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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Construction</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Construction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Apollo_as_a_kitharode" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Apollo_as_a_kitharode"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Apollo as a kitharode</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Apollo_as_a_kitharode-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Famous_cithara_players" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Famous_cithara_players"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Famous cithara players</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Famous_cithara_players-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_instruments_called_"cithara"" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_instruments_called_"cithara""> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Other instruments called "cithara"</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_instruments_called_"cithara"-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Biblical_references" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Biblical_references"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Biblical references</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Biblical_references-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gallery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gallery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Gallery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gallery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Footnotes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Footnotes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Footnotes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Footnotes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " 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Available in 39 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-39" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">39 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kithara" title="Kithara – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Kithara" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D9%8A%D8%AB%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A9_(%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%85%D8%A9)" title="قيثارة (اليونان القديمة) – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="قيثارة (اليونان القديمة)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kifara" title="Kifara – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Kifara" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%96%D1%84%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Кіфара – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Кіфара" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%ADtara_(antiga_Gr%C3%A8cia)" title="Cítara (antiga Grècia) – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Cítara (antiga Grècia)" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kithara" title="Kithara – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Kithara" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kithara" title="Kithara – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Kithara" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kitara" title="Kitara – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Kitara" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9A%CE%B9%CE%B8%CE%AC%CF%81%CE%B1_(%CE%B1%CF%81%CF%87%CE%B1%CE%B9%CE%BF%CE%B5%CE%BB%CE%BB%CE%B7%CE%BD%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE_%CE%BC%CE%BF%CF%85%CF%83%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE)" title="Κιθάρα (αρχαιοελληνική μουσική) – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Κιθάρα (αρχαιοελληνική μουσική)" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kithara" title="Kithara – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Kithara" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citro" title="Citro – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Citro" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%DB%8C%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A7" title="کیتارا – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="کیتارا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cithare_(Gr%C3%A8ce_antique)" title="Cithare (Grèce antique) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Cithare (Grèce antique)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kithara" title="Kithara – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Kithara" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%82%A4%ED%83%80%EB%9D%BC" title="키타라 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="키타라" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BF%D5%AB%D6%86%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A1" title="Կիֆարա – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Կիֆարա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kitara" title="Kitara – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Kitara" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cetra_(strumento_musicale_antico)" title="Cetra (strumento musicale antico) – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Cetra (strumento musicale antico)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%99%E1%83%98%E1%83%97%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90" title="კითარა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="კითარა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cithara" title="Cithara – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Cithara" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kithara" title="Kithara – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Kithara" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kithara" title="Kithara – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Kithara" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Китара – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Китара" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kithara" title="Kithara – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Kithara" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AD%E3%82%BF%E3%83%A9" title="キタラ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="キタラ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kithara" title="Kithara – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Kithara" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kithara" title="Kithara – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Kithara" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kifara" title="Kifara – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Kifara" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kitara" title="Kitara – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Kitara" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B8%D1%84%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Кифара – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Кифара" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kithara" title="Kithara – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Kithara" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Starogr%C5%A1ka_kitara" title="Starogrška kitara – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Starogrška kitara" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Китара – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Китара" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kitara" title="Kitara – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Kitara" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kithara" title="Kithara – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kithara" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kithara" title="Kithara – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Kithara" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B8%D1%84%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Кифара – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Кифара" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kithara" title="Kithara – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Kithara" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%96%D1%84%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Кіфара – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Кіфара" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q12634515#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" 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noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Ancient Greek musical instrument</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the medieval European stringed instrument, see <a href="/wiki/Cythara" title="Cythara">Cythara</a>.