerican languages</a>. In addition, Mayan languages borrowed words, especially from Spanish.<sup id="cite_ref-Hofling2011_98-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hofling2011-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A Mayan loanword is <i><a href="/wiki/Cigar" title="Cigar">cigar</a></i>. The Mayan word for "tobacco" is <span title="Mayan languages collective text"><i lang="myn">sic</i></span> and <span title="Mayan languages collective text"><i lang="myn">sicar</i></span> means "to smoke tobacco leaves". This is the most likely origin for cigar and thus cigarette.<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The English word "<a href="/wiki/Hurricane" class="mw-redirect" title="Hurricane">hurricane</a>", which is a borrowing from the Spanish word <span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es">huracán</i></span> is considered by some to be related to the name of Maya storm deity <a href="/wiki/Huracan" title="Huracan">Jun Raqan</a>. However, it is more likely that the word passed into European languages from the <a href="/wiki/Kalinago_language" title="Kalinago language">Island Carib language</a> or <a href="/wiki/Ta%C3%ADno_language" title="Taíno language">Taíno</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Writing_systems">Writing systems</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mayan_languages&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Writing systems"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dresden_codex,_page_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Dresden_codex%2C_page_2.jpg/220px-Dresden_codex%2C_page_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="477" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Dresden_codex%2C_page_2.jpg/330px-Dresden_codex%2C_page_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Dresden_codex%2C_page_2.jpg/440px-Dresden_codex%2C_page_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2254" data-file-height="4886" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Yucatec_Maya_language" title="Yucatec Maya language">Yucatec Maya writing</a> in the <i><a href="/wiki/Dresden_Codex" title="Dresden Codex">Dresden Codex</a></i>, ca. 11–12th century, <a href="/wiki/Chichen_Itza" title="Chichen Itza">Chichen Itza</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dresden_Codex_p09.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Dresden_Codex_p09.jpg/150px-Dresden_Codex_p09.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="322" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Dresden_Codex_p09.jpg/225px-Dresden_Codex_p09.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Dresden_Codex_p09.jpg/300px-Dresden_Codex_p09.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1552" data-file-height="3332" /></a><figcaption>Page 9 of the <i><a href="/wiki/Dresden_Codex" title="Dresden Codex">Dresden Codex</a></i> showing the classic Maya language written in <a href="/wiki/Maya_script" title="Maya script">Mayan hieroglyphs</a> (from the 1880 Förstermann edition)</figcaption></figure><p> The complex script used to write Mayan languages in pre-Columbian times and known today from engravings at several Maya archaeological sites has been deciphered almost completely. The script is a mix between a logographic and a syllabic system.<sup id="cite_ref-Kettunen_&_Helmke_2020,_p._8_101-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kettunen_&_Helmke_2020,_p._8-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In colonial times Mayan languages came to be written in a script derived from the Latin alphabet; orthographies were developed mostly by missionary grammarians.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESuárez19835_102-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESuárez19835-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Not all modern Mayan languages have standardized orthographies, but the Mayan languages of Guatemala use a standardized, Latin-based phonemic spelling system developed by the <a href="/wiki/Academia_de_Lenguas_Mayas_de_Guatemala" title="Academia de Lenguas Mayas de Guatemala">Academia de Lenguas Mayas de Guatemala</a> (ALMG).<sup id="cite_ref-French_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-French-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-England2007_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-England2007-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Orthographies for the languages of Mexico are currently being developed by the <a href="/wiki/Instituto_Nacional_de_Lenguas_Ind%C3%ADgenas" title="Instituto Nacional de Lenguas Indígenas">Instituto Nacional de Lenguas Indígenas</a> (INALI).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECampbell2015_31-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECampbell2015-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaxwell2011_103-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaxwell2011-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Glyphic_writing">Glyphic writing</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mayan_languages&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Glyphic writing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Maya_script" title="Maya script">Maya script</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:243px;max-width:243px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:102px;max-width:102px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Balam_1.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Balam_1.svg/100px-Balam_1.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="69" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Balam_1.svg/150px-Balam_1.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Balam_1.svg/200px-Balam_1.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="291" data-file-height="200" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:137px;max-width:137px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Balam_2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Balam_2.svg/135px-Balam_2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="135" height="69" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Balam_2.svg/203px-Balam_2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Balam_2.svg/270px-Balam_2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="401" data-file-height="205" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">Two different ways of writing the word <i>bʼalam</i> "jaguar" in the Maya script. First as logogram representing the entire word with the single glyph <small>BʼALAM</small>, then phonetically using the three syllable signs <i>bʼa</i>, <i>la</i>, and <i>ma</i>.</div></div></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:362px;max-width:362px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:122px;max-width:122px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Balam_3.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Balam_3.svg/120px-Balam_3.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="76" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Balam_3.svg/180px-Balam_3.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Balam_3.svg/240px-Balam_3.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="317" data-file-height="200" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:102px;max-width:102px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Balam_4.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Balam_4.svg/100px-Balam_4.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="76" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Balam_4.svg/150px-Balam_4.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Balam_4.svg/200px-Balam_4.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="286" data-file-height="217" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:132px;max-width:132px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Balam_5.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Balam_5.svg/130px-Balam_5.svg.png" decoding="async" width="130" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Balam_5.svg/195px-Balam_5.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Balam_5.svg/260px-Balam_5.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="350" data-file-height="202" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">Three ways to write <i>bʼalam</i> using combinations of the logogram with the syllabic signs as phonetic complements.</div></div></div></div> <p>The pre-Columbian <a href="/wiki/Maya_civilization" title="Maya civilization">Maya civilization</a> developed and used an intricate and fully functional <a href="/wiki/Writing_system" title="Writing system">writing system</a>, which is the only <a href="/wiki/Mesoamerican_writing_systems" title="Mesoamerican writing systems">Mesoamerican script</a> that can be said to be almost fully deciphered. Earlier-established civilizations to the west and north of the Maya homelands that also had scripts recorded in surviving inscriptions include the <a href="/wiki/Zapotec_civilization" title="Zapotec civilization">Zapotec</a>, <a href="/wiki/Olmec" class="mw-redirect" title="Olmec">Olmec</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Zoque_languages" title="Zoque languages">Zoque</a>-speaking peoples of the southern <a href="/wiki/Veracruz" title="Veracruz">Veracruz</a> and western Chiapas area—but their scripts are as yet largely undeciphered. It is generally agreed that the Maya writing system was adapted from one or more of these earlier systems. A number of references identify the undeciphered <a href="/wiki/Olmec_hieroglyphs" title="Olmec hieroglyphs">Olmec script</a> as its most likely precursor.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEScheleFreidel1990_104-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEScheleFreidel1990-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESoustelle1984_105-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESoustelle1984-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the course of the deciphering of the Maya hieroglyphic script, scholars have come to understand that it was a fully functioning writing system in which it was possible to express unambiguously any sentence of the spoken language. The system is of a type best classified as <a href="/wiki/Logosyllabary" class="mw-redirect" title="Logosyllabary">logosyllabic</a>, in which symbols (<a href="/wiki/Glyph" title="Glyph">glyphs</a> or <i><a href="/wiki/Grapheme" title="Grapheme">graphemes</a></i>) can be used as either <a href="/wiki/Logogram" title="Logogram">logograms</a> or <a href="/wiki/Syllable" title="Syllable">syllables</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Kettunen_&_Helmke_2020,_p._8_101-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kettunen_&_Helmke_2020,_p._8-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The script has a complete <a href="/wiki/Syllabary" title="Syllabary">syllabary</a> (although not all possible syllables have yet been identified), and a Maya scribe would have been able to write anything <a href="/wiki/Phonetic" class="mw-redirect" title="Phonetic">phonetically</a>, syllable by syllable, using these symbols.<sup id="cite_ref-Kettunen_&_Helmke_2020,_p._8_101-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kettunen_&_Helmke_2020,_p._8-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At least two major Mayan languages have been confidently identified in hieroglyphic texts, with at least one other language probably identified. An archaic language variety known as <a href="/wiki/Classic_Maya_language" title="Classic Maya language">Classic Maya</a> predominates in these texts, particularly in the Classic-era inscriptions of the southern and central lowland areas. This language is most closely related to the Chʼolan branch of the language family, modern descendants of which include Chʼol, Chʼortiʼ and Chontal. Inscriptions in an early Yucatecan language (the ancestor of the main surviving <a href="/wiki/Yucatec_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Yucatec language">Yucatec language</a>) have also been recognised or proposed, mainly in the <a href="/wiki/Yucat%C3%A1n_Peninsula" title="Yucatán Peninsula">Yucatán Peninsula</a> region and from a later period. Three of the four extant <a href="/wiki/Maya_codices" title="Maya codices">Maya codices</a> are based on Yucatec. It has also been surmised that some inscriptions found in the <a href="/wiki/Chiapas_highlands" class="mw-redirect" title="Chiapas highlands">Chiapas highlands</a> region may be in a Tzeltalan language whose modern descendants are Tzeltal and Tzotzil.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKettunenHelmke202013_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKettunenHelmke202013-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other regional varieties and dialects are also presumed to have been used, but have not yet been identified with certainty.<sup id="cite_ref-Kettunen_&_Helmke_2020_p._13_16-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kettunen_&_Helmke_2020_p._13-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Use and knowledge of the Maya script continued until the 16th century <a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_Yucat%C3%A1n" title="Spanish conquest of Yucatán">Spanish conquest</a> at least. Bishop <a href="/wiki/Diego_de_Landa_Calder%C3%B3n" class="mw-redirect" title="Diego de Landa Calderón">Diego de Landa Calderón</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Yucat%C3%A1n" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic Archdiocese of Yucatán">Catholic Archdiocese of Yucatán</a> prohibited the use of the written language, effectively ending the Mesoamerican tradition of literacy in the native script. He worked with the Spanish colonizers to destroy the bulk of Mayan texts as part of his efforts to <a href="/wiki/Religious_conversion" title="Religious conversion">convert</a> the locals to <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a> and away from what he perceived as <a href="/wiki/Pagan" class="mw-redirect" title="Pagan">pagan</a> idolatry. Later he described the use of hieroglyphic writing in the religious practices of Yucatecan Maya in his <i><a href="/wiki/Relaci%C3%B3n_de_las_cosas_de_Yucat%C3%A1n" title="Relación de las cosas de Yucatán">Relación de las cosas de Yucatán</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKettunenHelmke20209–11_106-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKettunenHelmke20209–11-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Colonial_orthography">Colonial orthography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mayan_languages&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Colonial orthography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"ꜩ" redirects here. For the cryptocurrency with ꜩ as its symbol, see <a href="/wiki/Tezos" title="Tezos">Tezos</a>.</div> <p><span class="anchor" id="Parra_letter"></span> Colonial orthography is marked by the use of <i>c</i> for /k/ (always hard, as in <i>cic</i> /kiik/), <i>k</i> for /q/ in Guatemala or for /kʼ/ in the Yucatán, <i>h</i> for /x/, and <i>tz</i> for /ts/; the absence of glottal stop or vowel length (apart sometimes for a double vowel letter for a long glottalized vowel, as in <i>uuc</i> /uʼuk/), the use of <i>u</i> for /w/, as in <i>uac</i> /wak/, and the variable use of <i>z, ç, s</i> for /s/. The greatest difference from modern orthography, however, is in the various attempts to transcribe the ejective consonants.<sup id="cite_ref-Missionary_107-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Missionary-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>About 1550, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Francisco_de_la_Parra&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Francisco de la Parra (page does not exist)">Francisco de la Parra</a> invented distinctive letters for ejectives in the Mayan languages of Guatemala, the <i><a href="/wiki/Tresillo_(letter)" title="Tresillo (letter)">tresillo</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Cuatrillo" title="Cuatrillo">cuatrillo</a></i> (and derivatives). These were used in all subsequent Franciscan writing, and are occasionally seen even today [2005]. In 1605, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Alonso_Urbano&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alonso Urbano (page does not exist)">Alonso Urbano</a> doubled consonants for ejectives in <a href="/wiki/Otomi_language" title="Otomi language">Otomi</a> (<i>pp, tt, ttz, cc / cqu</i>), and similar systems were adapted to Mayan. Another approach, in <a href="/wiki/Yucatec" class="mw-redirect" title="Yucatec">Yucatec</a>, was to add a bar to the letter, or to double the stem.<sup id="cite_ref-Missionary_107-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Missionary-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Phoneme </th> <th>Yucatec </th> <th>Parra </th></tr> <tr> <th>pʼ </th> <td><span class="nowrap">⟨pp⟩</span>, <span class="nowrap">⟨ꝑ⟩</span>, <span class="nowrap">⟨ꝑꝑ⟩</span>, <span class="nowrap">⟨𝕡⟩</span>* </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th>tʼ </th> <td><span class="nowrap">⟨th⟩</span>, <span class="nowrap">⟨tħ⟩</span>, <span class="nowrap">⟨ŧ⟩</span> </td> <td><span class="nowrap">⟨tt⟩</span>, <span class="nowrap">⟨th⟩</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th>tsʼ </th> <td><span class="nowrap">⟨ɔ⟩</span>, <span class="nowrap">⟨dz⟩</span> </td> <td><span class="nowrap">⟨ꜯ⟩</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th>tʃʼ </th> <td><span class="nowrap">⟨cħ⟩</span> </td> <td><span class="nowrap">⟨ꜯh⟩</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th>kʼ </th> <td><span class="nowrap">⟨k⟩</span> </td> <td><span class="nowrap">⟨<a href="/wiki/Cuatrillo" title="Cuatrillo">ꜭ</a>⟩</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th>qʼ </th> <td> </td> <td><span class="nowrap">⟨<a href="/wiki/Tresillo_(letter)" title="Tresillo (letter)">ꜫ</a>⟩</span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>*Only the stem of <span class="nowrap">⟨𝕡⟩</span> is doubled, but that is not supported by Unicode. </p><p>A ligature <span class="nowrap">⟨ꜩ⟩</span> for <span class="nowrap">⟨tz⟩</span> is used alongside <span class="nowrap">⟨ꜭ⟩</span> and <span class="nowrap">⟨ꜫ⟩</span>. The Yucatec convention of <span class="nowrap">⟨dz⟩</span> for <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/tsʼ/</span> is retained in Maya family names such as <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dzib&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dzib (page does not exist)">Dzib</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern_orthography">Modern orthography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mayan_languages&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Modern orthography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Academia_de_Lenguas_Mayas_de_Guatemala" title="Academia de Lenguas Mayas de Guatemala">Academia de Lenguas Mayas de Guatemala</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Menu_in_maya.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Menu_in_maya.jpg/220px-Menu_in_maya.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="317" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Menu_in_maya.jpg/330px-Menu_in_maya.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Menu_in_maya.jpg/440px-Menu_in_maya.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1728" /></a><figcaption>Dinner menu in Kaqchikel, <a href="/wiki/Antigua,_Guatemala" class="mw-redirect" title="Antigua, Guatemala">Antigua, Guatemala</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Since the colonial period, practically all Maya writing has used a <a href="/wiki/Latin_script" title="Latin script">Latin alphabet</a>. Formerly these were based largely on the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanish alphabet">Spanish alphabet</a> and varied between authors, and it is only recently that standardized alphabets have been established. The first widely accepted alphabet was created for Yucatec Maya by the authors and contributors of the <i>Diccionario Maya Cordemex</i>, a project directed by <a href="/wiki/Alfredo_Barrera_V%C3%A1squez" title="Alfredo Barrera Vásquez">Alfredo Barrera Vásquez</a> and first published in 1980.<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>notes 17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Subsequently, the <a href="/wiki/Guatemalan_Academy_of_Mayan_Languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Guatemalan Academy of Mayan Languages">Guatemalan Academy of Mayan Languages</a> (known by its Spanish acronym ALMG), founded in 1986, adapted these standards to 22 Mayan languages (primarily in Guatemala). The script is largely phonemic, but abandoned the distinction between the apostrophe for ejective consonants and the glottal stop, so that ejective <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/tʼ/</span> and the non-ejective sequence <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/tʔ/</span> (previously <i>tʼ </i>and <i>t7</i>) are both written <i>tʼ.