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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Middle_Ages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Middle Ages</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Middle_Ages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Early_modern_period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_modern_period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Early modern period</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_modern_period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-18th_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#18th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>18th century</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-18th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-19th_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#19th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>19th century</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-19th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-20th_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#20th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>20th century</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-20th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geography_and_demographics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geography_and_demographics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Geography and demographics</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Geography_and_demographics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Geography and demographics subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Geography_and_demographics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Topography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Topography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Topography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Topography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ecology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ecology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Ecology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ecology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Climate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Climate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Climate</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Climate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Administrative_division" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Administrative_division"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Administrative division</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Administrative_division-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demographics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demographics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Demographics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture,_sights_and_cityscape" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture,_sights_and_cityscape"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Culture, sights and cityscape</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Culture,_sights_and_cityscape-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Culture, sights and cityscape subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Culture,_sights_and_cityscape-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Museums" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Museums"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Museums</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Museums-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Image_gallery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Image_gallery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.1</span> <span>Image gallery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Image_gallery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cityscape" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cityscape"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Cityscape</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cityscape-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sights_and_architectural_heritage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sights_and_architectural_heritage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Sights and architectural heritage</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sights_and_architectural_heritage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Churches" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Churches"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.1</span> <span>Churches</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Churches-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_sights" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_sights"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.2</span> <span>Other sights</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_sights-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Theatre_and_music" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Theatre_and_music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Theatre and music</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Theatre_and_music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sports" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sports"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Sports</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sports-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economy_and_infrastructure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economy_and_infrastructure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Economy and infrastructure</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Economy_and_infrastructure-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Economy and infrastructure subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Economy_and_infrastructure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Agriculture,_industry_and_services" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Agriculture,_industry_and_services"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Agriculture, industry and services</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Agriculture,_industry_and_services-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Transport" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transport"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Transport</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Transport-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-By_rail" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#By_rail"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.1</span> <span>By rail</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-By_rail-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-By_road" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#By_road"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.2</span> <span>By road</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-By_road-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-By_aviation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#By_aviation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.3</span> <span>By aviation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-By_aviation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-By_bike" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#By_bike"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.4</span> <span>By bike</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-By_bike-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Trams_and_buses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Trams_and_buses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.5</span> <span>Trams and buses</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Trams_and_buses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Education_and_research" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Education_and_research"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Education and research</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Education_and_research-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Quality_of_life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Quality_of_life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Quality of life</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Quality_of_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Politics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Politics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Politics</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Politics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Politics subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Politics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Mayor_and_city_council" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mayor_and_city_council"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Mayor and city council</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mayor_and_city_council-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_people" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_people"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Notable people</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notable_people-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Jena</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 102 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-102" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">102 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jena" title="Jena – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Jena" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%A7" title="ينا – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ينا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jena" title="Jena – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Jena" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jena" title="Jena – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Jena" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yena" title="Yena – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Yena" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%A7" title="ینا – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="ینا" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jena" title="Jena – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Jena" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jena" title="Jena – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Jena" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%99%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0_(%D2%A1%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0)" title="Йена (ҡала) – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Йена (ҡала)" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Ена – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Ена" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BD%D0%B0_(%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4)" title="Ена (горад) – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Ена (горад)" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%99%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Йена – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Йена" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jena" title="Jena – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Jena" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jena" title="Jena – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Jena" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jena" title="Jena – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Jena" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jena_(munisipyo)" title="Jena (munisipyo) – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Jena (munisipyo)" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jena" title="Jena – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Jena" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tum mw-list-item"><a href="https://tum.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jena" title="Jena – Tumbuka" lang="tum" hreflang="tum" data-title="Jena" data-language-autonym="ChiTumbuka" data-language-local-name="Tumbuka" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiTumbuka</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jena" title="Jena – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Jena" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jena" title="Jena – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Jena" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jena" title="Jena – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Jena" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jena" title="Jena – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Jena" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%99%CE%AD%CE%BD%CE%B1" title="Ιένα – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ιένα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jena" title="Jena – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Jena" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jena" title="Jena – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Jena" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jena" title="Jena – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Jena" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%A7" title="ینا – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ینا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/I%C3%A9na" title="Iéna – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Iéna" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jena" title="Jena – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Jena" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jena" title="Jena – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Jena" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jena" title="Jena – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Jena" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jena" title="Jena – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Jena" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jena" title="Jena – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Jena" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%98%88%EB%82%98" title="예나 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="예나" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jena" title="Jena – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Jena" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B5%D5%B6%D5%A1" title="Ենա – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ենա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE" title="जेना – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="जेना" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jena" title="Jena – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Jena" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hornjoserbsce</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jena" title="Jena – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Jena" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jena" title="Jena – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Jena" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bpy mw-list-item"><a href="https://bpy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE" title="জেনা – Bishnupriya" lang="bpy" hreflang="bpy" data-title="জেনা" data-language-autonym="বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী" data-language-local-name="Bishnupriya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jena" title="Jena – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Jena" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jena" title="Jena – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Jena" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jena" title="Jena – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Jena" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingue</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%99%D0%B5%D0%BD%C3%A6_(%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%80)" title="Йенæ (сахар) – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Йенæ (сахар)" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jena" title="Jena – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Jena" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jena" title="Jena – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Jena" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%94" title="ינה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ינה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%98%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90" title="იენა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="იენა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%99%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Йена – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Йена" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jena" title="Jena – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Jena" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jena" title="Jena – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Jena" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%99%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Йена – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Йена" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jena" title="Jena – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Jena" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iena" title="Iena – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Iena" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C4%93na" title="Jēna – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Jēna" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C4%97na" title="Jėna – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Jėna" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jena" title="Jena – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Jena" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%A9na" title="Jéna – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Jéna" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%88%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Јена – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Јена" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jena" title="Jena – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Jena" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%A8" title="യെന – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="യെന" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%A7" title="چينا – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="چينا" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jena,_Jerman" title="Jena, Jerman – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Jena, Jerman" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jena_(Duitsland)" title="Jena (Duitsland) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Jena (Duitsland)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE" title="जेना – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="जेना" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A4%E3%82%A7%E3%83%BC%E3%83%8A" title="イェーナ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="イェーナ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jena" title="Jena – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Jena" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jena" title="Jena – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Jena" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jena" title="Jena – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Jena" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jena" title="Jena – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Jena" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jena" title="Jena – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Jena" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%A7" title="جینا – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="جینا" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jena" title="Jena – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Jena" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jena" title="Jena – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Jena" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jena" title="Jena – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Jena" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jena" title="Jena – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Jena" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jena" title="Jena – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Jena" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%99%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0_(%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4)" title="Йена (город) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Йена (город)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jena" title="Jena – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Jena" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jena" title="Jena – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Jena" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jena" title="Jena – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Jena" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seeltersk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jena" title="Jena – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Jena" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jena" title="Jena – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Jena" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jena" title="Jena – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Jena" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jena" title="Jena – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Jena" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ślůnski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%88%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Јена – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Јена" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jena" title="Jena – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Jena" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jena" title="Jena – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Jena" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jena" title="Jena – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Jena" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BD%D0%B0_(%D1%88%D3%99%D2%BB%D3%99%D1%80)" title="Ена (шәһәр) – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Ена (шәһәр)" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B2" title="เยนา – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="เยนา" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jena" title="Jena – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Jena" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%84%D0%BD%D0%B0_(%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE)" title="Єна (місто) – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Єна (місто)" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%8C%D8%A6%D9%86%D8%A7" title="یئنا – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="یئنا" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jena" title="Jena – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Jena" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jena" title="Jena – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Jena" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Volapük</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jena" title="Jena – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Jena" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%80%B6%E6%8B%BF" title="耶拿 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="耶拿" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%80%B6%E6%8B%BF" title="耶拿 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="耶拿" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jena" title="Jena – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Jena" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%80%B6%E6%8B%BF" title="耶拿 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="耶拿" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q3150#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Jena" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon 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<div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-coordinates" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span id="coordinates"><a href="/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system" title="Geographic coordinate system">Coordinates</a>: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Jena&params=50_55_38_N_11_35_10_E_type:city(111191)_region:DE-TH"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">50°55′38″N</span> <span class="longitude">11°35′10″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">50.92722°N 11.58611°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">50.92722; 11.58611</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Jena_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Jena (disambiguation)">Jena (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">City in Thuringia, Germany</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043192559">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement{width:23em;border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement td,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-label{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .maptable{border:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-below{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-subheader{background-color:#cddeff;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-native{font-weight:normal;padding-top:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-other-name{font-size:78%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-official{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption{padding:0.3em 0 0 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption-link{padding:0.2em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-nickname{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-fn{font-weight:normal;display:inline}</style><table class="infobox ib-settlement vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above"><div class="fn org"><span class="wrap">Jena </span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><div class="category"><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Germany_by_population" title="List of cities in Germany by population">City</a></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tnone center"><div class="multiimageinner" style="width:272px;max-width:272px;border:none"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:270px;max-width:270px"><div style="height:178px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Zentrum_Jenas_im_Tal_2008-05-24.