CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html><html lang="en-US"><head><title>Just a moment...</title><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8"><meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=Edge"><meta name="robots" content="noindex,nofollow"><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width,initial-scale=1"><style>*{box-sizing:border-box;margin:0;padding:0}html{line-height:1.15;-webkit-text-size-adjust:100%;color:#313131;font-family:system-ui,-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,Segoe UI,Roboto,Helvetica Neue,Arial,Noto Sans,sans-serif,Apple Color Emoji,Segoe UI Emoji,Segoe UI Symbol,Noto Color Emoji}body{display:flex;flex-direction:column;height:100vh;min-height:100vh}.main-content{margin:8rem auto;max-width:60rem;padding-left:1.5rem}@media (width <= 720px){.main-content{margin-top:4rem}}.h2{font-size:1.5rem;font-weight:500;line-height:2.25rem}@media (width <= 720px){.h2{font-size:1.25rem;line-height:1.5rem}}#challenge-error-text{background-image:url(data:image/svg+xml;base64,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);background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:contain;padding-left:34px}@media (prefers-color-scheme:dark){body{background-color:#222;color:#d9d9d9}}</style><meta http-equiv="refresh" content="120"></head><body class="no-js"><div class="main-wrapper" role="main"><div class="main-content"><noscript><div class="h2"><span id="challenge-error-text">Enable JavaScript and cookies to continue</span></div></noscript></div></div><script>(function(){window._cf_chl_opt={cvId: '3',cZone: "www.annualreviews.org",cType: 'non-interactive',cRay: '8eb9829b7ee99f92',cH: 'tYXIXd46AaYuwRoo0R_HKKEu7eRNFbycDmXWUA48_iE-1733123562-1.2.1.1-P1BMeQK8dhYuM2FdaCAyAiCcYap2b2KBW.bgfz.WqIYH6lO1u0aT613vEyDBsxht',cUPMDTk: "\/journal\/biochem?__cf_chl_tk=_qD7DdcugOnD1LJb52XueqZjsnzJh2_8caMKFNGlVU4-1733123562-1.0.1.1-taiqQSNjOGSmmpL7Dffi1Pbr7M7aLHYyeCT0bnbaKuM",cFPWv: 'b',cITimeS: '1733123562',cTTimeMs: '1000',cMTimeMs: '120000',cTplC: 0,cTplV: 5,cTplB: 'cf',cK: "",fa: "\/journal\/biochem?