</i><sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other major Maya languages, primarily in the Mexican state of Chiapas, such as Tzotzil, Tzeltal, Chʼol, and Tojolabʼal, are not generally included in this reformation, and are sometimes written with the conventions standardized by the Chiapan "State Center for Indigenous Language, Art, and Literature" (CELALI), which for instance writes "ts" rather than "tz" (thus Tseltal and Tsotsil). </p> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" width="100%"> <caption>ALMG orthography for the <a href="/wiki/Phoneme" title="Phoneme">phonemes</a> of Mayan languages </caption> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="6" width="30%">Vowels </th> <th colspan="10">Consonants </th></tr> <tr> <th>ALMG</th> <th><a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA</a></th> <th>ALMG</th> <th>IPA</th> <th>ALMG</th> <th>IPA</th> <th>ALMG</th> <th>IPA</th> <th>ALMG</th> <th>IPA</th> <th>ALMG</th> <th>IPA</th> <th>ALMG</th> <th>IPA</th> <th>ALMG</th> <th>IPA </th></tr> <tr> <td><b>a</b></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[a]</span> </td> <td><b>aa</b></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[aː]</span> </td> <td><b>ä</b></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɐ]</span> </td> <td><b>bʼ</b></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɓ]</span> </td> <td><b>b</b></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[b]</span> </td> <td><b>ch</b></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[t͡ʃ]</span> </td> <td><b>chʼ</b></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[t͡ʃʼ]</span> </td> <td><b>h</b></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[h]</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>e</b></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[e]</span> </td> <td><b>ee</b></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[eː]</span> </td> <td><b>ë</b></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɛ]</span> </td> <td><b>j</b></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[χ]</span> </td> <td><b>l</b></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[l]</span> </td> <td><b>k</b></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[k]</span> </td> <td><b>kʼ</b></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[kʼ]</span> </td> <td><b>m</b></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[m]</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>i</b></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[i]</span> </td> <td><b>ii</b></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[iː]</span> </td> <td><b>ï</b></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɪ]</span> </td> <td><b>y</b></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[j]</span> </td> <td><b>p</b></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[p]</span> </td> <td><b>q</b></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[q]</span> </td> <td><b>qʼ</b></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[qʼ]</span> </td> <td><b>n</b></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[n]</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>o</b></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[o]</span> </td> <td><b>oo</b></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[oː]</span> </td> <td><b>ö</b></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɤ̞]</span> </td> <td><b>s</b></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[s]</span> </td> <td><b>x</b></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ʃ]</span> </td> <td><b>t</b></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[t]</span> </td> <td><b>tʼ</b></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[tʼ]</span> </td> <td><b>nh</b></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ŋ]</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>u</b></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[u]</span> </td> <td><b>uu</b></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[uː]</span> </td> <td><b>ü</b></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ʊ]</span> </td> <td><b>w</b></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[w]</span> </td> <td><b>r</b></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[r]</span> </td> <td><b>tz</b></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[t͡s]</span> </td> <td><b>tzʼ</b></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[t͡sʼ]</span> </td> <td><b> ʼ </b></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ʔ]</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="16" align="left"> <p>In tonal languages (primarily Yucatec), a high tone is indicated with an accent, as with "á" or "ée". </p> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>For the languages that make a distinction between <a href="/wiki/Palato-alveolar_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Palato-alveolar consonant">palato-alveolar</a> and <a href="/wiki/Retroflex_consonant" title="Retroflex consonant">retroflex</a> affricates and fricatives (Mam, Ixil, Tektitek, Awakatek, Qʼanjobʼal, Poptiʼ, and Akatek in Guatemala, and Yucatec in Mexico) the ALMG suggests the following set of conventions. </p> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" width="55%"> <caption>ALMG convention for palato-alveolar and retroflex consonants </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>ALMG</th> <th>IPA</th> <th>ALMG</th> <th>IPA</th> <th>ALMG</th> <th>IPA </th></tr> <tr> <td><b>ch</b></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[tʃ]</span> </td> <td><b>chʼ</b></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[tʃʼ]</span> </td> <td><b>x</b></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ʃ]</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>tx</b></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[tʂ]</span> </td> <td><b>txʼ</b></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[tʂʼ]</span> </td> <td><b>xh</b></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ʂ]</span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Literature">Literature</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mayan_languages&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Literature"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Mesoamerican_literature" title="Mesoamerican literature">Mesoamerican literature</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%C5%A0panjolski,_majanski_i_engleski.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/%C5%A0panjolski%2C_majanski_i_engleski.jpg/220px-%C5%A0panjolski%2C_majanski_i_engleski.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/%C5%A0panjolski%2C_majanski_i_engleski.jpg/330px-%C5%A0panjolski%2C_majanski_i_engleski.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/%C5%A0panjolski%2C_majanski_i_engleski.jpg/440px-%C5%A0panjolski%2C_majanski_i_engleski.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5152" data-file-height="3864" /></a><figcaption>Trilingual text in <a href="/wiki/Calakmul" title="Calakmul">Calakmul</a>: Spanish, Yucatec Maya and English</figcaption></figure> <p>From the classic language to the present day, a body of literature has been written in Mayan languages. The earliest texts to have been preserved are largely monumental inscriptions documenting rulership, succession, and ascension, conquest and calendrical and astronomical events. It is likely that other kinds of literature were written in perishable media such as <a href="/wiki/Mayan_codices" class="mw-redirect" title="Mayan codices">codices</a> made of <a href="/wiki/Amate" title="Amate">bark</a>, only four of which have survived the ravages of time and the campaign of destruction by Spanish missionaries.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECoe1987161_110-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECoe1987161-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Shortly after the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_Mexico" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanish conquest of Mexico">Spanish conquest</a>, the Mayan languages began to be written with Latin letters. Colonial-era literature in Mayan languages include the famous <i><a href="/wiki/Popol_Vuh" title="Popol Vuh">Popol Vuh</a></i>, a mythico-historical narrative written in 17th century Classical Quiché but believed to be based on an earlier work written in the 1550s, now lost. The <i><a href="/wiki/T%C3%ADtulo_de_Totonicap%C3%A1n" title="Título de Totonicapán">Título de Totonicapán</a></i> and the 17th century theatrical work the <i><a href="/wiki/Rabinal_Ach%C3%AD" title="Rabinal Achí">Rabinal Achí</a></i> are other notable early works in Kʼicheʼ, the latter in the <a href="/wiki/Achi_language" title="Achi language">Achí dialect</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>notes 18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i><a href="/wiki/Annals_of_the_Cakchiquels" title="Annals of the Cakchiquels">Annals of the Cakchiquels</a></i> from the late 16th century, which provides a historical narrative of the Kaqchikel, contains elements paralleling some of the accounts appearing in the <i>Popol Vuh</i>. The historical and prophetical accounts in the several variations known collectively as the books of <a href="/wiki/Chilam_Balam" title="Chilam Balam">Chilam Balam</a> are primary sources of early Yucatec Maya traditions.<sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>notes 19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The only surviving book of early lyric poetry, the <a href="/wiki/Songs_of_Dzitbalche" class="mw-redirect" title="Songs of Dzitbalche">Songs of Dzitbalche</a> by Ah Bam, comes from this same period.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECurl2005_113-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECurl2005-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In addition to these singular works, many early grammars of indigenous languages, called "<i>artes</i>", were written by priests and friars. Languages covered by these early grammars include Kaqchikel, Classical Quiché, Tzeltal, Tzotzil and Yucatec. Some of these came with indigenous-language translations of the Catholic catechism.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESuárez19835_102-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESuárez19835-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While Mayan peoples continued to produce a rich oral literature in the postcolonial period (after 1821), very little written literature was produced in this period.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESuárez1983163–168_114-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESuárez1983163–168-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>notes 20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Because indigenous languages were excluded from the education systems of Mexico and Guatemala after independence, Mayan peoples remained largely illiterate in their native languages, learning to read and write in Spanish, if at all.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaxwell2015_116-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaxwell2015-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, since the establishment of the Cordemex <sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarrera_VásquezBastarrachea_ManzanoBrito_Sansores1980_117-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarrera_VásquezBastarrachea_ManzanoBrito_Sansores1980-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the Guatemalan Academy of Mayan Languages (1986), native language literacy has begun to spread and a number of indigenous writers have started a new tradition of writing in Mayan languages.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaxwell2011_103-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaxwell2011-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaxwell2015_116-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaxwell2015-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Notable among this new generation is the Kʼicheʼ poet <a href="/wiki/Humberto_Ak%27abal" class="mw-redirect" title="Humberto Ak'abal">Humberto Ak'abal</a>, whose works are often published in dual-language Spanish/Kʼicheʼ editions,<sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as well as Kʼicheʼ scholar <a href="/wiki/Luis_Enrique_Sam_Colop" title="Luis Enrique Sam Colop">Luis Enrique Sam Colop</a> (1955–2011) whose translations of the <a href="/wiki/Popol_Vuh" title="Popol Vuh">Popol Vuh</a> into both Spanish and modern Kʼicheʼ achieved high acclaim.<sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mayan_languages&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mayan_Sign_Language" title="Mayan Sign Language">Mayan Sign Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cauque_Mayan_language" title="Cauque Mayan language">Cauque Mayan</a> (mixed language)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mayan_languages&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">In <a href="/wiki/Linguistics" title="Linguistics">linguistics</a>, it is conventional to use <i>Mayan</i> when referring to the languages, or an aspect of a language. In other academic fields, <i>Maya</i> is the preferred usage, serving as both a singular and plural <a href="/wiki/Noun" title="Noun">noun</a>, and as the <a href="/wiki/Adjective" title="Adjective">adjectival</a> form.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Achiʼ is counted as a variant of Kʼicheʼ by the Guatemalan government.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Based on Kaufman (1976).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">see attribution in <a href="#CITEREFFernández_de_Miranda1968">Fernández de Miranda (1968</a>, p. 75)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">This theory was first proposed by <a href="#CITEREFCampbellKaufman1976">Campbell & Kaufman (1976)</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The last independent Maya kingdom (<a href="/wiki/Tayasal" class="mw-redirect" title="Tayasal">Tayasal</a>) was not conquered until 1697, some 170 years after the first <i><a href="/wiki/Conquistador" title="Conquistador">conquistadores</a></i> arrived. During the Colonial and Postcolonial periods, Maya peoples periodically rebelled against the colonizers, such as the <a href="/wiki/Caste_War_of_Yucat%C3%A1n" title="Caste War of Yucatán">Caste War of Yucatán</a>, which extended into the 20th century.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Grenoble & Whaley (1998) characterized the situation this way: "Mayan languages typically have several hundreds of thousands of speakers, and a majority of Mayas speak a Mayan language as a first language. The driving concern of Maya communities is not to revitalize their language but to buttress it against the increasingly rapid spread of Spanish ... [rather than being] at the end of a process of language shift, [Mayan languages are] ... at the beginning."<a href="#CITEREFGrenobleWhaley1998">Grenoble & Whaley (1998</a>, pp. xi–xii)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChoi2002">Choi (2002)</a> writes: "In the recent Maya cultural activism, maintenance of Mayan languages has been promoted in an attempt to support 'unified Maya identity'. However, there is a complex array of perceptions about Mayan language and identity among Maya who I researched in Momostenango, a highland Maya community in Guatemala. On the one hand, Maya denigrate Kʼicheʼ and have doubts about its potential to continue as a viable language because the command of Spanish is an economic and political necessity. On the other hand, they do recognize the value of Mayan language when they wish to claim the 'authentic Maya identity'. It is this conflation of conflicting and ambivalent ideologies that inform language choice..."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See <a href="#CITEREFSuárez1983">Suárez (1983)</a> chapter 2 for a thorough discussion of the usage and meanings of the words "dialect" and "language" in Mesoamerica.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Chontal Maya is not to be confused with the <a href="/wiki/Tequistlatecan" class="mw-redirect" title="Tequistlatecan">Tequistlatecan</a> languages that are referred to as "Chontal of Oaxaca".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Ethnologue considers the dialects spoken in Cubulco and Rabinal to be distinct languages, two of the eight languages of a Quiché-Achi family. Raymond G., Gordon Jr. (ed.). Ethnologue, (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ethnologue.com/show_family.asp?subid=91829">Language Family Tree for Mayan</a>, accessed March 26, 2007.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Proto-Mayan allowed roots of the shape <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">CVC,<span class="wrap"> </span>CVVC,<span class="wrap"> </span>CVhC,<span class="wrap"> </span>CVʔC</span>, and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">CVSC</span> (where <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">S</span> is <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/s/</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ʃ/</span>, or <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/x/</span>)); see <a href="#CITEREFEngland1994">England (1994</a>, pp. 77)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCampbell2015">Campbell (2015)</a> mistakenly writes Tzeltal for Tzotzil, <a href="#CITEREFAvelinoShin2011">Avelino & Shin (2011)</a> states that the reports of a fully developed tone contrast in San Bartolome Tzotzil are inaccurate</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSuárez1983">Suárez (1983</a>, p. 65) writes: "Neither Tarascan nor Mayan have words as complex as those found in Nahuatl, Totonac or Mixe–Zoque, but, in different ways both have a rich morphology."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lyle Campbell (1997) refers to studies by Norman and Campbell ((1978) "Toward a proto-Mayan syntax: a comparative perspective on grammar", in <i>Papers in Mayan Linguistics</i>, ed. Nora C. England, pp. 136–56. Columbia: Museum of Anthropology, University of Missouri) and by <a href="#CITEREFEngland1991">England (1991)</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Another view has been suggested by Carlos Lenkersdorf, an <a href="/wiki/Anthropologist" title="Anthropologist">anthropologist</a> who studied the <a href="/wiki/Tojolab%CA%BCal_language" title="Tojolabʼal language">Tojolabʼal language</a>. He argued that a native Tojolabʼal speaker makes no cognitive distinctions between subject and object, or even between active and passive, animate and inanimate, seeing both subject and object as active participants in an action. For instance, in Tojolabʼal rather than saying "I teach you", one says the equivalent of "I-teach you-learn". See <a href="#CITEREFLenkersdorf1996">Lenkersdorf (1996</a>, pp. 60–62)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Cordemex contains a lengthy introduction on the history, importance, and key resources of written Yucatec Maya, including a summary of the orthography used by the project (pp. 39a-42a).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See <a href="#CITEREFEdmonson1985">Edmonson (1985)</a> for a thorough treatment of colonial Quiché literature.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Read <a href="#CITEREFEdmonsonBricker1985">Edmonson & Bricker (1985)</a> for a thorough treatment of colonial Yucatec literature.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See <a href="#CITEREFGossen1985">Gossen (1985)</a> for examples of the Tzotzil tradition of oral literature.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mayan_languages&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESpenceDyeWorbyde_Leon-Escribano1998-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESpenceDyeWorbyde_Leon-Escribano1998_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSpenceDyeWorbyde_Leon-Escribano1998">Spence et al. 1998</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Campbell_1997,_p.165-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Campbell_1997,_p.165_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Campbell_1997,_p.165_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Campbell_1997,_p.165_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCampbell1997">Campbell (1997</a>, p. 165)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKettunenHelmke20206-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKettunenHelmke20206_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKettunenHelmke2020">Kettunen & Helmke 2020</a>, p. 6.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEngland1994-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEngland1994_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEngland1994">England 1994</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECampbell1997165-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECampbell1997165_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCampbell1997">Campbell 1997</a>, p. 165.