</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Goluchow_Painter_ARV_10_4_young_cithara_player_(03).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Goluchow_Painter_ARV_10_4_young_cithara_player_%2803%29.jpg/250px-Goluchow_Painter_ARV_10_4_young_cithara_player_%2803%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="215" height="322" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Goluchow_Painter_ARV_10_4_young_cithara_player_%2803%29.jpg/330px-Goluchow_Painter_ARV_10_4_young_cithara_player_%2803%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Goluchow_Painter_ARV_10_4_young_cithara_player_%2803%29.jpg/500px-Goluchow_Painter_ARV_10_4_young_cithara_player_%2803%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2741" data-file-height="4111" /></a><figcaption>Young kithara player by the Goluchow Painter, Athens, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 520</span> BC</figcaption></figure> <p>The <b>kithara</b> (<a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a>: <span lang="el"><span class="texhtml">κιθάρα</span></span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Greek" title="Romanization of Greek">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Greek-language romanization"><i lang="el-Latn">kithára</i></span>), <a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Greek" title="Romanization of Greek">Latinized</a> as <b>cithara</b>, was an <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek" title="Ancient Greek">ancient Greek</a> <a href="/wiki/Musical_instrument" title="Musical instrument">musical instrument</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Yoke_lutes" title="Yoke lutes">yoke lutes</a> family. It was a seven-stringed professional version of the <a href="/wiki/Lyre" title="Lyre">lyre</a>, which was regarded as a rustic, or <a href="/wiki/Folk_instrument" title="Folk instrument">folk instrument</a>, appropriate for teaching music to beginners. As opposed to the simpler <a href="/wiki/Lyre" title="Lyre">lyre</a>, the cithara was primarily used by professional musicians, called <a href="/wiki/Kitharode" class="mw-redirect" title="Kitharode">kitharodes</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Modern_Greek" title="Modern Greek">modern Greek</a>, the word <i>kithara</i> has come to mean "<a href="/wiki/Guitar" title="Guitar">guitar</a>", a word which <a href="/wiki/Etymology" title="Etymology">etymologically</a> stems from <i>kithara</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Origin_and_uses">Origin and uses</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kithara&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Origin and uses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fresco_of_women_listening_to_a_private_musical_performance.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Fresco_of_women_listening_to_a_private_musical_performance.jpg/217px-Fresco_of_women_listening_to_a_private_musical_performance.jpg" decoding="async" width="217" height="196" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Fresco_of_women_listening_to_a_private_musical_performance.jpg/326px-Fresco_of_women_listening_to_a_private_musical_performance.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Fresco_of_women_listening_to_a_private_musical_performance.jpg/434px-Fresco_of_women_listening_to_a_private_musical_performance.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2528" data-file-height="2278" /></a><figcaption>Ancient Roman <a href="/wiki/Fresco" title="Fresco">fresco</a> depicting women in a peristyle, listening to another woman play a kithara and <a href="/wiki/Sambuca_(instrument)" title="Sambuca (instrument)">sambuca</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The cithara originated from <a href="/wiki/Minoan_civilization" title="Minoan civilization">Minoan</a>-<a href="/wiki/Mycenaean_Greece" title="Mycenaean Greece">Mycenaean</a> <a href="/wiki/Swan" title="Swan">swan</a>-neck lyres developed and used during the Aegean Bronze Age.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Scholars such as <a href="/wiki/Martin_Litchfield_West" title="Martin Litchfield West">M.L. West</a>, Martha Maas, and Jane M. Snyder have made connections between the cithara and stringed instruments from ancient <a href="/wiki/Anatolia" title="Anatolia">Anatolia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWest1992_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWest1992-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Whereas the basic <a href="/wiki/Lyre" title="Lyre">lyra</a> was widely used as a teaching instrument in boys’ schools, the cithara was a virtuoso's instrument and generally known as requiring a great deal of skill.<sup id="cite_ref-Aristotle_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Aristotle-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The cithara was played primarily to accompany dance, epic recitations, rhapsodies, odes, and lyric songs.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWest1992_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWest1992-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was also played solo at the receptions, banquets, national games, and trials of skill. Aristotle said that these string instruments were not for educational purposes but for pleasure only.<sup id="cite_ref-Aristotle_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Aristotle-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was played by strumming the strings with a stiff <a href="/wiki/Plectrum" title="Plectrum">plectrum</a> made of dried leather, held in the right hand with elbow outstretched and palm bent inwards. The strings with undesired notes were damped with the straightened fingers of the left hand.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWest1992_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWest1992-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Construction">Construction</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kithara&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Construction"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The cithara had a deep, wooden <a href="/wiki/Sound_box" title="Sound box">sound box</a> composed of two resonating tables, either flat or slightly arched, connected by ribs or sides of equal width. At the top, its strings were knotted around the crossbar or yoke (<i>zugon</i>) or to rings threaded over the bar, or wound around pegs. The other ends of the strings were secured to a tail-piece after passing over a flat bridge, or the tail-piece and bridge were combined.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWest1992_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWest1992-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaasSnyder1989_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaasSnyder1989-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Most vase paintings show citharas with seven strings, in agreement with ancient authors, but those same authors also mention that occasionally an especially skillful <a href="/wiki/Kitharode" class="mw-redirect" title="Kitharode">kitharode</a> would use more than the conventional seven strings.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWest1992_4-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWest1992-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Apollo_as_a_kitharode">Apollo as a kitharode</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kithara&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Apollo as a kitharode"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Apollo_Musagetes_Pio-Clementino_Inv310.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Apollo_Musagetes_Pio-Clementino_Inv310.jpg/188px-Apollo_Musagetes_Pio-Clementino_Inv310.jpg" decoding="async" width="188" height="286" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Apollo_Musagetes_Pio-Clementino_Inv310.jpg/282px-Apollo_Musagetes_Pio-Clementino_Inv310.