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为何中国企业在墨西哥大举投资? - 纽约时报中文网
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data-url="https://cn.nytimes.com/business/20230208/china-mexico-trade/" data-headline="%E4%B8%BA%E4%BD%95%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E4%BC%81%E4%B8%9A%E5%9C%A8%E5%A2%A8%E8%A5%BF%E5%93%A5%E5%A4%A7%E4%B8%BE%E6%8A%95%E8%B5%84%EF%BC%9F"> --><!-- <i class="icon-qrcode"></i> --><!-- </a> --><!-- </li> --></ul><div class="share-btn"><i class="icon-forward"></i></div></div></div></div></div><article class="article-content font-normal"><div class="article-header"><header><small></small><h1>为何中国企业在墨西哥大举投资?</h1></header><div class="byline-row"><div class="byline-box"><div class="byline"><address>PETER S. GOODMAN</address><time pudate="2023-02-08 04:50:51" datetime="2023-02-08 04:50:51">2023年2月8日</time></div><div class="share-btn"><i class="icon-forward"></i></div></div></div></div><figure class="article-span-photo"><img src="https://static01.nyt.com/images/2023/01/30/multimedia/00china-mexico-01-fbvm/00china-mexico-01-fbvm-master1050.jpg" width="1050" height="700" alt="中国的电脑制造商联想在墨西哥设有一家工厂,负责组装售价高达100万美元的服务器。"><figcaption><span>中国的电脑制造商联想在墨西哥设有一家工厂,负责组装售价高达100万美元的服务器。</span> <cite>Luis Antonio Rojas for The New York Times</cite></figcaption></figure><div class="row"><div class="article-left"><section class="article-body"><div class="article-partial"><div class="article-body-item col-lg-5"><div class="article-paragraph">陈朋裕从未踏足过墨西哥的任何地方,更不用说该国北部的荒凉沙漠地带,但他突然决定在那里建造一座价值3亿美元的工厂。但在适应瞬息万变的全球经济的压力下,这似乎是一个微不足道的细节。</div><div class="article-paragraph">那是2022年1月,在将沙发从中国工厂运往美国客户的过程中,陈朋裕的公司敏华家具制造公司遭遇了严峻挑战。<a href="https://cn.nytimes.com/business/20210309/global-shipping/">海运价格</a>飞涨。华盛顿和北京陷入了激烈的贸易战。</div><div class="article-paragraph">敏华是中国最大的家具企业之一,它非常想在太平洋的北美一侧生产产品。</div><div class="article-paragraph">“我们的主要市场是美国,”敏华墨西哥子公司的首席执行官陈朋裕说。“我们不想失去那个市场。”</div></div></div><div class="big_ad" id="medium-rectangle-ad-0" data-target="{"pos":"mid1","adv":""}"><small>广告</small></div><div class="article-partial"><div class="article-body-item col-lg-5"><div class="article-paragraph">这个目标也解释了为什么许多中国大公司利用广泛的<a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2020/01/29/business/economy/usmca-deal.html" title="Link: https://www.nytimes.com/2020/01/29/business/economy/usmca-deal.html">北美贸易协定</a>在墨西哥大举投资。效仿日本和韩国公司开辟的道路,中国企业正在那里建厂,这使得他们可以给商品贴上“墨西哥制造”的标签,然后将产品免税运往美国。</div><div class="article-paragraph">中国制造商对墨西哥的兴趣来自于被称为<a href="https://cn.nytimes.com/business/20230104/mexico-china-us-trade/">近岸外包</a>的整体趋势。国际企业正在将生产转移到离客户更近的地方,以减少因运输问题和地缘政治紧张局势造成的隐患。</div><div class="article-paragraph">中国企业参与这一转变证明了人们越来越深信不疑的假设,即美国和中国之间的分歧将全球化下一阶段的持久特征。然而,它也揭示了一些更根本的东西:无论政治压力有多大,连接美中之间的商业力量甚至更加强大。