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Zentrum_Jenas_im_Tal_2008-05-24.JPG/268px-Zentrum_Jenas_im_Tal_2008-05-24.JPG" decoding="async" width="268" height="179" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Zentrum_Jenas_im_Tal_2008-05-24.JPG/402px-Zentrum_Jenas_im_Tal_2008-05-24.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Zentrum_Jenas_im_Tal_2008-05-24.JPG/536px-Zentrum_Jenas_im_Tal_2008-05-24.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3888" data-file-height="2592" /></a></span></div><div class="text-align-center">Jena skyline (2008)</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:120px;max-width:120px"><div style="height:88px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Luftaufnahme_Stadtkirche_St._Michael_Jena.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Luftaufnahme_Stadtkirche_St._Michael_Jena.jpg/118px-Luftaufnahme_Stadtkirche_St._Michael_Jena.jpg" decoding="async" width="118" height="89" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Luftaufnahme_Stadtkirche_St._Michael_Jena.jpg/177px-Luftaufnahme_Stadtkirche_St._Michael_Jena.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Luftaufnahme_Stadtkirche_St._Michael_Jena.jpg/236px-Luftaufnahme_Stadtkirche_St._Michael_Jena.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2250" /></a></span></div><div class="text-align-center">St. Michael</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:148px;max-width:148px"><div style="height:88px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Fuchsturm_mit_Wenigenjena_und_Jenzig.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Fuchsturm_mit_Wenigenjena_und_Jenzig.png/146px-Fuchsturm_mit_Wenigenjena_und_Jenzig.png" decoding="async" width="146" height="88" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Fuchsturm_mit_Wenigenjena_und_Jenzig.png/219px-Fuchsturm_mit_Wenigenjena_und_Jenzig.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Fuchsturm_mit_Wenigenjena_und_Jenzig.png/292px-Fuchsturm_mit_Wenigenjena_und_Jenzig.png 2x" data-file-width="3589" data-file-height="2165" /></a></span></div><div class="text-align-center">Fox tower on the Hausberg mountain</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:270px;max-width:270px"><div style="height:179px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:ChristmasMarketJena.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/ChristmasMarketJena.jpg/268px-ChristmasMarketJena.jpg" decoding="async" width="268" height="179" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/ChristmasMarketJena.jpg/402px-ChristmasMarketJena.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/ChristmasMarketJena.jpg/536px-ChristmasMarketJena.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3864" data-file-height="2582" /></a></span></div><div class="text-align-center">market place</div></div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data maptable"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1028600610">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols{text-align:center;display:table;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-row{display:table-row}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-cell{display:table-cell;vertical-align:middle}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-cellt{display:table-cell;vertical-align:top}</style> <div class="ib-settlement-cols"> <div class="ib-settlement-cols-row"><div class="ib-settlement-cols-cell"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Jena.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Jena"><img alt="Flag of Jena" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Flag_of_Jena.svg/100px-Flag_of_Jena.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="60" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Flag_of_Jena.svg/150px-Flag_of_Jena.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Flag_of_Jena.svg/200px-Flag_of_Jena.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span><div class="ib-settlement-caption-link">Flag</div></div><div class="ib-settlement-cols-cell"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wappen_Jena.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coat of arms of Jena"><img alt="Coat of arms of Jena" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Wappen_Jena.svg/67px-Wappen_Jena.svg.png" decoding="async" width="67" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Wappen_Jena.svg/100px-Wappen_Jena.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Wappen_Jena.svg/133px-Wappen_Jena.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="599" /></a></span><div class="ib-settlement-caption-link">Coat of arms</div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1214851843">.mw-parser-output .hidden-begin{box-sizing:border-box;width:100%;padding:5px;border:none;font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .hidden-title{font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .hidden-content{text-align:left}@media all and (max-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .hidden-begin{width:auto!important;clear:none!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="border:line; margin-top:0.2px"><div class="hidden-title skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="height:auto; padding:0.1em; padding-left:0.3em; padding-right:1.5em;">Location of Jena within Thuringia</div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style=""> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Thuringia_J.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Thuringia_J.svg/250px-Thuringia_J.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="196" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Thuringia_J.svg/375px-Thuringia_J.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Thuringia_J.svg/500px-Thuringia_J.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="966" data-file-height="758" /></a></span> </div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div class="switcher-container"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#fff!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}</style><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Germany_adm_location_map.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Jena is located in Germany"><img alt="Jena is located in Germany" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Germany_adm_location_map.svg/250px-Germany_adm_location_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="296" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Germany_adm_location_map.svg/375px-Germany_adm_location_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Germany_adm_location_map.svg/500px-Germany_adm_location_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1073" data-file-height="1272" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:52.82%;left:60.861%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Jena"><img alt="Jena" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:4px"><div><span class="wrap">Jena </span></div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em"></div><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none">Show map of Germany</span></div></div></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238443738"><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Thuringia_location_map.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Jena is located in Thuringia"><img alt="Jena is located in Thuringia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Thuringia_location_map.svg/250px-Thuringia_location_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="196" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Thuringia_location_map.svg/375px-Thuringia_location_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Thuringia_location_map.svg/500px-Thuringia_location_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="966" data-file-height="758" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:50.529%;left:61.483%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Jena"><img alt="Jena" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:4px"><div><span class="wrap">Jena </span></div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em"></div><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none">Show map of Thuringia</span></div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Coordinates: <span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Jena&params=50_55_38_N_11_35_10_E_type:city(111191)_region:DE-TH"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">50°55′38″N</span> <span class="longitude">11°35′10″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">50.92722°N 11.58611°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">50.92722; 11.58611</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Country</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/States_of_Germany" title="States of Germany">State</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Thuringia" title="Thuringia">Thuringia</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Districts_of_Germany" title="Districts of Germany">District</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Urban_districts_of_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Urban districts of Germany">Urban district</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Government<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Lord_mayor" title="Lord mayor">Lord mayor</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><span class="nobold">(2024–30) </span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Nitzsche" title="Thomas Nitzsche">Thomas Nitzsche</a><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<a href="/wiki/Free_Democratic_Party_(Germany)" title="Free Democratic Party (Germany)">FDP</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Area<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data">114.76 km<sup>2</sup> (44.31 sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Elevation<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th><td class="infobox-data">143 m (469 ft)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Population<div class="ib-settlement-fn"><span class="nowrap"> </span>(2022-12-31)<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data">111,191</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Density</th><td class="infobox-data">970/km<sup>2</sup> (2,500/sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Time_in_Germany" title="Time in Germany">Time zone</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/UTC%2B01:00" title="UTC+01:00">UTC+01:00</a> (<a href="/wiki/Central_European_Time" title="Central European Time">CET</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span class="nowrap"> • Summer (<a href="/wiki/Daylight_saving_time" title="Daylight saving time">DST</a>)</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/UTC%2B02:00" title="UTC+02:00">UTC+02:00</a> (<a href="/wiki/Central_European_Summer_Time" title="Central European Summer Time">CEST</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Postal_codes_in_Germany" title="Postal codes in Germany">Postal codes</a></th><td class="infobox-data adr"><div class="postal-code">07743–07751</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_dialling_codes_in_Germany" title="List of dialling codes in Germany">Dialling codes</a></th><td class="infobox-data">03641, 036425</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Vehicle_registration_plate" title="Vehicle registration plate">Vehicle registration</a></th><td class="infobox-data">J</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jena.de/">www.jena.de</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Jena</b> (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">German pronunciation:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="de-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Standard_German" title="Help:IPA/Standard German">[ˈjeːna]</a></span> <span class="noprint"><span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/f\/f8\/Jena.ogg\/Jena.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Jena.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/f8/Jena.ogg/Jena.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label"></span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:Jena.ogg" title="File:Jena.ogg">ⓘ</a></sup></span></span>)<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is a <a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_and_towns_in_Germany" title="List of cities and towns in Germany">city</a> in <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a> and the second largest city in <a href="/wiki/Thuringia" title="Thuringia">Thuringia</a>. Together with the nearby cities of <a href="/wiki/Erfurt" title="Erfurt">Erfurt</a> and <a href="/wiki/Weimar" title="Weimar">Weimar</a>, it forms the central metropolitan area of Thuringia with approximately 500,000 inhabitants, while the city itself has a population of about 110,000. Jena is a centre of education and research. The University of Jena (formally the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Jena" title="University of Jena">Friedrich Schiller University</a>) was founded in 1558 and had 18,000 students in 2017<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <a href="/wiki/Ernst-Abbe-Hochschule_Jena" title="Ernst-Abbe-Hochschule Jena">Ernst-Abbe-Hochschule Jena</a> serves another 5,000 students. Furthermore, there are many institutes of the leading German research societies. </p><p>Jena was first mentioned in 1182 and stayed a small town until the 19th century, when industry developed. For most of the 20th century, Jena was a world centre of the optical industry around companies such as <a href="/wiki/Carl_Zeiss_AG" title="Carl Zeiss AG">Carl Zeiss</a>, <a href="/wiki/Schott_AG" title="Schott AG">Schott</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jenoptik" title="Jenoptik">Jenoptik</a> (since 1990). As one of only a few medium-sized cities in Germany, it has some high-rise buildings in the city centre, such as the <a href="/wiki/JenTower" title="JenTower">JenTower</a>. These also have their origin in the former Carl Zeiss factory. </p><p>Between 1790 and 1850, Jena was a focal point of the German <a href="/wiki/Vorm%C3%A4rz" title="Vormärz">Vormärz</a> as well as of the student liberal and <a href="/wiki/Unification_of_Germany" title="Unification of Germany">unification</a> movement and <a href="/wiki/German_Romanticism" title="German Romanticism">German Romanticism</a>. Notable persons of this period in Jena were <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Schiller" title="Friedrich Schiller">Friedrich Schiller</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alexander_von_Humboldt" title="Alexander von Humboldt">Alexander von Humboldt</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Johann_Gottlieb_Fichte" title="Johann Gottlieb Fichte">Johann Gottlieb Fichte</a>, <a href="/wiki/Georg_Wilhelm_Friedrich_Hegel" title="Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel">Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Novalis" title="Novalis">Novalis</a>, and <a href="/wiki/August_Wilhelm_Schlegel" title="August Wilhelm Schlegel">August Wilhelm Schlegel</a>. </p><p>Jena's economy is largely built upon its high-technology infrastructure and research. The precision optical instruments industry is its leading branch to date, although software engineering, other digital businesses, and biotechnology are of growing importance. Furthermore, Jena is also a service hub for its regional environs. </p><p>Jena lies in a hilly landscape in the east of Thuringia, within the wide valley of the <a href="/wiki/Saale" title="Saale">Saale</a> river. Due to its rocky landscape, varied substrate and mixed forests, Jena is known in Germany for the wide variety of wild <a href="/wiki/Orchids" class="mw-redirect" title="Orchids">orchids</a> which can be found within walking distance of the town.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Local nature reserves are maintained by volunteers and <a href="/wiki/Naturschutzbund_Deutschland" title="Naturschutzbund Deutschland">NABU</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jena&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Middle_Ages">Middle Ages</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jena&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Middle Ages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lobdeburg_near_Jena_by_Night.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Lobdeburg_near_Jena_by_Night.jpg/220px-Lobdeburg_near_Jena_by_Night.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Lobdeburg_near_Jena_by_Night.jpg/330px-Lobdeburg_near_Jena_by_Night.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Lobdeburg_near_Jena_by_Night.jpg/440px-Lobdeburg_near_Jena_by_Night.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3471" data-file-height="2311" /></a><figcaption>Lobdeburg Castle above Lobeda district</figcaption></figure> <p>Until the <a href="/wiki/High_Middle_Ages" title="High Middle Ages">High Middle Ages</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Saale" title="Saale">Saale</a> was the border between <a href="/wiki/Germanic_peoples" title="Germanic peoples">Germanic</a> regions in the west and <a href="/wiki/Slavs" title="Slavs">Slavic</a> regions in the east. Owing to its function as a river crossing, Jena was conveniently located. Nevertheless, there were also some more important Saale crossings such as the nearby cities of <a href="/wiki/Naumburg_(Saale)" class="mw-redirect" title="Naumburg (Saale)">Naumburg</a> to the north and <a href="/wiki/Saalfeld" title="Saalfeld">Saalfeld</a> to the south, so that the relevance of Jena was more local during the Middle Ages. The first unequivocal mention of Jena was in an 1182 document. The first local rulers of the region were the Lords of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lobdeburg&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lobdeburg (page does not exist)">Lobdeburg</a> with their eponymous castle near <a href="/wiki/Lobeda" title="Lobeda">Lobeda</a>, roughly 6 km (4 mi) south of the city centre on the eastern hillside of the Saale valley. </p><p>In the 13th century, the Lords of Lobdeburg founded two towns in the valley: Jena on the west bank and Lobeda – which is one of Jena's constituent communities today – 4 km (2 mi) to the south on the east bank. Around 1230, Jena received town rights and a regular city grid was established between today's Fürstengraben, Löbdergraben, Teichgraben and Leutragraben. The city got a marketplace, main church, town hall, council and city walls during the late 13th and early 14th centuries making it into a full-fledged town. In this time, the city's economy was based mainly on wine production on the warm and sunny hillsides of the Saale valley. The two monasteries of the <a href="/wiki/Dominican_Order" title="Dominican Order">Dominicans</a> (1286) and the <a href="/wiki/Cistercian" class="mw-redirect" title="Cistercian">Cistercians</a> (1301) rounded out Jena's medieval appearance. </p><p>As the political circumstances in Thuringia changed in the middle of the 14th century, the weakened Lords of Lobdeburg sold Jena to the aspiring <a href="/wiki/House_of_Wettin" title="House of Wettin">Wettins</a> in 1331. Jena obtained the <a href="/wiki/Gotha" title="Gotha">Gotha</a> municipal law and the citizens strengthened their rights and wealth during the 14th and 15th centuries. Moreover, the Wettins were more interested in their residence in the nearby city of <a href="/wiki/Weimar" title="Weimar">Weimar</a>, and so Jena could develop itself relatively autonomously. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_modern_period">Early modern period</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jena&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Early modern period"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jena_(Merian).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Jena_%28Merian%29.jpg/220px-Jena_%28Merian%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Jena_%28Merian%29.jpg/330px-Jena_%28Merian%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Jena_%28Merian%29.jpg/440px-Jena_%28Merian%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1350" data-file-height="864" /></a><figcaption>Jena in 1650</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Protestant_Reformation" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant Reformation">Protestant Reformation</a> was brought to the city in 1523. <a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther" title="Martin Luther">Martin Luther</a> visited the town to reorganize the clerical relations and Jena became an early centre of his doctrine. In the following years, the Dominican and the <a href="/wiki/Carmelites" title="Carmelites">Carmelite</a> convents were attacked by the townsmen and abolished in 1525 (Carmelite) and 1548 (Dominican). </p><p>An important step in Jena's history was the foundation of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Jena" title="University of Jena">university</a> in 1558. Ernestine Elector <a href="/wiki/John_Frederick,_Elector_of_Saxony" class="mw-redirect" title="John Frederick, Elector of Saxony">John Frederick the Magnanimous</a> founded it, because he had lost his old university in <a href="/wiki/Wittenberg" title="Wittenberg">Wittenberg</a> to the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Wettin" title="House of Wettin">Albertines</a> after the <a href="/wiki/Schmalkaldic_War" title="Schmalkaldic War">Schmalkaldic War</a>. During the <a href="/wiki/Little_Ice_Age" title="Little Ice Age">Little Ice Age</a>, <a href="/wiki/Viticulture" title="Viticulture">wine-growing</a> declined in the 17th century, so that the new university became one of the most important sources of income for the city. The same century brought a boom in printing business caused by the rising importance of books (and the population's ability to read) in the Lutheran doctrine, and Jena was the second-largest printing location in Germany after <a href="/wiki/Leipzig" title="Leipzig">Leipzig</a>. </p><p>The list of the so-called "<a href="/wiki/Seven_Wonders_of_Jena" title="Seven Wonders of Jena">Seven Wonders of Jena</a>" was composed by students of the university at this time, supposedly as a test of local knowledge in order to confirm that a person who claimed to have studied in Jena was actually familiar with the city. </p><p>Beginning in the 16th century, the Ernestine dynasty saw many territorial partitions. Initially, Jena remained a part of <a href="/wiki/Saxe-Weimar" title="Saxe-Weimar">Saxe-Weimar</a>, but in 1672 it became the capital of its own small duchy (<a href="/wiki/Saxe-Jena" title="Saxe-Jena">Saxe-Jena</a>). In 1692, after two dukes (<a href="/wiki/Bernhard_II,_Duke_of_Saxe-Jena" title="Bernhard II, Duke of Saxe-Jena">Bernhard II</a> and <a href="/wiki/Johann_Wilhelm,_Duke_of_Saxe-Jena" title="Johann Wilhelm, Duke of Saxe-Jena">Johann Wilhelm</a>), the dukes of Saxe-Jena died out and the duchy became part of <a href="/wiki/Saxe-Eisenach" title="Saxe-Eisenach">Saxe-Eisenach</a> and, in 1741, of the <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Saxe-Weimar" class="mw-redirect" title="Duchy of Saxe-Weimar">Duchy of Saxe-Weimar</a>, to which it belonged until 1809. From 1809 to 1918, Jena was part of the Duchy (from 1815 Grand Duchy) of <a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach" class="mw-redirect" title="Grand Duchy of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach">Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach</a>, which from 1871 was also part of the <a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">German Empire</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="18th_century">18th century</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jena&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: 18th century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Napoleon.Jena.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Napoleon.Jena.jpg/220px-Napoleon.Jena.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Napoleon.Jena.jpg/330px-Napoleon.Jena.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Napoleon.Jena.jpg/440px-Napoleon.Jena.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2304" data-file-height="1612" /></a><figcaption>The battle of Jena in 1806</figcaption></figure> <p>Around 1790, the university became the largest and most famous one among the German states and made Jena the centre of the self-centred, idealist philosophy of ‘Ich' (with professors such as <a href="/wiki/Johann_Gottlieb_Fichte" title="Johann Gottlieb Fichte">Johann Gottlieb Fichte</a>, <a href="/wiki/Georg_Wilhelm_Friedrich_Hegel" title="Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel">Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Schiller" title="Friedrich Schiller">Friedrich Schiller</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Wilhelm_Joseph_Schelling" title="Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph Schelling">Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph Schelling</a>). It was also home to the early <a href="/wiki/German_Romanticism" title="German Romanticism">Romanticism</a> (with poets such as Novalis, the brothers <a href="/wiki/August_Wilhelm_Schlegel" title="August Wilhelm Schlegel">August</a> and <a href="/wiki/Karl_Wilhelm_Friedrich_Schlegel" class="mw-redirect" title="Karl Wilhelm Friedrich Schlegel">Friedrich Schlegel</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Tieck" title="Ludwig Tieck">Ludwig Tieck</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1794, the poets <a href="/wiki/Goethe" class="mw-redirect" title="Goethe">Goethe</a> and <a href="/wiki/Schiller" class="mw-redirect" title="Schiller">Schiller</a> met at the university and established a long lasting friendship, based on their love of Shakespeare. Consequently, the reputation of the University and the Duchy of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach as liberal and open-minded, but severely self-absorbed, was established and enhanced. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="19th_century">19th century</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jena&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: 19th century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On 14 October 1806, <a href="/wiki/Napoleon_I_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Napoleon I of France">Napoleon</a> fought and defeated the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Prussia" title="Kingdom of Prussia">Prussian</a> army here in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Jena-Auerstedt" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Jena-Auerstedt">Battle of Jena-Auerstedt</a>, near the district of Vierzehnheiligen. Resistance against the French occupation was strong, especially among the students. Many of the students fought in the <a href="/wiki/L%C3%BCtzow_Free_Corps" title="Lützow Free Corps">Lützow Free Corps</a> in 1813. Two years later, the <a href="/wiki/Urburschenschaft" title="Urburschenschaft">Urburschenschaft</a> fraternity was founded in the city. </p><p>During the later 19th century, the famous biologist <a href="/wiki/Ernst_Haeckel" title="Ernst Haeckel">Ernst Haeckel</a> was professor at the university. The expansion of science and medicine faculties was closely linked to the industrial boom that Jena saw after 1871. The initial spark of industrialization in Jena was the (relatively late) connection to the railway. The <a href="/wiki/Saal_Railway" class="mw-redirect" title="Saal Railway">Saal Railway</a> (<i>Saalbahn</i>, opened in 1874) was the connection from <a href="/wiki/Halle_(Saale)" title="Halle (Saale)">Halle</a> and <a href="/wiki/Leipzig" title="Leipzig">Leipzig</a> along the Saale valley to <a href="/wiki/Nuremberg" title="Nuremberg">Nuremberg</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Weimar%E2%80%93Gera_railway" title="Weimar–Gera railway">Weimar–Gera railway</a> (opened 1876) connected Jena with <a href="/wiki/Frankfurt" title="Frankfurt">Frankfurt</a> and <a href="/wiki/Erfurt" title="Erfurt">Erfurt</a> in the west as well as <a href="/wiki/Dresden" title="Dresden">Dresden</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gera" title="Gera">Gera</a> in the east. Famous pioneers of the Jenaer industry were <a href="/wiki/Carl_Zeiss" title="Carl Zeiss">Carl Zeiss</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ernst_Abbe" title="Ernst Abbe">Ernst Abbe</a> (with their <a href="/wiki/Carl_Zeiss_AG" title="Carl Zeiss AG">Carl Zeiss AG</a>) as well as <a href="/wiki/Otto_Schott" title="Otto Schott">Otto Schott</a> (<a href="/wiki/Schott_AG" title="Schott AG">Schott AG</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since that time, production of optical items, precision machinery and laboratory glassware have been the main branches of Jena's economy; <a href="/wiki/Jena_glass" title="Jena glass">Jena glass</a> is even named after the city. Zeiss, Abbe and Schott worked also as social reformers who wanted to improve the living conditions of their workers and the local wealth in general. When Zeiss died in 1889, his company passed to the <a href="/wiki/Carl-Zeiss-Stiftung" title="Carl-Zeiss-Stiftung">Carl-Zeiss-Stiftung</a>, which uses great amounts of the company's profits for social benefits such as research projects at universities etc. This model became an example for other German companies (e.g. the <a href="/wiki/Robert_Bosch_Stiftung" title="Robert Bosch Stiftung">Robert Bosch Stiftung</a>). In 1898 it was agreed on with several personalities from the Jenaer industrial sector that the city was in need of an electricity generator<sup id="cite_ref-:0_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and in the first years of the 1900s an electrified tramway was founded in Jena.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="20th_century">20th century</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jena&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: 20th century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jena_Zeiss_Bau_15.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Jena_Zeiss_Bau_15.jpg/220px-Jena_Zeiss_Bau_15.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="317" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Jena_Zeiss_Bau_15.jpg/330px-Jena_Zeiss_Bau_15.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Jena_Zeiss_Bau_15.jpg/440px-Jena_Zeiss_Bau_15.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2122" data-file-height="3056" /></a><figcaption>Bau 15 of the Carl Zeiss factory, Germany's first high-rise building, established in 1915</figcaption></figure> <p>Industrialization fundamentally changed the social structure of Jena. The former academic town became a working-class city; the population rose from 8,000 around 1870 up to 71,000 at the beginning of <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>. The city expanded along the Saale valley to the north and the south and its side valleys to the east and the west. In 1901, the <a href="/wiki/Tram" title="Tram">tram</a> system started its operation and the university got a new main building (established between 1906 and 1908 on the former castle's site). After the foundation of <a href="/wiki/Thuringia" title="Thuringia">Thuringia</a> in 1920, Jena was one of the three biggest cities (together with <a href="/wiki/Weimar" title="Weimar">Weimar</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gera" title="Gera">Gera</a>, while <a href="/wiki/Erfurt" title="Erfurt">Erfurt</a> remained part of <a href="/wiki/Free_State_of_Prussia" title="Free State of Prussia">Prussia</a>) and became an <a href="/wiki/Independent_city" title="Independent city">independent city</a> in 1922. The modern optical and glass industry kept booming and the city grew further during <a href="/wiki/Weimar_Republic" title="Weimar Republic">Weimar times</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jena_700_Jahre_Stadt_poster_(1936).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Jena_700_Jahre_Stadt_poster_%281936%29.jpg/220px-Jena_700_Jahre_Stadt_poster_%281936%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="310" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Jena_700_Jahre_Stadt_poster_%281936%29.jpg/330px-Jena_700_Jahre_Stadt_poster_%281936%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/34/Jena_700_Jahre_Stadt_poster_%281936%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="412" data-file-height="580" /></a><figcaption>1936 poster marking the 700th anniversary of the city of Jena</figcaption></figure> <p>During the <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi</a> period, conflicts deepened in Jena between the influential left-wing milieus (communists and social democrats) and the right-wing Nazi milieus. On the one hand, the university suffered from new restrictions against its independence, but on the other hand, it consolidated the Nazi ideology, for example with a professorship of social anthropology (which sought to scientifically legitimize the <a href="/wiki/Racial_policy_of_Nazi_Germany" title="Racial policy of Nazi Germany">racial policy of Nazi Germany</a>). <a href="/wiki/Kristallnacht" title="Kristallnacht">Kristallnacht</a> in 1938 led to more discrimination against <a href="/wiki/Jew" class="mw-redirect" title="Jew">Jews</a> in Jena, many of whom either emigrated or were arrested and murdered by the German government. This weakened the academic milieu, because many academics were Jews (especially in medicine). During <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, the Germans operated two <a href="/wiki/List_of_subcamps_of_Buchenwald" title="List of subcamps of Buchenwald">subcamps</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Buchenwald_concentration_camp" title="Buchenwald concentration camp">Buchenwald concentration camp</a> in the city,<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and a subcamp of the prison in <a href="/wiki/Sieradz" title="Sieradz">Sieradz</a> in <a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_Poland_(1939%E2%80%931945)" title="Occupation of Poland (1939–1945)">German-occupied Poland</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1945, toward the end of <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, Jena was repeatedly targeted by <a href="/wiki/Strategic_bombing_during_World_War_II" title="Strategic bombing during World War II">Allied bombing raids</a>. 709 people were killed, 2,000 injured, and most of the medieval town centre was destroyed, but in parts restored after the end of the war. No other Thuringian city suffered worse damage, except <a href="/wiki/Nordhausen,_Thuringia" title="Nordhausen, Thuringia">Nordhausen</a>, whose destruction was utter. Today most of the city consists of buildings from before World War II.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jena was occupied by <a href="/wiki/United_States_Armed_Forces" title="United States Armed Forces">American troops</a> on 13 April 1945 and was left to the <a href="/wiki/Red_Army" title="Red Army">Red Army</a> on 1 July 1945.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Jena fell within the <a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Occupation of Germany">Soviet zone of occupation</a> in post-World War II Germany. In 1949, it became part of the new <a href="/wiki/East_Germany" title="East Germany">German Democratic Republic</a> (GDR). The Soviets dismantled great parts of the Zeiss and Schott factories and took them to the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>. On the other hand, the GDR government founded a new <a href="/wiki/Pharmaceutical_industry" title="Pharmaceutical industry">pharmaceutical</a> factory in 1950, <a href="/wiki/Jenapharm" title="Jenapharm">Jenapharm</a>, which is part of <a href="/wiki/Bayer" title="Bayer">Bayer</a> today. In 1953, Jena was a centre of the <a href="/wiki/Uprising_of_1953_in_East_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Uprising of 1953 in East Germany">East German Uprising</a> against GDR policy. The protests with 30,000 participants drew fire from Soviet <a href="/wiki/Tank" title="Tank">tanks</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Der_Holzmarkt_in_der_Jenaer_Innenstadt.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Der_Holzmarkt_in_der_Jenaer_Innenstadt.jpg/220px-Der_Holzmarkt_in_der_Jenaer_Innenstadt.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Der_Holzmarkt_in_der_Jenaer_Innenstadt.jpg/330px-Der_Holzmarkt_in_der_Jenaer_Innenstadt.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Der_Holzmarkt_in_der_Jenaer_Innenstadt.jpg/440px-Der_Holzmarkt_in_der_Jenaer_Innenstadt.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="562" /></a><figcaption>Typical street scenery in Jena: The "Holzmarkt" in the city-centre</figcaption></figure> <p>The following decades brought some radical shifts in city planning. During the 1960s, another part of the historic city centre was demolished to build the <a href="/wiki/Jen_Tower" class="mw-redirect" title="Jen Tower">Jen Tower</a>. The Eichplatz in front of the tower is still unbuilt and its future is still the subject of ongoing heated discussion. Big <a href="/wiki/Plattenbau" class="mw-redirect" title="Plattenbau">Plattenbau</a> settlements were developed in the 1970s and 1980s, because the population was still rising and the housing shortage remained a perpetual problem. New districts established in the north (near Rautal) and in the south (around Winzerla and Lobeda). The opposition against the GDR government was reinforced during the late 1980s in Jena, fed by academic and clerical circles. In autumn 1989, the city saw the largest protests in its history before the GDR government was dissolved. </p><p>After 1990, Jena became part of the refounded state of <a href="/wiki/Thuringia" title="Thuringia">Thuringia</a>. Industry came into a heavy crisis during the 1990s, but finally it managed the transition to the <a href="/wiki/Market_economy" title="Market economy">market economy</a> and today, it is one of the leading economic centres of eastern Germany. Furthermore, the university was enlarged and many new research institutes were founded. </p><p>Especially between 1995 and 1997 several far-right crimes were committed in Jena. The city's far-right scene of the 1990s gave rise to the <a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_Underground" title="National Socialist Underground">National Socialist Underground</a> (NSU) terror group. However, the city is no longer considered a far-right hotspot. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography_and_demographics">Geography and demographics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jena&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Geography and demographics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236656977">.mw-parser-output .abbr-header{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .caption-purple{border:1px #a2a9b1 solid;border-bottom:none;background-color:lavender}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .caption-purple{background:inherit!important}}.mw-parser-output .table-pale{border:1px #a2a9b1 solid;border-top:none;background-color:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);padding:5px}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .table-pale{border-top:1px #a2a9b1 solid!important}.mw-parser-output .caption-purple{border:none}}</style><table class="table-pale" style="width:15em;border-top-width:0;border-spacing: 0;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 0.5em;"><caption class="caption-purple" style="padding:0.25em;font-weight:bold">Historical population</caption><tbody><tr style="font-size:95%"><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px;width:3em">Year</th><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px 2px;text-align:right"><abbr title="Population" class="abbr-header">Pop.</abbr></th><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px;text-align:right"><abbr title="Percent change" class="abbr-header">±%</abbr></th></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1490</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">3,800</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">—    </td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1784</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">4,366</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+14.9%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1871</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">8,260</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+89.2%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1900</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">20,677</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+150.3%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">1910</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">38,487</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">+86.1%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1919</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">48,847</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+26.9%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1925</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">52,649</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+7.8%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1933</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">58,357</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+10.8%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1939</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">70,632</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+21.0%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">1950</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">80,309</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">+13.7%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1964</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">84,307</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+5.0%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1970</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">88,130</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+4.5%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1981</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">104,946</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+19.1%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1991</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">100,967</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">−3.8%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">2001</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">101,157</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">+0.2%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">2011</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">105,739</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+4.5%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">2022</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">110,369</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+4.4%</td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="border-top:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);font-size:85%;text-align:left">Population size may be affected by changes in administrative divisions. source:<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Topography">Topography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jena&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Topography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Burgauer_Br%C3%BCcke.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Burgauer_Br%C3%BCcke.jpg/220px-Burgauer_Br%C3%BCcke.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Burgauer_Br%C3%BCcke.jpg/330px-Burgauer_Br%C3%BCcke.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Burgauer_Br%C3%BCcke.jpg/440px-Burgauer_Br%C3%BCcke.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="788" /></a><figcaption>The medieval bridge across the Saale in Burgau district</figcaption></figure> <p>Jena is situated in a hilly landscape in eastern Thuringia at the <a href="/wiki/Saale" title="Saale">Saale</a> river, between the <a href="/wiki/Harz" title="Harz">Harz</a> mountains 85 km (53 mi) in the north, the <a href="/wiki/Thuringian_Forest" title="Thuringian Forest">Thuringian Forest</a>/<a href="/wiki/Thuringian_Highland" title="Thuringian Highland">Thuringian Highland</a> 50 km (31 mi) in the southwest and the <a href="/wiki/Ore_Mountains" title="Ore Mountains">Ore Mountains</a>, 75 km (47 mi) in the southeast. The municipal terrain is hilly with rugged slopes at the valley's edges. The city centre is situated at 160 m of elevation, whereas the mountains on both sides of Saale valley rise up to 400 m. On the eastern side those are (from north to south): the <i>Gleisberg</i> near Kunitz, the <i>Jenzig</i> near Wogau, the <i>Hausberg</i> near Wenigenjena, the <i>Kernberge</i> near Wöllnitz, the <i><a href="/wiki/Johannisberg_(Jena-Lobeda)" title="Johannisberg (Jena-Lobeda)">Johannisberg</a></i> near Lobeda and the <i>Einsiedlerberg</i> near Drackendorf. On the western side, there are the <i>Jägersberg</i> near <a href="/wiki/Zw%C3%A4tzen" title="Zwätzen">Zwätzen</a>, the <i>Windknollen</i> north of the city centre, the <i>Tatzend</i> west of the city centre, the <i>Lichtenhainer Höhe</i> near Lichtenhain, the <i>Holzberg</i> near Winzerla, the <i>Jagdberg</i> near Göschwitz and the Spitzenberg near Maua. The mountains belong to the geological formation of Ilm Saale Plate (<a href="/wiki/Muschelkalk" title="Muschelkalk">Muschelkalk</a>) and are relatively flat on their peaks but steep to the valleys in between. Due to its jagged surface, the municipal territory isn't very suitable for agriculture all the more since the most flat areas along the valley were built on during the 20th century. At the mountains is some forest of different leaf trees and pines. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ecology">Ecology</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jena&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Ecology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>32 species of native <a href="/wiki/Orchids" class="mw-redirect" title="Orchids">orchids</a> can be found in the Jena area.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One of the best places to see them is <a href="/wiki/Naturschutzgebiet_Leutratal_und_Cospoth" title="Naturschutzgebiet Leutratal und Cospoth">Leutratal</a>, to the south of the town. Bee orchid <i>(<a href="/wiki/Ophrys_apifera" title="Ophrys apifera">Ophrys apifera</a></i>) even grows at a few locations within the town. On the <i>Hausberg</i> close to Ziegenhain a few specimens of the rare true service tree (<i><a href="/wiki/Cormus_domestica" title="Cormus domestica">Cormus domestica</a></i>) can be found. <a href="/wiki/Firefly" title="Firefly">Firefly</a> can be seen in the meadows in Paradiespark as well as a variety of native wildflowers. Wildlife on the surrounding mountains includes <a href="/wiki/Common_raven" title="Common raven">raven</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sand_lizard" title="Sand lizard">sand lizard</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wood_ants" class="mw-redirect" title="Wood ants">wood ants</a>. <a href="/wiki/Grey_heron" title="Grey heron">Heron</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eurasian_beaver" title="Eurasian beaver">beaver</a> and <a href="/wiki/Muskrat" title="Muskrat">muskrat</a> have been seen on the Saale, within the town. <a href="/wiki/Pine_marten" class="mw-redirect" title="Pine marten">Pine martens</a> sometimes come into the town at night, from the mountains, to raid bins. It is documented that the <a href="/wiki/European_wildcat" title="European wildcat">European wildcat</a> occurs near Jena.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Climate">Climate</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jena&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Climate"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Jena has an <a href="/wiki/Oceanic_climate" title="Oceanic climate">oceanic climate</a> (<a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification" title="Köppen climate classification">Köppen</a>: <i>Cfb</i>; <a href="/wiki/Trewartha_climate_classification" title="Trewartha climate classification">Trewartha</a>: <i>Dobk</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-koppen_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-koppen-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Peel_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Peel-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Summers are warm and sometimes humid; winters are relatively cold. The city's topography creates a microclimate caused through the basin position with sometimes <a href="/wiki/Inversion_(meteorology)" title="Inversion (meteorology)">inversion</a> in winter (quite cold nights under −20 °C (−4 °F)) and heat and inadequate air circulation in summer. Annual precipitation is 585 millimeters (23.0 in) with moderate rainfall throughout the year. Light snowfall mainly occurs from December through February, but snow cover does not usually remain for long. During the Middle Ages, Jena was famous for growing wine on its slopes. Nowadays, the next commercial wine-growing areas are situated 20 km (12 mi) down Saale river. Due to its distance to coastal areas and position in the Saale valley, wind speeds tend to be very low; predominant direction is SW. </p><p>The Jena weather station has recorded the following extreme values:<sup id="cite_ref-sklima_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sklima-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Its highest temperature was 39.1 °C (102.4 °F) on <a href="/wiki/2022_European_heatwaves#July_heatwave_2" title="2022 European heatwaves">20 July 2022</a>.</li> <li>Its lowest temperature was −30.6 °C (−23.1 °F) on 22 January 1850 and 2 February 1830.</li> <li>Its greatest annual precipitation was 849.7 mm (33.45 in) in 1882.</li> <li>Its least annual precipitation was 379.4 mm (14.94 in) in 1911.</li> <li>The longest annual sunshine was 1928.8 hours in 2003.</li> <li>The shortest annual sunshine was 1108.6 hours in 1960.</li></ul> <div> <table class="wikitable mw-collapsible" style="width:auto; text-align:center; line-height:1.2em;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="14">Climate data for Jena, 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1821–present </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Month </th> <th scope="col">Jan </th> <th scope="col">Feb </th> <th scope="col">Mar </th> <th scope="col">Apr </th> <th scope="col">May </th> <th scope="col">Jun </th> <th scope="col">Jul </th> <th scope="col">Aug </th> <th scope="col">Sep </th> <th scope="col">Oct </th> <th scope="col">Nov </th> <th scope="col">Dec </th> <th scope="col" style="border-left-width:medium">Year </th></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record high °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FFA852; color:#000000;" class="notheme">17.0<br />(62.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF7E00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">23.1<br />(73.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF6B00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">25.9<br />(78.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF3E00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">32.5<br />(90.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF2500; color:#000000;" class="notheme">36.1<br />(97.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF1200; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">38.8<br />(101.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF1000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">39.1<br />(102.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF1300; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">38.7<br />(101.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF2200; color:#000000;" class="notheme">36.5<br />(97.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF5600; color:#000000;" class="notheme">29.0<br />(84.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF7E00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">23.1<br />(73.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFA449; color:#000000;" class="notheme">17.7<br />(63.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF1000; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">39.1<br />(102.4) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean maximum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FFC790; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12.5<br />(54.5) </td> <td style="background: #FFBA75; color:#000000;" class="notheme">14.5<br />(58.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF962D; color:#000000;" class="notheme">19.7<br />(67.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF7000; color:#000000;" class="notheme">25.2<br />(77.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF5200; color:#000000;" class="notheme">29.5<br />(85.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF3D00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">32.6<br />(90.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF3300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">34.0<br />(93.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF3500; color:#000000;" class="notheme">33.8<br />(92.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF5900; color:#000000;" class="notheme">28.5<br />(83.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF7E00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">23.2<br />(73.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFAC5A; color:#000000;" class="notheme">16.4<br />(61.5) </td> <td style="background: #FFC489; color:#000000;" class="notheme">13.0<br />(55.