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Apollo_Musagetes_Pio-Clementino_Inv310.jpg/376px-Apollo_Musagetes_Pio-Clementino_Inv310.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1840" data-file-height="2800" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Apollo_Citharoedus" title="Apollo Citharoedus">Apollo kitharoidos</a> (<a href="/wiki/Apollo" title="Apollo">Apollo</a> holding a cithara and wearing the customary <a href="/wiki/Kithar%C5%8Ddos" class="mw-redirect" title="Kitharōdos">kitharōdos</a>’ robes) and <a href="/wiki/Musagetes" class="mw-redirect" title="Musagetes">musagetes</a> (leader of the <a href="/wiki/Muses" title="Muses">Muses</a>). Marble, Roman artwork, 2nd century CE.</figcaption></figure> <p>The cithara is said to have been the invention of <a href="/wiki/Apollo" title="Apollo">Apollo</a>, the god of music.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Apollo" title="Apollo">Apollo</a> is often depicted playing a cithara instead of a lyre, often dressed in a <a href="/wiki/Kitharode" class="mw-redirect" title="Kitharode">kitharode</a>’s formal robes. <a href="/wiki/Kitharode" class="mw-redirect" title="Kitharode"><i>Kitharoidos</i></a>, or <i>Citharoedus</i>, is an epithet given to Apollo, which means "lyre-singer" or "one who sings to the lyre". </p><p>An <i><a href="/wiki/Apollo_Citharoedus" title="Apollo Citharoedus">Apollo Citharoedus</a></i> or <i>Apollo Citharede</i>, is the term for a type of statue or other image of Apollo with a cithara. Among the best-known examples is the Apollo Citharoedus at the <a href="/wiki/Vatican_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="Vatican Museum">Vatican Museums</a>, a 2nd-century CE colossal marble statue by an unknown Roman sculptor.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWest1992_4-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWest1992-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Famous_cithara_players">Famous cithara players</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kithara&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Famous cithara players"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Phrynnis" title="Phrynnis">Phrynnis</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Greek language">Ancient Greek</a>: <span lang="grc"><span class="texhtml">Φρῦνις</span></span>) of <a href="/wiki/Lesbos" title="Lesbos">Lesbos</a>: The <i><a href="/wiki/Suda" title="Suda">Suda</a></i> mentions that Phrynnis was the first to play the cithara at Athens and won at the <a href="/wiki/Panathenaea" title="Panathenaea">Panathenaea</a>; by cithara is probably meant the new 12-stringed instrument invented by <a href="/wiki/Melanippides" title="Melanippides">Melanippides</a> of Melos.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athenodoros_of_Teos" title="Athenodoros of Teos">Athenodoros of Teos</a>, who played at the <a href="/wiki/Susa_weddings" title="Susa weddings">Susa weddings</a> of <a href="/wiki/Alexander_the_Great" title="Alexander the Great">Alexander the Great</a></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:195px;max-width:195px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:102px;max-width:102px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Utrechts-Psalter_PSALM-149-PSALM-150_psalterio_or_lyre.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Utrecht Psalter image of cithara or lyre" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Utrechts-Psalter_PSALM-149-PSALM-150_psalterio_or_lyre.jpg/100px-Utrechts-Psalter_PSALM-149-PSALM-150_psalterio_or_lyre.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Utrechts-Psalter_PSALM-149-PSALM-150_psalterio_or_lyre.jpg/150px-Utrechts-Psalter_PSALM-149-PSALM-150_psalterio_or_lyre.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Utrechts-Psalter_PSALM-149-PSALM-150_psalterio_or_lyre.jpg/200px-Utrechts-Psalter_PSALM-149-PSALM-150_psalterio_or_lyre.jpg 2x" data-file-width="416" data-file-height="696" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:89px;max-width:89px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Utrechts-Psalter_PSALM-67_instruments_cithara.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Rotta played differently" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Utrechts-Psalter_PSALM-67_instruments_cithara.jpg/120px-Utrechts-Psalter_PSALM-67_instruments_cithara.jpg" decoding="async" width="87" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Utrechts-Psalter_PSALM-67_instruments_cithara.jpg/250px-Utrechts-Psalter_PSALM-67_instruments_cithara.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="293" data-file-height="563" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">Two sketches of string instrument players (citharas, lyres or <a href="/wiki/Crwth" title="Crwth">rottas</a>?) from the <a href="/wiki/Utrecht_Psalter" title="Utrecht Psalter">Utrecht Psalter</a>, drawn by an <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo-Saxon">Anglo-Saxon</a> artist in <a href="/wiki/Reims" title="Reims">Reims</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 850 CE</span>.</div></div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Other_instruments_called_"cithara""><span id="Other_instruments_called_.22cithara.22"></span>Other instruments called "cithara"</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kithara&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Other instruments called "cithara""><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Cythara" title="Cythara">cythara</a></i> was also used generically for stringed instruments, including lyres, but also including <a href="/wiki/Lute" title="Lute">lute</a>-like instruments.<sup id="cite_ref-Segerman_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Segerman-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Ciabattoni_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ciabattoni-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The use of the name throughout the Middle Ages looked back to the original Greek cithara, and its abilities to sway people's emotions.<sup id="cite_ref-Segerman_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Segerman-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Biblical_references">Biblical references</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kithara&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Biblical references"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>An instrument called the <i><a href="/wiki/Kinnor" title="Kinnor">kinnor</a></i> is mentioned a number of times in the Bible, generally translated into English as "harp" or "psaltery", but historically rendered as "cithara". Psalm 42 in the Latin Vulgate (Psalm 43 in other versions), says, </p> <dl><dd><i>"Confitebor tibi in cithara, Deus, Deus meus,"</i><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <p>which is translated in the Douay-Rheims version as </p> <dl><dd>"To thee, O God my God, I will give praise upon the harp."<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <p>The King James version renders this verse as </p> <dl><dd>"Yea, upon the harp will I praise thee, O God my God."<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <p>The cithara is also mentioned in other places in the Latin Vulgate version of the Bible, including Genesis 4:21, 1 Kings (1 Samuel) 16:16, 1 Paralipomenon (1 Chronicles) 25:3, Job 30:31, Psalms 32:2, Psalms 56:9, Psalms 70:22, Psalms 80:3, Psalms 91:4, Psalms 97:5, Psalms 107:3, Psalms 146:7, Psalms 150:3, Isaiah 5:12, Isaiah 16:11, 1 Machabees 3:45, and 1 Corinthians 14:7.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <i>kaithros</i> mentioned in the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Daniel" title="Book of Daniel">Book of Daniel</a> may have been the same instrument.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gallery">Gallery</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kithara&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Gallery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional center"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kitharaspieler_Kreta_asb_2004_PICT3430.