</div><div class="article-paragraph">中国企业无意放弃美国市场,它仍然是世界第一大经济体。相反,这些中国企业在北美贸易集团内部建立业务,以这种方式向美国人提供从电子产品到服装再到家具等商品。</div><div class="article-paragraph"><figure class="article-inline-photo large"><div class="img-box"><img src="https://static01.nyt.com/images/2023/01/30/multimedia/00china-mexico-03-fbvm/00china-mexico-03-fbvm-master1050.jpg" alt="新莱昂州占地面积巨大的华富山工业园,它由一家本地开发商和两个中国公司合资兴办。" data-src="https://static01.nyt.com/images/2023/01/30/multimedia/00china-mexico-03-fbvm/00china-mexico-03-fbvm-master1050.jpg"></div><figcaption><span>新莱昂州占地面积巨大的华富山工业园,它由一家本地开发商和两个中国公司合资兴办。</span> <cite>Luis Antonio Rojas for The New York Times</cite></figcaption></figure></div><div class="article-paragraph"><figure class="article-inline-photo large"><div class="img-box"><img src="https://static01.nyt.com/images/2023/01/30/multimedia/00china-mexico-02-fbvm/00china-mexico-02-fbvm-master1050.jpg" alt="工业园外等待出租车的工人。" data-src="https://static01.nyt.com/images/2023/01/30/multimedia/00china-mexico-02-fbvm/00china-mexico-02-fbvm-master1050.jpg"></div><figcaption><span>工业园外等待出租车的工人。</span> <cite>Luis Antonio Rojas for The New York Times</cite></figcaption></figure></div><div class="article-paragraph"><figure class="article-inline-photo large"><div class="img-box"><img src="https://static01.nyt.com/images/2023/01/30/multimedia/00china-mexico-04-fbvm/00china-mexico-04-fbvm-master1050.jpg" alt="中国最大的家具企业——敏华家具在墨西哥公司的CEO陈朋裕说,“我们的主要市场是美国,我们不希望失去那个市场。”" data-src="https://static01.nyt.com/images/2023/01/30/multimedia/00china-mexico-04-fbvm/00china-mexico-04-fbvm-master1050.jpg"></div><figcaption><span>中国最大的家具企业——敏华家具在墨西哥公司的CEO陈朋裕说,“我们的主要市场是美国,我们不希望失去那个市场。”</span> <cite>Anthony Kwan for The New York Times</cite></figcaption></figure></div><div class="article-paragraph">美墨边境的新莱昂州已做好准备,收获这笔财富。在风风火火的35岁州长塞缪尔·加西亚的领导下,该州一直在吸引外国投资,同时致力于改善高速公路,以改善通往边境口岸的通道。</div><div class="article-paragraph">为了招商,加西亚最近参加了在瑞士达沃斯举行的世界经济论坛。</div></div></div><div class="big_ad" id="medium-rectangle-ad-1" data-target="{"pos":"mid2","adv":""}"><small>广告</small></div><div class="article-partial"><div class="article-body-item col-lg-5"><div class="article-paragraph">“新莱昂州正在经历地缘政治的重新排列组合,”州长在该州首府蒙特雷的政府大厦接受采访时说。大厦里的办公室很华丽,有着高高的天花板,还带有阳台,外面是马德雷山脉起伏的山峰。“很多想要进入美国市场的亚洲人来到我们这里。”</div><div class="article-paragraph">据墨西哥经济部的数据,自加西亚于2021年10月上任后,已有近70亿美元的外国投资涌入新莱昂州,使其吸收外资的规模仅次于墨西哥城。</div><div class="article-paragraph">2021年,中国企业占新莱昂州外国投资的30%,仅次于美国的47%。</div><div class="article-paragraph">其中一些资金流向在美国市场销售成品的工厂。但更多资金还是集中在对全球供应链进行更广泛的改造方面。</div><div class="article-paragraph">随着疫情扰乱中国工业,<a href="https://cn.nytimes.com/business/20220407/supply-chain-small-business/">堵塞港口</a>,在美国设有工厂的企业出现了亚洲制造的零部件短缺的情况。许多公司现在要求供应商在北美建厂,否则将面临失去业务的风险。</div><div class="article-paragraph">中国的车轮制造商立中正在新莱昂的一个工业园建立该公司在亚洲以外的第一家工厂。