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF2700; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">35.8<br />(96.4) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily maximum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FFFEFD; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.6<br />(40.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFF3E7; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.2<br />(43.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFD4AA; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.6<br />(51.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFAE5D; color:#000000;" class="notheme">16.2<br />(61.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF9123; color:#000000;" class="notheme">20.4<br />(68.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF7A00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">23.7<br />(74.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF6A00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">26.0<br />(78.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF6C00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">25.7<br />(78.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF8F1F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">20.7<br />(69.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFB66E; color:#000000;" class="notheme">15.0<br />(59.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFE0C2; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.9<br />(48.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFF9F3; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.3<br />(41.5) </td> <td style="background: #FFB46A; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">15.3<br />(59.5) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Daily mean °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #EFEFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.7<br />(35.1) </td> <td style="background: #F4F4FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.5<br />(36.5) </td> <td style="background: #FFF6EE; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.7<br />(42.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFD8B1; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.1<br />(50.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFBB77; color:#000000;" class="notheme">14.3<br />(57.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFA449; color:#000000;" class="notheme">17.7<br />(63.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF962D; color:#000000;" class="notheme">19.7<br />(67.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF9A35; color:#000000;" class="notheme">19.1<br />(66.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFB973; color:#000000;" class="notheme">14.6<br />(58.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFD8B1; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.1<br />(50.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFF7EF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.6<br />(42.1) </td> <td style="background: #F4F4FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.6<br />(36.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFD7AF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">10.3<br />(50.5) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily minimum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #E0E0FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−1.2<br />(29.8) </td> <td style="background: #E1E1FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−1.0<br />(30.2) </td> <td style="background: #EEEEFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.5<br />(34.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.5<br />(40.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFE4C9; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.4<br />(47.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFCB97; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12.0<br />(53.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFBD7C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">14.0<br />(57.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFC081; color:#000000;" class="notheme">13.6<br />(56.5) </td> <td style="background: #FFD9B4; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.9<br />(49.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFF3E8; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.1<br />(43.0) </td> <td style="background: #F4F4FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.6<br />(36.7) </td> <td style="background: #E6E6FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−0.1<br />(31.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFF5EB; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">5.9<br />(42.6) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean minimum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #ABABFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−10.9<br />(12.4) </td> <td style="background: #B5B5FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−9.2<br />(15.4) </td> <td style="background: #CBCBFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−5.0<br />(23.0) </td> <td style="background: #DEDEFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−1.6<br />(29.1) </td> <td style="background: #F2F2FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.2<br />(36.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFF0E2; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.6<br />(43.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFDFBF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.1<br />(48.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFE6CE; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.0<br />(46.4) </td> <td style="background: #FDFDFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.2<br />(39.6) </td> <td style="background: #E2E2FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−0.8<br />(30.6) </td> <td style="background: #D1D1FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−3.9<br />(25.0) </td> <td style="background: #B7B7FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−8.7<br />(16.3) </td> <td style="background: #9E9EFF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">−13.3<br />(8.1) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record low °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #4141FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">−30.6<br />(−23.1) </td> <td style="background: #4141FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">−30.6<br />(−23.1) </td> <td style="background: #6565FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">−24.0<br />(−11.2) </td> <td style="background: #A3A3FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−12.4<br />(9.7) </td> <td style="background: #CBCBFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−5.1<br />(22.8) </td> <td style="background: #E9E9FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.6<br />(33.1) </td> <td style="background: #FAFAFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.7<br />(38.7) </td> <td style="background: #F9F9FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.4<br />(38.1) </td> <td style="background: #CECEFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−4.4<br />(24.1) </td> <td style="background: #ABABFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−10.9<br />(12.4) </td> <td style="background: #6161FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">−24.6<br />(−12.3) </td> <td style="background: #4B4BFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">−28.8<br />(−19.8) </td> <td style="background: #4141FF; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">−30.6<br />(−23.1) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/wiki/Precipitation" title="Precipitation">precipitation</a> mm (inches) </th> <td style="background: #CAFFCA; color:#000000;" class="notheme">35.3<br />(1.39) </td> <td style="background: #CDFFCD; color:#000000;" class="notheme">30.4<br />(1.20) </td> <td style="background: #C0FFC0; color:#000000;" class="notheme">41.9<br />(1.65) </td> <td style="background: #C6FFC6; color:#000000;" class="notheme">36.9<br />(1.45) </td> <td style="background: #A3FFA3; color:#000000;" class="notheme">61.2<br />(2.41) </td> <td style="background: #AAFFAA; color:#000000;" class="notheme">54.8<br />(2.16) </td> <td style="background: #80FF80; color:#000000;" class="notheme">85.1<br />(3.35) </td> <td style="background: #9AFF9A; color:#000000;" class="notheme">67.6<br />(2.66) </td> <td style="background: #B0FFB0; color:#000000;" class="notheme">50.8<br />(2.00) </td> <td style="background: #C1FFC1; color:#000000;" class="notheme">41.6<br />(1.64) </td> <td style="background: #B6FFB6; color:#000000;" class="notheme">47.3<br />(1.86) </td> <td style="background: #BFFFBF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">42.8<br />(1.69) </td> <td style="background: #B3FFB3; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">595.6<br />(23.45) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average extreme snow depth cm (inches) </th> <td style="background: #E8E8FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.2<br />(2.8) </td> <td style="background: #EEEEFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.4<br />(2.1) </td> <td style="background: #F4F4FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.3<br />(1.3) </td> <td style="background: #FEFEFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.3<br />(0.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0<br />(0) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0<br />(0) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0<br />(0) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0<br />(0) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0<br />(0) </td> <td style="background: #FEFEFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.2<br />(0.1) </td> <td style="background: #FAFAFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.3<br />(0.5) </td> <td style="background: #EDEDFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.6<br />(2.2) </td> <td style="background: #DEDEFF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">10.6<br />(4.2) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average precipitation days <span style="font-size:90%;" class="nowrap">(≥ 0.1 mm)</span> </th> <td style="background: #2E2EFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">16.9 </td> <td style="background: #3737FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">14.7 </td> <td style="background: #3A3AFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">15.9 </td> <td style="background: #5F5FFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">12.5 </td> <td style="background: #5151FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">14.1 </td> <td style="background: #4D4DFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">13.9 </td> <td style="background: #4949FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">14.7 </td> <td style="background: #5757FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">13.6 </td> <td style="background: #6363FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">12.2 </td> <td style="background: #5151FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">14.1 </td> <td style="background: #3939FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">15.5 </td> <td style="background: #2828FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">17.4 </td> <td style="background: #4747FF; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">175.5 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/wiki/Relative_humidity" class="mw-redirect" title="Relative humidity">relative humidity</a> (%) </th> <td style="background: #85FF85; color:#000000;" class="notheme">78.7 </td> <td style="background: #8BFF8B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">75.2 </td> <td style="background: #91FF91; color:#000000;" class="notheme">71.0 </td> <td style="background: #99FF99; color:#000000;" class="notheme">66.0 </td> <td style="background: #97FF97; color:#000000;" class="notheme">67.1 </td> <td style="background: #97FF97; color:#000000;" class="notheme">67.2 </td> <td style="background: #98FF98; color:#000000;" class="notheme">66.4 </td> <td style="background: #95FF95; color:#000000;" class="notheme">68.4 </td> <td style="background: #8BFF8B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">74.9 </td> <td style="background: #84FF84; color:#000000;" class="notheme">79.3 </td> <td style="background: #81FF81; color:#000000;" class="notheme">81.7 </td> <td style="background: #82FF82; color:#000000;" class="notheme">80.6 </td> <td style="background: #8EFF8E; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">73.0 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean monthly <a href="/wiki/Sunshine_duration" title="Sunshine duration">sunshine hours</a> </th> <td style="background: #6C6C6C; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">59.1 </td> <td style="background: #A1A1A1; color:#000000;" class="notheme">80.7 </td> <td style="background: #B0B081; color:#000000;" class="notheme">107.7 </td> <td style="background: #CBCB00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">160.4 </td> <td style="background: #D5D500; color:#000000;" class="notheme">191.4 </td> <td style="background: #D5D500; color:#000000;" class="notheme">182.6 </td> <td style="background: #D7D700; color:#000000;" class="notheme">197.4 </td> <td style="background: #DADA00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">213.2 </td> <td style="background: #BFBF26; color:#000000;" class="notheme">136.3 </td> <td style="background: #AFAF89; color:#000000;" class="notheme">104.9 </td> <td style="background: #656565; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">53.6 </td> <td style="background: #515151; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">44.8 </td> <td style="background: #BABA44; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">1,532.1 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="14" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;">Source: <a href="/wiki/Deutscher_Wetterdienst" title="Deutscher Wetterdienst">Deutscher Wetterdienst</a> / SKlima.de<sup id="cite_ref-sklima_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sklima-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Administrative_division">Administrative division</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jena&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Administrative division"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Jena abuts the district of <a href="/wiki/Saale-Holzland-Kreis" title="Saale-Holzland-Kreis">Saale-Holzland</a> with the municipalities of <a href="/wiki/Lehesten,_Saale-Holzland" title="Lehesten, Saale-Holzland">Lehesten</a>, <a href="/wiki/Neueng%C3%B6nna" title="Neuengönna">Neuengönna</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Golmsdorf" title="Golmsdorf">Golmsdorf</a> in the north, <a href="/wiki/Jenal%C3%B6bnitz" title="Jenalöbnitz">Jenalöbnitz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gro%C3%9Fl%C3%B6bichau" title="Großlöbichau">Großlöbichau</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Schl%C3%B6ben" title="Schlöben">Schlöben</a> in the east and <a href="/wiki/Laasdorf" title="Laasdorf">Laasdorf</a>, <a href="/wiki/Z%C3%B6llnitz" title="Zöllnitz">Zöllnitz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sulza" title="Sulza">Sulza</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rothenstein,_Germany" title="Rothenstein, Germany">Rothenstein</a>, <a href="/wiki/Milda,_Germany" title="Milda, Germany">Milda</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Bucha,_Saale-Holzland" title="Bucha, Saale-Holzland">Bucha</a> in the south and the district of <a href="/wiki/Weimarer_Land" title="Weimarer Land">Weimarer Land</a> with the municipalities of <a href="/wiki/D%C3%B6britschen" title="Döbritschen">Döbritschen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gro%C3%9Fschwabhausen" title="Großschwabhausen">Großschwabhausen</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Saaleplatte" title="Saaleplatte">Saaleplatte</a> in the west. </p><p>The city is divided into 30 districts. The inner-city districts are Zentrum, Nord, West, Süd, Wenigenjena (east of Saale, incorporated in 1909), and Kernberge, other big districts are Lobeda (incorporated in 1946) and Winzerla (incorporated in 1922) in the south with large housing complexes. </p><p>The residual districts are from a more rural constitution: </p> <table> <tbody><tr> <td valign="top" width="25%"> <ul><li>Ammerbach (incorporated 1922)</li> <li>Burgau (1922)</li> <li>Closewitz (1994)</li> <li>Cospeda (1994)</li> <li>Drackendorf (1994)</li> <li>Göschwitz (1969)</li> <li>Ilmnitz (1994)</li></ul> </td> <td valign="top" width="25%"> <ul><li>Isserstedt (1994)</li> <li>Jenaprießnitz/Wogau (1994)</li> <li>Krippendorf (1994)</li> <li>Kunitz/Laasan (1994)</li> <li>Leutra (1994)</li> <li>Lichtenhain (1913)</li> <li>Löbstedt (1922)</li></ul> </td> <td valign="top" width="25%"> <ul><li>Lützeroda (1994)</li> <li>Maua (1994)</li> <li>Münchenroda/Remderoda (1994)</li> <li>Vierzehnheiligen (1994)</li> <li>Wöllnitz (1946)</li> <li>Ziegenhain (1913)</li> <li>Zwätzen (1922)</li></ul> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Demographics">Demographics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jena&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Demographics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Einwohnerentwicklung_von_Jena.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Einwohnerentwicklung_von_Jena.svg/220px-Einwohnerentwicklung_von_Jena.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Einwohnerentwicklung_von_Jena.svg/330px-Einwohnerentwicklung_von_Jena.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Einwohnerentwicklung_von_Jena.svg/440px-Einwohnerentwicklung_von_Jena.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="400" /></a><figcaption>Population development until 2017</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238864702">.mw-parser-output .bar-chart{margin:0.5em;background-color:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid #c0c0c0}.mw-parser-output .bar-chart caption{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .bar-chart th,.mw-parser-output .bar-chart td{padding:1px;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .bar-chart th[scope="col"]:not(.bar-chart-label-type){width:15em}.mw-parser-output .bar-chart th[scope="row"]:not(.bar-chart-total){font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .bar-chart-bar{height:1.25em;width:40em}.mw-parser-output .bar-chart-bar-line{background-color:#cedff2;height:1.25em;margin:0 0 0 0;z-index:0}.mw-parser-output .bar-chart-bar-comment{font-size:90%;padding-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .bar-chart-bar-numbers{position:relative;top:-1.4em;height:1.25em;padding:0 0 0 2em;z-index:10;width:40em}.mw-parser-output .bar-chart-caption{border-top:1px solid #aaa}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .bar-chart-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .bar-chart-right{float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}.mw-parser-output .bar-chart-center{margin:0.5em auto}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .bar-chart-bar-line{background-color:#74497e}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .bar-chart-bar-line{background-color:#74497e}}</style> <table class="bar-chart bar-chart-right"> <caption>Ten largest groups of foreign residents<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col" class="bar-chart-label-type">Nationality </th> <th scope="col">Population (31 December 2017) </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a> </th> <td><div class="bar-chart-bar" style="width: 15em;"><div class="bar-chart-bar-line" style="width:15em;"></div><span class="bar-chart-bar-numbers" style="width: 15em;"><span class="nowrap">800</span></span></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a> </th> <td><div class="bar-chart-bar" style="width: 15em;"><div class="bar-chart-bar-line" style="width:11em;"></div><span class="bar-chart-bar-numbers" style="width: 15em;"><span class="nowrap">585</span></span></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/23px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/35px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/45px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> </th> <td><div class="bar-chart-bar" style="width: 15em;"><div class="bar-chart-bar-line" style="width:10.1em;"></div><span class="bar-chart-bar-numbers" style="width: 15em;"><span class="nowrap">540</span></span></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/45px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a> </th> <td><div class="bar-chart-bar" style="width: 15em;"><div class="bar-chart-bar-line" style="width:9.4em;"></div><span class="bar-chart-bar-numbers" style="width: 15em;"><span class="nowrap">500</span></span></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <p>Over the centuries, Jena had mostly been a town of 4,000 to 5,000 inhabitants. The population growth began in the 19th century with an amount of 6,000 in 1840 and of 8,000 in 1870. Then, a demographic boom occurred with a population of 20,000 in 1900, 50,000 in 1920, 73,000 in 1940, 81,000 in 1960 and 104,000 in 1980. The peak was reached in 1988 with a population of 108,000. The bad economic situation in eastern Germany after the reunification resulted in a decline in population, which fell to 99,000 in 1998 before rising again to 107,000 in 2012. </p><p>The average population growth between 2009 and 2012 was approximately 0.47% p. a, whereas the population in bordering rural regions is shrinking with accelerating tendency. Suburbanization played only a small role in Jena. It occurred after the reunification for a short time in the 1990s, but most of the suburban areas were situated within the administrative city borders. </p><p>The birth surplus was 62 in 2012, or +0.6 per 1,000 inhabitants (Thuringian average: -4.5; national average: -2.4). The net migration rate was +4.0 per 1,000 inhabitants in 2012 (Thuringian average: -0.8; national average: +4.6).<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The most important regions of origin of Jena migrants are rural areas of Thuringia, <a href="/wiki/Saxony-Anhalt" title="Saxony-Anhalt">Saxony-Anhalt</a> and <a href="/wiki/Saxony" title="Saxony">Saxony</a> as well as foreign countries such as Poland, Russia, Ukraine, Hungary, Serbia, Romania, and Bulgaria. </p><p>Like many other eastern German cities, Jena has a small foreign-born population: circa 4.0% are non-Germans by citizenship and overall 6.2% are migrants (according to <a href="/wiki/2011_EU_census" class="mw-redirect" title="2011 EU census">2011 EU census</a>). Differing from the national average, the biggest groups of migrants in Jena are <a href="/wiki/Russians_in_Germany" title="Russians in Germany">Russians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chinese_people_in_Germany" title="Chinese people in Germany">Chinese</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ukrainians_in_Germany" title="Ukrainians in Germany">Ukrainians</a>. During recent years, the economic situation of the city has improved: the unemployment rate declined from 14% in 2005 to 7% in 2013. Due to the official policy of atheism in the former <a href="/wiki/East_Germany" title="East Germany">GDR</a>, most of the population is non-religious. 15.9% are members of the <a href="/wiki/Evangelical_Church_in_Central_Germany" title="Evangelical Church in Central Germany">Evangelical Church in Central Germany</a> and 6.6% are Catholics (according to 2011 EU census). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture,_sights_and_cityscape"><span id="Culture.2C_sights_and_cityscape"></span>Culture, sights and cityscape</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jena&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Culture, sights and cityscape"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Am_Eichplatz._Auf_dem_Bild_sieht_man_die_%22Neue_Mitte%22,_dahinter_ebenfalls_ein_Wolkenkratzer,_das_%22b59%22..jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Am_Eichplatz._Auf_dem_Bild_sieht_man_die_%22Neue_Mitte%22%2C_dahinter_ebenfalls_ein_Wolkenkratzer%2C_das_%22b59%22..jpg/220px-Am_Eichplatz._Auf_dem_Bild_sieht_man_die_%22Neue_Mitte%22%2C_dahinter_ebenfalls_ein_Wolkenkratzer%2C_das_%22b59%22..jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Am_Eichplatz._Auf_dem_Bild_sieht_man_die_%22Neue_Mitte%22%2C_dahinter_ebenfalls_ein_Wolkenkratzer%2C_das_%22b59%22..jpg/330px-Am_Eichplatz._Auf_dem_Bild_sieht_man_die_%22Neue_Mitte%22%2C_dahinter_ebenfalls_ein_Wolkenkratzer%2C_das_%22b59%22..jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Am_Eichplatz._Auf_dem_Bild_sieht_man_die_%22Neue_Mitte%22%2C_dahinter_ebenfalls_ein_Wolkenkratzer%2C_das_%22b59%22..jpg/440px-Am_Eichplatz._Auf_dem_Bild_sieht_man_die_%22Neue_Mitte%22%2C_dahinter_ebenfalls_ein_Wolkenkratzer%2C_das_%22b59%22..jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="562" /></a><figcaption>The Eichplatz in the city centre</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Museums">Museums</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jena&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Museums"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Jena has a great variety of museums: </p> <ul><li>The <i><a href="/wiki/Optical_Museum_Jena" title="Optical Museum Jena">Optical Museum Jena</a></i> at Carl-Zeiß-Platz shows the history of optical instruments such as glasses, microscopes, cameras, and telescopes.</li> <li>The <i><a href="/wiki/Jena_Phyletic_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="Jena Phyletic Museum">Phyletisches Museum</a></i> at Neutor hosts a natural history exhibition with focus on evolution and fossils.</li> <li>The <i>Stadtmuseum & Kunstsammlung</i> at Markt square shows the city history of Jena and hosts furthermore an exhibition of modern and contemporary art.</li> <li>The <i>Botanischer Garten</i> (botanic garden) at Fürstengraben is one of the oldest botanic gardens in Germany (established in 1794) and hosts 12,000 plants from all over the world.</li> <li>The <i>Romantikerhaus</i> at Unterm Markt street hosts an exhibition about the epoque of <a href="/wiki/Jena_romantics" class="mw-redirect" title="Jena romantics">Jena romantics</a> in German literature.</li> <li><i>Schillers Gartenhaus</i> at Schillergässchen is the former summer house of <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Schiller" title="Friedrich Schiller">Friedrich Schiller</a> and shows an exhibition of his life and his connection to Jena.</li> <li>The <i>Goethe-Gedenkstätte</i> at Fürstengraben shows an exhibition about the links between <a href="/wiki/Johann_Wolfgang_von_Goethe" title="Johann Wolfgang von Goethe">Johann Wolfgang von Goethe</a> and Jena (only in summer).</li> <li>The <i>Ernst-Haeckel-Haus</i> at Berggasse is the former house of biologist <a href="/wiki/Ernst_Haeckel" title="Ernst Haeckel">Ernst Haeckel</a> and hosts an exhibition about his life.