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Bronze figurine from Crete, c. 850 BCE"><img alt="Bronze figurine from Crete, c. 850 BCE" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Kitharaspieler_Kreta_asb_2004_PICT3430.JPG/120px-Kitharaspieler_Kreta_asb_2004_PICT3430.JPG" decoding="async" width="119" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Kitharaspieler_Kreta_asb_2004_PICT3430.JPG/250px-Kitharaspieler_Kreta_asb_2004_PICT3430.JPG 1.5x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="644" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Bronze figurine from Crete, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 850 BCE</span></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Citharoedus-bp.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Kithara player by the Berlin Painter c. 490 BCE"><img alt="Kithara player by the Berlin Painter c. 490 BCE" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Citharoedus-bp.jpg/91px-Citharoedus-bp.jpg" decoding="async" width="91" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Citharoedus-bp.jpg/136px-Citharoedus-bp.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Citharoedus-bp.jpg/182px-Citharoedus-bp.jpg 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="528" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Kithara player by the <a href="/wiki/Berlin_Painter" title="Berlin Painter">Berlin Painter</a> <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 490 BCE</span></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Providence_Painter_-_ARV_637_29_-_Nike_flying_with_kithara_-_draped_youth_-_Wien_KHM_AS_IV_698_-_03.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Nike flying with kithara by the Providence Painter, c. 480 BC"><img alt="Nike flying with kithara by the Providence Painter, c. 480 BC" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Providence_Painter_-_ARV_637_29_-_Nike_flying_with_kithara_-_draped_youth_-_Wien_KHM_AS_IV_698_-_03.jpg/120px-Providence_Painter_-_ARV_637_29_-_Nike_flying_with_kithara_-_draped_youth_-_Wien_KHM_AS_IV_698_-_03.jpg" decoding="async" width="83" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Providence_Painter_-_ARV_637_29_-_Nike_flying_with_kithara_-_draped_youth_-_Wien_KHM_AS_IV_698_-_03.jpg/250px-Providence_Painter_-_ARV_637_29_-_Nike_flying_with_kithara_-_draped_youth_-_Wien_KHM_AS_IV_698_-_03.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="3338" data-file-height="4790" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Nike_(mythology)" title="Nike (mythology)">Nike</a> flying with kithara by the <a href="/wiki/Providence_Painter" title="Providence Painter">Providence Painter</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 480</span> BC</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Achilles_Painter_-_ARV_997_155_-_two_Muses_on_mount_Helikon_-_M%C3%BCnchen_AS_SCH_80_-_13_(cropped_for_Kithara).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Kithara player 445–435 BC from vase, painting by the Achilles Painter"><img alt="Kithara player 445–435 BC from vase, painting by the Achilles Painter" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Achilles_Painter_-_ARV_997_155_-_two_Muses_on_mount_Helikon_-_M%C3%BCnchen_AS_SCH_80_-_13_%28cropped_for_Kithara%29.jpg/72px-Achilles_Painter_-_ARV_997_155_-_two_Muses_on_mount_Helikon_-_M%C3%BCnchen_AS_SCH_80_-_13_%28cropped_for_Kithara%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="72" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Achilles_Painter_-_ARV_997_155_-_two_Muses_on_mount_Helikon_-_M%C3%BCnchen_AS_SCH_80_-_13_%28cropped_for_Kithara%29.jpg/109px-Achilles_Painter_-_ARV_997_155_-_two_Muses_on_mount_Helikon_-_M%C3%BCnchen_AS_SCH_80_-_13_%28cropped_for_Kithara%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Achilles_Painter_-_ARV_997_155_-_two_Muses_on_mount_Helikon_-_M%C3%BCnchen_AS_SCH_80_-_13_%28cropped_for_Kithara%29.jpg/145px-Achilles_Painter_-_ARV_997_155_-_two_Muses_on_mount_Helikon_-_M%C3%BCnchen_AS_SCH_80_-_13_%28cropped_for_Kithara%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2224" data-file-height="3680" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Kithara player 445–435 BC from vase, painting by the <a href="/wiki/Achilles_Painter" title="Achilles Painter">Achilles Painter</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Muse_lyre_Louvre_CA482.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Muse tuning two phorminges. The phorminx was an intermediate stage, as the cithara developed from the lyre. Detail from an Attic white-ground cup from Eretria, c. 465 BC."><img alt="Muse tuning two phorminges. The phorminx was an intermediate stage, as the cithara developed from the lyre. Detail from an Attic white-ground cup from Eretria, c. 465 BC." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Muse_lyre_Louvre_CA482.jpg/79px-Muse_lyre_Louvre_CA482.jpg" decoding="async" width="79" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Muse_lyre_Louvre_CA482.jpg/119px-Muse_lyre_Louvre_CA482.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Muse_lyre_Louvre_CA482.jpg/158px-Muse_lyre_Louvre_CA482.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="1666" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Muses" title="Muses">Muse</a> tuning two phorminges. The <a href="/wiki/Phorminx" title="Phorminx">phorminx</a> was an intermediate stage, as the cithara developed from the lyre. Detail from an Attic <a href="/wiki/White-ground_technique" title="White-ground technique">white-ground</a> cup from <a href="/wiki/Eretria" title="Eretria">Eretria</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 465 BC</span>.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Relief_slab_depicting_Apollo,_Marsyas,_a_Scythian_(4th_cent._B.C.),_National_Archaeological_Museum_of_Athens_(21_June_2018).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Apollo and Marsyas, 4th century BC"><img alt="Apollo and Marsyas, 4th century BC" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Relief_slab_depicting_Apollo%2C_Marsyas%2C_a_Scythian_%284th_cent._B.C.%29%2C_National_Archaeological_Museum_of_Athens_%2821_June_2018%29.jpg/120px-Relief_slab_depicting_Apollo%2C_Marsyas%2C_a_Scythian_%284th_cent._B.C.%29%2C_National_Archaeological_Museum_of_Athens_%2821_June_2018%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="86" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Relief_slab_depicting_Apollo%2C_Marsyas%2C_a_Scythian_%284th_cent._B.C.%29%2C_National_Archaeological_Museum_of_Athens_%2821_June_2018%29.jpg/250px-Relief_slab_depicting_Apollo%2C_Marsyas%2C_a_Scythian_%284th_cent._B.C.%29%2C_National_Archaeological_Museum_of_Athens_%2821_June_2018%29.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="5600" data-file-height="4000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Apollo and <a href="/wiki/Marsyas" title="Marsyas">Marsyas</a>, 4th century BC</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:P._Fannius_Synistor_anagoria_links.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="A Roman representation of a woman playing the cithara (Villa Boscoreale, c. 40–30 BC)."><img alt="A Roman representation of a woman playing the cithara (Villa Boscoreale, c. 40–30 BC)." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/P._Fannius_Synistor_anagoria_links.JPG/120px-P._Fannius_Synistor_anagoria_links.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="118" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/P._Fannius_Synistor_anagoria_links.JPG/180px-P._Fannius_Synistor_anagoria_links.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/P._Fannius_Synistor_anagoria_links.JPG/240px-P._Fannius_Synistor_anagoria_links.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2712" data-file-height="2670" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A Roman representation of a woman playing the <i>cithara</i> (<a href="/wiki/Villa_Boscoreale" title="Villa Boscoreale">Villa Boscoreale</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 40–30</span> BC).</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:LYCIAN_LEAGUE,_Cragus,_Hemidrachm,_reverse.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Cithara on the reverse of a hemidrachm from Cragus (Lycian League)."><img alt="Cithara on the reverse of a hemidrachm from Cragus (Lycian League)." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/LYCIAN_LEAGUE%2C_Cragus%2C_Hemidrachm%2C_reverse.jpg/120px-LYCIAN_LEAGUE%2C_Cragus%2C_Hemidrachm%2C_reverse.