其墨西哥厂的总经理王兵说,立中的大客户包括福特、通用,它们曾经向该公司施加压力,要求它在北美设厂。</div></div></div><div class="big_ad" id="medium-rectangle-ad-2" data-target="{"pos":"mid3","adv":""}"><small>广告</small></div><div class="article-partial"><div class="article-body-item col-lg-5"><div class="article-paragraph">韩国的建筑设备零部件生产商DY Power公司正考虑在墨西哥北部建厂,它在得克萨斯州有一个大客户。</div><div class="article-paragraph">DY Power驻西雅图的高管肖恩·徐(音)表示:“在经历了疫情、供应链危机和中国的新冠封锁之后,许多北美制造商希望消除这一风险。”</div><div class="article-paragraph">“全球化已经结束了,”他宣称。“现在是本地化。”</div><div class="article-paragraph"><figure class="article-inline-photo large"><div class="img-box"><img src="https://static01.nyt.com/images/2023/01/30/multimedia/00china-mexico-05-fbvm/00china-mexico-05-fbvm-master1050.jpg" alt="位于墨美边境的新莱昂州州长塞缪尔·加西亚在达沃斯的世界经济论坛上发言。他在接受采访时表示,“新莱昂州正在经历地缘政治的重新排列组合。”" data-src="https://static01.nyt.com/images/2023/01/30/multimedia/00china-mexico-05-fbvm/00china-mexico-05-fbvm-master1050.jpg"></div><figcaption><span>位于墨美边境的新莱昂州州长塞缪尔·加西亚在达沃斯的世界经济论坛上发言。他在接受采访时表示,“新莱昂州正在经历地缘政治的重新排列组合。”</span> <cite>Sikarin Fon Thanachaiary/World Economic Forum</cite></figcaption></figure></div><div class="article-paragraph"><figure class="article-inline-photo large"><div class="img-box"><img src="https://static01.nyt.com/images/2023/01/30/multimedia/00china-mexico-07-fbvm/00china-mexico-07-fbvm-master1050.jpg" alt="墨西哥萨利纳斯维多利亚的一个铁路货场。" data-src="https://static01.nyt.com/images/2023/01/30/multimedia/00china-mexico-07-fbvm/00china-mexico-07-fbvm-master1050.jpg"></div><figcaption><span>墨西哥萨利纳斯维多利亚的一个铁路货场。</span> <cite>Luis Antonio Rojas for The New York Times</cite></figcaption></figure></div><div class="article-paragraph"><figure class="article-inline-photo large"><div class="img-box"><img src="https://static01.nyt.com/images/2023/01/30/multimedia/00china-mexico-06-fbvm/00china-mexico-06-fbvm-master1050.jpg" alt="华富山工业园的包装厂房。" data-src="https://static01.nyt.com/images/2023/01/30/multimedia/00china-mexico-06-fbvm/00china-mexico-06-fbvm-master1050.jpg"></div><figcaption><span>华富山工业园的包装厂房。</span> <cite>Luis Antonio Rojas for The New York Times</cite></figcaption></figure></div><div class="article-paragraph">塞萨尔·桑托斯决定豪赌一把,赌的就是这些说法是对的。</div><div class="article-paragraph">65岁的桑托斯是一名企业律师,在蒙特雷还经营着一家开发公司,那是他的副业。蒙特雷是一座新兴工业城市,到处都是高档餐厅、光彩夺目的购物中心和水疗馆。</div><div class="article-paragraph">十年前,洛杉矶的一位开发商找到了他,那人代表一家正考虑在墨西哥建厂的中国电子公司。桑托斯手中有一项非常重要的资产——一块面积达850公顷的土地。</div></div></div><div class="big_ad" id="medium-rectangle-ad-3" data-target="{"pos":"mid4","adv":""}"><small>广告</small></div><div class="article-partial"><div class="article-body-item col-lg-5"><div class="article-paragraph">这块点缀着仙人掌的土地,距离得州不足250公里。周边各州都在努力应对与贩毒有关的暴力事件时,新莱昂州却以安全著称。该州拥有高技能的劳动力,因为这里有许多培养工程专业毕业生的大学,其中包括经常被称为“墨西哥麻省理工”的蒙特雷理工学院。</div><div class="article-paragraph">在桑托斯小时候,这块地是他家的养牛场,是他骑马探险的地方。