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKaufmanwith_Justeson2003-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKaufmanwith_Justeson2003_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKaufmanwith_Justeson2003">Kaufman & with Justeson 2003</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECampbellKaufman1985-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECampbellKaufman1985_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECampbellKaufman1985_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECampbellKaufman1985_11-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECampbellKaufman1985_11-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECampbellKaufman1985_11-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCampbellKaufman1985">Campbell & Kaufman 1985</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKaufman1976-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKaufman1976_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKaufman1976">Kaufman 1976</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERobertsonHouston2002-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobertsonHouston2002_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobertsonHouston2002_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRobertsonHouston2002">Robertson & Houston 2002</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHrubyChild2004-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHrubyChild2004_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHrubyChild2004">Hruby & Child 2004</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kettunen_&_Helmke_2020_p._13-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kettunen_&_Helmke_2020_p._13_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kettunen_&_Helmke_2020_p._13_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kettunen_&_Helmke_2020_p._13_16-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKettunenHelmke2020">Kettunen & Helmke (2020</a>, p. 13)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoustonRobertsonStuart2000-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoustonRobertsonStuart2000_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoustonRobertsonStuart2000_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHoustonRobertsonStuart2000">Houston, Robertson & Stuart 2000</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMora-Marín2009-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMora-Marín2009_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMora-Marín2009">Mora-Marín 2009</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChoi2002-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChoi2002_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChoi2002">Choi 2002</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFabri200361._n1-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFabri200361._n1_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFabri2003">Fabri 2003</a>, p. 61. n1.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-French-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-French_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-French_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFrench2003">French (2003)</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-England2007-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-England2007_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-England2007_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEngland2007">England (2007</a>, pp. 14, 93)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECampbellKaufmanSmith-Stark1986-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECampbellKaufmanSmith-Stark1986_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCampbellKaufmanSmith-Stark1986">Campbell, Kaufman & Smith-Stark 1986</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECampbell1997''passim''-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECampbell1997''passim''_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCampbell1997">Campbell 1997</a>, pp. <i>passim</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMora-Marín2016-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMora-Marín2016_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMora-Marín2016">Mora-Marín 2016</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECampbell201554-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECampbell201554_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCampbell2015">Campbell 2015</a>, p. 54.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECampbell2015-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECampbell2015_31-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECampbell2015_31-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECampbell2015_31-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECampbell2015_31-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECampbell2015_31-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCampbell2015">Campbell 2015</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBennettCoonHenderson2015-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBennettCoonHenderson2015_32-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBennettCoonHenderson2015_32-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBennettCoonHenderson2015">Bennett, Coon & Henderson 2015</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELaw2013-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELaw2013_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLaw2013">Law 2013</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERobertson1977-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobertson1977_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRobertson1977">Robertson 1977</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gordon, Raymond G., Jr. (ed.), (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=cti">Ethnologue report on Chʼol de Tila</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=ctu">Ethnologue report on Chʼol de Tumbalá</a>, both accessed March 07, 2007.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gordon, Raymond G., Jr. (ed.), (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=chf">Ethnologue report on Chontal de Tabasco</a>, accessed March 07, 2007.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gordon, Raymond G., Jr. (ed.), (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=caa">Chʼortiʼ: A language of Guatemala.</a> Ethnologue.com, accessed March 07, 2007.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKettunenHelmke202013-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKettunenHelmke202013_39-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKettunenHelmke202013_39-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKettunenHelmke2020">Kettunen & Helmke 2020</a>, p. 13.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gordon, Raymond G., Jr. (ed.), (2005) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ethnologue.com/show_family.asp?subid=91318">Family Tree for Tzeltalan</a> accessed March 26, 2007.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lewis, M. Paul, Gary F. Simons, and Charl47547es D. Fennig (eds.). "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ethnologue.com/language/tzh/18">Tzeltal</a>" <i>Ethnologue: Languages of the World, Eighteenth edition</i>, (2015). Dallas, Texas: SIL International.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gordon,_Raymond_G._2005-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Gordon,_Raymond_G._2005_42-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gordon,_Raymond_G._2005_42-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gordon,_Raymond_G._2005_42-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Gordon, Raymond G., Jr. (ed.). Ethnologue, (2005).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESolá2011-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESolá2011_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSolá2011">Solá 2011</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPopkin2005-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPopkin2005_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPopkin2005">Popkin 2005</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERao2015-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERao2015_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRao2015">Rao 2015</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gordon, Raymond G., Jr. (ed.), (2005). Gordon (2005) recognizes Eastern and Western dialects of <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ethnologue.com/show_family.asp?subid=92216">Jakaltek</a>, as well as <a href="/wiki/Mocho%CA%BC_language" title="Mochoʼ language">Mochoʼ</a> (also called Mototzintlec), a language with less than 200 speakers in the Chiapan villages of Tuzantán and Mototzintla.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jakaltek is spoken in the <i><a href="/wiki/Municipio_(Mexico)" class="mw-redirect" title="Municipio (Mexico)">municipios</a></i> of <a href="/wiki/Jacaltenango" title="Jacaltenango">Jacaltenango</a>, <a href="/wiki/La_Democracia,_Huehuetenango" title="La Democracia, Huehuetenango">La Democracia</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Concepci%C3%B3n,_Mexico&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Concepción, Mexico (page does not exist)">Concepción</a>, <a href="/wiki/San_Antonio_Huista" title="San Antonio Huista">San Antonio Huista</a> and <a href="/wiki/Santa_Ana_Huista" title="Santa Ana Huista">Santa Ana Huista</a>, and in parts of the <a href="/wiki/Nent%C3%B3n" title="Nentón">Nentón</a> <i>municipio</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lewis, M. Paul, Gary F. Simons, and Charles D. Fennig (eds.). "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ethnologue.com/language/knj/18">Akateko</a>" <i>Ethnologue: Languages of the World, Eighteenth edition</i>, (2015). Dallas, Texas: SIL International.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gordon, Raymond G., Jr. (ed.), (2005) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=toj">Tojolabal: A language of Mexico.</a> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=cnam">Chuj: A language of Guatemala.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071001200045/http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=cnam">Archived</a> 2007-10-01 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> both accessed March 19, 2007.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gordon, Raymond G., Jr. (ed.), (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=kek">Ethnologue report on Qʼeqchi</a>, accessed March 07, 2007.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gordon, Raymond G., Jr. (ed.), (2005) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=usp">Ethnologue report for Uspantec</a>, accessed March 26, 2007.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdmonson1968250–251-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEdmonson1968250–251_52-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEdmonson1968">Edmonson 1968</a>, pp. 250–251.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gordon, Raymond G., Jr. (ed.), (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ethnologue.com/show_family.asp?subid=92230">Family Tree for Kaqchikel</a>, accessed March 26, 2007.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gordon, Raymond G., Jr. (ed.), (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=tzj">Ethnologue report on Eastern Tzʼutujil</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=tzt">Ethnologue report on Western Tzʼutujil</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070410081706/http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=tzt">Archived</a> 2007-04-10 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, both accessed March 26, 2007.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lewis, M. Paul, Gary F. Simons, and Charles D. Fennig (eds.). "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ethnologue.com/language/quv/18">Sakapulteko</a>" <i>Ethnologue: Languages of the World, Eighteenth edition</i>, (2015). Dallas, Texas: SIL International.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lewis, M. Paul, Gary F. Simons, and Charles D. Fennig (eds.). "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ethnologue.com/language/qum/18">Sipakapense</a>" <i>Ethnologue: Languages of the World, Eighteenth edition</i>, (2015). Dallas, Texas: SIL International.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gordon, Raymond G., Jr. (ed.), (2005) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=ixi">Ethnologue report on Nebaj Ixil</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080504025151/http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=ixi">Archived</a> 2008-05-04 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=ixj">Chajul Ixil</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061208132311/http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=ixj">Archived</a> 2006-12-08 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> & <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=ixl">San Juan Cotzal Ixil</a>, accessed March 07, 2008.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gordon, Raymond G., Jr. (ed.), (2005) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=ttc">Ethnologue report for Tektitek</a>, accessed March 07, 2007.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECampbell1997163-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECampbell1997163_60-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCampbell1997">Campbell 1997</a>, p. 163.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gordon, Raymond G., Jr. (ed.), (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=poh">Ethnologue report on Eastern Poqomam</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=pob">Ethnologue report on Western Poqomchiʼ</a>, both accessed March 07, 2007.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lewis, M. Paul, Gary F. Simons, and Charles D. Fennig (eds.). "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ethnologue.com/language/poc/18">Poqomam</a>" <i>Ethnologue: Languages of the World, Eighteenth edition</i>, (2015). Dallas, Texas: SIL International.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.inegi.gob.mx/est/contenidos/espanol/rutinas/ept.asp?t=mlen10&c=3337">Población hablante de lengua indígena de 5 y más años por principales lenguas, 1970 a 2005</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070825062559/http://www.inegi.gob.mx/est/contenidos/espanol/rutinas/ept.asp?t=mlen10&c=3337">Archived</a> 2007-08-25 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <a href="/wiki/INEGI" class="mw-redirect" title="INEGI">INEGI</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lewis, M. Paul, Gary F. Simons, and Charles D. Fennig (eds.). "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ethnologue.com/language/yua/18">Maya, Yucatec</a>" <i>Ethnologue: Languages of the World, Eighteenth edition</i>, (2015). Dallas, Texas: SIL International.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">There were only 12 remaining native speakers in 1986 according to Gordon, Raymond G., Jr. (ed.). Ethnologue, (2005).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lewis, M. Paul, Gary F. Simons, and Charles D. Fennig (eds.). "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ethnologue.com/language/lac/18">Lacandon</a>" <i>Ethnologue: Languages of the World, Eighteenth edition</i>, (2015). Dallas, Texas: SIL International.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gordon, Raymond G., Jr. (ed.). Ethnologue (2005).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECampbellCanger1978-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECampbellCanger1978_68-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCampbellCanger1978">Campbell & Canger 1978</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-England_1994,_pp.30–31-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-England_1994,_pp.30–31_71-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-England_1994,_pp.30–31_71-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEngland1994">England (1994</a>, pp. 30–31)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEngland199435-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEngland199435_72-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEngland1994">England 1994</a>, p. 35.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EnglandCognates-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-EnglandCognates_73-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EnglandCognates_73-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Adapted from cognate list in <a href="#CITEREFEngland1994">England (1994)</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-HullChorti-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-HullChorti_74-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-HullChorti_74-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Kerry Hull ''An Abbreviated Dictionary of Ch’orti’ Maya''. 2005</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-HopkinsChuj1965-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-HopkinsChuj1965_75-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-HopkinsChuj1965_75-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Nicholas A. Hopkins. ''A DICTIONARY OF THE CHUJ (MAYAN) LANGUAGE''. 2012</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEngland2001-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEngland2001_76-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEngland2001">England 2001</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESuárez198365-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESuárez198365_78-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSuárez1983">Suárez 1983</a>, p. 65.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEngland1991-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEngland1991_80-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEngland1991">England 1991</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See, e.g., Tozzer (1977 [1921]), pp. 103, 290–292.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECraig1977141-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECraig1977141_82-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCraig1977">Craig 1977</a>, p. 141.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Example follows <a href="#CITEREFSuárez1983">Suárez (1983</a>, p. 88)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Suaréz_1983,_p._85-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Suaréz_1983,_p._85_84-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Suaréz_1983,_p._85_84-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSuárez1983">Suárez (1983</a>, p. 85)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECampbellKaufmanSmith-Stark1986544–545-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECampbellKaufmanSmith-Stark1986544–545_85-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCampbellKaufmanSmith-Stark1986">Campbell, Kaufman & Smith-Stark 1986</a>, pp. 544–545.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECampbellKaufmanSmith-Stark1986545–546-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECampbellKaufmanSmith-Stark1986545–546_86-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCampbellKaufmanSmith-Stark1986">Campbell, Kaufman & Smith-Stark 1986</a>, pp. 545–546.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECoon201047–52-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECoon201047–52_87-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCoon2010">Coon 2010</a>, pp. 47–52.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESuárez198377-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESuárez198377_88-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSuárez1983">Suárez 1983</a>, p. 77.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Suaréz (1983), p. 71.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEngland1994126-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEngland1994126_91-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEngland1994">England 1994</a>, p. 126.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Campbell-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Campbell_92-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCampbell1997">Campbell (1997</a>, p. 164)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEngland199497–103-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEngland199497–103_93-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEngland1994">England 1994</a>, p. 97–103.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECoonPreminger2009-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECoonPreminger2009_94-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECoonPreminger2009_94-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCoonPreminger2009">Coon & Preminger 2009</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEngland199487-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEngland199487_95-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEngland1994">England 1994</a>, p. 87.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESuárez198365–67-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESuárez198365–67_96-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSuárez1983">Suárez 1983</a>, p. 65–67.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECampbellKaufmanSmith-Stark1986549-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECampbellKaufmanSmith-Stark1986549_97-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCampbellKaufmanSmith-Stark1986">Campbell, Kaufman & Smith-Stark 1986</a>, p. 549.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hofling2011-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hofling2011_98-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFHofling2011" class="citation book cs1">Hofling, Charles Andrew (2011). <i>Mopan Maya-Spanish-English Dictionary</i>. Salt Lake City, Utah: University of Utah Press. p. 6. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1607810292" title="Special:BookSources/978-1607810292"><bdi>978-1607810292</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mopan+Maya-Spanish-English+Dictionary&rft.place=Salt+Lake+City%2C+Utah&rft.pages=6&rft.pub=University+of+Utah+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1607810292&rft.aulast=Hofling&rft.aufirst=Charles+Andrew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMayan+languages" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=cigar">Cigar</a>, Online Etymology Dictionary.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Read & González (2000), p.200</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kettunen_&_Helmke_2020,_p._8-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kettunen_&_Helmke_2020,_p._8_101-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kettunen_&_Helmke_2020,_p._8_101-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kettunen_&_Helmke_2020,_p._8_101-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKettunenHelmke2020">Kettunen & Helmke (2020</a>, p. 8)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESuárez19835-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESuárez19835_102-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESuárez19835_102-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSuárez1983">Suárez 1983</a>, p. 5.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaxwell2011-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaxwell2011_103-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaxwell2011_103-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMaxwell2011">Maxwell 2011</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEScheleFreidel1990-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEScheleFreidel1990_104-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFScheleFreidel1990">Schele & Freidel 1990</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESoustelle1984-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESoustelle1984_105-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSoustelle1984">Soustelle 1984</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKettunenHelmke20209–11-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKettunenHelmke20209–11_106-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKettunenHelmke2020">Kettunen & Helmke 2020</a>, pp. 9–11.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Missionary-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Missionary_107-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Missionary_107-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFArzápalo_Marín2005">Arzápalo Marín (2005)</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> Josephe DeChicchis, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://kgur.kwansei.ac.jp/dspace/bitstream/10236/7801/1/37-2.pdf">"Revisiting an imperfection in Mayan orthography"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141103001201/http://kgur.kwansei.ac.jp/dspace/bitstream/10236/7801/1/37-2.pdf">Archived</a> 2014-11-03 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> , <i>Journal of Policy Studies</i> 37 (March 2011)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECoe1987161-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECoe1987161_110-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCoe1987">Coe 1987</a>, p. 161.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECurl2005-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECurl2005_113-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCurl2005">Curl 2005</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESuárez1983163–168-114"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESuárez1983163–168_114-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSuárez1983">Suárez 1983</a>, pp. 163–168.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaxwell2015-116"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaxwell2015_116-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaxwell2015_116-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMaxwell2015">Maxwell 2015</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarrera_VásquezBastarrachea_ManzanoBrito_Sansores1980-117"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarrera_VásquezBastarrachea_ManzanoBrito_Sansores1980_117-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBarrera_VásquezBastarrachea_ManzanoBrito_Sansores1980">Barrera Vásquez, Bastarrachea Manzano & Brito Sansores 1980</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060214102223/http://www.mcd.gob.gt/MICUDE/directorios/directorio_cultural_deportivo/letras/inst15040512">"Humberto Ak´abal"</a> (in Spanish). Guatemala Ministerio de Cultura y Deportes. March 26, 2007. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mcd.gob.gt/MICUDE/directorios/directorio_cultural_deportivo/letras/inst15040512/">the original</a> on February 14, 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-02-23</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Humberto+Ak%C2%B4abal&rft.pub=Guatemala+Ministerio+de+Cultura+y+Deportes&rft.date=2007-03-26&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mcd.gob.gt%2FMICUDE%2Fdirectorios%2Fdirectorio_cultural_deportivo%2Fletras%2Finst15040512%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMayan+languages" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ais.arizona.edu/news/luis-enrique-sam-colop-1955-2011">"Luis Enrique Sam Colop, 1955–2011 | American Indian Studies"</a>. Ais.arizona.edu<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-12-19</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Luis+Enrique+Sam+Colop%2C+1955%E2%80%932011+%26%23124%3B+American+Indian+Studies&rft.pub=Ais.arizona.edu&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ais.arizona.edu%2Fnews%2Fluis-enrique-sam-colop-1955-2011&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMayan+languages" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mayan_languages&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-hanging-indents refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArzápalo_Marín2005" class="citation book cs1">Arzápalo Marín, R. (2005). "La representación escritural del maya de Yucatán desde la época prehispánica hasta la colonia: Proyecciones hacia el siglo XXI". In Zwartjes; Altman (eds.). <i>Missionary Linguistics II: Orthography and Phonology</i>. Walter Benjamins.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=La+representaci%C3%B3n+escritural+del+maya+de+Yucat%C3%A1n+desde+la+%C3%A9poca+prehisp%C3%A1nica+hasta+la+colonia%3A+Proyecciones+hacia+el+siglo+XXI&rft.btitle=Missionary+Linguistics+II%3A+Orthography+and+Phonology&rft.pub=Walter+Benjamins&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Arz%C3%A1palo+Mar%C3%ADn&rft.aufirst=R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMayan+languages" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAvelinoShin2011" class="citation book cs1">Avelino, H.; Shin, E. (2011). "Chapter I The Phonetics of Laryngalization in Yucatec Maya". In Avelino, Heriberto; Coon, Jessica; Norcliffe, Elisabeth (eds.). <i>New perspectives in Mayan linguistics</i>. Cambridge Scholars Publishing.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+I+The+Phonetics+of+Laryngalization+in+Yucatec+Maya&rft.btitle=New+perspectives+in+Mayan+linguistics&rft.pub=Cambridge+Scholars+Publishing&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Avelino&rft.aufirst=H.&rft.au=Shin%2C+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMayan+languages" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarrera_VásquezBastarrachea_ManzanoBrito_Sansores1980" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Alfredo_Barrera_V%C3%A1squez" title="Alfredo Barrera Vásquez">Barrera Vásquez, Alfredo</a>; Bastarrachea Manzano, Juan Ramón; Brito Sansores, William (1980). <i>Diccionario maya Cordemex : maya-español, español-maya</i>. Mérida, Yucatán, México: Ediciones Cordemex. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/7550928">7550928</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Diccionario+maya+Cordemex+%3A+maya-espa%C3%B1ol%2C+espa%C3%B1ol-maya&rft.place=M%C3%A9rida%2C+Yucat%C3%A1n%2C+M%C3%A9xico&rft.pub=Ediciones+Cordemex&rft.date=1980&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F7550928&rft.aulast=Barrera+V%C3%A1squez&rft.aufirst=Alfredo&rft.au=Bastarrachea+Manzano%2C+Juan+Ram%C3%B3n&rft.au=Brito+Sansores%2C+William&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMayan+languages" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="languageicon">(in Spanish and Yucatec Maya)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBennettCoonHenderson2015" class="citation journal cs1">Bennett, Ryan; Coon, Jessica; Henderson, Robert (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://campuspress.yale.edu/ryanbennett/files/2015/09/Bennett_etal2015_Mayan_ling_intro-1ymmbkj.pdf">"Introduction to Mayan Linguistics"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Language and Linguistics Compass</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Language+and+Linguistics+Compass&rft.atitle=Introduction+to+Mayan+Linguistics&rft.date=2015&rft.aulast=Bennett&rft.aufirst=Ryan&rft.au=Coon%2C+Jessica&rft.au=Henderson%2C+Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcampuspress.yale.edu%2Fryanbennett%2Ffiles%2F2015%2F09%2FBennett_etal2015_Mayan_ling_intro-1ymmbkj.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMayan+languages" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBolles2003" class="citation web cs1">Bolles, David (2003) [1997]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.famsi.org/reports/96072/index.html">"Combined Dictionary–Concordance of the Yucatecan Mayan Language"</a> (Revized ed.). Foundation for the Advancement of Mesoamerican Studies, Inc. (FAMSI)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2006-12-12</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Combined+Dictionary%E2%80%93Concordance+of+the+Yucatecan+Mayan+Language&rft.edition=Revized&rft.pub=Foundation+for+the+Advancement+of+Mesoamerican+Studies%2C+Inc.+%28FAMSI%29&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Bolles&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.famsi.org%2Freports%2F96072%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMayan+languages" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="languageicon">(in Yucatec Maya and English)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBollesBolles2004" class="citation web cs1">Bolles, David; Bolles, Alejandra (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.famsi.org/research/bolles/grammar/index.html">"A Grammar of the Yucatecan Mayan Language"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(revised online edition, 1996 Lee, New Hampshire)</span>. <i>Foundation for the Advancement of Mesoamerican Studies, Inc. (FAMSI)</i>. The Foundation Research Department<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2006-12-12</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Foundation+for+the+Advancement+of+Mesoamerican+Studies%2C+Inc.+%28FAMSI%29&rft.atitle=A+Grammar+of+the+Yucatecan+Mayan+Language&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Bolles&rft.aufirst=David&rft.au=Bolles%2C+Alejandra&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.famsi.org%2Fresearch%2Fbolles%2Fgrammar%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMayan+languages" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="languageicon">(in Yucatec Maya and English)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCampbell1997" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Lyle_Campbell" title="Lyle Campbell">Campbell, Lyle</a> (1997). <i>American Indian Languages: The Historical Linguistics of Native America</i>. Oxford Studies in Anthropological Linguistics, no. 4. New York: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-509427-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-509427-1"><bdi>0-19-509427-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=American+Indian+Languages%3A+The+Historical+Linguistics+of+Native+America&rft.place=New+York&rft.series=Oxford+Studies+in+Anthropological+Linguistics%2C+no.+4&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=0-19-509427-1&rft.aulast=Campbell&rft.aufirst=Lyle&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMayan+languages" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCampbellCanger1978" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Lyle_Campbell" title="Lyle Campbell">Campbell, Lyle</a>; <a href="/wiki/Una_Canger" title="Una Canger">Canger, Una</a> (1978). 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London: <a href="/wiki/Thames_%26_Hudson" title="Thames & Hudson">Thames & Hudson</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-500-05061-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-500-05061-9"><bdi>0-500-05061-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/26605966">26605966</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Breaking+the+Maya+Code&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Thames+%26+Hudson&rft.date=1992&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F26605966&rft.isbn=0-500-05061-9&rft.aulast=Coe&rft.aufirst=Michael+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbreakingmayacode00coem_0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMayan+languages" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCoon2010" class="citation thesis cs1">Coon, Jessica (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ling.auf.net/lingBuzz/001072"><i>Complementation in Chol (Mayan): A Theory of Split Ergativity</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(electronic version)</span> (PhD). <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology" title="Massachusetts Institute of Technology">Massachusetts Institute of Technology</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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University of Texas Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780292740051" title="Special:BookSources/9780292740051"><bdi>9780292740051</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Structure+of+Jacaltec&rft.pub=University+of+Texas+Press&rft.date=1977&rft.isbn=9780292740051&rft.aulast=Craig&rft.aufirst=Colette+Grinevald&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fstructureofjacal0007crai&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMayan+languages" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCurl2005" class="citation book cs1">Curl, John (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://red-coral.net/Dzit.html"><i>Ancient American Poets</i></a>. 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Guatemala City: Cholsamaj. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/84-89451-05-2" title="Special:BookSources/84-89451-05-2"><bdi>84-89451-05-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Autonomia+de+los+Idiomas+Mayas%3A+Historia+e+identidad.+%28Ukuta%CA%BCmiil+Ramaq%CA%BCiil+Utzijob%CA%BCaal+ri+Maya%CA%BC+Amaaq%CA%BC.%29&rft.place=Guatemala+City&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Cholsamaj&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=84-89451-05-2&rft.aulast=England&rft.aufirst=Nora+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMayan+languages" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEngland2007" class="citation journal cs1">England, Nora C. (2007). 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New York: Doubleday and Co. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-385-17249-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-385-17249-4"><bdi>0-385-17249-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Olmecs%3A+The+Oldest+Civilization+in+Mexico&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Doubleday+and+Co&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=0-385-17249-4&rft.aulast=Soustelle&rft.aufirst=Jacques&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Folmecsoldestcivi0000sous&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMayan+languages" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSpenceDyeWorbyde_Leon-Escribano1998" class="citation web cs1">Spence, Jack; Dye, David R.; Worby, Paula; de Leon-Escribano, Carmen Rosa; Vickers, George; Lanchin, Mike (August 1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lanic.utexas.edu/project/hemisphereinitiatives/promise.htm">"Promise and Reality: Implementation of the Guatemalan Peace Accords"</a>. Hemispheres Initiatives<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2006-12-06</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Promise+and+Reality%3A+Implementation+of+the+Guatemalan+Peace+Accords&rft.pub=Hemispheres+Initiatives&rft.date=1998-08&rft.aulast=Spence&rft.aufirst=Jack&rft.au=Dye%2C+David+R.&rft.au=Worby%2C+Paula&rft.au=de+Leon-Escribano%2C+Carmen+Rosa&rft.au=Vickers%2C+George&rft.au=Lanchin%2C+Mike&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flanic.utexas.edu%2Fproject%2Fhemisphereinitiatives%2Fpromise.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMayan+languages" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSuárez1983" class="citation book cs1">Suárez, Jorge A. (1983). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/mesoamericanindi0009suar"><i>The Mesoamerican Indian Languages</i></a>. Cambridge Language Surveys. Cambridge: <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-22834-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-22834-4"><bdi>0-521-22834-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Mesoamerican+Indian+Languages&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.series=Cambridge+Language+Surveys&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=0-521-22834-4&rft.aulast=Su%C3%A1rez&rft.aufirst=Jorge+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmesoamericanindi0009suar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMayan+languages" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTozzer1977" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Tozzer" title="Alfred Tozzer">Tozzer, Alfred M.</a> (1977) [1921]. <i>A Maya Grammar</i> (unabridged republication ed.). New York: <a href="/wiki/Dover_Publications" title="Dover Publications">Dover Publications</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-486-23465-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-486-23465-7"><bdi>0-486-23465-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Maya+Grammar&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=unabridged+republication&rft.pub=Dover+Publications&rft.date=1977&rft.isbn=0-486-23465-7&rft.aulast=Tozzer&rft.aufirst=Alfred+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMayan+languages" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWichmann2006" class="citation journal cs1">Wichmann, S. (2006). "Mayan historical linguistics and epigraphy: a new synthesis". <i>Annual Review of Anthropology</i>. <b>35</b>: <span class="nowrap">279–</span>294. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1146%2Fannurev.anthro.35.081705.123257">10.1146/annurev.anthro.35.081705.123257</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:18014314">18014314</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annual+Review+of+Anthropology&rft.atitle=Mayan+historical+linguistics+and+epigraphy%3A+a+new+synthesis&rft.volume=35&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E279-%3C%2Fspan%3E294&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1146%2Fannurev.anthro.35.081705.123257&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A18014314%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Wichmann&rft.aufirst=S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMayan+languages" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWichmannBrown2003" class="citation journal cs1">Wichmann, Søren; Brown, Cecil H. (2003). "Contact among some Mayan languages: Inferences from loanwords". <i>Anthropological Linguistics</i>: <span class="nowrap">57–</span>93.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Anthropological+Linguistics&rft.atitle=Contact+among+some+Mayan+languages%3A+Inferences+from+loanwords.&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E57-%3C%2Fspan%3E93&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Wichmann&rft.aufirst=S%C3%B8ren&rft.au=Brown%2C+Cecil+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMayan+languages" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWichmann2004" class="citation book cs1">Wichmann, Søren, ed. (2004). <i>The linguistics of Maya writing</i>. Utah University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+linguistics+of+Maya+writing&rft.pub=Utah+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMayan+languages" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mayan_languages&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 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plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Incubator-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Incubator-logo.svg/32px-Incubator-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Incubator-logo.svg/48px-Incubator-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Incubator-logo.svg/64px-Incubator-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="799" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><i><b><a href="https://incubator.