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/LYCIAN_LEAGUE%2C_Cragus%2C_Hemidrachm%2C_reverse.jpg/180px-LYCIAN_LEAGUE%2C_Cragus%2C_Hemidrachm%2C_reverse.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/LYCIAN_LEAGUE%2C_Cragus%2C_Hemidrachm%2C_reverse.jpg/240px-LYCIAN_LEAGUE%2C_Cragus%2C_Hemidrachm%2C_reverse.jpg 2x" data-file-width="717" data-file-height="717" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Cithara on the reverse of a hemidrachm from <a href="/wiki/Cragus_(Lycia)" title="Cragus (Lycia)">Cragus</a> (<a href="/wiki/Lycia#Lycian_League" title="Lycia">Lycian League</a>).</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wall_painting_-_Apollon_seated_with_cithara_-_Rome_(Palatine_-_house_of_Augustus)_-_Roma_AdP_379982.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Apollo Kitharoidos. Painted plaster, Roman artwork from the Augustan period."><img alt="Apollo Kitharoidos. Painted plaster, Roman artwork from the Augustan period." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Wall_painting_-_Apollon_seated_with_cithara_-_Rome_%28Palatine_-_house_of_Augustus%29_-_Roma_AdP_379982.jpg/120px-Wall_painting_-_Apollon_seated_with_cithara_-_Rome_%28Palatine_-_house_of_Augustus%29_-_Roma_AdP_379982.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="93" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Wall_painting_-_Apollon_seated_with_cithara_-_Rome_%28Palatine_-_house_of_Augustus%29_-_Roma_AdP_379982.jpg/250px-Wall_painting_-_Apollon_seated_with_cithara_-_Rome_%28Palatine_-_house_of_Augustus%29_-_Roma_AdP_379982.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="4151" data-file-height="3214" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Apollo Kitharoidos. Painted plaster, Roman artwork from the Augustan period.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wall_painting_-_concert_-_Herculaneum_(ins_or_II_-_palaestra)_-_Napoli_MAN_9021_(cropped_for_lyre).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="1st century AD, Herculaneum. Woman playing kithara; 2 straps are visible that holds the instrument up while she uses both hands to play (one blue, one yellow)."><img alt="1st century AD, Herculaneum. Woman playing kithara; 2 straps are visible that holds the instrument up while she uses both hands to play (one blue, one yellow)." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Wall_painting_-_concert_-_Herculaneum_%28ins_or_II_-_palaestra%29_-_Napoli_MAN_9021_%28cropped_for_lyre%29.jpg/120px-Wall_painting_-_concert_-_Herculaneum_%28ins_or_II_-_palaestra%29_-_Napoli_MAN_9021_%28cropped_for_lyre%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="87" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Wall_painting_-_concert_-_Herculaneum_%28ins_or_II_-_palaestra%29_-_Napoli_MAN_9021_%28cropped_for_lyre%29.jpg/250px-Wall_painting_-_concert_-_Herculaneum_%28ins_or_II_-_palaestra%29_-_Napoli_MAN_9021_%28cropped_for_lyre%29.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="1023" data-file-height="1414" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">1st century AD, <a href="/wiki/Herculaneum" title="Herculaneum">Herculaneum</a>. Woman playing kithara; 2 straps are visible that holds the instrument up while she uses both hands to play (one blue, one yellow).</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Orpheus2.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Orpheus Mosaic in Rottweil"><img alt="Orpheus Mosaic in Rottweil" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Orpheus2.jpg/120px-Orpheus2.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="112" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Orpheus2.jpg/180px-Orpheus2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Orpheus2.jpg/240px-Orpheus2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1023" data-file-height="957" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Orpheus Mosaic in Rottweil</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sir_Lawrence_Alma-Tadema,_RA,_OM_-_Sappho_and_Alcaeus_-_Walters_37159.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Alcaeus of Mytilene playing a cithara while Sappho listens in Sappho and Alcaeus by Lawrence Alma-Tadema (1881; The Walters Art Museum)."><img alt="Alcaeus of Mytilene playing a cithara while Sappho listens in Sappho and Alcaeus by Lawrence Alma-Tadema (1881; The Walters Art Museum)." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Sir_Lawrence_Alma-Tadema%2C_RA%2C_OM_-_Sappho_and_Alcaeus_-_Walters_37159.jpg/120px-Sir_Lawrence_Alma-Tadema%2C_RA%2C_OM_-_Sappho_and_Alcaeus_-_Walters_37159.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="66" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Sir_Lawrence_Alma-Tadema%2C_RA%2C_OM_-_Sappho_and_Alcaeus_-_Walters_37159.jpg/180px-Sir_Lawrence_Alma-Tadema%2C_RA%2C_OM_-_Sappho_and_Alcaeus_-_Walters_37159.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Sir_Lawrence_Alma-Tadema%2C_RA%2C_OM_-_Sappho_and_Alcaeus_-_Walters_37159.jpg/240px-Sir_Lawrence_Alma-Tadema%2C_RA%2C_OM_-_Sappho_and_Alcaeus_-_Walters_37159.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1799" data-file-height="984" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Alcaeus_of_Mytilene" class="mw-redirect" title="Alcaeus of Mytilene">Alcaeus of Mytilene</a> playing a cithara while Sappho listens in <i><a href="/wiki/Sappho_and_Alcaeus" title="Sappho and Alcaeus">Sappho and Alcaeus</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Alma-Tadema" title="Lawrence Alma-Tadema">Lawrence Alma-Tadema</a> (1881; <a href="/wiki/The_Walters_Art_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="The Walters Art Museum">The Walters Art Museum</a>).</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:George_Lawrence_Bulleid,_1905_-_Girl_with_lute.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Girl with Lute by George Lawrence Bulleid, 1905"><img alt="Girl with Lute by George Lawrence Bulleid, 1905" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/George_Lawrence_Bulleid%2C_1905_-_Girl_with_lute.jpg/120px-George_Lawrence_Bulleid%2C_1905_-_Girl_with_lute.jpg" decoding="async" width="76" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/George_Lawrence_Bulleid%2C_1905_-_Girl_with_lute.jpg/250px-George_Lawrence_Bulleid%2C_1905_-_Girl_with_lute.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1146" data-file-height="1800" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>Girl with Lute</i> by George Lawrence Bulleid, 1905</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:A_modern_reconstruction_of_an_ancient_Greek_kithara,_in_Kotsanas_Museum_of_Ancient_Greek_Technology.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A reconstruction of the so-called Apollo's kithara in Kotsanas Museum of Ancient Greek Technology, Athens, Greece."><img alt="A reconstruction of the so-called Apollo's kithara in Kotsanas Museum of Ancient Greek Technology, Athens, Greece." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/A_modern_reconstruction_of_an_ancient_Greek_kithara%2C_in_Kotsanas_Museum_of_Ancient_Greek_Technology.jpg/120px-A_modern_reconstruction_of_an_ancient_Greek_kithara%2C_in_Kotsanas_Museum_of_Ancient_Greek_Technology.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/A_modern_reconstruction_of_an_ancient_Greek_kithara%2C_in_Kotsanas_Museum_of_Ancient_Greek_Technology.jpg/250px-A_modern_reconstruction_of_an_ancient_Greek_kithara%2C_in_Kotsanas_Museum_of_Ancient_Greek_Technology.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="9000" data-file-height="12000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A reconstruction of the so-called <a href="/wiki/Apollo" title="Apollo">Apollo's</a> kithara in <a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Ancient_Greek_Technology" title="Museum of Ancient Greek Technology">Kotsanas Museum of Ancient Greek Technology</a>, Athens, Greece.