现在,他看到了一个有利可图的机会,把它变成一个工业园区。</div><div class="article-paragraph">他去了一趟中国,从上海乘高铁前往湖滨城市杭州,与华立集团代表见面,该集团在泰国为中国企业建设了一个工业园区。</div><div class="article-paragraph">“中国是一个一切都发展得如此迅猛的国家,”桑托斯说。“真让我叹服不已。”</div><div class="article-paragraph">到2015年,他与华立集团和另一位中国合作方成立了合资企业华富山地产。他们规划了一片仓库和工厂区,厂房前是一家酒店和供来访经理人住宿的临时公寓,另外还有超过1.2万套工人住所。</div><div class="article-paragraph">华立集团派遣蒋欣(音)管理该企业。他此前曾参与该公司在泰国的项目。对他来说,在墨西哥面临的任务是截然不同的。</div></div></div><div class="big_ad" id="medium-rectangle-ad-4" data-target="{"pos":"mid5","adv":""}"><small>广告</small></div><div class="article-partial"><div class="article-body-item col-lg-5"><div class="article-paragraph">“中国企业对墨西哥一无所知,我们只知道恶劣和危险的事情,”蒋欣说。“然后特朗普上台了。”</div><div class="article-paragraph">2017年上任总统后,特朗普要求美国企业放弃中国市场。到2018年,他对价值数千亿美元的中国进口商品征收高额关税。</div><div class="article-paragraph"><figure class="article-inline-photo large"><div class="img-box"><img src="https://static01.nyt.com/images/2023/01/30/multimedia/00china-mexico-08-fbvm/00china-mexico-08-fbvm-master1050.jpg" alt="中国的车轮制造商立中正在新莱昂蒙特雷的一个工业园建立该公司在亚洲以外的第一家工厂。" data-src="https://static01.nyt.com/images/2023/01/30/multimedia/00china-mexico-08-fbvm/00china-mexico-08-fbvm-master1050.jpg"></div><figcaption><span>中国的车轮制造商立中正在新莱昂蒙特雷的一个工业园建立该公司在亚洲以外的第一家工厂。</span> <cite>Luis Antonio Rojas for The New York Times</cite></figcaption></figure></div><div class="article-paragraph"><figure class="article-inline-photo large"><div class="img-box"><img src="https://static01.nyt.com/images/2023/01/30/multimedia/00china-mexico-10-fbvm/00china-mexico-10-fbvm-master1050.jpg" alt="上个月,墨西哥立中的雇员庆祝春节。" data-src="https://static01.nyt.com/images/2023/01/30/multimedia/00china-mexico-10-fbvm/00china-mexico-10-fbvm-master1050.jpg"></div><figcaption><span>上个月,墨西哥立中的雇员庆祝春节。</span> <cite>Luis Antonio Rojas for The New York Times</cite></figcaption></figure></div><div class="article-paragraph"><figure class="article-inline-photo large"><div class="img-box"><img src="https://static01.nyt.com/images/2023/01/30/multimedia/00china-mexico-09-fbvm/00china-mexico-09-fbvm-master1050.jpg" alt="立中的大客户包括福特、通用,它们曾经向该公司施加压力,要求它在北美设厂。" data-src="https://static01.nyt.com/images/2023/01/30/multimedia/00china-mexico-09-fbvm/00china-mexico-09-fbvm-master1050.jpg"></div><figcaption><span>立中的大客户包括福特、通用,它们曾经向该公司施加压力,要求它在北美设厂。</span> <cite>Luis Antonio Rojas for The New York Times</cite></figcaption></figure></div><div class="article-paragraph">“关税确实对我们有帮助,”蒋欣说。“中国企业希望得到更多选择。我们正是其中之一。”</div><div class="article-paragraph">到2021年秋,陈朋裕开始考虑在墨西哥建厂时,另外27家中国企业已经进驻华富山工业园。园区空置的大块土地仅剩一处。</div><div class="article-paragraph">作为应对关税政策的手段,敏华已经在越南建厂,为美国市场生产产品。但航运成本飙升让这一策略难以为继。</div><div class="article-paragraph">敏华当时每月要从越南横跨太平洋运送3500个40英尺集装箱。以前耗费2000美元的运输费用一下翻了10倍。