</li> <li>The <i>Schott Glasmuseum</i> at Otto-Schott-Straße shows the life of <a href="/wiki/Otto_Schott" title="Otto Schott">Otto Schott</a> and the history of his glass factory, the <a href="/wiki/Schott_AG" title="Schott AG">Schott AG</a>.</li> <li>The <i>Museum 1806</i> at Cospeda district hosts an exhibition about the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Jena%E2%80%93Auerstedt" title="Battle of Jena–Auerstedt">Battle of Jena–Auerstedt</a> during the Napoleonic wars.</li> <li>The University of Jena hosts some important scientific collections, like <a href="/wiki/The_Collection_of_Pre-_and_Protohistoric_Artifacts_at_the_University_of_Jena" title="The Collection of Pre- and Protohistoric Artifacts at the University of Jena">the collection of pre- and protohistoric artifacts</a>. While the collections of antiques and minerals are public, the <a href="/wiki/Oriental_Coin_Cabinet_Jena" title="Oriental Coin Cabinet Jena">oriental coins</a> are only accessed for research.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Image_gallery">Image gallery</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jena&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Image gallery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Optisches_Museum_Jena.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Optisches Museum"><img alt="Optisches Museum" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Optisches_Museum_Jena.jpg/120px-Optisches_Museum_Jena.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="81" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Optisches_Museum_Jena.jpg/180px-Optisches_Museum_Jena.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Optisches_Museum_Jena.jpg/240px-Optisches_Museum_Jena.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2096" data-file-height="1418" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Optisches Museum</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Phyletisches_Museum_in_July_2012.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Phyletisches Museum"><img alt="Phyletisches Museum" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Phyletisches_Museum_in_July_2012.jpg/120px-Phyletisches_Museum_in_July_2012.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Phyletisches_Museum_in_July_2012.jpg/180px-Phyletisches_Museum_in_July_2012.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Phyletisches_Museum_in_July_2012.jpg/240px-Phyletisches_Museum_in_July_2012.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="667" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Phyletisches Museum</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:G%C3%B6hreJena01.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Stadtmuseum"><img alt="Stadtmuseum" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/G%C3%B6hreJena01.JPG/90px-G%C3%B6hreJena01.JPG" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/G%C3%B6hreJena01.JPG/135px-G%C3%B6hreJena01.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/G%C3%B6hreJena01.JPG/180px-G%C3%B6hreJena01.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2164" data-file-height="2887" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Stadtmuseum</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Romantikerhaus_Jena.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Romantikerhaus"><img alt="Romantikerhaus" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Romantikerhaus_Jena.jpg/91px-Romantikerhaus_Jena.jpg" decoding="async" width="91" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Romantikerhaus_Jena.jpg/136px-Romantikerhaus_Jena.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Romantikerhaus_Jena.jpg/181px-Romantikerhaus_Jena.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2336" data-file-height="3088" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Romantikerhaus</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Schillers-Gartenhaus01.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Schillers Gartenhaus"><img alt="Schillers Gartenhaus" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Schillers-Gartenhaus01.JPG/120px-Schillers-Gartenhaus01.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Schillers-Gartenhaus01.JPG/180px-Schillers-Gartenhaus01.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Schillers-Gartenhaus01.JPG/240px-Schillers-Gartenhaus01.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3872" data-file-height="2592" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Schillers Gartenhaus</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Jena_-_botanical_garden_08_(aka).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Botanischer Garten"><img alt="Botanischer Garten" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Jena_-_botanical_garden_08_%28aka%29.jpg/120px-Jena_-_botanical_garden_08_%28aka%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Jena_-_botanical_garden_08_%28aka%29.jpg/180px-Jena_-_botanical_garden_08_%28aka%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Jena_-_botanical_garden_08_%28aka%29.jpg/240px-Jena_-_botanical_garden_08_%28aka%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2988" data-file-height="2000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Botanischer Garten</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cospeda.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Museum 1806 in Cospeda"><img alt="Museum 1806 in Cospeda" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Cospeda.jpg/120px-Cospeda.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Cospeda.jpg/180px-Cospeda.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Cospeda.jpg/240px-Cospeda.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Museum 1806 in Cospeda</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cityscape">Cityscape</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jena&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Cityscape"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Most of the city consists of buildings from before World War II. The historic city centre is located inside the former wall (which is the area between Fürstengraben in the north, Löbdergraben in the east, Teichgraben in the south and Leutragraben in the west). There are only a few historic buildings in this area (e.g. at Oberlauengasse), due to the destruction during World War II and modernization projects in the following decades. The Eichplatz, a big sub-used square covering a large amount of the centre, has not been built on since the 1960s and the discussion about its future is still in process. The wall's defortification took place relatively early in the 18th century – and the first suburbs developed in front of the former city gates. In these areas, some historic building structures from the 18th and early 19th century remained in western Bachstraße and Wagnergasse, in northern Zwätzengasse and in southern Neugasse. </p><p>The later 19th and early 20th centuries brought a construction boom to Jena, with the city enlarged to the north and south along the Saale valley, to the west along <i>Mühltal</i> and on the Saale's east side in former Wenigenjena. Compared with the city centre, later substantial losses were much slighter in this areas. During the interwar period, the construction of flats stayed on a high level but suitable ground got less, so that new housing complexes were set up relatively far away from the centre – a problem that remained until today with long journeys and high rents as consequences. Today's Jena is not as compact as other cities in the region, and urban planning is still a challenge. </p><p>A peculiarity of Jena is the presence of a second old town centre with a market square, town hall, and castle in the former town of Lobeda, which is a district since 1946, located approximately 4 km (2 mi) to the south of Jena's centre. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sights_and_architectural_heritage">Sights and architectural heritage</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jena&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Sights and architectural heritage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Churches">Churches</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jena&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Churches"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>The main church, St. Michael's, is one of the biggest <a href="/wiki/Gothic_architecture" title="Gothic architecture">Gothic</a> monuments in Thuringia and was built between 1422 and 1557. It has a bronze slab of <a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther" title="Martin Luther">Martin Luther</a>'s tomb.</li> <li>The St. John's Church was the church of the extinct village <i>Leutra</i> west of Jena and later used as the city's cemetery chapel. Since 1811, the Gothic building is the catholic church of Jena.</li> <li>The Peace Church was built between 1686 and 1693 as new cemetery chapel and is a <a href="/wiki/Baroque" title="Baroque">Baroque</a> evangelical church today.</li> <li>The Schiller Church east of Saale river is the evangelical parish church of the former village and today's quarter Wenigenjena. <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Schiller" title="Friedrich Schiller">Friedrich Schiller</a> married here in 1790.</li> <li>The St. Peter's Church is the former city church of Jena's southern district Lobeda. The Gothic church was built around 1480.</li> <li>The parish church of Vierzehnheiligen (dedicated to the <a href="/wiki/Fourteen_Holy_Helpers" title="Fourteen Holy Helpers">Fourteen Holy Helpers</a>) is a Gothic-style former pilgrimage church established during the 1460s.</li> <li>The St. Mary's Church in Ziegenhain is a former pilgrimage church in Gothic style, built in the 15th century.</li></ul> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Stadtkirche_St._Michael_in_Jena_2008-05-24.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Main church St. Michael"><img alt="Main church St. Michael" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Stadtkirche_St._Michael_in_Jena_2008-05-24.jpg/80px-Stadtkirche_St._Michael_in_Jena_2008-05-24.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Stadtkirche_St._Michael_in_Jena_2008-05-24.jpg/120px-Stadtkirche_St._Michael_in_Jena_2008-05-24.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Stadtkirche_St._Michael_in_Jena_2008-05-24.jpg/160px-Stadtkirche_St._Michael_in_Jena_2008-05-24.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2397" data-file-height="3595" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Main church St. Michael</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:St._Johannes_Baptist.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="St. John's Church"><img alt="St. John's Church" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/St._Johannes_Baptist.JPG/120px-St._Johannes_Baptist.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/St._Johannes_Baptist.JPG/180px-St._Johannes_Baptist.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/St._Johannes_Baptist.JPG/240px-St._Johannes_Baptist.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1920" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">St. John's Church</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Friedenskirche,_Jena.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Peace Church"><img alt="Peace Church" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Friedenskirche%2C_Jena.jpg/97px-Friedenskirche%2C_Jena.jpg" decoding="async" width="97" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Friedenskirche%2C_Jena.jpg/145px-Friedenskirche%2C_Jena.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Friedenskirche%2C_Jena.jpg/193px-Friedenskirche%2C_Jena.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="3215" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Peace Church</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:SchillerkircheJena01.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Schiller Church"><img alt="Schiller Church" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/SchillerkircheJena01.JPG/120px-SchillerkircheJena01.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/SchillerkircheJena01.JPG/180px-SchillerkircheJena01.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/SchillerkircheJena01.JPG/240px-SchillerkircheJena01.JPG 2x" data-file-width="5456" data-file-height="3632" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Schiller Church</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kirche_Lobeda.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Church of Lobeda"><img alt="Church of Lobeda" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Kirche_Lobeda.JPG/90px-Kirche_Lobeda.JPG" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Kirche_Lobeda.JPG/135px-Kirche_Lobeda.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Kirche_Lobeda.JPG/180px-Kirche_Lobeda.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2824" data-file-height="3769" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Church of Lobeda</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kirche_Vierzehnheiligen.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Church of Vierzehnheiligen"><img alt="Church of Vierzehnheiligen" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Kirche_Vierzehnheiligen.JPG/120px-Kirche_Vierzehnheiligen.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Kirche_Vierzehnheiligen.JPG/180px-Kirche_Vierzehnheiligen.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Kirche_Vierzehnheiligen.JPG/240px-Kirche_Vierzehnheiligen.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Church of Vierzehnheiligen</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Jena_-_Ziegenhain_02.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Church of Ziegenhain"><img alt="Church of Ziegenhain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Jena_-_Ziegenhain_02.jpg/120px-Jena_-_Ziegenhain_02.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Jena_-_Ziegenhain_02.jpg/180px-Jena_-_Ziegenhain_02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Jena_-_Ziegenhain_02.jpg/240px-Jena_-_Ziegenhain_02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1920" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Church of Ziegenhain</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Other_sights">Other sights</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jena&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Other sights"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>The medieval city wall is preserved in parts (<i>Anatomieturm</i> and <i>Roter Turm</i>), the largest one is the complex around Johannistor and Pulverturm near Johannisplatz.</li> <li>The town hall at Markt square was built around 1412 and is one of only few Gothic town halls in Germany. It has an astronomical clock featuring the "Snatching Hans" ("<i>Schnapphans</i>").</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Planetarium_Jena" class="mw-redirect" title="Planetarium Jena">planetarium</a> opened in 1926 and was the first large planetarium in the world, with <a href="/wiki/Zeiss_projector" title="Zeiss projector">technology developed by Carl Zeiss</a>.</li> <li>The University Main Building stands at the former castle's place and was established in 1908 in early-modern style (<a href="/wiki/Theodor_Fischer" title="Theodor Fischer">Theodor Fischer</a>/<a href="/wiki/Bruno_Taut" title="Bruno Taut">Bruno Taut</a>).</li> <li>The <i>Abbeanum</i> is a university building by <a href="/wiki/Ernst_Neufert" title="Ernst Neufert">Ernst Neufert</a> in <a href="/wiki/Bauhaus" title="Bauhaus">Bauhaus</a> style, built in 1930.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Jen_Tower" class="mw-redirect" title="Jen Tower">Jen Tower</a> is the city's highest skyscraper, built between 1969 and 1972, with a viewing platform and a sky restaurant.</li> <li>The <i>Haus Auerbach</i> is the former house of physicist <a href="/wiki/Felix_Auerbach" title="Felix Auerbach">Felix Auerbach</a>, built by <a href="/wiki/Walter_Gropius" title="Walter Gropius">Walter Gropius</a> and <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Meyer_(architect)" title="Adolf Meyer (architect)">Adolf Meyer</a> in <a href="/wiki/Bauhaus" title="Bauhaus">Bauhaus</a> style in 1924. Near is the <i>Haus Zuckerkandl</i>, another mansion built by Gropius in 1929.</li> <li>The former Carl Zeiss Factory in the city centre hosts interesting technical architecture from the period between 1880 and 1965, including Germany's first high-rise building, the <i>Bau 15</i> from 1915.</li> <li>The monument to John Frederick the Magnanimous (built in 1858) at the Markt square is a landmark of Jena called "Hanfried".</li> <li>The monument to <a href="/wiki/Ernst_Abbe" title="Ernst Abbe">Ernst Abbe</a> is a building of early-modern architecture by <a href="/wiki/Henry_van_de_Velde" title="Henry van de Velde">Henry van de Velde</a> (1910).</li> <li>The Lobdeburg is a castle ruin above Lobeda district and the former seat of the lords of Lobdeburg, founders of Jena.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naturschutzgebiet_Leutratal_und_Cospoth" title="Naturschutzgebiet Leutratal und Cospoth">Naturschutzgebiet Leutratal und Cospoth</a> is an important nature reserve to the southwest.</li></ul> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Jena_Johannistor.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Johannistor, medieval city gate"><img alt="Johannistor, medieval city gate" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Jena_Johannistor.jpg/83px-Jena_Johannistor.jpg" decoding="async" width="83" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Jena_Johannistor.jpg/125px-Jena_Johannistor.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Jena_Johannistor.jpg/166px-Jena_Johannistor.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2189" data-file-height="3155" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Johannistor, medieval city gate</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Rathaus_Jena.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Town hall"><img alt="Town hall" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Rathaus_Jena.JPG/117px-Rathaus_Jena.JPG" decoding="async" width="117" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Rathaus_Jena.JPG/176px-Rathaus_Jena.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Rathaus_Jena.JPG/235px-Rathaus_Jena.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1155" data-file-height="1180" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Town hall</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Zeiss-Planetarium_1926_Ernst-Abbe-Stiftung_-_Jena_Th%C3%BCringen_Foto_Wolfgang_Pehlemann_Steinberg_PICT0028.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Planetarium"><img alt="Planetarium" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Zeiss-Planetarium_1926_Ernst-Abbe-Stiftung_-_Jena_Th%C3%BCringen_Foto_Wolfgang_Pehlemann_Steinberg_PICT0028.jpg/120px-Zeiss-Planetarium_1926_Ernst-Abbe-Stiftung_-_Jena_Th%C3%BCringen_Foto_Wolfgang_Pehlemann_Steinberg_PICT0028.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Zeiss-Planetarium_1926_Ernst-Abbe-Stiftung_-_Jena_Th%C3%BCringen_Foto_Wolfgang_Pehlemann_Steinberg_PICT0028.jpg/180px-Zeiss-Planetarium_1926_Ernst-Abbe-Stiftung_-_Jena_Th%C3%BCringen_Foto_Wolfgang_Pehlemann_Steinberg_PICT0028.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Zeiss-Planetarium_1926_Ernst-Abbe-Stiftung_-_Jena_Th%C3%BCringen_Foto_Wolfgang_Pehlemann_Steinberg_PICT0028.jpg/240px-Zeiss-Planetarium_1926_Ernst-Abbe-Stiftung_-_Jena_Th%C3%BCringen_Foto_Wolfgang_Pehlemann_Steinberg_PICT0028.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Planetarium</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Universit%C3%A4ts_Hauptgeb%C3%A4ude._Jena.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="University Main Building"><img alt="University Main Building" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Universit%C3%A4ts_Hauptgeb%C3%A4ude._Jena.jpg/120px-Universit%C3%A4ts_Hauptgeb%C3%A4ude._Jena.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="79" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Universit%C3%A4ts_Hauptgeb%C3%A4ude._Jena.jpg/180px-Universit%C3%A4ts_Hauptgeb%C3%A4ude._Jena.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Universit%C3%A4ts_Hauptgeb%C3%A4ude._Jena.jpg/240px-Universit%C3%A4ts_Hauptgeb%C3%A4ude._Jena.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3589" data-file-height="2375" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">University Main Building</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ernst-Abbe_Memorial_2.Jena.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Ernst Abbe Monument"><img alt="Ernst Abbe Monument" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Ernst-Abbe_Memorial_2.Jena.jpg/120px-Ernst-Abbe_Memorial_2.Jena.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Ernst-Abbe_Memorial_2.Jena.jpg/180px-Ernst-Abbe_Memorial_2.Jena.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Ernst-Abbe_Memorial_2.Jena.jpg/240px-Ernst-Abbe_Memorial_2.Jena.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Ernst Abbe Monument</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pulverturm_und_Uniturm.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Pulverturm at night"><img alt="Pulverturm at night" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Pulverturm_und_Uniturm.jpg/120px-Pulverturm_und_Uniturm.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Pulverturm_und_Uniturm.jpg/180px-Pulverturm_und_Uniturm.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Pulverturm_und_Uniturm.jpg/240px-Pulverturm_und_Uniturm.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3425" data-file-height="2569" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Pulverturm at night</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:JenTower_Jena.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Jen Tower"><img alt="Jen Tower" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/JenTower_Jena.jpg/120px-JenTower_Jena.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/JenTower_Jena.jpg/180px-JenTower_Jena.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/JenTower_Jena.jpg/240px-JenTower_Jena.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="680" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Jen Tower</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Theatre_and_music">Theatre and music</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jena&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Theatre and music"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Jena has its own theatre and orchestra, the <a href="/wiki/Jenaer_Philharmonie" title="Jenaer Philharmonie">Jenaer Philharmonie</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sports">Sports</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jena&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Sports"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Jena is home to professional football club <a href="/wiki/FC_Carl_Zeiss_Jena" title="FC Carl Zeiss Jena">FC Carl Zeiss Jena</a>. The club won the <a href="/wiki/DDR-Oberliga" title="DDR-Oberliga">DDR-Oberliga</a> three times, the <a href="/wiki/FDGB_Cup" class="mw-redirect" title="FDGB Cup">FDGB Cup</a> four times, and reached the final of the <a href="/wiki/UEFA_Cup_Winners%27_Cup" title="UEFA Cup Winners' Cup">UEFA Cup Winners' Cup</a> once. Post-unification the club have been less successful and they currently compete in <a href="/wiki/Regionalliga_Nordost" title="Regionalliga Nordost">Regionalliga Nordost</a>. In women's football, <a href="/wiki/FF_USV_Jena" class="mw-redirect" title="FF USV Jena">FF USV Jena</a> is a member of the <a href="/wiki/2._Frauen-Bundesliga" title="2. Frauen-Bundesliga">2. Frauen-Bundesliga</a>. Both clubs' home stadium is the <a href="/wiki/Ernst-Abbe-Sportfeld" title="Ernst-Abbe-Sportfeld">Ernst-Abbe-Sportfeld</a>. Also, the city's basketball team, <a href="/wiki/Science_City_Jena" title="Science City Jena">Science City Jena</a> played in <a href="/wiki/Basketball_Bundesliga" title="Basketball Bundesliga">Basketball Bundesliga</a> in 2007–2008 season and returned to top level in 2015–16 season. In addition, since 2000, the university of Jena has a rugby team. Since 2012, the <a href="/w/index.php?title=USV_Rugby_Jena&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="USV Rugby Jena (page does not exist)">USV Rugby Jena</a><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> team has been playing in the <a href="/wiki/2._Rugby-Bundesliga" title="2. Rugby-Bundesliga">2. Rugby-Bundesliga</a>. </p><p>Current men's <a href="/wiki/Javelin_throw" title="Javelin throw">javelin throw</a> world record (98.48) by <a href="/wiki/Jan_%C5%BDelezn%C3%BD" title="Jan Železný">Jan Železný</a> was achieved in Jena. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economy_and_infrastructure">Economy and infrastructure</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jena&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Economy and infrastructure"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Agriculture,_industry_and_services"><span id="Agriculture.2C_industry_and_services"></span>Agriculture, industry and services</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jena&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Agriculture, industry and services"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Das_h%C3%B6chste_B%C3%BCrogeb%C3%A4ude_Ostdeutschlands_-_der_fast_160m_hohe_Jentower.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Das_h%C3%B6chste_B%C3%BCrogeb%C3%A4ude_Ostdeutschlands_-_der_fast_160m_hohe_Jentower.jpg/220px-Das_h%C3%B6chste_B%C3%BCrogeb%C3%A4ude_Ostdeutschlands_-_der_fast_160m_hohe_Jentower.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Das_h%C3%B6chste_B%C3%BCrogeb%C3%A4ude_Ostdeutschlands_-_der_fast_160m_hohe_Jentower.jpg/330px-Das_h%C3%B6chste_B%C3%BCrogeb%C3%A4ude_Ostdeutschlands_-_der_fast_160m_hohe_Jentower.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Das_h%C3%B6chste_B%C3%BCrogeb%C3%A4ude_Ostdeutschlands_-_der_fast_160m_hohe_Jentower.jpg/440px-Das_h%C3%B6chste_B%C3%BCrogeb%C3%A4ude_Ostdeutschlands_-_der_fast_160m_hohe_Jentower.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Jen_Tower" class="mw-redirect" title="Jen Tower">Jen Tower</a> is a symbol of East Germany's economy</figcaption></figure> <p>Agriculture plays a small role in Jena, only 40% of the municipal territory are in use for farming (compared to over 60% in <a href="/wiki/Erfurt" title="Erfurt">Erfurt</a> and nearly 50% in <a href="/wiki/Weimar" title="Weimar">Weimar</a>). Furthermore, the <a href="/wiki/Muschelkalk" title="Muschelkalk">Muschelkalk</a> soil is not very fertile and is often used as pasture for cattle. The only large agricultural area is situated around Isserstedt, Cospeda and Vierzehnheiligen district in the northwest. Wine-growing was discontinued during the <a href="/wiki/Little_Ice_Age" title="Little Ice Age">Little Ice Age</a> around 1800, but is now possible again due to <a href="/wiki/Global_warming" class="mw-redirect" title="Global warming">global warming</a>. Nevertheless, the commercial production of wine hasn't yet resumed. </p><p>Industry is a great tradition in Jena, reaching back to the mid-19th century. In 2012, there were 80 companies in industrial production with more than 20 workers employing 8,300 persons and generating a turnover of more than 1,5 billion Euro.