</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kithara&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 15em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece" title="Ancient Greece">Ancient Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_ancient_Greece" title="Music of ancient Greece">Ancient Greek music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Ancient Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbiton" title="Barbiton">Barbiton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cythara" title="Cythara">Cythara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gittern" title="Gittern">Gittern</a>, an instrument whose name is derived from <i>Kithara</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guitar" title="Guitar">Guitar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harp" title="Harp">Harp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kinnor" title="Kinnor">Kinnor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kitharode" class="mw-redirect" title="Kitharode">Kitharode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyre" title="Lyre">Lyre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phorminx" title="Phorminx">Phorminx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pandura" title="Pandura">Pandura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sitar" title="Sitar">Sitar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zither" title="Zither">Zither</a></li></ul></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Footnotes">Footnotes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kithara&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Footnotes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"<i>Cithara</i> was the Latin name for the Greek <i>kithara</i>, a lyre-like instrument. It was often used as a generic term for 'plucked stringed instrument' by writers discussing a variety of instruments in medieval and Renaissance times, but when a player used this name for his instrument, [...] he was probably making a claim that his instrument was the one that had the magic to readily manipulate the listener's emotional states as the original kithara (with a similar large plectrum) had a reputation of doing to the ancient Greeks."<sup id="cite_ref-Segerman_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Segerman-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"There is evidence of citharae shaped like a lute, that is with a neck and an elongated body, even before the twelfth century: the <i><a href="/wiki/Golden_Psalter_of_St._Gallen" class="mw-redirect" title="Golden Psalter of St. Gallen">Golden Psalter of St. Gall</a></i> depicts King David wielding an instrument that has a broad neck, a circular pegbox (without pegs depicted), and three strings, and whose total length is three times as long as its body, which is of a circular shape. This instrument resembles a lute more than a cithara, but it is associated with David. Further evidence appears in <i>The Stuttgart Psalter</i> [...] This psalter contains several images of an instrument having a long neck and a narrow body with parallel sides, sloping shoulders, and a pear-shaped pegbox. In the text, next to all these miniatures, the instrument is called a cithara."<sup id="cite_ref-Ciabattoni_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ciabattoni-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kithara&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626" /><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 25em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFHarper2001–2022" class="citation web cs1">Harper, Douglas (2001–2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=guitar">"guitar"</a>. <i>Online Etymology Dictionary</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Online+Etymology+Dictionary&rft.atitle=guitar&rft.date=2001%2F2022&rft.aulast=Harper&rft.aufirst=Douglas&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.etymonline.com%2Findex.php%3Fterm%3Dguitar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKithara" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVorreiter1975">Vorreiter (1975)</a>, p. 94: "[T]he swan-neck lyres were the predecessors of the sacred <i>kitharai</i> of later times, i.e. the 6th to 3rd centuries B.C., in the Hellenic world."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMaasSnyder1989">Maas & Snyder 1989</a>, p. 185.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWest1992-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWest1992_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWest1992_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWest1992_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWest1992_4-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWest1992_4-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWest1992_4-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWest1992">West (1992)</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Aristotle-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Aristotle_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Aristotle_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAristotle" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a>. <i>Politics</i>. 1341a.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Politics&rft.pages=1341a&rft.au=Aristotle&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKithara" class="Z3988"></span>: Aristotle calls the cithara an <i>organon technikon</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaasSnyder1989-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaasSnyder1989_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMaasSnyder1989">Maas & Snyder (1989)</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPausanias" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Pausanias_(geographer)" title="Pausanias (geographer)">Pausanias</a>. <i>Description of Greece</i>. 5.14.8.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Description+of+Greece&rft.pages=5.14.8&rft.au=Pausanias&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKithara" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cs.uky.edu/~raphael/sol/sol-entries/phi/761">"phi"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Suda" title="Suda">Suda</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Kentucky" title="University of Kentucky">University of Kentucky</a>. 761 – via uky.edu.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=phi&rft.btitle=Suda&rft.pages=761&rft.pub=University+of+Kentucky&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cs.uky.edu%2F~raphael%2Fsol%2Fsol-entries%2Fphi%2F761&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKithara" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Segerman-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Segerman_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Segerman_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Segerman_9-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSegerman1999">Segerman (1999)</a>, pp. 79–80</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ciabattoni-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ciabattoni_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ciabattoni_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCiabattoni2010">Ciabattoni (2010)</a>, pp. 60–61</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.drbo.org/lvb/chapter/21042.htm">"Latin Vulgate Bible, Psalms Chapter 42"</a>. <i>www.drbo.org</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.drbo.org&rft.atitle=Latin+Vulgate+Bible%2C+Psalms+Chapter+42&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.drbo.org%2Flvb%2Fchapter%2F21042.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKithara" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.drbo.org/chapter/21042.htm">"Douay-Rheims Bible, Psalms Chapter 42"</a>. <i>drbo.org</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=drbo.org&rft.atitle=Douay-Rheims+Bible%2C+Psalms+Chapter+42&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.drbo.org%2Fchapter%2F21042.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKithara" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.kingjamesbibleonline.org/Psalms-Chapter-43/">"Psalms Chapter 43 KJV"</a>. <i>www.kingjamesbibleonline.org</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.kingjamesbibleonline.org&rft.atitle=Psalms+Chapter+43+KJV&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.kingjamesbibleonline.org%2FPsalms-Chapter-43%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKithara" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.drbo.org/lvb/index.htm">"Biblia Sacra Vulgata"</a> [Latin Vulgate Bible]. <i>drbo.org</i> (in Latin).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=drbo.org&rft.atitle=Biblia+Sacra+Vulgata&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.drbo.org%2Flvb%2Findex.