</div><div class="article-paragraph">陈朋裕使用微信联系了蒋欣。他的问题直截了当:敏华多久可以动工?(马上可以。)高速路条件如何?(不算好,但正在改善。)附近有没有正宗的中餐馆?(没有。)</div><div class="article-paragraph">几周之内,敏华就承诺购买这块土地。2022年1月,陈朋裕在登上飞往墨西哥的航班前签了合同,将妻子和两个孩子留在了中国深圳。</div><div class="article-paragraph">在工厂建设期间,敏华就已经租下附近的一家小型工厂生产沙发。</div><div class="article-paragraph">甚至在他找到临时厂址之前,陈朋裕就已经在中国把设备和原材料装满70个集装箱,运上了开往墨西哥的货船。</div><div class="article-paragraph">“我们做事总是很快,”他说。“什么都不用担心,去做就行了。”</div><div class="article-paragraph"><figure class="article-inline-photo large"><div class="img-box"><img src="https://static01.nyt.com/images/2023/01/30/multimedia/00china-mexico-11-fbvm/00china-mexico-11-fbvm-master1050.jpg" alt="墨西哥立中的总经理王兵与宝马高管。" data-src="https://static01.nyt.com/images/2023/01/30/multimedia/00china-mexico-11-fbvm/00china-mexico-11-fbvm-master1050.jpg"></div><figcaption><span>墨西哥立中的总经理王兵与宝马高管。</span> <cite>Luis Antonio Rojas for The New York Times</cite></figcaption></figure></div><div class="article-paragraph"><figure class="article-inline-photo large"><div class="img-box"><img src="https://static01.nyt.com/images/2023/02/01/multimedia/01china-mexico-hjfp/01china-mexico-hjfp-master1050.jpg" alt="华富山工业园的整体规划图。" data-src="https://static01.nyt.com/images/2023/02/01/multimedia/01china-mexico-hjfp/01china-mexico-hjfp-master1050.jpg"></div><figcaption><span>华富山工业园的整体规划图。</span> <cite>Luis Antonio Rojas for The New York Times</cite></figcaption></figure></div><div class="article-paragraph"><figure class="article-inline-photo large"><div class="img-box"><img src="https://static01.nyt.com/images/2023/01/30/multimedia/00china-mexico-12-fbvm/00china-mexico-12-fbvm-master1050.jpg" alt="华富山工业园区执行委员会主席塞萨尔·桑托斯·坎图。" data-src="https://static01.nyt.com/images/2023/01/30/multimedia/00china-mexico-12-fbvm/00china-mexico-12-fbvm-master1050.jpg"></div><figcaption><span>华富山工业园区执行委员会主席塞萨尔·桑托斯·坎图。</span> <cite>Luis Antonio Rojas for The New York Times</cite></figcaption></figure></div><div class="article-paragraph">敏华确实需要担心几件事:雇用足够的工人和培养当地供应商。</div><div class="article-paragraph">这家公司计划每年在墨西哥生产近90万件家具。这将需要雇用和留住6000名工人。</div><div class="article-paragraph">敏华习惯了中国和越南的经营环境,在那里,独立工会基本不存在,还有涌入工业区寻找工作的大量农村人口。</div><div class="article-paragraph">而在失业率3.6%的新莱昂州,投资的激增引发了激烈的抢夺工人大战。</div><div class="article-paragraph">精明的企业会用优质膳食和免费通勤等额外福利来吸引员工。但敏华和其他中国企业要对在中国的老板负责,而那里的老板习惯了节俭作风,也认为工人很容易被取代。</div><div class="article-paragraph">寻找当地供应商也是一个难题。根据北美贸易协定,要想获得进入北美其他国家市场的免税资格,制造商使用区域零部件和原材料的比例必须达到最低要求。</div><div class="article-paragraph">三年前,中国计算机制造商联想在蒙特雷开设了一家工厂,专门生产服务器,即存储云计算数据的机箱。</div><div class="article-paragraph">直到去年,联想才从中国的工厂空运来主板这一关键部件。但随着国际航运问题加剧,该公司选择了墨西哥瓜达拉哈拉市的一家供应商。</div><div class="article-paragraph">联想也不再从中国进口包装材料,转而在墨西哥进行采购。</div><div class="article-paragraph">但从存储设备到专用电缆,联想仍继续从中国进口许多关键零部件。