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wp/hus" class="extiw" title="incubator:Wp/hus">Huastec test</a></b></i> of <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia">Wikipedia</a> at <a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Incubator" class="extiw" title="meta:Wikimedia Incubator">Wikimedia Incubator</a></div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Incubator-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Incubator-logo.svg/32px-Incubator-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Incubator-logo.svg/48px-Incubator-logo.svg.png 1.5x, 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class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Incubator-logo.svg/32px-Incubator-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Incubator-logo.svg/48px-Incubator-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Incubator-logo.svg/64px-Incubator-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="799" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><i><b><a href="https://incubator.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wp/ctu" class="extiw" title="incubator:Wp/ctu">Chʼol test</a></b></i> of <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia">Wikipedia</a> at <a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Incubator" class="extiw" title="meta:Wikimedia Incubator">Wikimedia Incubator</a></div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Incubator-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Incubator-logo.svg/32px-Incubator-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Incubator-logo.svg/48px-Incubator-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Incubator-logo.svg/64px-Incubator-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="799" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><i><b><a href="https://incubator.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wp/tzh" class="extiw" title="incubator:Wp/tzh">Tzeltal test</a></b></i> of <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia">Wikipedia</a> at <a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Incubator" class="extiw" title="meta:Wikimedia Incubator">Wikimedia Incubator</a></div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Incubator-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Incubator-logo.svg/32px-Incubator-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Incubator-logo.svg/48px-Incubator-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Incubator-logo.svg/64px-Incubator-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="799" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><i><b><a href="https://incubator.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wp/mam" class="extiw" title="incubator:Wp/mam">Mam test</a></b></i> of <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia">Wikipedia</a> at <a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Incubator" class="extiw" title="meta:Wikimedia Incubator">Wikimedia Incubator</a></div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Incubator-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Incubator-logo.svg/32px-Incubator-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Incubator-logo.svg/48px-Incubator-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Incubator-logo.svg/64px-Incubator-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="799" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><i><b><a href="https://incubator.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wp/cak" class="extiw" title="incubator:Wp/cak">Kaqchikel test</a></b></i> of <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia">Wikipedia</a> at <a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Incubator" class="extiw" title="meta:Wikimedia Incubator">Wikimedia Incubator</a></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.almg.org.gt/">The Guatemalan Academy of Mayan Languages</a> – Spanish/Mayan site, the primary authority on Mayan Languages <span class="languageicon">(in Spanish)</span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.peabody.harvard.edu/node/24">Corpus of Maya Hieroglyphic Inscriptions Program at the Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology, Harvard University</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110927062939/http://www.peabody.harvard.edu/node/24">Archived</a> 2011-09-27 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hup.harvard.edu/results-list.php?collection=1210">Corpus of Maya Hieroglyphic Inscriptions, Volumes 1–9. Published by the Peabody Museum Press and distributed by Harvard University Press</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Appendix:Swadesh_lists_for_Mayan_languages">Swadesh lists for Mayan languages</a> (from Wiktionary's <a class="external text" href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Appendix:Swadesh_lists">Swadesh-list appendix</a>)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120814025555/http://cholsamaj.org/libros_por_genero.php?genre=4">Mayan languages and linguistics books from Cholsamaj</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060812000027/http://www.utexas.edu/courses/stross/ant389_files/maylanbib.htm">Online bibliography of Mayan languages at the University of Texas</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mayas.uady.mx/diccionario/index.html">Universidad Autonoma de Yucatan Mayan-Spanish dictionary</a> (Spanish)</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output 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title="Template talk:Mayan languages"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Mayan_languages" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Mayan languages"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Mayan_languages181" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mayan languages</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Huastecan_languages" title="Huastecan languages">Huastecan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Chicomuceltec_language" title="Chicomuceltec language">Chicomuceltec</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huastec_language" title="Huastec language">Huastec (Wastek)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Yucatecan_languages" title="Yucatecan languages">Yucatecan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mopan–Itza</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Itza%CA%BC_language" title="Itzaʼ language">Itzaʼ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mopan_language" title="Mopan language">Mopan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Yucatec–Lacandon</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lacandon_language" title="Lacandon language">Lacandon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yucatec_Maya_language" title="Yucatec Maya language">Yucatec Maya</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Western</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ch%CA%BColan_languages" title="Chʼolan languages">Cholan–Tzeltalan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Chʼol</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chontal_Maya_language" title="Chontal Maya language">Chontal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ch%CA%BCol_language" title="Chʼol language">Chʼol</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ch%CA%BColti%CA%BC_language" title="Chʼoltiʼ language">Chʼoltiʼ</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ch%CA%BCorti%CA%BC_language" title="Chʼortiʼ language">Chʼortiʼ</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Tzeltalan</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tzeltal_language" title="Tzeltal language">Tzeltal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tzotzil_language" title="Tzotzil language">Tzotzil</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Q%CA%BCanjobalan_languages" title="Qʼanjobalan languages">Qʼanjobalan–Chujean</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Chujean</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chuj_language" title="Chuj language">Chuj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tojolab%CA%BCal_language" title="Tojolabʼal language">Tojolabʼal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Qʼanjobʼalan–Jakaltek</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akatek_language" title="Akatek language">Akatek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jakaltek_language" title="Jakaltek language">Jakaltek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Q%CA%BCanjob%CA%BCal_language" title="Qʼanjobʼal language">Qʼanjobʼal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mototzintleco</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mocho%CA%BC_language" title="Mochoʼ language">Mochoʼ</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Eastern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mamean_languages" title="Mamean languages">Mamean</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ixilean</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Awakatek_language" title="Awakatek language">Awakatek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ixil_language" title="Ixil language">Ixil</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mamean proper</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mam_language" title="Mam language">Mam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tektitek_language" title="Tektitek language">Tektitek</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Quichean_languages" title="Quichean languages">Greater Quichean</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Quichean proper</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Achi_language" title="Achi language">Achi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%CA%BCiche%CA%BC_language" title="Kʼicheʼ language">Kʼicheʼ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaqchikel_language" title="Kaqchikel language">Kaqchikel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tz%CA%BCutujil_language" title="Tzʼutujil language">Tzʼutujil</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Poqom</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Poqomam_language" title="Poqomam language">Poqomam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poqomchi%CA%BC_language" title="Poqomchiʼ language">Poqomchiʼ</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Q%CA%BCeqchi%CA%BC_language" title="Qʼeqchiʼ language">Qʼeqchi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sakapultek_language" title="Sakapultek language">Sakapultek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sipakapa_language" title="Sipakapa language">Sipakapense</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uspantek_language" title="Uspantek language">Uspantek</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mixed_language" title="Mixed language">Mixed language</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cauque_Mayan_language" title="Cauque Mayan language">Cauque Mayan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Proto-Mayan_language" title="Proto-Mayan language">Proto-Mayan</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Classic_Maya_language" title="Classic Maya language">Classic Maya</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Classical_K%CA%BCiche%CA%BC" title="Classical Kʼicheʼ">Classical Kʼicheʼ</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><i>Italics</i> indicate <a href="/wiki/Language_death" title="Language death">extinct languages</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Language_families_of_Mesoamerica130" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Mesoamerican_families" title="Template:Mesoamerican families"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Mesoamerican_families" title="Template talk:Mesoamerican families"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Mesoamerican_families" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Mesoamerican families"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Language_families_of_Mesoamerica130" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Mesoamerican_languages" title="Mesoamerican languages">Language families</a> of <a href="/wiki/Mesoamerica" title="Mesoamerica">Mesoamerica</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Demonstrated families</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Chibchan_languages" title="Chibchan languages">Chibchan</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jicaquean_languages" title="Jicaquean languages">Jicaquean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lencan_languages" title="Lencan languages">Lencan</a></li> <li><b><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mayan</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Misumalpan_languages" title="Misumalpan languages">Misumalpan</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Mixe%E2%80%93Zoque_languages" title="Mixe–Zoque languages">Mixe–Zoque</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Oto-Manguean_languages" title="Oto-Manguean languages">Oto-Manguean</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tequistlatecan_languages" title="Tequistlatecan languages">Tequistlatecan</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Totonacan_languages" title="Totonacan languages">Totonacan</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Uto-Aztecan_languages" title="Uto-Aztecan languages">Uto-Aztecan</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xincan_languages" title="Xincan languages">Xincan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Isolates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cuitlatec_language" title="Cuitlatec language">Cuitlatec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huave_language" title="Huave language">Huave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pur%C3%A9pecha_language" title="Purépecha language">Purépecha</a></li> <li>(<a href="/wiki/Alag%C3%BCilac_language" title="Alagüilac language">Alagüilac</a>?)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Proposed macrofamilies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hokan_languages" title="Hokan languages">Hokan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macro-Mayan_languages" title="Macro-Mayan languages">Macro-Mayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macro-Chibchan_languages" title="Macro-Chibchan languages">Macro-Chibchan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penutian_languages" title="Penutian languages">Penutian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolatecan_languages" title="Tolatecan languages">Tolatecan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Totozoquean_languages" title="Totozoquean languages">Totozoquean</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Linguistic areas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mesoamerican_language_area" title="Mesoamerican language area">Mesoamerican language area</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Primary_language_families757" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Language_families" title="Template:Language families"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Language_families" title="Template talk:Language families"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Language_families" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Language families"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Primary_language_families757" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_language_families" title="List of language families">Primary language families</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Africa" title="Languages of Africa">Africa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Afroasiatic_languages" title="Afroasiatic languages">Afroasiatic</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Austronesian_languages" title="Austronesian languages">Austronesian</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khoe%E2%80%93Kwadi_languages" title="Khoe–Kwadi languages">Khoe–Kwadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kx%CA%BCa_languages" title="Kxʼa languages">Kx'a</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Niger%E2%80%93Congo_languages" title="Niger–Congo languages">Niger–Congo</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Nilo-Saharan_languages" title="Nilo-Saharan languages">Nilo-Saharan</a></b>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuu_languages" title="Tuu languages">Tuu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mande_languages" title="Mande languages">Mande</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Songhay_languages" title="Songhay languages">Songhay</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ijaw_languages" title="Ijaw languages">Ijaw</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ubangian_languages" title="Ubangian languages">Ubangian</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kadu_languages" title="Kadu languages">Kadu</a>?</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Isolates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bangime_language" title="Bangime language">Bangime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hadza_language" title="Hadza language">Hadza</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gule_language" title="Gule language">Gule</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jalaa_language" title="Jalaa language">Jalaa</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandawe_language" title="Sandawe language">Sandawe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laal_language" title="Laal language">Laal</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shabo_language" title="Shabo language">Shabo</a>?</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Eurasia<br />(<a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Europe" title="Languages of Europe">Europe</a><br />and <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Asia" title="Languages of Asia">Asia</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Afroasiatic_languages" title="Afroasiatic languages">Afroasiatic</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ainu_languages" title="Ainu languages">Ainu</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Austroasiatic_languages" title="Austroasiatic languages">Austroasiatic</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Austronesian_languages" title="Austronesian languages">Austronesian</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chukotko-Kamchatkan_languages" title="Chukotko-Kamchatkan languages">Chukotko-Kamchatkan</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Dravidian_languages" title="Dravidian languages">Dravidian</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eskaleut_languages" title="Eskaleut languages">Eskaleut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Andamanese_languages" title="Great Andamanese languages">Great Andamanese</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Hmong%E2%80%93Mien_languages" title="Hmong–Mien languages">Hmong–Mien</a></b></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hurro-Urartian_languages" title="Hurro-Urartian languages">Hurro-Urartian</a></i></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japonic_languages" title="Japonic languages">Japonic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kartvelian_languages" title="Kartvelian languages">Kartvelian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koreanic_languages" title="Koreanic languages">Koreanic</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Kra%E2%80%93Dai_languages" title="Kra–Dai languages">Kra–Dai</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolic_languages" title="Mongolic languages">Mongolic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nivkh_languages" title="Nivkh languages">Nivkh</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Northeast_Caucasian_languages" title="Northeast Caucasian languages">Northeast Caucasian</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northwest_Caucasian_languages" title="Northwest Caucasian languages">Northwest Caucasian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ongan_languages" title="Ongan languages">Ongan</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Sino-Tibetan_languages" title="Sino-Tibetan languages">Sino-Tibetan</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tungusic_languages" title="Tungusic languages">Tungusic</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Turkic_languages" title="Turkic languages">Turkic</a></b></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tyrsenian_languages" title="Tyrsenian languages">Tyrsenian</a></i></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Uralic_languages" title="Uralic languages">Uralic</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yeniseian_languages" title="Yeniseian languages">Yeniseian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yukaghir_languages" title="Yukaghir languages">Yukaghir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digaro_languages" title="Digaro languages">Digaro</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hrusish_languages" title="Hrusish languages">Hrusish</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kho-Bwa_languages" title="Kho-Bwa languages">Kho-Bwa</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mijiic_languages" title="Mijiic languages">Mijiic</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miju_languages" title="Miju languages">Miju</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puroik_language" title="Puroik language">Puroik</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siangic_languages" title="Siangic languages">Siangic</a>?