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The most important branches are precision machinery, pharmaceuticals, optics, biotechnology and software engineering. Notable companies in Jena are the traditional <a href="/wiki/Carl_Zeiss_AG" title="Carl Zeiss AG">Carl Zeiss AG</a>, <a href="/wiki/Schott_AG" title="Schott AG">Schott AG</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jenoptik" title="Jenoptik">Jenoptik</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jenapharm" title="Jenapharm">Jenapharm</a> as well as new companies such as <a href="/wiki/Intershop_Communications" class="mw-redirect" title="Intershop Communications">Intershop Communications</a>, <a href="/wiki/Analytik_Jena" title="Analytik Jena">Analytik Jena</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Carl_Zeiss_Meditec" title="Carl Zeiss Meditec">Carl Zeiss Meditec</a>. Jena has the most market-listed companies and is one of the most important economic centres of east Germany. </p><p>With companies such as Intershop Communications, <a href="/wiki/Salesforce.com" class="mw-redirect" title="Salesforce.com">Salesforce.com</a> (after the acquisition of <a href="/wiki/Demandware" title="Demandware">Demandware</a>) and <a href="/wiki/EPages" title="EPages">ePages</a> as well as several web agencies, Jena is a hub for <a href="/wiki/E-commerce" title="E-commerce">E-commerce</a> in Germany. Other IT players with regional offices include <a href="/wiki/Accenture" title="Accenture">Accenture</a> or <a href="/wiki/ESET" title="ESET">ESET</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jena-Optronik&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jena-Optronik (page does not exist)">Jena-Optronik</a>, a subsidiary of the <a href="/wiki/Airbus_Group" title="Airbus Group">Airbus Group</a>, develops components for spaceflight or satellites in Jena. </p><p>The city is among Germany's 50 fastest growing regions, with many internationally renowned research institutes and companies, a comparatively low unemployment and a young population structure. Jena was awarded the title "Stadt der Wissenschaft" (city of science) by the <i>Stifterverband für die Deutsche Wissenschaft</i>, a German science association, in 2008. </p><p>Jena is also a hub of public and private services, specially in education, research and business services. Other important institutions are the High Court of Thuringia and Thuringia's solely university hospital. Furthermore, Jena is a regional centre in infrastructure and retail with many shopping centres. </p><p>Together with the photonics lab <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.uni-jena.de/Forschungsmeldungen/FM170324_Open_Innovation_Photonik.html">Lichtwerkstatt</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180204124033/https://www.uni-jena.de/Forschungsmeldungen/FM170324_Open_Innovation_Photonik.html">Archived</a> 4 February 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> and the Krautspace there are <a href="/wiki/Makerspace" class="mw-redirect" title="Makerspace">makerspaces</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hackerspace" title="Hackerspace">hackerspaces</a> enabling start-ups to create their product ideas and realizing their first prototype and business models as well as networking. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Transport">Transport</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jena&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Transport"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="By_rail">By rail</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jena&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: By rail"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:13-05-03-jena-by-RalfR-93.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/13-05-03-jena-by-RalfR-93.jpg/220px-13-05-03-jena-by-RalfR-93.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/13-05-03-jena-by-RalfR-93.jpg/330px-13-05-03-jena-by-RalfR-93.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/13-05-03-jena-by-RalfR-93.jpg/440px-13-05-03-jena-by-RalfR-93.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4288" data-file-height="2848" /></a><figcaption>Paradies station</figcaption></figure> <p>Jena has no central railway station with connection to all the lines at one point. What is relatively common in many countries is quite unusual for a German city and caused on the one hand by the city's difficult topography and on the other hand by the history, because the two main lines were built by two different private companies. The connection in north–south direction is the <a href="/wiki/Saal_Railway" class="mw-redirect" title="Saal Railway">Saal Railway</a> with <a href="/wiki/Intercity-Express" class="mw-redirect" title="Intercity-Express">ICE</a> trains running from <a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a> in the north to <a href="/wiki/Munich" title="Munich">Munich</a> in the south once a day stopping at <a href="/wiki/Jena_Paradies_station" title="Jena Paradies station">Paradies station</a> and local trains to <a href="/wiki/Naumburg_(Saale)" class="mw-redirect" title="Naumburg (Saale)">Naumburg</a> and <a href="/wiki/Saalfeld" title="Saalfeld">Saalfeld</a> stopping at <a href="/wiki/Jena-Zw%C3%A4tzen_station" title="Jena-Zwätzen station">Zwätzen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jena_Saale_station" title="Jena Saale station">Saalbahnhof</a>, Paradies and <a href="/wiki/Jena-G%C3%B6schwitz_station" title="Jena-Göschwitz station">Göschwitz</a>. The connection in west–east direction is the <a href="/wiki/Weimar%E2%80%93Gera_railway" title="Weimar–Gera railway">Weimar–Gera railway</a> with regional express trains to <a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6ttingen" title="Göttingen">Göttingen</a> (via <a href="/wiki/Erfurt" title="Erfurt">Erfurt</a> and <a href="/wiki/Weimar" title="Weimar">Weimar</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Zwickau" title="Zwickau">Zwickau</a>, <a href="/wiki/Glauchau" title="Glauchau">Glauchau</a>, <a href="/wiki/Altenburg" title="Altenburg">Altenburg</a> or <a href="/wiki/Greiz" title="Greiz">Greiz</a> (via <a href="/wiki/Gera" title="Gera">Gera</a>) and local trains between Weimar, Jena and Gera. The express trains stop at <a href="/wiki/Jena_West_station" title="Jena West station">West station</a> near the city centre and Göschwitz, the local trains furthermore at <a href="/wiki/Neue_Schenke" class="mw-redirect" title="Neue Schenke">Neue Schenke</a>. The junction between both lines is the <a href="/wiki/Jena-G%C3%B6schwitz_station" title="Jena-Göschwitz station">Göschwitz station</a>, approx. 5 km (3 mi) south of the city centre. </p><p>When the <a href="/wiki/Nuremberg%E2%80%93Erfurt_high-speed_railway" title="Nuremberg–Erfurt high-speed railway">Nuremberg–Erfurt high-speed railway</a> opened in 2017, the city lost its connection to the long-distance train network. As compensation, there are new regional express train services to <a href="/wiki/Halle_(Saale)" title="Halle (Saale)">Halle</a> and <a href="/wiki/Leipzig" title="Leipzig">Leipzig</a> in the north, and to <a href="/wiki/Nuremberg" title="Nuremberg">Nuremberg</a> in the south. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="By_road">By road</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jena&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: By road"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The two <a href="/wiki/German_autobahns" class="mw-redirect" title="German autobahns">Autobahnen</a> crossing each other nearby at <i>Hermsdorf junction</i> are the <a href="/wiki/Bundesautobahn_4" title="Bundesautobahn 4">Bundesautobahn 4</a> (Frankfurt–Dresden) and the <a href="/wiki/Bundesautobahn_9" title="Bundesautobahn 9">Bundesautobahn 9</a> (Berlin–Munich), which were both built during the 1930s. The A 4 runs quite next to the Lobeda housing complexes and the Leutra district. Therefore, it was rebuilt in the 2000s and got two tunnels to protect the residents and the environment against noise and air pollution. Furthermore, there are two <a href="/wiki/Bundesstra%C3%9Fe" title="Bundesstraße">Bundesstraßen</a> crossing in Jena: the <a href="/wiki/Bundesstra%C3%9Fe_7" title="Bundesstraße 7">Bundesstraße 7</a> is a connection to <a href="/wiki/Weimar" title="Weimar">Weimar</a> in the west and <a href="/wiki/Gera" title="Gera">Gera</a> in the east and the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bundesstra%C3%9Fe_88&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bundesstraße 88 (page does not exist)">Bundesstraße 88</a> is a connection along Saale valley to <a href="/wiki/Naumburg_(Saale)" class="mw-redirect" title="Naumburg (Saale)">Naumburg</a> in the north and <a href="/wiki/Rudolstadt" title="Rudolstadt">Rudolstadt</a> in the south. Furthermore, there are some roads to <a href="/wiki/Apolda" title="Apolda">Apolda</a> via Isserstedt, <a href="/wiki/Blankenhain" title="Blankenhain">Blankenhain</a> via Ammerbach and <a href="/wiki/Stadtroda" title="Stadtroda">Stadtroda</a> via Lobeda. Most parts of city centre inside the former walls are pedestrian areas. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="By_aviation">By aviation</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jena&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: By aviation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The next local airports to Jena are the <a href="/wiki/Erfurt%E2%80%93Weimar_Airport" title="Erfurt–Weimar Airport">Erfurt–Weimar Airport</a>, approx. 50 km (31 mi) to the west and the <a href="/wiki/Leipzig/Halle_Airport" title="Leipzig/Halle Airport">Leipzig/Halle Airport</a>, approx. 80 km (50 mi) to the northeast, which both serve mostly for holiday flights to the Mediterranean and other touristic regions. The next major airports are <a href="/wiki/Frankfurt_Airport" title="Frankfurt Airport">Frankfurt Airport</a>, <a href="/wiki/Berlin_Brandenburg_Airport" title="Berlin Brandenburg Airport">Berlin Brandenburg Airport</a> and <a href="/wiki/Munich_Airport" title="Munich Airport">Munich Airport</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="By_bike">By bike</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jena&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: By bike"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Despite the hilly terrain in some parts, Jena is a cycling city, due to the many students. Cycling has become more popular in Jena since the 1990s when good quality bike paths began to be built. There are bike lanes along some main streets, though, in comparison to other cities in Germany, there are deficits. </p><p>For <a href="/wiki/Bicycle_touring" title="Bicycle touring">bicycle touring</a> there is the "Saale track" (<a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>: <i lang="de">Saale-Radweg</i>) and the "Thuringian city string track" (<a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>: <i lang="de">Radweg Thüringer Städtekette</i>). Both of these connect points of tourist interest: the former along the <a href="/wiki/Saale" title="Saale">Saale</a> valley from <a href="/wiki/Fichtel_Mountains" title="Fichtel Mountains">Fichtel Mountains</a> in Bavaria to the <a href="/wiki/Elbe" title="Elbe">Elbe</a> river near <a href="/wiki/Magdeburg" title="Magdeburg">Magdeburg</a>, while the latter follows the medieval <a href="/wiki/Via_Regia" title="Via Regia">Via Regia</a> closely and runs from <a href="/wiki/Eisenach" title="Eisenach">Eisenach</a> via <a href="/wiki/Erfurt" title="Erfurt">Erfurt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Weimar" title="Weimar">Weimar</a> and Jena to <a href="/wiki/Altenburg" title="Altenburg">Altenburg</a> via <a href="/wiki/Gera" title="Gera">Gera</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Trams_and_buses">Trams and buses</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jena&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Trams and buses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:13-05-03-jena-by-RalfR-04.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/13-05-03-jena-by-RalfR-04.jpg/220px-13-05-03-jena-by-RalfR-04.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/13-05-03-jena-by-RalfR-04.jpg/330px-13-05-03-jena-by-RalfR-04.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/13-05-03-jena-by-RalfR-04.jpg/440px-13-05-03-jena-by-RalfR-04.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4288" data-file-height="2848" /></a><figcaption>A tram near Jena Paradies Station</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Trams_in_Jena" title="Trams in Jena">Jena tramway network</a> was established in 1901 and enlarged after the German reunification. It connects the major districts with the city centre; there are 5 ordinary lines served in different intervals between 7,5 and 20 minutes. Nevertheless, there are some old single-track segments interfering the services. Furthermore, there is an extensive network of buses, run (such as the trams) by the "Jenah" organization, a pun on Jena and the German <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Nahverkehr</i></span> lit. 'public transport'. Buses of the JES Verkehrsgesellschaft connect Jena with cities and villages in the region. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Education_and_research">Education and research</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jena&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Education and research"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Friedrich-Schiller-Universit%C3%A4t_Hauptgeb%C3%A4ude,_Jena.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Friedrich-Schiller-Universit%C3%A4t_Hauptgeb%C3%A4ude%2C_Jena.jpg/220px-Friedrich-Schiller-Universit%C3%A4t_Hauptgeb%C3%A4ude%2C_Jena.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Friedrich-Schiller-Universit%C3%A4t_Hauptgeb%C3%A4ude%2C_Jena.jpg/330px-Friedrich-Schiller-Universit%C3%A4t_Hauptgeb%C3%A4ude%2C_Jena.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Friedrich-Schiller-Universit%C3%A4t_Hauptgeb%C3%A4ude%2C_Jena.jpg/440px-Friedrich-Schiller-Universit%C3%A4t_Hauptgeb%C3%A4ude%2C_Jena.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1392" data-file-height="2088" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/University_of_Jena" title="University of Jena">University of Jena</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ThULB_2011.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/ThULB_2011.jpg/220px-ThULB_2011.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/ThULB_2011.jpg/330px-ThULB_2011.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/ThULB_2011.jpg/440px-ThULB_2011.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3504" data-file-height="2336" /></a><figcaption>University Library</figcaption></figure> <p>After reunification, the educational system was realigned. The <a href="/wiki/University_of_Jena" title="University of Jena">University of Jena</a>, established in 1558, was largely extended. Today there are approximately 21,000 students at this university. Another college is the <a href="/wiki/Ernst-Abbe-Hochschule_Jena" title="Ernst-Abbe-Hochschule Jena">Ernst-Abbe-Hochschule Jena</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Fachhochschule" title="Fachhochschule">University of Applied Sciences</a> founded in 1991 which offers a combination of scientific training and its practical applications. There are also nearly 5,000 students. </p><p>Further there are six <a href="/wiki/Gymnasium_(Germany)" title="Gymnasium (Germany)">Gymnasiums</a>, five state-owned and one Christian (ecumenical). One of the state-owned is a <i>Sportgymnasium</i>, an elite boarding school for young talents in athletics or football. Another state-owned Gymnasium (the <a href="/wiki/Carl-Zeiss-Gymnasium_Jena" title="Carl-Zeiss-Gymnasium Jena">Carl-Zeiss-Gymnasium Jena</a>) offers a focus in sciences also as an elite boarding school additionally to the common curriculum. </p><p>The various research institutes based in Jena include: </p> <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/Max_Planck_Institute_for_Chemical_Ecology" title="Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology">Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology</a> is an important research center and offers a Ph.D. program</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Max_Planck_Institute_for_the_Science_of_Human_History" class="mw-redirect" title="Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History">Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Max_Planck_Institute_for_Biogeochemistry" title="Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry">Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/IPHT_Jena" title="IPHT Jena">Institute of Photonic Technology</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Fraunhofer_Society" title="Fraunhofer Society">Fraunhofer Institute for Applied Optics and Precision Engineering (IOF)</a></li> <li>The <a href="/w/index.php?title=Leibniz_Institute_for_Age_Research&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Leibniz Institute for Age Research (page does not exist)">Leibniz Institute for Age Research</a>, a research center with a Ph.D. program</li> <li>INNOVENT - a private research center</li> <li>The Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology</li> <li>Friedrich-Löffler-Institute of Bacterial Infections and Zoonoses</li> <li>Friedrich-Löffler-Institute of Molecular Pathogenesis</li> <li>The Jena Center for Bioinformatics</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Quality_of_life">Quality of life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jena&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Quality of life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2013, according to a study by Kieler Institut für Weltwirtschaft, Jena was ranked as the fifth-most livable city in Germany.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to the 2019 study by Forschungsinstitut Prognos, Jena is one of the most dynamic regions in Germany. It ranks at number 29 of all 401 German regions.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Politics">Politics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jena&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Politics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mayor_and_city_council">Mayor and city council</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jena&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Mayor and city council"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The first freely elected mayor after German reunification was <a href="/wiki/Peter_R%C3%B6hlinger" title="Peter Röhlinger">Peter Röhlinger</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Free_Democratic_Party_(Germany)" title="Free Democratic Party (Germany)">Free Democratic Party</a> (FDP), who served from 1990 to 2006. In 2006 he was succeeded by <a href="/wiki/Albrecht_Schr%C3%B6ter" title="Albrecht Schröter">Albrecht Schröter</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_of_Germany" title="Social Democratic Party of Germany">Social Democratic Party</a> (SPD). Schröter was defeated seeking re-election in 2018 by <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Nitzsche" title="Thomas Nitzsche">Thomas Nitzsche</a> of the FDP, who has since served as mayor. The most recent mayoral election was held on 26 May 2024, with a runoff held on 9 June, and the results were as follows: </p> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:right; font-size: 95%;"> <caption> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2" colspan="2">Candidate </th> <th rowspan="2">Party </th> <th colspan="2">First round </th> <th colspan="2">Second round </th></tr> <tr> <th>Votes </th> <th>% </th> <th>Votes </th> <th>% </th></tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="#FFED00"> </td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Nitzsche" title="Thomas Nitzsche">Thomas Nitzsche</a> </td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Free_Democratic_Party_(Germany)" title="Free Democratic Party (Germany)">Free Democratic Party</a> </td> <td>13,185 </td> <td>25.3 </td> <td>30,835 </td> <td>61.8 </td></tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="#409A3C"> </td> <td align="left">Kathleen Lützkendorf </td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Alliance_90/The_Greens" title="Alliance 90/The Greens">Alliance 90/The Greens</a> </td> <td>8,012 </td> <td>15.4 </td> <td>19,028 </td> <td>38.2 </td></tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="#BE3075"> </td> <td align="left">Jens Thomas </td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/The_Left_(Germany)" title="The Left (Germany)">The Left</a> </td> <td>6,960 </td> <td>13.4 </td></tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="#00A2DE"> </td> <td align="left">Denny Jankowski </td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Alternative_for_Germany" title="Alternative for Germany">Alternative for Germany</a> </td> <td>6,588 </td> <td>12.7 </td></tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="#151518"> </td> <td align="left">Stephan Wydra </td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Christian_Democratic_Union_of_Germany" title="Christian Democratic Union of Germany">Christian Democratic Union</a> </td> <td>6,274 </td> <td>12.1 </td></tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="#E3000F"> </td> <td align="left">Johannes Schleußner </td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_of_Germany" title="Social Democratic Party of Germany">Social Democratic Party</a> </td> <td>6,110 </td> <td>11.7 </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td align="left">Ulf Weißleder </td> <td align="left">Citizens for Jena </td> <td>3,913 </td> <td>7.5 </td></tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="#DCDCDC"> </td> <td align="left">Peter Gutjahr </td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Independent_politician" title="Independent politician">Independent</a> </td> <td>982 </td> <td>1.9 </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3">Valid votes </th> <th>52,024 </th> <th>99.3 </th> <th>49,863 </th> <th>95.8 </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3">Invalid votes </th> <th>359 </th> <th>0.7 </th> <th>2,211 </th> <th>4.2 </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3">Total </th> <th>52,383 </th> <th>100.0 </th> <th>52,074 </th> <th>100.0 </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3">Electorate/voter turnout </th> <th>82,605 </th> <th>63.4 </th> <th>82,408 </th> <th>63.2 </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="7">Source: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wahlen.jena.de/de/oberbuergermeisterwahlen">Wahlen Jena</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The most recent city council election was held on 26 May 2024, and the results were as follows: </p> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:right; font-size: 95%;"> <caption> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2">Party </th> <th>Lead candidate </th> <th>Votes </th> <th>% </th> <th>+/- </th> <th>Seats </th> <th>+/- </th></tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="#151518"> </td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Christian_Democratic_Union_of_Germany" title="Christian Democratic Union of Germany">Christian Democratic Union</a> (CDU) </td> <td align="left">Guntram Wothly </td> <td>25,479 </td> <td>16.9 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 4.3 </td> <td>8 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 2 </td></tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="#BE3075"> </td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/The_Left_(Germany)" title="The Left (Germany)">The Left</a> (Die Linke) </td> <td align="left">Jens Thomas </td> <td>25,354 </td> <td>16.8 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 3.6 </td> <td>8 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 1 </td></tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="#409A3C"> </td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Alliance_90/The_Greens" title="Alliance 90/The Greens">Alliance 90/The Greens</a> (Grüne) </td> <td align="left">Kathleen Lützkendorf </td> <td>22,966 </td> <td>15.2 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 4.2 </td> <td>7 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 2 </td></tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="#00A2DE"> </td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Alternative_for_Germany" title="Alternative for Germany">Alternative for Germany</a> (AfD) </td> <td align="left">Denny Jankowski </td> <td>20,149 </td> <td>13.4 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 3.4 </td> <td>6 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 1 </td></tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="#E3000F"> </td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_of_Germany" title="Social Democratic Party of Germany">Social Democratic Party</a> (SPD) </td> <td align="left">Johannes Schleußner </td> <td>19,622 </td> <td>13.0 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 0.4 </td> <td>6 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Steady"><img alt="Steady" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/11px-Steady2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/17px-Steady2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/22px-Steady2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 0 </td></tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="#FFED00"> </td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Free_Democratic_Party_(Germany)" title="Free Democratic Party (Germany)">Free Democratic Party</a> (FDP) </td> <td align="left">Thomas Nitzsche </td> <td>13,590 </td> <td>9.0 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 3.8 </td> <td>4 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 2 </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td align="left">Citizens for Jena (BfJ) </td> <td align="left">Jürgen Häkanson-Hall </td> <td>10,456 </td> <td>6.9 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 0.6 </td> <td>3 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Steady"><img alt="Steady" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/11px-Steady2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/17px-Steady2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/22px-Steady2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 0 </td></tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="#502379"> </td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Volt_Germany" title="Volt Germany">Volt Germany</a> </td> <td align="left">Johanna Grenzer </td> <td>7,843 </td> <td>5.2 </td> <td>New </td> <td>2 </td> <td>New </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td align="left">Citizens for Thuringia/<a href="/wiki/Grassroots_Democratic_Party_of_Germany" title="Grassroots Democratic Party of Germany">dieBasis</a> </td> <td align="left">Peter Faesel </td> <td>2,823 </td> <td>1.9 </td> <td>New </td> <td>1 </td> <td>New </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td align="left">Free Voters Jena </td> <td align="left">Bertram Pelzer </td> <td>2,452 </td> <td>1.6 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 1.8 </td> <td>1 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Steady"><img alt="Steady" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/11px-Steady2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/17px-Steady2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/22px-Steady2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 0 </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3">Valid votes </th> <th>150,734 </th> <th>100.0 </th> <th> </th> <th> </th> <th> </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3">Invalid ballots </th> <th>1,521 </th> <th>2.9 </th> <th> </th> <th> </th> <th> </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3">Total ballots </th> <th>52,054 </th> <th>100.0 </th> <th> </th> <th>46 </th> <th>±0 </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3">Electorate/voter turnout </th> <th>82,605 </th> <th>63.0 </th> <th><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 0.1 </th> <th> </th> <th> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="8">Source: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wahlen.thueringen.de/datenbank/wahl1/wahl.asp?wahlart=KW&wJahr=2024&zeigeErg=WK&wknr=053">Wahlen in Thüringen</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_people">Notable people</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jena&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Notable people"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Prince_Bernhard_1942cr.