__cf_chl_f_tk=_qD7DdcugOnD1LJb52XueqZjsnzJh2_8caMKFNGlVU4-1733123562-1.0.1.1-taiqQSNjOGSmmpL7Dffi1Pbr7M7aLHYyeCT0bnbaKuM",md: "9oeijhKZL6G9gIMAFPhrpEKqcqqUGKUQLDigYAjugJY-1733123562-1.2.1.1-434rVQBjcewC_P.SYwsWlJEOTF7Vb1nWcBCqFCm6U.XI3In5xLY14o5MD6a9MJ8Vv8pVcIxPe4viuhKnr3p1Nrb0h5ziIWKO40IP8LLYigUm7JtBHnuyTpRw.88v.BGMLxeFyWSDCYZDHRPJEy8vtGXG7MWBt1SXSoM1ML_HVnhiciAcJUlprPmxoZrURO0FUwKvI44_aBaB_0qIPElV4WdvXFH1f1YKixZiPvaYn0qGGQcrer2aZZBQQZD9TiN76T0gPM2DOi7C7o_GCMtlCFvwGB5FMZFvyrL2KRTOp_8Re26xxDjdaVREH6cfH8GSPvdIQKC8uAuB8Mlyzqbe6uB_yeHjhrkRWrwbzbcseczaVpUwr8tJnESH0fcdvoP0zEfmHxZzBXvk3RIv_yTtB7I9Xni90Grd6pa7oZZQShtc.T_YHRqBPT49.x0O.urctkiu15Eq_9Iw4SYK6T8lmzGyWKg9HkgtN5Oakwp0JiA2Ag9KPu1dhWp13q6ykko2IHC3thm6jbD3PEnQiSkcHVXPn6rxEfkBeaN6Uo0vsh0rvfQpgcsMNjM2xd7MbRM_FHb8unV83lDJqUZ7ECmr5putJcV6WrNRhO4XoZlsBfswQLbFuks4EtBRoCYrIh0he_f8kkUl0H.WvEC2TMztFoACQ5vYLZfEHOACcBDC8rxBY249NChrCl5m8w48nNZkHuFADwWcj2BcPOhzTYNetYWBG40iNy9IYylRH0X.gsB.h3J6MjnbeVvOWV_k57HYNk97nhnCc5fZiHke9UyIYbs6td_6kK5d.8Fed2y.rN50kIRyz8Ggb_dZC5RPlq4261XfG5WxJCai8lZjMSlfyacdUkq8VkirKxuxKyCCmlpeZW04YErDLx5_234sD8bCGAjY9I4VW5wz2sD1iVaWzLurSWlp0Zg9hpGnRI.mhGAwJ8ftXx4x3D2z7bCsq9zKeE9hThKNegp4EfKxHziiQPs0otqp5q2qpAYqsgH2boZBDj0qcso.AJk1ywftNjbhtB6mieWSrn5hNKnrK54SZx4PNfpLJ3g8d3Zir9vjEa3oM6FGuFxb2OhCaJnqwVSdiMBbonWUpYFIAEHoya_fK9U3xEdA1elRpod4ASRuJI4yuY6xMMgG2ztmio6pAsBqEJ6XcrIGgyTmRPpK4B.hvwnrwx38ImYTpNJBTpk85BfFD9zf4eRKfMtdeKYCmMgRPOMVO3GQqSi43oykPS7PioFr5359q7Hfyg1wzvwY8cQiRzZfYiYwyvzmo9qiijrHRyCaVBKTzm5Rwy6Bw6mf2iodb_OLP3N3Qcpkv_YW0Y0jAbyNQL46CAZ58GWuCb7CoAdAffn2MDDaH2CoF1LXq3VpyfIvZcu5PHfpRDZVuB6bcLd.3_EUoTgv6xmPT4JewI9TJFwJLJ9XnvWmKqR_vKlkGNY3h7w2GOxe0VydppoaDZSEbE6Ddb69STv6onPEllFLbGTyN0jl.GW0ShDVWx0L6lz07pxajkKhHAfxbWWAPRn81rMcn0xTf2LCx0mxLN68APnivcMt2zyJyIn6hjvcdVCfzaWcrl5pGsAO.5mzBKGV8hswi5wthQAHHH_.EaI9EszuoyjYuzKH9w5F4Riv0PK.XiGXPjqmK6vC6V9RaiaHOFB6blZLpDDvc.x15ukE27w3UUV2y0pPKLCrLoiq06GIlIgebVA6hz3bhsjb1sg7WobSLNVb85GVLwsxI8J8Qs3t5phMTZn7UG9ctGunlJKq03_riJ_8kTjyNAWWZHd07gGN2vKWC26V6Sqz27ZkgSajJHAJKA8SpcgBqe3bIcrK58aGhOY_I4g4iRTfuL58Rg5NIwLidm3mR4lGGfQhYCpHdfgsh04SaFIZtyIT0w5SMwaJtf4mm5ksNTvatkYzoMU2i7SzDI8_2Q0Z8mHN3ApCFZ.olKiZsLBye6Jg8ftik4smMLeIi1t8qcU",mdrd: "o4ZxiiMfpWnhkmT_l2G5aNFStuWgRm2cSfAWCe.HSi0-1733123562-1.2.1.1-q8pR7gmdAgoK5GIQT4MJA16HprHFUzghSIqFkNNAphCrA1HN.Vuwv8oYdg2Ayl7pYfgHjRLOaKVyV1zjOguQAYdlY.hjt_53Rhsv27ZCUVl3g5vf2Ivqg4V2ZLri_8OOpMsfEFHnjs4bMUhPB.Ng4uWCAvCBRbpnWKhP5jLupeX5e6zA7FO..rRN87Zj97K3l1CTVpaya33EuY1y1L8C_2ateHYKkbRwC_uReo_Qibv07_psPFl682bu3ExsDoIZoJhEjZk.D17sNByGJazgRkWZzxz7kaLaVmsy0039cRX23gHmSJLrRgglNNlxj.pZZCxivkA2Sqe0rttuB3B3oHpqHOwR2W7uBHjOk.q4l2J4mHfycIVjwkK..ov9a1cqp2hlUa0mYznDxicyDuqZBwH31AoYBe1WyP8oYIz5L18i2xoL7G8zB.N33QE4dA9vAYNVDFL0NqSAQ4nFC9QInGE.bJlJN2tV_5X7l.ZTNr5tNt72pfVkJIvpbETFmHl228aOhgmB7Q7JuEiYn5jPYtxLZ.dferyu_FzNq9hzqPKIJ2CHgyxjgwa0YfXDYPuk5crVJSMbHSkNqdddjCQik9SMAbpVnr4ttqiCOQosbwHts1romake.Lr.KlxFHdOh3acJkXLKztQLhxQURPVE08rD3fLHqy0T3fkQCJgLG3HSSKW_BIvWJH7jyTH_eBtQ4TvEHYrMPfUQ_k2VViAiUAcv6Ec8OB2lyjrYVDwO8OSkr4fIysVAzixfhSrBSm5lxr_jkksrzzlxI6H3uH71Zc1NAV_DvtbNHBMKDLPAt37wHmKuyeUUffwEwCMawHiiE6SOA4Hb3gvOptuBGT8EUSViom3I9ZZjH.hhgaIkxGe43cIXDMweEYfYbva2SV3L_23TQYTXuV_kqk.jREa_ZT4AtTs6W9TCjnAKWSJsElq6PfBzVsBVAX.bnKkD2gEb8npxZsAuF1ib7RbR1Y3yivoChttb2MchlscYGEM49LY1wyj5iAIz8QtdKZ_1UphpyvUvj455ffOSwXzjBJGGdCXkLiejVHufVg53WBofd3sQFOBr_XmO49zgF9pnNYc6oJ0pk4RH_9W1ROyH9Sdd9dyuPziS6BvT9YUr3uxUKm0zCnkUU2bAf07GHB0VmDpXchy6usTgum3lDmcHvUDbWsFAC1YxI3NRfiD8LznHO5AOaXEN83w7ATnU8a2FIuDxYbhJs15ZUWYH4sOVD.9LznxpqHL3PYJVBtb2Vt58jzTuTs_Hdr4bfytwncd3k4mzzZ_d5m8W7Y.sG_QfeZ6ollRSyna1dAUQc1iOom141kDenEWWqa94hTMbY6YXmVRO8uKeXI59iRBw7O51GB95Ce4hmU5JHSkPPiTsSq_YHwBq3qX8tSF7QGhHPJkEKeRmZWpe.ItQx6fdTHhGem2F0HYAbAI.5TLPxNtKS9LCcuzsg6eTcV_K_O454uTk0e_dBxowZt.V06Q5xORlX2cN61qklQ96IVGWqRvQ_7m39exnilU6ChrYwdVHn6YXXMdA10O3r_861m.gUqgMZqSD_BRqKGa3GG480B2hlaO3JdiXGXsY3VpdXR67I61tMmXkLDDF0ecoLvqhrTmY3xOFextXkMQ9Miqr.j8.Zx0Xz6rXcp9L21lR1s5EE_oL3MP9BGbm5iP2YQGqi0BkDjVQ.SYBTQCIc38JhbV5PbumuWtkSvB_NPwOD1FsZv3HOUMQjPXiwjWwsqtoT20pTZV5Xq_SlCnqPTgdCEUTWyP9cR_teYlCzYeGLCuCMO_X2nz6hU1yDnp_DKz5_FzI2DhcDkWGJr6ojHqynmC025SYFzGdbEYugwAGIDWwi0zlc..CVaUNlML4effihWKtPQxThtys.37FZYKHDI77B8HPA3.uaA9IKYQDFFdhb6cB75.0wjf38yAQpKxNIKqhxhaOgz8ZuQOi6ILkzqxNvVPkkBGUpglQQhl6qRDoxpFM_7ZCQKUlfLnTH7sKPnpseBAi.w"};var cpo = document.createElement('script');cpo.src = '/cdn-cgi/challenge-platform/h/b/orchestrate/chl_page/v1?ray=8eb9829b7ee99f92';window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash = location.hash === '' && location.href.indexOf('#') !== -1 ? '#' : location.hash;window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery = location.search === '' && location.href.slice(0, location.href.length - window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash.length).indexOf('?') !== -1 ? '?' : location.search;if (window.history && window.history.replaceState) {var ogU = location.pathname + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash;history.replaceState(null, null, "\/journal\/biochem?__cf_chl_rt_tk=_qD7DdcugOnD1LJb52XueqZjsnzJh2_8caMKFNGlVU4-1733123562-1.0.1.1-taiqQSNjOGSmmpL7Dffi1Pbr7M7aLHYyeCT0bnbaKuM" + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash);cpo.onload = function() {history.replaceState(null, null, ogU);}}document.getElementsByTagName('head')[0].appendChild(cpo);}());</script></body></html>