</div><div class="article-paragraph">“墨西哥没有这些部件的供应链,”该公司西方区运营总监莱昂德罗·萨德拉表示。</div><div class="article-paragraph">至少现在还没有。</div><div class="article-paragraph"><figure class="article-inline-photo large"><div class="img-box"><img src="https://static01.nyt.com/images/2023/01/30/multimedia/00china-mexico-14-fbvm/00china-mexico-14-fbvm-master1050.jpg" alt="位于新莱昂州的联想工厂正在组装服务器。" data-src="https://static01.nyt.com/images/2023/01/30/multimedia/00china-mexico-14-fbvm/00china-mexico-14-fbvm-master1050.jpg"></div><figcaption><span>位于新莱昂州的联想工厂正在组装服务器。</span> <cite>Luis Antonio Rojas for The New York Times</cite></figcaption></figure></div><div class="article-paragraph"><figure class="article-inline-photo large"><div class="img-box"><img src="https://static01.nyt.com/images/2023/01/30/multimedia/00china-mexico-15-fbvm/00china-mexico-15-fbvm-master1050.jpg" alt="联想工厂内的服务器电缆。" data-src="https://static01.nyt.com/images/2023/01/30/multimedia/00china-mexico-15-fbvm/00china-mexico-15-fbvm-master1050.jpg"></div><figcaption><span>联想工厂内的服务器电缆。</span> <cite>Luis Antonio Rojas for The New York Times</cite></figcaption></figure></div><div class="article-paragraph"><figure class="article-inline-photo large"><div class="img-box"><img src="https://static01.nyt.com/images/2023/01/30/multimedia/00china-mexico-16-fbvm/00china-mexico-16-fbvm-master1050.jpg" alt="联想西方区运营总监莱昂德罗·萨德拉。" data-src="https://static01.nyt.com/images/2023/01/30/multimedia/00china-mexico-16-fbvm/00china-mexico-16-fbvm-master1050.jpg"></div><figcaption><span>联想西方区运营总监莱昂德罗·萨德拉。</span> <cite>Luis Antonio Rojas for The New York Times</cite></figcaption></figure></div></div><div class="article-body-aside col-lg-3"></div></div></section><footer class="author-info"><p>Peter S. Goodman是时报全球经济记者,常驻纽约。他曾是驻伦敦的欧洲经济记者,也曾在08年经济危机期间报道美国国家经济。他还曾任《华盛顿邮报》上海分社社长。欢迎在Twitter上关注他:<a rel="nofollow" target="_blank" href="https://twitter.com/petersgoodman">@petersgoodman</a>。</p><p>翻译:纽约时报中文网</p><div data-poster="" class=""><a rel="nofollow" target="_blank" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2023/02/03/business/china-mexico-trade.html">点击查看本文英文版。</a></div></footer></div></div></article><div class="container article-footer"><div class="row"><div class="col-lg-12 mobile-refer-cont" id="J_hideRefer"><div class="related-cont"><h4>相关报道</h4><ul class="refer-list"><li class="article-refer"><div class="refer-list-item"><a href="/business/20230104/mexico-china-us-trade/" title="中国之后,全球化将把我们带向哪里"><div><h3 class="refer-list-headline">中国之后,全球化将把我们带向哪里</h3><p class="refer-pubdate">2023年1月4日</p></div><img alt="中国之后,全球化将把我们带向哪里" src="https://static01.nyt.com/images/2022/12/27/multimedia/00china-mexico-1-3c37/00china-mexico-1-3c37-thumbLarge.jpg" width="75" 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