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Prince_Bernhard_1942cr.jpg/200px-Prince_Bernhard_1942cr.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Prince_Bernhard_1942cr.jpg/300px-Prince_Bernhard_1942cr.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Prince_Bernhard_1942cr.jpg/400px-Prince_Bernhard_1942cr.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="660" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Prince_Bernhard_of_Lippe-Biesterfeld" title="Prince Bernhard of Lippe-Biesterfeld">Prince Bernhard of Lippe-Biesterfeld</a> in 1942</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Abbe" title="Ernst Abbe">Ernst Abbe</a> (1840–1905), physicist, social reformer, partner of <a href="/wiki/Carl_Zeiss" title="Carl Zeiss">Carl Zeiss</a> and <a href="/wiki/Otto_Schott" title="Otto Schott">Otto Schott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andreas_Bauer_Kanabas" title="Andreas Bauer Kanabas">Andreas Bauer Kanabas</a>, classical bass</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johannes_R._Becher" title="Johannes R. Becher">Johannes R. Becher</a> (1891–1958), poet and politician</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Berger" title="Hans Berger">Hans Berger</a>, discoverer of human EEG</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Bernhard_of_Lippe-Biesterfeld" title="Prince Bernhard of Lippe-Biesterfeld">Prince Bernhard of Lippe-Biesterfeld</a> (1911-2004), prince consort of the Netherlands</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Friedrich_Blumenbach" title="Johann Friedrich Blumenbach">Johann Friedrich Blumenbach</a>, naturalist, doctor, comparative anatomist, and physiologist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_von_Boetticher" title="Walter von Boetticher">Walter von Boetticher</a> (1853–1945), historian, and physician, studied medicine at Jena</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Dwars" title="Martin Dwars">Martin Dwars</a> (born 1987), retired footballer (goalkeeper)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Gottfried_Eichhorn" title="Johann Gottfried Eichhorn">Johann Gottfried Eichhorn</a> (1752–1827), orientalist and Protestant theologian of the Enlightenment</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Enke" title="Robert Enke">Robert Enke</a> (1977–2009), footballer (goalkeeper)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Eucken" title="Walter Eucken">Walter Eucken</a> (1891–1950), founder of neoliberal economic theory</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Eucken" class="mw-redirect" title="Rudolf Eucken">Rudolf Eucken</a> (1846–1926), philosopher and winner of the 1908 <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_for_Literature" class="mw-redirect" title="Nobel Prize for Literature">Nobel Prize for Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Gottlieb_Fichte" title="Johann Gottlieb Fichte">Johann Gottlieb Fichte</a>, philosopher and early German nationalist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gottlob_Frege" title="Gottlob Frege">Gottlob Frege</a> (1848–1925), mathematician, logician, and philosopher</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Fr%C3%B6bel" title="Friedrich Fröbel">Friedrich Wilhelm August Fröbel</a>, inventor of the kindergarten</li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Wolfgang_von_Goethe" title="Johann Wolfgang von Goethe">Johann Wolfgang von Goethe</a> (1749–1832), poet and writer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_B._Goodenough" title="John B. Goodenough">John B. Goodenough</a> (1922–2023), materials scientist, solid-state physicist, and Nobel laureate in chemistry</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klara_Griefahn" title="Klara Griefahn">Klara Griefahn</a> (1897–1945), physician<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_G%C3%BCnsche" title="Otto Günsche">Otto Günsche</a> (1917–2003), commander in the Waffen-SS during the Second World War</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Haeckel" title="Ernst Haeckel">Ernst Haeckel</a> (1834–1919), evolutionary biologist and zoologist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georg_Wilhelm_Friedrich_Hegel" title="Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel">G. W. F. Hegel</a> (1770–1831), philosopher</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_H%C3%B6lderlin" title="Friedrich Hölderlin">Friedrich Hölderlin</a> (1770–1843), poet</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Woldemar_Hollander" title="Albert Woldemar Hollander">Albert Woldemar Hollander</a> (1796–1868), educator and pedagog</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gottfried_Wilhelm_Leibniz" title="Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz">Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz</a> (1646–1716), polymath and philosopher</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther" title="Martin Luther">Martin Luther</a> (1483–1546), professor of theology, priest, author, composer, Augustinian friar, and seminal figure in the Reformation</li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_Eduard_Martin" title="August Eduard Martin">August Eduard Martin</a> (1847–1933), obstetrician and gynecologist <sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Karl Marx</a> (1818–1883), philosopher and economist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tilo_Medek" title="Tilo Medek">Tilo Medek</a> (1940–2006), composer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philipp_Melanchthon" class="mw-redirect" title="Philipp Melanchthon">Philipp Melanchthon</a>, theologian</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Karl_August_Mus%C3%A4us" title="Johann Karl August Musäus">Johann Karl August Musäus</a> (1735–1787), author</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Wilhelm_Nietzsche" class="mw-redirect" title="Friedrich Wilhelm Nietzsche">Friedrich Wilhelm Nietzsche</a> (1844–1900), philosopher</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novalis" title="Novalis">Novalis</a> (1772–1801), poet</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Reger" title="Max Reger">Max Reger</a>, composer, pianist, professor, and conductor</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Wilhelm_Joseph_Schelling" title="Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph Schelling">Friedrich Schelling</a>, philosopher</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Schiller" title="Friedrich Schiller">Friedrich Schiller</a>, poet and writer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karoline_Schelling" class="mw-redirect" title="Karoline Schelling">Caroline Böhmer Schlegel Schelling</a>, Universitätsmamsell and Jena Romanticist intellectual</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stefan_Schuster" title="Stefan Schuster">Stefan Schuster</a>, professor of bioinformatics at the University of Jena</li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_Wilhelm_von_Schlegel" class="mw-redirect" title="August Wilhelm von Schlegel">Wilhelm Schlegel</a>, philosopher</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sahra_Wagenknecht" title="Sahra Wagenknecht">Sahra Wagenknecht</a> (born 1969), German politician</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernd_Schneider_(footballer)" title="Bernd Schneider (footballer)">Bernd Schneider</a> (born 1973), footballer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_Schott" title="Otto Schott">Otto Schott</a>, inventor of fireproof glass, founder of the Schott glass works</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reinhard_Johannes_Sorge" class="mw-redirect" title="Reinhard Johannes Sorge">Reinhard Johannes Sorge</a>, poet, dramatist, and <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic">Roman Catholic</a> convert</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Gustav_Stickel" title="Johann Gustav Stickel">Johann Gustav Stickel</a>, orientalist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurt_Tucholsky" title="Kurt Tucholsky">Kurt Tucholsky</a>, writer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tim_Wuttke" title="Tim Wuttke">Tim Wuttke</a>, (born 1987), retired footballer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Zeiss" title="Carl Zeiss">Carl Zeiss</a> (1816–1888), founder of the Zeiss company</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jena&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wahlen.thueringen.de/datenbank/wahl1/wahl.asp?wahlart=BM&wJahr=0000&zeigeErg=LAND&auswertung=2">Gewählte Bürgermeister - aktuelle Landesübersicht</a>, Freistaat Thüringen. Retrieved 25 June 2024.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://statistik.thueringen.de/datenbank/TabAnzeige.asp?GGglied=1&GGTabelle=gem&tabelle=gg000102&startpage=99&datcsv=&richtung=&sortiere=&vorspalte=1&SZDT=&anzahlH=-2&fontgr=12&mkro=&AnzeigeAuswahl=&XLS=&auswahlNr=&felder=0&felder=1&felder=2&zeit=2022%7C%7Cs1&anzahlZellen=2193">"Bevölkerung der Gemeinden, erfüllenden Gemeinden und Verwaltungsgemeinschaften in Thüringen Gebietsstand: 31.12.2022"</a> (in German). <a href="/wiki/Th%C3%BCringer_Landesamt_f%C3%BCr_Statistik" class="mw-redirect" title="Thüringer Landesamt für Statistik">Thüringer Landesamt für Statistik</a>. June 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Bev%C3%B6lkerung+der+Gemeinden%2C+erf%C3%BCllenden+Gemeinden+und+Verwaltungsgemeinschaften+in+Th%C3%BCringen+Gebietsstand%3A+31.12.2022&rft.pub=Th%C3%BCringer+Landesamt+f%C3%BCr+Statistik&rft.date=2023-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fstatistik.thueringen.de%2Fdatenbank%2FTabAnzeige.asp%3FGGglied%3D1%26GGTabelle%3Dgem%26tabelle%3Dgg000102%26startpage%3D99%26datcsv%3D%26richtung%3D%26sortiere%3D%26vorspalte%3D1%26SZDT%3D%26anzahlH%3D-2%26fontgr%3D12%26mkro%3D%26AnzeigeAuswahl%3D%26XLS%3D%26auswahlNr%3D%26felder%3D0%26felder%3D1%26felder%3D2%26zeit%3D2022%257C%257Cs1%26anzahlZellen%3D2193&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJena" class="Z3988"></span> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWells2008" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_C._Wells" title="John C. Wells">Wells, John</a> (3 April 2008). <i>Longman Pronunciation Dictionary</i> (3rd ed.). Pearson Longman. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4058-8118-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4058-8118-0"><bdi>978-1-4058-8118-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Longman+Pronunciation+Dictionary&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Pearson+Longman&rft.date=2008-04-03&rft.isbn=978-1-4058-8118-0&rft.aulast=Wells&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJena" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFriedrich-Schiller-Universität_Jena" class="citation web cs1">Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181112181533/https://www.uni-jena.de/unijenamedia/unijena/kanzleramt/berichtswesen/Flyer%20Zahlen%20und%20Fakten/FSU_Zahlen_Fakten_Flyer_2017-p-29210.pdf">"Facts and Figures 2017"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.uni-jena.de/unijenamedia/unijena/kanzleramt/berichtswesen/Flyer%20Zahlen%20und%20Fakten/FSU_Zahlen_Fakten_Flyer_2017-p-29210.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 12 November 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 November</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Facts+and+Figures+2017&rft.au=Friedrich-Schiller-Universit%C3%A4t+Jena&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.uni-jena.de%2Funijenamedia%2Funijena%2Fkanzleramt%2Fberichtswesen%2FFlyer%2520Zahlen%2520und%2520Fakten%2FFSU_Zahlen_Fakten_Flyer_2017-p-29210.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJena" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDaum2024" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Andreas_Daum" title="Andreas Daum">Daum, Andreas W.</a> (2024). <i>Alexander von Humboldt: A Concise Biography</i>. Trans. Robert Savage. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press. pp. 42‒46. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-24736-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-24736-6"><bdi>978-0-691-24736-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Alexander+von+Humboldt%3A+A+Concise+Biography&rft.place=Trans.+Robert+Savage.+Princeton%2C+N.J.&rft.pages=42%E2%80%9246&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2024&rft.isbn=978-0-691-24736-6&rft.aulast=Daum&rft.aufirst=Andreas+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJena" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thueringen-entdecken.de/blog/jena-und-orchideen-ein-paradies-fuer-liebhaber-und-wandersleute/">Jena und Orchideen – Ein Paradies für Liebhaber und Wandersleute</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200924165236/https://www.thueringen-entdecken.de/blog/jena-und-orchideen-ein-paradies-fuer-liebhaber-und-wandersleute/">Archived</a> 24 September 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>" <span class="languageicon">(in German)</span>. <i>Thüringen Entdecken</i>. thueringen-entdecken.de. Thüringer Tourismus (main tourist information office for the state of Thuringia). Retrieved 22 September 2019.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wulf, Andrea, <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aeon.co/essays/english-romanticism-was-born-from-a-serious-germanomania">The First Romantics</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Aeon" title="Aeon">Aeon</a>, December 20, 2022</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWalter1996" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Walter, Rolf (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fqPstAEACAAJ"><i>Carl Zeiss: Zeiss 1905-1945</i></a> (in German). Böhlau Verlag. p. 18. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-412-11096-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-412-11096-3"><bdi>978-3-412-11096-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Carl+Zeiss%3A+Zeiss+1905-1945&rft.pages=18&rft.pub=B%C3%B6hlau+Verlag&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-3-412-11096-3&rft.aulast=Walter&rft.aufirst=Rolf&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DfqPstAEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJena" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWalter1996" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Walter, Rolf (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fqPstAEACAAJ"><i>Carl Zeiss: Zeiss 1905-1945</i></a> (in German). Böhlau Verlag. p. 25. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-412-11096-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-412-11096-3"><bdi>978-3-412-11096-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Carl+Zeiss%3A+Zeiss+1905-1945&rft.pages=25&rft.pub=B%C3%B6hlau+Verlag&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-3-412-11096-3&rft.aulast=Walter&rft.aufirst=Rolf&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DfqPstAEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJena" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tenhumbergreinhard.de/1933-1945-lager-1/1933-1945-lager-j/jena-leutrastrae-32.html">"Jena Leutrastraße 32"</a> (in German)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 February</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Jena+Leutrastra%C3%9Fe+32&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tenhumbergreinhard.de%2F1933-1945-lager-1%2F1933-1945-lager-j%2Fjena-leutrastrae-32.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJena" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tenhumbergreinhard.de/1933-1945-lager-1/1933-1945-lager-j/jena-loebstedter-strae-50.html">"Jena Löbstedter Straße 50"</a> (in German)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 February</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Jena+L%C3%B6bstedter+Stra%C3%9Fe+50&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tenhumbergreinhard.de%2F1933-1945-lager-1%2F1933-1945-lager-j%2Fjena-loebstedter-strae-50.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJena" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStudnicka-Mariańczyk2018" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Studnicka-Mariańczyk, Karolina (2018). "Zakład Karny w Sieradzu w okresie okupacji hitlerowskiej 1939–1945". <i>Zeszyty Historyczne</i> (in Polish). <b>17</b>: 187.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Zeszyty+Historyczne&rft.atitle=Zak%C5%82ad+Karny+w+Sieradzu+w+okresie+okupacji+hitlerowskiej+1939%E2%80%931945&rft.volume=17&rft.pages=187&rft.date=2018&rft.aulast=Studnicka-Maria%C5%84czyk&rft.aufirst=Karolina&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJena" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://zensus2011.de/SharedDocs/Downloads/DE/Publikationen/Aufsaetze_Archiv/2015_12_NI_GWZ_endgueltig.pdf?__blob=publicationFile&v=4">https://zensus2011.de/SharedDocs/Downloads/DE/Publikationen/Aufsaetze_Archiv/2015_12_NI_GWZ_endgueltig.pdf?__blob=publicationFile&v=4</a> <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Bare_URLs" title="Wikipedia:Bare URLs"><span title="A full citation is required to prevent link rot. (August 2024)">bare URL</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Einwohnerentwicklung_von_Jena" class="extiw" title="de:Einwohnerentwicklung von Jena">Link</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.zensus2022.de/EN/Census_results/_inhalt.html">"Census results: Census 2022"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Census+results%3A+Census+2022&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.zensus2022.de%2FEN%2FCensus_results%2F_inhalt.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJena" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">[Thüringen Entdecken - Jena und Orchideen – Ein Paradies für Liebhaber und Wandersleute]</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thueringer-allgemeine.de/regionen/jena/schoen-und-gefaehrdet-den-wildkatzen-bei-jena-auf-der-spur-id227562183.html">"Schön und gefährdet: Den Wildkatzen bei Jena auf der Spur"</a>. <i>Thüringer Allgemeine</i> (in German). 5 November 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 April</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Th%C3%BCringer+Allgemeine&rft.atitle=Sch%C3%B6n+und+gef%C3%A4hrdet%3A+Den+Wildkatzen+bei+Jena+auf+der+Spur&rft.date=2019-11-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thueringer-allgemeine.de%2Fregionen%2Fjena%2Fschoen-und-gefaehrdet-den-wildkatzen-bei-jena-auf-der-spur-id227562183.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJena" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCebulla2020" class="citation cs2">Cebulla, David (17 April 2020), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imdb.com/title/tt12117538/?ref_=nm_knf_t_3"><i>Die Rückkehr der Wildkatze</i></a> (Documentary, Short)<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 May</span> 2023</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Die+R%C3%BCckkehr+der+Wildkatze&rft.date=2020-04-17&rft.aulast=Cebulla&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.imdb.com%2Ftitle%2Ftt12117538%2F%3Fref_%3Dnm_knf_t_3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJena" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-koppen-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-koppen_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKottekJ._GrieserC._BeckB._Rudolf2006" class="citation journal cs1">Kottek, M.; J. Grieser; C. Beck; B. Rudolf; F. Rubel (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.schweizerbart.de/resources/downloads/paper_free/55034.pdf">"World Map of the Köppen-Geiger climate classification updated"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Meteorol. Z</i>. <b>15</b> (3): 259–263. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2006MetZe..15..259K">2006MetZe..15..259K</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1127%2F0941-2948%2F2006%2F0130">10.1127/0941-2948/2006/0130</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 January</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Meteorol.+Z.&rft.atitle=World+Map+of+the+K%C3%B6ppen-Geiger+climate+classification+updated&rft.volume=15&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=259-263&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1127%2F0941-2948%2F2006%2F0130&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2006MetZe..15..259K&rft.aulast=Kottek&rft.aufirst=M.&rft.au=J.+Grieser&rft.au=C.+Beck&rft.au=B.+Rudolf&rft.au=F.+Rubel&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.schweizerbart.de%2Fresources%2Fdownloads%2Fpaper_free%2F55034.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJena" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Peel-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Peel_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeel,_M._C._and_Finlayson,_B._L._and_McMahon,_T._A.2007" class="citation journal cs1">Peel, M. C. and Finlayson, B. L. and McMahon, T. A. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hydrol-earth-syst-sci.net/11/1633/2007/hess-11-1633-2007.html">"Updated world map of the Köppen–Geiger climate classification"</a>. <i>Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci</i>. <b>11</b> (5): 1633–1644. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007HESS...11.1633P">2007HESS...11.1633P</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5194%2Fhess-11-1633-2007">10.5194/hess-11-1633-2007</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1027-5606">1027-5606</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Hydrol.+Earth+Syst.+Sci.&rft.atitle=Updated+world+map+of+the+K%C3%B6ppen%E2%80%93Geiger+climate+classification&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=1633-1644&rft.date=2007&rft.issn=1027-5606&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5194%2Fhess-11-1633-2007&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2007HESS...11.1633P&rft.au=Peel%2C+M.+C.+and+Finlayson%2C+B.+L.+and+McMahon%2C+T.+A.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hydrol-earth-syst-sci.net%2F11%2F1633%2F2007%2Fhess-11-1633-2007.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJena" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span> <i>(direct: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hydrol-earth-syst-sci.net/11/1633/2007/hess-11-1633-2007.pdf">Final Revised Paper</a>)</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-sklima-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-sklima_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sklima_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sklima.de/datenbank_auswertung.php?tab=2">"Monatsauswertung"</a>. <i>sklima.de</i> (in German). SKlima<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 October</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=sklima.de&rft.atitle=Monatsauswertung&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsklima.de%2Fdatenbank_auswertung.php%3Ftab%3D2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJena" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jena.de/statistik/bericht/bericht.php">Quartalsbericht IV/2014</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130427063229/http://www.jena.de/statistik/bericht/bericht.php">Archived</a> 27 April 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">According to <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tls.thueringen.de/startseite_hinweis.asp">Thüringer Landesamt für Statistik</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFe.V." class="citation web cs1">e.V., USV Jena. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170609182757/http://www.usvjena.de/rugby.html">"USV Jena: Rugby"</a>. <i>www.usvjena.de</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.usvjena.de/rugby.html">the original</a> on 9 June 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 June</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.usvjena.de&rft.atitle=USV+Jena%3A+Rugby&rft.aulast=e.V.&rft.aufirst=USV+Jena&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.usvjena.de%2Frugby.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJena" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStatistik" class="citation web cs1">Statistik, Thüringer Landesamt für. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tls.thueringen.de/datenbank/TabAnzeige.asp?tabelle=gg000602">"Thüringer Landesamt für Statistik"</a>. <i>www.tls.thueringen.de</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.tls.thueringen.de&rft.atitle=Th%C3%BCringer+Landesamt+f%C3%BCr+Statistik&rft.aulast=Statistik&rft.aufirst=Th%C3%BCringer+Landesamt+f%C3%BCr&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tls.thueringen.de%2Fdatenbank%2FTabAnzeige.asp%3Ftabelle%3Dgg000602&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJena" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thueringer-allgemeine.de/leben/land-und-leute/studie-lebensqualitaet-in-jena-ist-deutlich-hoeher-als-in-erfurt-id219170179.html">"Studie: Lebensqualität in Jena ist deutlich höher als in Erfurt"</a>. 15 March 2013.