</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Isolates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Basque_language" title="Basque language">Basque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burushaski" title="Burushaski">Burushaski</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Elamite_language" title="Elamite language">Elamite</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hattic_language" title="Hattic language">Hattic</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kenaboi_language" title="Kenaboi language">Kenaboi</a>?</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kusunda_language" title="Kusunda language">Kusunda</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Minoan_language" title="Minoan language">Minoan</a>?</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nihali_language" title="Nihali language">Nihali</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rutuli" title="Rutuli">Rutulian</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shompen_language" title="Shompen language">Shompen</a>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sumerian_language" title="Sumerian language">Sumerian</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tambora_language" title="Tambora language">Tambora</a>?</i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Papuan_languages" title="Papuan languages">New Guinea</a><br />and <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Oceania" title="Languages of Oceania">the Pacific</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arai%E2%80%93Samaia_languages" title="Arai–Samaia languages">Arai–Samaia</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Austronesian_languages" title="Austronesian languages">Austronesian</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Binanderean%E2%80%93Goilalan_languages" title="Binanderean–Goilalan languages">Binanderean–Goilalan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Border_languages_(New_Guinea)" title="Border languages (New Guinea)">Border</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulaka_River_languages" title="Bulaka River languages">Bulaka River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Solomon_languages" title="Central Solomon languages">Central Solomons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chimbu%E2%80%93Wahgi_languages" title="Chimbu–Wahgi languages">Chimbu–Wahgi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demta%E2%80%93Sentani_languages" title="Demta–Sentani languages">Demta–Sentani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doso%E2%80%93Turumsa_languages" title="Doso–Turumsa languages">Doso–Turumsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Geelvink_Bay_languages" title="East Geelvink Bay languages">East Geelvink Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_New_Britain_languages" title="East New Britain languages">East New Britain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Strickland_languages" title="East Strickland languages">East Strickland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eleman_languages" title="Eleman languages">Eleman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engan_languages" title="Engan languages">Engan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fas_languages" title="Fas languages">Fas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foja_Range_languages" title="Foja Range languages">Foja Range</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaure%E2%80%93Kosare_languages" title="Kaure–Kosare languages">Kaure–Kosare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiwaian_languages" title="Kiwaian languages">Kiwaian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kutubuan_languages" title="Kutubuan languages">Kutubuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lakes_Plain_languages" title="Lakes Plain languages">Lakes Plain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lower_Mamberamo_languages" title="Lower Mamberamo languages">Lower Mamberamo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lower_Sepik_languages" title="Lower Sepik languages">Lower Sepik</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Madang_languages" title="Madang languages">Madang</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mairasi_languages" title="Mairasi languages">Mairasi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Bougainville_languages" title="North Bougainville languages">North Bougainville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pauwasi_languages" title="Pauwasi languages">Pauwasi</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Ramu_languages" title="Ramu languages">Ramu</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senagi_languages" title="Senagi languages">Senagi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senu_River_languages" title="Senu River languages">Senu River</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Sepik_languages" title="Sepik languages">Sepik</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skou_languages" title="Skou languages">Skou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Bougainville_languages" title="South Bougainville languages">South Bougainville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teberan_languages" title="Teberan languages">Teberan</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Torricelli_languages" title="Torricelli languages">Torricelli</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trans-Fly_languages" title="Trans-Fly languages">Trans-Fly</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Trans%E2%80%93New_Guinea_languages" title="Trans–New Guinea languages">Trans–New Guinea</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turama%E2%80%93Kikorian_languages" title="Turama–Kikorian languages">Turama–Kikorian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upper_Yuat_languages" title="Upper Yuat languages">Upper Yuat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Papuan_languages" title="West Papuan languages">West Papuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yam_languages" title="Yam languages">Yam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yawa_languages" title="Yawa languages">Yawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuat_languages" title="Yuat languages">Yuat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northwest_Papuan_languages" title="Northwest Papuan languages">Northwest Papuan</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papuan_Gulf_languages" title="Papuan Gulf languages">Papuan Gulf</a>?</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Isolates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abinomn_language" title="Abinomn language">Abinomn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abun_language" title="Abun language">Abun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/An%C3%AAm_language" title="Anêm language">Anêm</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ata_language" title="Ata language">Ata</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kol_language_(Papua_New_Guinea)" title="Kol language (Papua New Guinea)">Kol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuot_language" title="Kuot language">Kuot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maybrat_language" title="Maybrat language">Maybrat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mpur_language" title="Mpur language">Mpur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pawaia_language" title="Pawaia language">Pawaia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porome_language" title="Porome language">Porome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulka_language" title="Sulka language">Sulka</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tayap_language" title="Tayap language">Taiap</a>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tambora_language" title="Tambora language">Tambora</a>?</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wiru_language" title="Wiru language">Wiru</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Australian_Aboriginal_languages" title="Australian Aboriginal languages">Australia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Macro-Gunwinyguan_languages" title="Macro-Gunwinyguan languages">Arnhem/Macro-Gunwinyguan</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bunuban_languages" title="Bunuban languages">Bunuban</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Darwin_Region_languages" title="Darwin Region languages">Darwin Region</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Daly_languages" title="Eastern Daly languages">Eastern Daly</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Tasmanian_languages" title="Eastern Tasmanian languages">Eastern Tasmanian</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garawan_languages" title="Garawan languages">Garawan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iwaidjan_languages" title="Iwaidjan languages">Iwaidjan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jarrakan_languages" title="Jarrakan languages">Jarrakan</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Marrku%E2%80%93Wurrugu_languages" title="Marrku–Wurrugu languages">Marrku–Wurrugu</a></i>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mirndi_languages" title="Mirndi languages">Mirndi</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Northern_Tasmanian_languages" title="Northern Tasmanian languages">Northern Tasmanian</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Northeastern_Tasmanian_languages" title="Northeastern Tasmanian languages">Northeastern Tasmanian</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyulnyulan_languages" title="Nyulnyulan languages">Nyulnyulan</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Pama%E2%80%93Nyungan_languages" title="Pama–Nyungan languages">Pama–Nyungan</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Daly_languages" title="Southern Daly languages">Southern Daly</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tangkic_languages" title="Tangkic languages">Tangkic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wagaydyic_languages" title="Wagaydyic languages">Wagaydyic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Daly_languages" title="Western Daly languages">Western Daly</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Western_Tasmanian_languages" title="Western Tasmanian languages">Western Tasmanian</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Worrorran_languages" title="Worrorran languages">Worrorran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wardaman_language" title="Wardaman language">Yangmanic</a> (incl. <a href="/wiki/Wagiman_language" title="Wagiman language">Wagiman</a>)?</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Isolates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Giimbiyu_language" title="Giimbiyu language">Giimbiyu</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malak-Malak_language" title="Malak-Malak language">Malak-Malak</a> (Northern Daly?)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiwi_language" title="Tiwi language">Tiwi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_languages_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous languages of the Americas">North<br />America</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Algic_languages" title="Algic languages">Algic</a></b></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Alsea_language" title="Alsea language">Alsea</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caddoan_languages" title="Caddoan languages">Caddoan</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Chimakuan_languages" title="Chimakuan languages">Chimakuan</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Chinookan_languages" title="Chinookan languages">Chinookan</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Chumashan_languages" title="Chumashan languages">Chumashan</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Comecrudan_languages" title="Comecrudan languages">Comecrudan</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Coosan_languages" title="Coosan languages">Coosan</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eskaleut_languages" title="Eskaleut languages">Eskaleut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iroquoian_languages" title="Iroquoian languages">Iroquoian</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kalapuyan_languages" title="Kalapuyan languages">Kalapuyan</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keres_language" title="Keres language">Keres</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Maiduan_languages" title="Maiduan languages">Maiduan</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muskogean_languages" title="Muskogean languages">Muskogean</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Na-Dene_languages" title="Na-Dene languages">Na-Dene</a></b></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Palaihnihan_languages" title="Palaihnihan languages">Palaihnihan</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plateau_Penutian_languages" title="Plateau Penutian languages">Plateau Penutian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pomoan_languages" title="Pomoan languages">Pomoan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salishan_languages" title="Salishan languages">Salishan</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shastan_languages" title="Shastan languages">Shastan</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siouan_languages" title="Siouan languages">Siouan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanoan_languages" title="Tanoan languages">Tanoan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsimshianic_languages" title="Tsimshianic languages">Tsimshianic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utian_languages" title="Utian languages">Utian</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Uto-Aztecan_languages" title="Uto-Aztecan languages">Uto-Aztecan</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wakashan_languages" title="Wakashan languages">Wakashan</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Wintuan_languages" title="Wintuan languages">Wintuan</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yuki%E2%80%93Wappo_languages" title="Yuki–Wappo languages">Yukian</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuman%E2%80%93Cochim%C3%AD_languages" title="Yuman–Cochimí languages">Yuman–Cochimí</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Isolates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Chimariko_language" title="Chimariko language">Chimariko</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Esselen_language" title="Esselen language">Esselen</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haida_language" title="Haida language">Haida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karuk_language" title="Karuk language">Karuk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kutenai_language" title="Kutenai language">Kutenai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seri_language" title="Seri language">Seri</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Siuslaw_language" title="Siuslaw language">Siuslaw</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Takelma_language" title="Takelma language">Takelma</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Timucua_language" title="Timucua language">Timucua</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tonkawa_language" title="Tonkawa language">Tonkawa</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Waikuri_language" title="Waikuri language">Waikuri</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washo_language" title="Washo language">Washo</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yana_language" title="Yana language">Yana</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yokuts_language" title="Yokuts language">Yokuts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuchi_language" title="Yuchi language">Yuchi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zuni_language" title="Zuni language">Zuni</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mesoamerican_languages" title="Mesoamerican languages">Mesoamerica</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chibchan_languages" title="Chibchan languages">Chibchan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jicaquean_languages" title="Jicaquean languages">Jicaquean</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lencan_languages" title="Lencan languages">Lencan</a></i></li> <li><b><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mayan</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Misumalpan_languages" title="Misumalpan languages">Misumalpan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixe%E2%80%93Zoque_languages" title="Mixe–Zoque languages">Mixe–Zoque</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Oto-Manguean_languages" title="Oto-Manguean languages">Oto-Manguean</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tequistlatecan_languages" title="Tequistlatecan languages">Tequistlatecan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Totonacan_languages" title="Totonacan languages">Totonacan</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Uto-Aztecan_languages" title="Uto-Aztecan languages">Uto-Aztecan</a></b></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Xincan_languages" title="Xincan languages">Xincan</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Isolates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Cuitlatec_language" title="Cuitlatec language">Cuitlatec</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huave_language" title="Huave language">Huave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pur%C3%A9pecha_language" title="Purépecha language">Tarascan/Purépecha</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_languages_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous languages of the Americas">South<br />America</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alacalufan_languages" title="Alacalufan languages">Alacalufan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andoque%E2%80%93Urequena_languages" title="Andoque–Urequena languages">Andoque–Urequena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arawan_languages" title="Arawan languages">Arauan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Araucanian_languages" title="Araucanian languages">Araucanian</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Arawakan_languages" title="Arawakan languages">Arawakan</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arutani%E2%80%93Sape_languages" title="Arutani–Sape languages">Arutani–Sape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aymaran_languages" title="Aymaran languages">Aymaran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbacoan_languages" title="Barbacoan languages">Barbacoan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boran_languages" title="Boran languages">Boran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cahuapanan_languages" title="Cahuapanan languages">Cahuapanan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cariban_languages" title="Cariban languages">Cariban</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Catacaoan_languages" title="Catacaoan languages">Catacaoan</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chapacuran_languages" title="Chapacuran languages">Chapacuran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charruan_languages" title="Charruan languages">Charruan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chibchan_languages" title="Chibchan languages">Chibchan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Choco_languages" title="Choco languages">Choco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chonan_languages" title="Chonan languages">Chonan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guaicuruan_languages" title="Guaicuruan languages">Guaicuruan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guajiboan_languages" title="Guajiboan languages">Guajiboan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Har%C3%A1kmbut%E2%80%93Katukinan_languages" title="Harákmbut–Katukinan languages">Harákmbut–Katukinan</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jirajaran_languages" title="Jirajaran languages">Jirajaran</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicham_languages" title="Chicham languages">Jivaroan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katembri%E2%80%93Taruma_languages" title="Katembri–Taruma languages">Katembri–Taruma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mascoian_languages" title="Mascoian languages">Mascoian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matacoan_languages" title="Matacoan languages">Matacoan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nadahup_languages" title="Nadahup languages">Nadahup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nambikwaran_languages" title="Nambikwaran languages">Nambikwaran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otom%C3%A1koan_languages" title="Otomákoan languages">Otomákoan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pano-Tacanan_languages" title="Pano-Tacanan languages">Pano-Tacanan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peba%E2%80%93Yaguan_languages" title="Peba–Yaguan languages">Peba–Yaguan</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Quechuan_languages" title="Quechuan languages">Quechuan</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piaroa%E2%80%93Saliban_languages" title="Piaroa–Saliban languages">Piaroa–Saliban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ticuna%E2%80%93Yuri_languages" title="Ticuna–Yuri languages">Ticuna–Yuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timotean_languages" title="Timotean languages">Timotean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiniguan_languages" title="Tiniguan languages">Tiniguan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tucanoan_languages" title="Tucanoan languages">Tucanoan</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Tupian_languages" title="Tupian languages">Tupian</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uru%E2%80%93Chipaya_languages" title="Uru–Chipaya languages">Uru–Chipaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witotoan_languages" title="Witotoan languages">Witotoan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yanomaman_languages" title="Yanomaman languages">Yanomaman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zamucoan_languages" title="Zamucoan languages">Zamucoan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaparoan_languages" title="Zaparoan languages">Zaparoan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bora%E2%80%93Witoto_languages" title="Bora–Witoto languages">Bora-Witoto</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chimuan_languages" title="Chimuan languages">Chimuan</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esmeralda%E2%80%93Yaruroan_languages" title="Esmeralda–Yaruroan languages">Esmeralda–Yaruro</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hibito%E2%80%93Cholon_languages" title="Hibito–Cholon languages">Hibito–Cholón</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lule%E2%80%93Vilela_languages" title="Lule–Vilela languages">Lule–Vilela</a>?