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKithara" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.14601">"Kaithros"</a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_Grove_Dictionary_of_Music_and_Musicians#Grove_Music_Online_and_Oxford_Music_Online" title="The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians">Grove Music Online</a></i> (8th ed.). <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. 2001. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56159-263-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-56159-263-0"><bdi>978-1-56159-263-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Kaithros&rft.btitle=Grove+Music+Online&rft.edition=8th&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-1-56159-263-0&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1093%2Fgmo%2F9781561592630.article.14601&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKithara" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kithara&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAnderson1994" class="citation book cs1">Anderson, Warren D. (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/musicmusiciansin00ande"><i>Music and Musicians in Ancient Greece</i></a>. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8014-3083-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-8014-3083-6"><bdi>0-8014-3083-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Music+and+Musicians+in+Ancient+Greece&rft.place=Ithaca%2C+NY&rft.pub=Cornell+University+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=0-8014-3083-6&rft.aulast=Anderson&rft.aufirst=Warren+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmusicmusiciansin00ande&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKithara" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCiabattoni2010" class="citation book cs1">Ciabattoni, Francesco (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fCT7oAEACAAJ"><i>Dante's Journey to Polyphony</i></a>. Toronto, Buffalo and London: University of Toronto Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781442620230" title="Special:BookSources/9781442620230"><bdi>9781442620230</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dante%27s+Journey+to+Polyphony&rft.place=Toronto%2C+Buffalo+and+London&rft.pub=University+of+Toronto+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9781442620230&rft.aulast=Ciabattoni&rft.aufirst=Francesco&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DfCT7oAEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKithara" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMaasSnyder1989" class="citation book cs1">Maas, Martha; Snyder, Jane McIntosh (1989). <i>Stringed Instruments of Ancient Greece</i>. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-030003686-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-030003686-2"><bdi>978-030003686-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Stringed+Instruments+of+Ancient+Greece&rft.place=New+Haven%2C+CT&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-030003686-2&rft.aulast=Maas&rft.aufirst=Martha&rft.au=Snyder%2C+Jane+McIntosh&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKithara" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSegerman1999" class="citation journal cs1">Segerman, Ephraim (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/842519">"A Short History of the Cittern"</a>. <i>The Galpin Society Journal</i>. <b>52</b>: <span class="nowrap">77–</span>107. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F842519">10.2307/842519</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/842519">842519</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Galpin+Society+Journal&rft.atitle=A+Short+History+of+the+Cittern&rft.volume=52&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E77-%3C%2Fspan%3E107&rft.date=1999&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F842519&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F842519%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Segerman&rft.aufirst=Ephraim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F842519&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKithara" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFVorreiter1975" class="citation journal cs1">Vorreiter, Leopold (1975). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/841575">"The Swan-Neck Lyres of Minoan-Mycenaean Culture"</a>. <i>The Galpin Society Journal</i>. <b>28</b>: <span class="nowrap">93–</span>97. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F841575">10.2307/841575</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/841575">841575</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Galpin+Society+Journal&rft.atitle=The+Swan-Neck+Lyres+of+Minoan-Mycenaean+Culture&rft.volume=28&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E93-%3C%2Fspan%3E97&rft.date=1975&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F841575&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F841575%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Vorreiter&rft.aufirst=Leopold&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F841575&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKithara" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWest1992" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Martin_Litchfield_West" title="Martin Litchfield West">West, Martin Litchfield</a> (1992). <i>Ancient Greek Music</i>. Oxford: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-814975-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-814975-1"><bdi>0-19-814975-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ancient+Greek+Music&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=0-19-814975-1&rft.aulast=West&rft.aufirst=Martin+Litchfield&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKithara" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kithara&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/60px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Citharas" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Citharas">Citharas</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBundrick2005" class="citation book cs1">Bundrick, Sheramy D. (2005). <i>Music and Image in Classical Athens</i>. New York: Cambridge University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Music+and+Image+in+Classical+Athens&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Bundrick&rft.aufirst=Sheramy+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKithara" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHagel" class="citation web cs1">Hagel, Stefan. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oeaw.ac.at/kal/agm">"Ancient Greek Music"</a>. Vienna, Austria: Österreichische Akademie der Wissenschaften<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-10-25</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ancient+Greek+Music&rft.place=Vienna%2C+Austria&rft.pub=%C3%96sterreichische+Akademie+der+Wissenschaften&rft.aulast=Hagel&rft.aufirst=Stefan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oeaw.ac.at%2Fkal%2Fagm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKithara" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSchlesinger1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Kathleen_Schlesinger" title="Kathleen Schlesinger">Schlesinger, Kathleen</a> (1911). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Cithara"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Cithara">"Cithara" </a></span>. In <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a> (ed.). <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 6 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">395–</span>397.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Cithara&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E395-%3C%2Fspan%3E397&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rft.aulast=Schlesinger&rft.aufirst=Kathleen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKithara" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/kith/hd_kith.htm">"The Kithara in Ancient Greece | Thematic Essay"</a>. Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History. The Metropolitan Museum of Art<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-10-25</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Kithara+in+Ancient+Greece+%26%23124%3B+Thematic+Essay&rft.series=Heilbrunn+Timeline+of+Art+History&rft.pub=The+Metropolitan+Museum+of+Art&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.metmuseum.org%2Ftoah%2Fhd%2Fkith%2Fhd_kith.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKithara" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kithara&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6adj7Xoo9Us">Peter Pringle demonstrates how a kithara worked</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kerylos.fr/index_en.php">"Ensemble Kérylos"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ensemble+K%C3%A9rylos&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kerylos.fr%2Findex_en.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKithara" class="Z3988"></span> A music group directed by scholar <a href="/wiki/Annie_B%C3%A9lis" title="Annie Bélis">Annie Bélis</a>, dedicated to the recreation of ancient Greek and Roman music and playing instruments rebuilt on archaeological reference. In its recording <i>D'Euripide aux premiers chretiens: musique de l'antiquité grecque et romaine</i>, the band plays both Roman and Greek kitharas.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output 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href="/wiki/Greek_musical_instruments" title="Greek musical instruments">Greek musical instruments</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ancient</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="String83" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/String_instrument" title="String instrument">String</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Pandura" title="Pandura">Pandura</a></dd></dl> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lyre" title="Lyre">Lyre</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Barbiton" title="Barbiton">Barbiton</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Chelys" title="Chelys">Chelys</a></dd> <dd><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Kithara</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Phorminx" title="Phorminx">Phorminx</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_harps" title="Ancient Greek harps">Harp</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Epigonion" title="Epigonion">Epigonion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magadis" title="Magadis">Magadis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sambuca_(instrument)" title="Sambuca (instrument)">Sambuca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trigonon" title="Trigonon">Trigonon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Aerophones" class="mw-redirect" title="Aerophones">Wind</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Aulos" title="Aulos">Aulos</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Pan_flute" title="Pan flute">Pan flute</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Salpinx" title="Salpinx">Salpinx</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Percussion_instrument" title="Percussion instrument">Percussion</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Cochilia" title="Cochilia">Cochilia</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Crotalum" title="Crotalum">Crotalum</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Water_organ" title="Water organ">Water organ</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Sistrum" title="Sistrum">Sistrum</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Medieval</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_lyra" title="Byzantine lyra">Byzantine lyra</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Organ_(music)" title="Organ (music)">Organon</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Modern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">String</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Bowed</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Cretan_lyra" title="Cretan lyra">Cretan lyra</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Kemen%C3%A7e_of_the_Black_Sea" title="Kemençe of the Black Sea">Pontic lyra</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Classical_kemen%C3%A7e" title="Classical kemençe">Politiki lyra</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Macedonian_lyra" title="Macedonian lyra">Macedonian lyra</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Calabrian_lira" title="Calabrian lira">Calabrian lira</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Plucked</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Bouzouki" title="Bouzouki">Bouzouki</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Guitar" title="Guitar">Guitar</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Laouto" title="Laouto">Laouto</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Mandola" title="Mandola">Mandola</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Mandolin" title="Mandolin">Mandolin</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Oudola" title="Oudola">Oudola</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Psaltery" title="Psaltery">Psaltery</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Tambouras" title="Tambouras">Tambouras</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Thaboura" title="Thaboura">Thaboura</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Struck</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Santur" title="Santur">Santouri</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Wind</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Askomandoura" title="Askomandoura">Askomandoura</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Gaida" class="mw-redirect" title="Gaida">Gaida</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Tsampouna" title="Tsampouna">Tsampouna</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Floghera" title="Floghera">Floghera</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Karamuza" title="Karamuza">Karamuza</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Lalitsa" title="Lalitsa">Lalitsa</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Mantura" title="Mantura">Mantura</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Souravli" title="Souravli">Souravli</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Percussion</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Membranophones</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Tambourine" title="Tambourine">Tambourine</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Toubeleki" title="Toubeleki">Toubeleki</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Tympanum_(hand_drum)" title="Tympanum (hand drum)">Tympano</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Idiophones</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Koudounia" title="Koudounia">Koudounia</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Stamna_(musical_instrument)" title="Stamna (musical instrument)">Stamna</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Triangle_(musical_instrument)" title="Triangle (musical instrument)">Trigono</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Zill" title="Zill">Zilia</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Greece" title="Music of Greece">Music of Greece</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Greek_folk_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek folk music">Greek folk music</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_music" title="Byzantine music">Byzantine music</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Nisiotika" title="Nisiotika">Nisiotika</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Greek_dances" title="Greek dances">Greek dances</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12634515#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata534" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12634515#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata534" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12634515#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4163975-3">Germany</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/instrument/dbf82b8f-1bc5-4a7d-9811-48e743546442">MusicBrainz instrument</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kithara&oldid=1277910464">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kithara&oldid=1277910464</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Ancient_Greek_musical_instruments" title="Category:Ancient Greek musical instruments">Ancient Greek musical instruments</a></li><li><a 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