</cite><span 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title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Zukunftsatlas%3A+Leipzig+ist+dynamischste+Region+Deutschlands&rft.date=2019-07-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lvz.de%2FRegion%2FMitteldeutschland%2FZukunftsatlas-Leipzig-ist-dynamischste-Region-Deutschlands&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJena" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.handelsblatt.com/politik/deutschland/zukunftsatlas-2019-das-sind-die-deutschen-regionen-mit-den-besten-zukunftsaussichten/24521120.html?ticket=ST-3806664-5hfyslJCccFncxkiBERA-ap3">"Zukunftsatlas 2019: Das sind die deutschen Regionen mit den besten Zukunftsaussichten"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Zukunftsatlas+2019%3A+Das+sind+die+deutschen+Regionen+mit+den+besten+Zukunftsaussichten&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.handelsblatt.com%2Fpolitik%2Fdeutschland%2Fzukunftsatlas-2019-das-sind-die-deutschen-regionen-mit-den-besten-zukunftsaussichten%2F24521120.html%3Fticket%3DST-3806664-5hfyslJCccFncxkiBERA-ap3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJena" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://standort-sachsen.de/de/gruender/info-center/nachrichten/76377-zukunftsatlas-deutschland-2019-leipzig-ist-dynamiksieger">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"Zukunftsatlas" Deutschland 2019: Leipzig ist 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Jenaer+Nachrichten&rft.atitle=Geburtshilfe+nach+j%C3%BCdischer+%C3%84rztin+benannt&rft.date=2017-11-09&rft.aulast=Schleenvoigt&rft.aufirst=Anke&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jenaer-nachrichten.de%2Fstadtleben%2F7543-geburtshilfe-nach-j%C3%BCdischer-%C3%A4rztin-benannt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJena" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd11925493X.html">Martin, August Eduard</a> In: Neue Deutsche Biographie (NDB). Band 16, Duncker & Humblot, Berlin 1990, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-428-00197-4" title="Special:BookSources/3-428-00197-4">3-428-00197-4</a>, S. 284 f.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jena&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox 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has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Jena" class="extiw" title="commons:Jena"><span style="font-style:italic; font-weight:bold;">Jena</span></a>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/40px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/60px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/80px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikivoyage has a travel guide for <i><b><a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Jena#Q3150" class="extiw" title="wikivoyage:Jena">Jena</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><span class="official-website"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jena.de/">Official website</a></span></span> <span class="mw-valign-text-top" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3150#P856" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span> <span class="languageicon">(in German and English)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Jena"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Jena">"Jena" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i> (11th ed.). 1911.</cite><span 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navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Adjacent_communities" title="Template:Adjacent communities"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Adjacent_communities" title="Template talk:Adjacent communities"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Adjacent_communities" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Adjacent communities"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Places_adjacent_to_Jena" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Places adjacent to Jena</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><table role="presentation" style="width:100%; margin:0; text-align:center;"><tbody><tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Nordhausen,_Thuringia" title="Nordhausen, Thuringia">Nordhausen</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sangerhausen" title="Sangerhausen">Sangerhausen</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Halle_(Saale)" title="Halle (Saale)">Halle</a> — <a href="/wiki/Leipzig" title="Leipzig">Leipzig</a> <br /><a href="/wiki/Naumburg_(Saale)" class="mw-redirect" title="Naumburg (Saale)">Naumburg</a></td> </tr><tr> <td></td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="North"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Pfeil_oben.svg/14px-Pfeil_oben.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Pfeil_oben.svg/21px-Pfeil_oben.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Pfeil_oben.svg/28px-Pfeil_oben.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></td> <td></td> </tr><tr> <td style="width:33%"><a href="/wiki/Erfurt" title="Erfurt">Erfurt</a> — <a href="/wiki/Weimar" title="Weimar">Weimar</a></td> <td style="width:33%;"> <div style="white-space:nowrap;"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span title="West"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Pfeil_links.svg/17px-Pfeil_links.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Pfeil_links.svg/25px-Pfeil_links.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Pfeil_links.svg/34px-Pfeil_links.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="500" /></span></span><b style="display:inline-block; vertical-align:middle; margin:0.75em 1em">Jena</b><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span title="East"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Pfeil_rechts.svg/17px-Pfeil_rechts.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Pfeil_rechts.svg/25px-Pfeil_rechts.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Pfeil_rechts.svg/34px-Pfeil_rechts.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div> </td> <td style="width:33%"><a href="/wiki/Gera" title="Gera">Gera</a> — <a href="/wiki/Chemnitz" title="Chemnitz">Chemnitz</a> — <a href="/wiki/Dresden" title="Dresden">Dresden</a></td> </tr><tr> <td></td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="South"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Pfeil_unten.svg/14px-Pfeil_unten.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Pfeil_unten.svg/21px-Pfeil_unten.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Pfeil_unten.svg/28px-Pfeil_unten.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></td> <td></td> </tr><tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Rudolstadt" title="Rudolstadt">Rudolstadt</a> <br /> <a href="/wiki/Saalfeld" title="Saalfeld">Saalfeld</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Hof,_Bavaria" title="Hof, Bavaria">Hof</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Plauen" title="Plauen">Plauen</a></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Cities_in_Germany_by_population" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Cities_in_Germany" title="Template:Cities in Germany"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Cities_in_Germany" title="Template talk:Cities in Germany"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Cities_in_Germany" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Cities in Germany"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Cities_in_Germany_by_population" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Germany_by_population" title="List of cities in Germany by population">Cities in Germany by population</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1,000,000+</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cologne" title="Cologne">Cologne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamburg" title="Hamburg">Hamburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Munich" title="Munich">Munich</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">500,000–999,999</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bremen" title="Bremen">Bremen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dortmund" title="Dortmund">Dortmund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dresden" title="Dresden">Dresden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%BCsseldorf" title="Düsseldorf">Düsseldorf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Essen" title="Essen">Essen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frankfurt" title="Frankfurt">Frankfurt am Main</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanover" title="Hanover">Hanover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leipzig" title="Leipzig">Leipzig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuremberg" title="Nuremberg">Nuremberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stuttgart" title="Stuttgart">Stuttgart</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">200,000–499,999</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aachen" title="Aachen">Aachen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augsburg" title="Augsburg">Augsburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bielefeld" title="Bielefeld">Bielefeld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bochum" title="Bochum">Bochum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bonn" title="Bonn">Bonn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Braunschweig" title="Braunschweig">Braunschweig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemnitz" title="Chemnitz">Chemnitz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duisburg" title="Duisburg">Duisburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erfurt" title="Erfurt">Erfurt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freiburg_im_Breisgau" title="Freiburg im Breisgau">Freiburg im Breisgau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gelsenkirchen" title="Gelsenkirchen">Gelsenkirchen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halle_(Saale)" title="Halle (Saale)">Halle (Saale)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karlsruhe" title="Karlsruhe">Karlsruhe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kassel" title="Kassel">Kassel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiel" title="Kiel">Kiel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krefeld" title="Krefeld">Krefeld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%BCbeck" title="Lübeck">Lübeck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magdeburg" title="Magdeburg">Magdeburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mainz" title="Mainz">Mainz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mannheim" title="Mannheim">Mannheim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%BCnster" title="Münster">Münster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%B6nchengladbach" title="Mönchengladbach">Mönchengladbach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oberhausen" title="Oberhausen">Oberhausen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rostock" title="Rostock">Rostock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wiesbaden" title="Wiesbaden">Wiesbaden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wuppertal" title="Wuppertal">Wuppertal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">100,000–199,999</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bergisch_Gladbach" title="Bergisch Gladbach">Bergisch Gladbach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bottrop" title="Bottrop">Bottrop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bremerhaven" title="Bremerhaven">Bremerhaven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darmstadt" title="Darmstadt">Darmstadt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erlangen" title="Erlangen">Erlangen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%BCrth" title="Fürth">Fürth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6ttingen" title="Göttingen">Göttingen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%BCtersloh" title="Gütersloh">Gütersloh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hagen" title="Hagen">Hagen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamm,_North_Rhine-Westphalia" title="Hamm, North Rhine-Westphalia">Hamm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanau" title="Hanau">Hanau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heidelberg" title="Heidelberg">Heidelberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heilbronn" title="Heilbronn">Heilbronn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herne,_North_Rhine-Westphalia" title="Herne, North Rhine-Westphalia">Herne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hildesheim" title="Hildesheim">Hildesheim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ingolstadt" title="Ingolstadt">Ingolstadt</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Jena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koblenz" title="Koblenz">Koblenz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leverkusen" title="Leverkusen">Leverkusen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwigshafen" title="Ludwigshafen">Ludwigshafen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moers" title="Moers">Moers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%BClheim" title="Mülheim">Mülheim an der Ruhr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuss" title="Neuss">Neuss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Offenbach_am_Main" title="Offenbach am Main">Offenbach am Main</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oldenburg_(city)" title="Oldenburg (city)">Oldenburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osnabr%C3%BCck" title="Osnabrück">Osnabrück</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paderborn" title="Paderborn">Paderborn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pforzheim" title="Pforzheim">Pforzheim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potsdam" title="Potsdam">Potsdam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recklinghausen" title="Recklinghausen">Recklinghausen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regensburg" title="Regensburg">Regensburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Remscheid" title="Remscheid">Remscheid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reutlingen" title="Reutlingen">Reutlingen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saarbr%C3%BCcken" title="Saarbrücken">Saarbrücken</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salzgitter" title="Salzgitter">Salzgitter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siegen" title="Siegen">Siegen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solingen" title="Solingen">Solingen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trier" title="Trier">Trier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulm" title="Ulm">Ulm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolfsburg" title="Wolfsburg">Wolfsburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W%C3%BCrzburg" title="Würzburg">Würzburg</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_and_towns_in_Germany" title="List of cities and towns in Germany">Complete list</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_municipalities_in_Germany" title="List of municipalities in Germany">Municipalities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_regions_in_Germany" title="Metropolitan regions in Germany">Metropolitan regions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Germany_by_population" title="List of cities in Germany by population">Cities with more than 100,000 inhabitants</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Cities_in_Thuringia_by_population" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Cities_in_Thuringia" title="Template:Cities in Thuringia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Cities_in_Thuringia" title="Template talk:Cities in Thuringia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Cities_in_Thuringia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Cities in Thuringia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Cities_in_Thuringia_by_population" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Cities in Thuringia by population</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">100,000+</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Erfurt" title="Erfurt">Erfurt</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Jena</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">50,000+</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gera" title="Gera">Gera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weimar" title="Weimar">Weimar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">20,000+</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Altenburg" title="Altenburg">Altenburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apolda" title="Apolda">Apolda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arnstadt" title="Arnstadt">Arnstadt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eisenach" title="Eisenach">Eisenach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gotha" title="Gotha">Gotha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greiz" title="Greiz">Greiz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilmenau" title="Ilmenau">Ilmenau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meiningen" title="Meiningen">Meiningen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%BChlhausen" title="Mühlhausen">Mühlhausen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nordhausen,_Thuringia" title="Nordhausen, Thuringia">Nordhausen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolstadt" title="Rudolstadt">Rudolstadt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saalfeld" title="Saalfeld">Saalfeld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sondershausen" title="Sondershausen">Sondershausen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sonneberg" title="Sonneberg">Sonneberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suhl" title="Suhl">Suhl</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">10,000+</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bad_Langensalza" title="Bad Langensalza">Bad Langensalza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bad_Salzungen" title="Bad Salzungen">Bad Salzungen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eisenberg,_Thuringia" title="Eisenberg, Thuringia">Eisenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heilbad_Heiligenstadt" title="Heilbad Heiligenstadt">Heiligenstadt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hildburghausen" title="Hildburghausen">Hildburghausen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leinefelde-Worbis" title="Leinefelde-Worbis">Leinefelde-Worbis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meuselwitz" title="Meuselwitz">Meuselwitz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C3%B6%C3%9Fneck" title="Pößneck">Pößneck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schmalkalden" title="Schmalkalden">Schmalkalden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schm%C3%B6lln" title="Schmölln">Schmölln</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%B6mmerda" title="Sömmerda">Sömmerda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waltershausen" title="Waltershausen">Waltershausen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zella-Mehlis" title="Zella-Mehlis">Zella-Mehlis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zeulenroda-Triebes" title="Zeulenroda-Triebes">Zeulenroda-Triebes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="border&#124;30px&#124;Flag_of_Thuringia_Urban_and_rural_districts_in_the_Free_State_of_Thuringia_in_Germany_border&#124;30px&#124;Flag_of_Germany" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Germany_districts_Thuringia" title="Template:Germany districts Thuringia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Germany_districts_Thuringia" title="Template talk:Germany districts Thuringia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Germany_districts_Thuringia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Germany districts Thuringia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="border&#124;30px&#124;Flag_of_Thuringia_Urban_and_rural_districts_in_the_Free_State_of_Thuringia_in_Germany_border&#124;30px&#124;Flag_of_Germany" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Thuringia.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Thuringia"><img alt="Flag of Thuringia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Flag_of_Thuringia.svg/30px-Flag_of_Thuringia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Flag_of_Thuringia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Thuringia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Flag_of_Thuringia.svg/60px-Flag_of_Thuringia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="250" /></a></span> Urban and rural districts in the <a href="/wiki/Thuringia" title="Thuringia">Free State of Thuringia</a> in Germany <span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Germany.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Germany"><img alt="Flag of Germany" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/30px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/45px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/60px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Urban districts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Erfurt" title="Erfurt">Erfurt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gera" title="Gera">Gera</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Jena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suhl" title="Suhl">Suhl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weimar" title="Weimar">Weimar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Rural districts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Altenburger_Land" title="Altenburger Land">Altenburger Land</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eichsfeld_(district)" title="Eichsfeld (district)">Eichsfeld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gotha_(district)" title="Gotha (district)">Gotha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greiz_(district)" title="Greiz (district)">Greiz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hildburghausen_(district)" title="Hildburghausen (district)">Hildburghausen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilm-Kreis" title="Ilm-Kreis">Ilm-Kreis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyffh%C3%A4userkreis" title="Kyffhäuserkreis">Kyffhäuserkreis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nordhausen_(district)" title="Nordhausen (district)">Nordhausen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saale-Holzland-Kreis" title="Saale-Holzland-Kreis">Saale-Holzland-Kreis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saale-Orla-Kreis" title="Saale-Orla-Kreis">Saale-Orla-Kreis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saalfeld-Rudolstadt" title="Saalfeld-Rudolstadt">Saalfeld-Rudolstadt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schmalkalden-Meiningen" title="Schmalkalden-Meiningen">Schmalkalden-Meiningen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%B6mmerda_(district)" title="Sömmerda (district)">Sömmerda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sonneberg_(district)" title="Sonneberg (district)">Sonneberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unstrut-Hainich-Kreis" title="Unstrut-Hainich-Kreis">Unstrut-Hainich-Kreis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wartburgkreis" title="Wartburgkreis">Wartburgkreis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weimarer_Land" title="Weimarer Land">Weimarer Land</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><b><a href="/wiki/Districts_of_Germany" title="Districts of Germany">Districts</a> of German states</b> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_districts_of_Germany" title="List of districts of Germany">Full list</a>) <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Germany_districts_Baden-W%C3%BCrttemberg" title="Template:Germany districts Baden-Württemberg">Baden-Württemberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Germany_districts_Bavaria" title="Template:Germany districts Bavaria">Bavaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Germany_districts_Brandenburg" title="Template:Germany districts Brandenburg">Brandenburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Germany_districts_Bremen" title="Template:Germany districts Bremen">Bremen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Germany_districts_Hesse" title="Template:Germany districts Hesse">Hesse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Germany_districts_Lower_Saxony" title="Template:Germany districts Lower Saxony">Lower Saxony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Districts_of_Mecklenburg-Vorpommern" title="Template:Districts of Mecklenburg-Vorpommern">Mecklenburg-Vorpommern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Germany_districts_North_Rhine-Westphalia" title="Template:Germany districts North Rhine-Westphalia">North Rhine-Westphalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Germany_districts_Rhineland-Palatinate" title="Template:Germany districts Rhineland-Palatinate">Rhineland-Palatinate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Germany_districts_Saarland" title="Template:Germany districts Saarland">Saarland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Germany_districts_Saxony" title="Template:Germany districts Saxony">Saxony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Germany_districts_Saxony-Anhalt" title="Template:Germany districts Saxony-Anhalt">Saxony-Anhalt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Germany_districts_Schleswig-Holstein" title="Template:Germany districts Schleswig-Holstein">Schleswig-Holstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Germany_districts_Thuringia" title="Template:Germany districts Thuringia">Thuringia</a></li></ul> </div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3150#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3150#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3150#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/139549325">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1207983/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJd8dQHrtpjrtgW868fH4q">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4028557-1">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n80025810">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11866028r">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11866028r">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Jena (Německo)"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ge134244&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007561924905171">Israel</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981060733775206706">Catalonia</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geographic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/area/0645d067-5477-4edb-9506-d70e573c435b">MusicBrainz area</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" 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