</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Macro-J%C3%AA_languages" title="Macro-Jê languages">Macro-Jê</a></b>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tequiraca%E2%80%93Canichana_languages" title="Tequiraca–Canichana languages">Tequiraca–Canichana</a>?</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Isolates <br />(extant in 2000)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aikan%C3%A3_language" title="Aikanã language">Aikanã</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kam%C3%ABnt%C5%A1%C3%A1_language" title="Kamëntšá language">Camsá</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Candoshi-Shapra_language" title="Candoshi-Shapra language">Candoshi-Shapra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chimane_language" title="Chimane language">Chimane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chiquitano_language" title="Chiquitano language">Chiquitano</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cof%C3%A1n_language" title="Cofán language">Cofán</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fulni%C3%B4_language" title="Fulniô language">Fulniô</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guat%C3%B3_language" title="Guató language">Guató</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hod%C3%AF_language" title="Hodï language">Hodï/Joti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irantxe_language" title="Irantxe language">Irantxe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Itonama_language" title="Itonama language">Itonama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kano%C3%AA_language" title="Kanoê language">Kanoê</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kunza_language" title="Kunza language">Kunza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kwaza_language" title="Kwaza language">Kwaza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leco_language" title="Leco language">Leco</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Maku_language_of_Auari" title="Maku language of Auari">Maku</a> (Maku-Auari/Jukude)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Movima_language" title="Movima language">Movima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mura_language" title="Mura language">Mura-Pirahã</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nukak_language" title="Nukak language">Nukak</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C3%A1ez_language" title="Páez language">Páez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puinave_language" title="Puinave language">Puinave</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sanavir%C3%B3n_language" title="Sanavirón language">Sanavirón</a></i>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trumai_language" title="Trumai language">Trumai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urarina_language" title="Urarina language">Urarina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waorani_language" title="Waorani language">Huaorani/Waorani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warao_language" title="Warao language">Warao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yahgan_language" title="Yahgan language">Yamana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuracar%C3%A9_language" title="Yuracaré language">Yuracaré</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sign_language" title="Sign language">Sign<br />languages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arab_sign-language_family" title="Arab sign-language family">Arab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BANZSL" title="BANZSL">BANZSL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Sign_Language" title="Chinese Sign Language">Chinese</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/French_Sign_Language_family" title="French Sign Language family">Francosign</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Sign_Language_family" title="German Sign Language family">Germanosign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Pakistani_Sign_Language" title="Indo-Pakistani Sign Language">Indo-Pakistani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Sign_Language_family" title="Japanese Sign Language family">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Chiangmai%E2%80%93Bangkok_Sign_Language_family" title="Old Chiangmai–Bangkok Sign Language family">Original Thai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_Sign_Language_family" title="Swedish Sign Language family">Swedish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanzanian_sign_languages" title="Tanzanian sign languages">Tanzanian</a>?</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Isolates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>See <a href="/wiki/List_of_sign_languages" title="List of sign languages">list of sign languages</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constructed_language" title="Constructed language">Constructed languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creole_language" title="Creole language">Creoles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Language_isolate" title="Language isolate">Language isolates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixed_language" title="Mixed language">Mixed languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pidgin" title="Pidgin">Pidgins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unclassified_language" title="Unclassified language">Unclassified languages</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Families with question marks (?) are disputed or controversial.</li><li>Families in <i>italics</i> have no living members.</li><li>Families with more than 30 languages are in <b>bold</b>.</li></ul></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Maya_civilization503" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="background-color: #50C878; color:white;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Maya" title="Template:Maya"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:white">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Maya" title="Template talk:Maya"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:white">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Maya" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Maya"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:white">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Maya_civilization503" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Maya_civilization" title="Maya civilization"><span style="color:white">Maya civilization</span></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: #50C878; color:white;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Maya_civilization" title="History of the Maya civilization"><span style="color:white">History</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Preclassic_Maya" title="Preclassic Maya">Preclassic Maya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classic_Maya_collapse" title="Classic Maya collapse">Classic Maya collapse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_the_Maya" title="Spanish conquest of the Maya">Spanish conquest</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_Chiapas" title="Spanish conquest of Chiapas">Chiapas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_Guatemala" title="Spanish conquest of Guatemala">Guatemala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_Pet%C3%A9n" title="Spanish conquest of Petén">Petén</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_Yucat%C3%A1n" title="Spanish conquest of Yucatán">Yucatán</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="8" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Codex_Lacambalam_l%C3%A1mina_15.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Codex_Lacambalam_l%C3%A1mina_15.png/80px-Codex_Lacambalam_l%C3%A1mina_15.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="114" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Codex_Lacambalam_l%C3%A1mina_15.png/120px-Codex_Lacambalam_l%C3%A1mina_15.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Codex_Lacambalam_l%C3%A1mina_15.png/160px-Codex_Lacambalam_l%C3%A1mina_15.png 2x" data-file-width="1432" data-file-height="2032" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: #50C878; color:white;;width:1%">Topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maya_architecture" title="Maya architecture">Architecture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/E-Group" title="E-Group">E-Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triadic_pyramid" title="Triadic pyramid">Triadic pyramid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twin-pyramid_complex" title="Twin-pyramid complex">Twin-pyramid complex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mayan_Revival_architecture" title="Mayan Revival architecture">Revival</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Maya_art" title="Ancient Maya art">Art</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Maya_graffiti" title="Ancient Maya graffiti">Graffiti</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_ceramics" title="Maya ceramics">Ceramics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mayan_cities" title="Mayan cities">Cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Maya_cuisine" title="Ancient Maya cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_dance" title="Maya dance">Dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_Maya_civilization" title="Economy of the Maya civilization">Economy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trade_in_Maya_civilization" title="Trade in Maya civilization">Trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maritime_trade_in_the_Maya_civilization" title="Maritime trade in the Maya civilization">Maritime trade</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Languages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Classic_Maya_language" title="Classic Maya language">Classic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_script" title="Maya script">Script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Mayan_languages" title="List of Mayan languages">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mayanist" title="Mayanist">Mayanist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_medicine" title="Maya medicine">Medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_music" title="Maya music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_mythology" title="Maya mythology">Mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_numerals" title="Maya numerals">Numerals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_peoples" title="Maya peoples">People</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Maya_sites" title="List of Maya sites">Sites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_stelae" title="Maya stelae">Stelae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_textiles" title="Maya textiles">Textiles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_warfare" title="Maya warfare">Warfare</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: #50C878; color:white;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Maya_society" title="Maya society"><span style="color:white">Society</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Childhood_in_Maya_society" title="Childhood in Maya society">Childhood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Maya_society" title="Women in Maya society">Women</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Midwifery_in_Maya_society" title="Midwifery in Maya society">Midwifery</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_religion" title="Maya religion">Religion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maya_priesthood" title="Maya priesthood">Priesthood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacrifice_in_Maya_culture" title="Sacrifice in Maya culture">Sacrifice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_sacrifice_in_Maya_culture" title="Human sacrifice in Maya culture">Human sacrifice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_death_rituals" title="Maya death rituals">Death rituals</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_social_classes" title="Maya social classes">Social classes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ajaw" title="Ajaw">Ajaw</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_households" title="Maya households">Households</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: #50C878; color:white;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Maya_calendar" title="Maya calendar"><span style="color:white">Calendar</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ajaw" title="Ajaw">Ajaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baktun" title="Baktun">Baktun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haab%CA%BC" title="Haabʼ">Haabʼ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%CA%BCatun" title="Kʼatun">Kʼatun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%CA%BCin" title="Kʼin">Kʼin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tun_(Maya_calendar)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tun (Maya calendar)">Tun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tzolk%CA%BCin" title="Tzolkʼin">Tzolkʼin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winal" title="Winal">Winal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: #50C878; color:white;;width:1%">Literature</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Annals_of_the_Cakchiquels" title="Annals of the Cakchiquels">Annals of the Cakchiquels</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Chilam_Balam" title="Chilam Balam">Chilam Balam</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_codices" title="Maya codices">Codices</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dresden_Codex" title="Dresden Codex"><i>Dresden</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_Codex_of_Mexico" title="Maya Codex of Mexico"><i>Grolier</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madrid_Codex_(Maya)" title="Madrid Codex (Maya)"><i>Madrid</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paris_Codex" title="Paris Codex"><i>Paris</i></a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Popol_Vuh" title="Popol Vuh">Popol Vuh</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rabinal_Ach%C3%AD" title="Rabinal Achí">Rabinal Achí</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ritual_of_the_Bacabs" title="Ritual of the Bacabs">Ritual of the Bacabs</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Songs_of_Dzitbalch%C3%A9" title="Songs of Dzitbalché">Songs of Dzitbalché</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/T%C3%ADtulo_C%CA%BCoyoi" title="Título Cʼoyoi">Título Cʼoyoi</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/T%C3%ADtulo_de_Totonicap%C3%A1n" title="Título de Totonicapán">Título de Totonicapán</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: #50C878; color:white;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Maya_gods_and_supernatural_beings" title="List of Maya gods and supernatural beings"><span style="color:white">Deities</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>Classic</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Bacab" title="Bacab">Bacab</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Chaac" title="Chaac">Chaac</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Maya_death_gods" title="Maya death gods">Death gods</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/God_L" title="God L">God L</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Goddess_I" title="Goddess I">Goddess I</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Maya_Hero_Twins" title="Maya Hero Twins">Hero Twins</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Howler_monkey_gods" title="Howler monkey gods">Howler monkey gods</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Itzamna" title="Itzamna">Itzamna</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Ixchel" title="Ixchel">Ixchel</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Maya_jaguar_gods" title="Maya jaguar gods">Jaguar gods</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/K%CA%BCawiil" title="Kʼawiil">Kʼawiil</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Kinich_Ahau" title="Kinich Ahau">Kinich Ahau</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Maya_maize_god" title="Maya maize god">Maize god</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Mam_(Maya_mythology)" title="Mam (Maya mythology)">Mam</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Maya_moon_goddess" title="Maya moon goddess">Moon goddess</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Yopaat" title="Yopaat">Yopaat</a></dd></dl> <dl><dt>Post-Classic</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Acat_(deity)" title="Acat (deity)">Acat</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Ah-Muzen-Cab" title="Ah-Muzen-Cab">Ah-Muzen-Cab</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Akna_(Maya_mythology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Akna (Maya mythology)">Akna</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Chin_(deity)" title="Chin (deity)">Chin</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Ixtab" title="Ixtab">Ixtab</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Kukulkan" title="Kukulkan">Kukulkan</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Yum_Kaax" title="Yum Kaax">Yum Kaax</a></dd></dl> <dl><dt><i>Popol Vuh</i></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Awilix" title="Awilix">Awilix</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Camazotz" title="Camazotz">Camazotz</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Hun_Hunahpu" title="Hun Hunahpu">Hun Hunahpu</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Huracan" title="Huracan">Huracan</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Jacawitz" title="Jacawitz">Jacawitz</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Q%CA%BCuq%CA%BCumatz" title="Qʼuqʼumatz">Qʼuqʼumatz</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Tohil" title="Tohil">Tohil</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Vucub_Caquix" title="Vucub Caquix">Vucub Caquix</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Xmucane_and_Xpiacoc" title="Xmucane and Xpiacoc">Xmucane and Xpiacoc</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Xquic" title="Xquic">Xquic</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Zipacna" title="Zipacna">Zipacna</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: #50C878; color:white;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Maya_Kings_and_Queens" class="mw-redirect" title="Maya Kings and Queens"><span style="color:white">Kings</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/B%CA%BCalaj_Chan_K%CA%BCawiil" title="Bʼalaj Chan Kʼawiil">Bʼalaj Chan Kʼawiil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ha%CA%BC_K%CA%BCin_Xook" title="Haʼ Kʼin Xook">Haʼ Kʼin Xook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Itzam_K%CA%BCan_Ahk_II" title="Itzam Kʼan Ahk II">Itzam Kʼan Ahk II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%CA%BCak%CA%BC_Tiliw_Chan_Yopaat" title="Kʼakʼ Tiliw Chan Yopaat">Kʼakʼ Tiliw Chan Yopaat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%CA%BCinich_Janaab%CA%BC_Pakal" title="Kʼinich Janaabʼ Pakal">Kʼinich Janaabʼ Pakal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%CA%BCinich_Yat_Ahk_II" title="Kʼinich Yat Ahk II">Kʼinich Yat Ahk II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%CA%BCinich_Yax_K%CA%BCuk%CA%BC_Mo%CA%BC" title="Kʼinich Yax Kʼukʼ Moʼ">Kʼinich Yax Kʼukʼ Moʼ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%CA%BCinich_Yo%CA%BCnal_Ahk_I" title="Kʼinich Yoʼnal Ahk I">Kʼinich Yoʼnal Ahk I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uaxaclajuun_Ub%CA%BCaah_K%CA%BCawiil" title="Uaxaclajuun Ubʼaah Kʼawiil">Uaxaclajuun Ubʼaah Kʼawiil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yo%CA%BCnal_Ahk_III" title="Yoʼnal Ahk III">Yoʼnal Ahk III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuknoom_Ch%CA%BCeen_II" title="Yuknoom Chʼeen II">Yuknoom Chʼeen II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuknoom_Yich%CA%BCaak_K%CA%BCahk%CA%BC" title="Yuknoom Yichʼaak Kʼahkʼ">Yuknoom Yichʼaak Kʼahkʼ</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: #50C878; color:white;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Women_rulers_in_Maya_society" title="Women rulers in Maya society"><span style="color:white">Queens</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lady_Eveningstar" title="Lady Eveningstar">Lady Eveningstar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lady_of_Itzan" title="Lady of Itzan">Lady of Itzan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lady_of_Tikal" title="Lady of Tikal">Lady of Tikal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lady_Xoc" title="Lady Xoc">Lady Xoc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sak_K%CA%BCuk%CA%BC" title="Sak Kʼukʼ">Sak Kʼukʼ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wak_Chanil_Ajaw" title="Wak Chanil Ajaw">Wak Chanil Ajaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yohl_Ik%CA%BCnal" title="Yohl Ikʼnal">Yohl Ikʼnal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Indigenous_language_families_and_isolates_of_North_America217" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:North_American_languages" title="Template:North American languages"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:North_American_languages" title="Template talk:North American languages"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:North_American_languages" title="Special:EditPage/Template:North American languages"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Indigenous_language_families_and_isolates_of_North_America217" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Classification_of_indigenous_languages_of_the_Americas" class="mw-redirect" title="Classification of indigenous languages of the Americas">Indigenous language families and isolates</a> of <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_languages_of_North_America" class="mw-redirect" title="Indigenous languages of North America">North America</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Language families <br />and isolates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yuki%E2%80%93Wappo_languages" title="Yuki–Wappo languages">Yuki–Wappo</a> <abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chumashan_languages" title="Chumashan languages">Chumashan</a> <abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Adai_language" title="Adai language">Adai</a></i> <abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Beothuk_language" title="Beothuk language">Beothuk</a></i> <abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bidai_language" title="Bidai language">Bidai</a></i> <abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cayuse_language" title="Cayuse language">Cayuse</a></i> <abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cueva_language" title="Cueva language">Cueva</a></i> <abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Haida_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Haida languages">Haida</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kutenai_language" title="Kutenai language">Kutenai</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nansemond_language" title="Nansemond language">Nansemond</a></i> <abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pamunkey_language" title="Pamunkey language">Pamunkey</a></i> <abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Peric%C3%BA_language" title="Pericú language">Pericú</a></i> <abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Timucua_language" title="Timucua language">Timucua</a></i> <abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Waikuri_language" title="Waikuri language">Waikuri</a></i> <abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Eskaleut_languages" title="Eskaleut languages">Eskaleut</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Aleut_language" title="Aleut language">Aleut</a></i></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Eskimoan_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Eskimoan languages">Eskimoan</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Na-Dene_languages" title="Na-Dene languages">Na-Dene</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Tlingit_language" title="Tlingit language">Tlingit</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Eyak_language" title="Eyak language">Eyak</a></i> <abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Athabaskan_languages" title="Athabaskan languages">Athabaskan</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Algic_languages" title="Algic languages">Algic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Wiyot_language" title="Wiyot language">Wiyot</a></i> <abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yurok_language" title="Yurok language">Yurok</a></i> <abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Algonquian_languages" title="Algonquian languages">Algonquian</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mosan_languages" title="Mosan languages">Mosan</a> ?</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Salishan_languages" title="Salishan languages">Salishan</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Wakashan_languages" title="Wakashan languages">Wakashan</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chimakuan_languages" title="Chimakuan languages">Chimakuan</a> <abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Macro-Siouan_languages" title="Macro-Siouan languages">Macro-Siouan</a> ?</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Siouan_languages" title="Siouan languages">Siouan</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caddoan_languages" title="Caddoan languages">Caddoan</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Iroquoian_languages" title="Iroquoian languages">Iroquoian</a></b></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yuchi_language" title="Yuchi language">Yuchi</a></i> <abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Penutian_languages" title="Penutian languages">Penutian</a> ?</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinookan_languages" title="Chinookan languages">Chinookan</a> <abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wintuan_languages" title="Wintuan languages">Wintuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maiduan_languages" title="Maiduan languages">Maiduan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yok-Utian_languages" title="Yok-Utian languages">Yok-Utian</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Yokuts_language" title="Yokuts language">Yokuts</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utian_languages" title="Utian languages">Utian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsimshianic_languages" title="Tsimshianic languages">Tsimshianic</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Plateau_Penutian_languages" title="Plateau Penutian languages">Plateau</a> ?</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Klamath_language" title="Klamath language">Klamath</a></i> <abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Molala_language" title="Molala language">Molala</a></i> <abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sahaptian_languages" title="Sahaptian languages">Sahaptian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Coast_Oregon_Penutian_languages" title="Coast Oregon Penutian languages">Coast Oregon</a> ?</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alsea_language" title="Alsea language">Alsean</a> <abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coosan_languages" title="Coosan languages">Coosan</a> <abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Siuslaw_language" title="Siuslaw language">Siuslaw</a></i> <abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Takelma%E2%80%93Kalapuyan_languages" title="Takelma–Kalapuyan languages">Takelma–Kalapuyan</a> ?</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Takelma_language" title="Takelma language">Takelma</a></i> <abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalapuyan_languages" title="Kalapuyan languages">Kalapuyan</a> <abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hokan_languages" title="Hokan languages">Hokan</a> ?</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shastan_languages" title="Shastan languages">Shastan</a> <abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palaihnihan_languages" title="Palaihnihan languages">Palaihnihan</a> <abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pomoan_languages" title="Pomoan languages">Pomoan</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Yuman_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Yuman languages">Yuman</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tequistlatecan_languages" title="Tequistlatecan languages">Tequistlatecan</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Chimariko_language" title="Chimariko language">Chimariko</a></i> <abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Esselen_language" title="Esselen language">Esselen</a></i> <abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jicaquean_languages" title="Jicaquean languages">Jicaquean</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Karuk_language" title="Karuk language">Karuk</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Salinan_language" title="Salinan language">Salinan</a></i> <abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Seri_language" title="Seri language">Seri</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Washo_language" title="Washo language">Washo</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yana_language" title="Yana language">Yana</a></i> <abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pueblo_linguistic_area" title="Pueblo linguistic area">Pueblo <br />linguistic area</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tanoan_languages" title="Tanoan languages">Tanoan</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Keres_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Keres languages">Keres</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Zuni_language" title="Zuni language">Zuni</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Coahuiltecan_languages" title="Coahuiltecan languages">Coahuiltecan</a> <br />linguistic area</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Aranama_language" title="Aranama language">Aranama</a></i> <abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Karankawa_language" title="Karankawa language">Karankawa</a></i> <abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Maratino_language" title="Maratino language">Maratino</a></i> <abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Naolan_language" title="Naolan language">Naolan</a></i> <abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Quinigua_language" title="Quinigua language">Quinigua</a></i> <abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Solano_language" title="Solano language">Solano</a></i> <abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tonkawa_language" title="Tonkawa language">Tonkawa</a></i> <abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Pakawan_?31" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pakawan_languages" title="Pakawan languages">Pakawan</a> ?</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Coahuilteco_language" title="Coahuilteco language">Coahuilteco</a></i> <abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cotoname_language" title="Cotoname language">Cotoname</a></i> <abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Comecrudo_language" title="Comecrudo language">Comecrudo</a></i> <abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Garza_language" title="Garza language">Garza</a></i> <abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mamulique_language" title="Mamulique language">Mamulique</a></i> <abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Gulf_languages" title="Gulf languages">Gulf</a> ?</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Muskogean_languages" title="Muskogean languages">Muskogean</a></b></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Natchez_language" title="Natchez language">Natchez</a></i> <abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Atakapa_language" title="Atakapa language">Atakapa</a></i> <abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Chitimacha_language" title="Chitimacha language">Chitimacha</a></i> <abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Calusa–Tunica_?47" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Calusa%E2%80%93Tunica_languages" title="Calusa–Tunica languages">Calusa–Tunica</a> ?</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Tunica_language" title="Tunica language">Tunica</a></i> <abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Calusa_language" title="Calusa language">Calusa</a></i> <abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mesoamerican_languages" title="Mesoamerican languages">Mesoamerican</a> <br />linguistic area</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Chibchan_languages" title="Chibchan languages">Chibchan</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jicaquean_languages" title="Jicaquean languages">Jicaquean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lencan_languages" title="Lencan languages">Lencan</a> <abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr></li> <li><b><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mayan</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Misumalpan_languages" title="Misumalpan languages">Misumalpan</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Oto-Manguean_languages" title="Oto-Manguean languages">Oto-Manguean</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tequistlatecan_languages" title="Tequistlatecan languages">Tequistlatecan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Totozoquean_languages" title="Totozoquean languages">Totozoquean</a> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Totonacan_languages" title="Totonacan languages">Totonacan</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Mixe%E2%80%93Zoque_languages" title="Mixe–Zoque languages">Mixe–Zoque</a></b></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Uto-Aztecan_languages" title="Uto-Aztecan languages">Uto-Aztecan</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xincan_languages" title="Xincan languages">Xincan</a> <abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cuitlatec_language" title="Cuitlatec language">Cuitlatec</a></i> <abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Huave_language" title="Huave language">Huave</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pur%C3%A9pecha_language" title="Purépecha language">Purépecha</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Alag%C3%BCilac_language" title="Alagüilac language">Alagüilac</a></i> ? <abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Otomi_language_(Jalisco)" title="Otomi language (Jalisco)">Otomi of Jalisco</a></i> <abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Zapotec_language_(Jalisco)" title="Zapotec language (Jalisco)">Zapotec of Jalisco</a></i> <abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Caribbean" title="Indigenous peoples of the Caribbean">Caribbean</a> <br />linguistic area</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Arawakan_languages" title="Arawakan languages">Arawakan</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cariban_languages" title="Cariban languages">Cariban</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Pre-Arawakan63" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pre-Arawakan_languages_of_the_Greater_Antilles" title="Pre-Arawakan languages of the Greater Antilles">Pre-Arawakan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Guanahatabey_language" title="Guanahatabey language">Guanahatabey</a></i> <abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Macorix_language" title="Macorix language">Macorix</a></i> <abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ciguayo_language" title="Ciguayo language">Ciguayo</a></i> <abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Proposed groupings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amerind_languages" title="Amerind languages">Amerind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algonquian%E2%80%93Wakashan_languages" title="Algonquian–Wakashan languages">Algonquian–Wakashan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aztec%E2%80%93Tanoan_languages" title="Aztec–Tanoan languages">Aztec–Tanoan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macro-Mayan_languages" title="Macro-Mayan languages">Macro-Mayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macro-Chibchan_languages" title="Macro-Chibchan languages">Macro-Chibchan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolatecan_languages" title="Tolatecan languages">Tolatecan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waroid_languages" title="Waroid languages">Waroid</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Classification_of_indigenous_languages_of_the_Americas#North_America" class="mw-redirect" title="Classification of indigenous languages of the Americas">Classification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_extinct_languages_of_North_America" title="List of extinct languages of North America">Extinct languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_unclassified_languages_of_North_America" title="List of unclassified languages of North America">Unclassified languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linguistic_areas_of_the_Americas" title="Linguistic areas of the Americas">Linguistic areas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q33738#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1266" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q33738#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1266" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q33738#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1012756/">FAST</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4120250-8">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85082405">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12650307r">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12650307r">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="mayské jazyky"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph291726&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX4577100">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007558276605171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mayan_languages&oldid=1267324869">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mayan_languages&oldid=1267324869</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a 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<span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-viewsource-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-protected-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-editLock mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-editLock"></span> <span></span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-buttons"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet mw-interlanguage-selector" id="p-lang-btn-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-language"></span> <span>68 languages</span> </button> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive" id="ca-addsection-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="addsection-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-speechBubbleAdd-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbleAdd-progressive"></span> <span>Add topic</span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-end"> <div class="vector-user-links"> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-b766959bd-spb4b","wgBackendResponseTime":156,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"1.627","walltime":"1.886","ppvisitednodes":{"value":15597,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":492176,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":13046,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":18,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":14,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":297976,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 1504.577 1 -total"," 13.94% 209.748 35 Template:Cite_book"," 12.11% 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