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class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Witryna"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Spis treści" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Spis treści</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">przypnij</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">ukryj</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Początek</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Współczesne_postrzeganie_typografii" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Współczesne_postrzeganie_typografii"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Współczesne postrzeganie typografii</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Współczesne_postrzeganie_typografii-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Zobacz_też" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Zobacz_też"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Zobacz też</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Zobacz_też-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Przypisy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Przypisy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Przypisy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Przypisy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Linki_zewnętrzne" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Linki_zewnętrzne"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Linki zewnętrzne</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Linki_zewnętrzne-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Spis treści" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Przełącz stan spisu treści" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Przełącz stan spisu treści</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Typografia</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Przejdź do artykułu w innym języku. Treść dostępna w 73 językach" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-73" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">73 języki</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B9%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AD%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%81_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%86%D8%B6%D8%AF%D8%A9" title="طباعة المحارف المنضدة – arabski" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="طباعة المحارف المنضدة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arabski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%8Cn-kang" title="Ìn-kang – minnański" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Ìn-kang" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="minnański" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%8B%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Тыпаграфіка – białoruski" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Тыпаграфіка" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="białoruski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%8B%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Тыпаграфіка – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Тыпаграфіка" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Типография – bułgarski" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Типография" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="bułgarski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tipografija" title="Tipografija – bośniacki" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Tipografija" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="bośniacki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lizherenna%C3%B1" title="Lizherennañ – bretoński" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Lizherennañ" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="bretoński" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tipografia" title="Tipografia – kataloński" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Tipografia" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="kataloński" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Typografie" title="Typografie – czeski" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Typografie" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="czeski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teipograffeg" title="Teipograffeg – walijski" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Teipograffeg" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="walijski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Typografi" title="Typografi – duński" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Typografi" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="duński" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Typografie" title="Typografie – niemiecki" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Typografie" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="niemiecki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%BCpograafia" title="Tüpograafia – estoński" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Tüpograafia" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="estoński" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eml mw-list-item"><a href="https://eml.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tipograf%C3%ACa" title="Tipografìa – Emiliano-Romagnolo" lang="egl" hreflang="egl" data-title="Tipografìa" data-language-autonym="Emiliàn e rumagnòl" data-language-local-name="Emiliano-Romagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Emiliàn e rumagnòl</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Typography" title="Typography – angielski" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Typography" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="angielski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tipograf%C3%ADa" title="Tipografía – hiszpański" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Tipografía" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="hiszpański" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tipografio" title="Tipografio – esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Tipografio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tipografia" title="Tipografia – baskijski" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Tipografia" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="baskijski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%BE%D9%88%DA%AF%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%81%DB%8C" title="تایپوگرافی – perski" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="تایپوگرافی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="perski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Typographie" title="Typographie – francuski" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Typographie" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="francuski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Typografy" title="Typografy – zachodniofryzyjski" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Typografy" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="zachodniofryzyjski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cl%C3%B3ghrafa%C3%ADocht" title="Clóghrafaíocht – irlandzki" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Clóghrafaíocht" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="irlandzki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tipograf%C3%ADa" title="Tipografía – galicyjski" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Tipografía" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="galicyjski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%83%80%EC%9D%B4%ED%8F%AC%EA%B7%B8%EB%9E%98%ED%94%BC" title="타이포그래피 – koreański" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="타이포그래피" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="koreański" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8F%D5%AB%D5%BA%D5%B8%D5%A3%D6%80%D5%A1%D6%86%D5%AB%D5%AF%D5%A1" title="Տիպոգրաֆիկա – ormiański" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Տիպոգրաֆիկա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="ormiański" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE" title="अक्षर कला – hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="अक्षर कला" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tipografija" title="Tipografija – chorwacki" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Tipografija" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="chorwacki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tipografi" title="Tipografi – indonezyjski" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Tipografi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonezyjski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Typographia" title="Typographia – interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Typographia" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leturfr%C3%A6%C3%B0i" title="Leturfræði – islandzki" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Leturfræði" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="islandzki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tipografia" title="Tipografia – włoski" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Tipografia" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="włoski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%98%D7%99%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%92%D7%A8%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%94" title="טיפוגרפיה – hebrajski" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="טיפוגרפיה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="hebrajski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tipografi" title="Tipografi – jawajski" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Tipografi" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="jawajski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AE%E0%B3%81%E0%B2%A6%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%A3%E0%B2%95%E0%B2%B2%E0%B3%86" title="ಮುದ್ರಣಕಲೆ – kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಮುದ್ರಣಕಲೆ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98%E1%83%9E%E1%83%9D%E1%83%92%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%A4%E1%83%98%E1%83%99%E1%83%90" title="ტიპოგრაფიკა – gruziński" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ტიპოგრაფიკა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="gruziński" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tipografi" title="Tipografi – kreolski haitański" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Tipografi" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="kreolski haitański" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Typographia" title="Typographia – łaciński" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Typographia" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="łaciński" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tipogr%C4%81fija" title="Tipogrāfija – łotewski" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Tipogrāfija" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="łotewski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tipografika" title="Tipografika – litewski" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Tipografika" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="litewski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tipogr%C3%A1fia" title="Tipográfia – węgierski" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Tipográfia" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="węgierski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mad mw-list-item"><a href="https://mad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tipografi" title="Tipografi – madurski" lang="mad" hreflang="mad" data-title="Tipografi" data-language-autonym="Madhurâ" data-language-local-name="madurski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Madhurâ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%85%E0%B4%9A%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9A%E0%B4%9F%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B5%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%B2" title="അച്ചടിവേല – malajalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="അച്ചടിവേല" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="malajalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tipografi" title="Tipografi – malajski" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Tipografi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="malajski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Typografie" title="Typografie – niderlandzki" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Typografie" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="niderlandzki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%BF%E3%82%A4%E3%83%9D%E3%82%B0%E3%83%A9%E3%83%95%E3%82%A3" title="タイポグラフィ – japoński" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="タイポグラフィ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japoński" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Typografi" title="Typografi – norweski (bokmål)" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Typografi" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="norweski (bokmål)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Typografi" title="Typografi – norweski (nynorsk)" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Typografi" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="norweski (nynorsk)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%85%E0%AC%95%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%B7%E0%AC%B0_%E0%AC%95%E0%AC%B3%E0%AC%BE" title="ଅକ୍ଷର କଳା – orija" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ଅକ୍ଷର କଳା" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="orija" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ଓଡ଼ିଆ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%B9%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%BE%D9%88_%DA%AF%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%81%DB%8C" title="ٹائپو گرافی – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="ٹائپو گرافی" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tipografia" title="Tipografia – portugalski" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Tipografia" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugalski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tipografie" title="Tipografie – rumuński" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Tipografie" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="rumuński" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Типографика – rosyjski" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Типографика" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="rosyjski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Typografie" title="Typografie – scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Typografie" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shtypshkrimi" title="Shtypshkrimi – albański" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Shtypshkrimi" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="albański" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tipugraf%C3%ACa" title="Tipugrafìa – sycylijski" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Tipugrafìa" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="sycylijski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Typography" title="Typography – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Typography" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Typografia_(umenie)" title="Typografia (umenie) – słowacki" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Typografia (umenie)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="słowacki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tipografija" title="Tipografija – słoweński" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Tipografija" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="słoweński" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%BE%DB%86%DA%AF%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%81%DB%8C" title="تایپۆگرافی – sorani" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="تایپۆگرافی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="sorani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tipografija" title="Tipografija – serbski" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Tipografija" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="serbski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tipografi" title="Tipografi – sundajski" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Tipografi" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="sundajski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Typografia" title="Typografia – fiński" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Typografia" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="fiński" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Typografi" title="Typografi – szwedzki" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Typografi" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="szwedzki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tipograpiya" title="Tipograpiya – tagalski" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Tipograpiya" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="tagalski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%88" title="அச்சுக்கலை – tamilski" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="அச்சுக்கலை" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="tamilski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%83%E0%B8%8A%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%9E%E0%B9%8C" title="ศิลปะการใช้ตัวพิมพ์ – tajski" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ศิลปะการใช้ตัวพิมพ์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="tajski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tipografi" title="Tipografi – turecki" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Tipografi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turecki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Типографія – ukraiński" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Типографія" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ukraiński" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%B9%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%BE%D9%88_%DA%AF%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%81%DB%8C" title="ٹائپو گرافی – urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="ٹائپو گرافی" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Typography" title="Typography – wietnamski" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Typography" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="wietnamski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tipograpiya" title="Tipograpiya – waraj" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Tipograpiya" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="waraj" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%AD%97%E4%BD%93%E6%8E%92%E5%8D%B0%E5%AD%A6" title="字体排印学 – wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="字体排印学" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%AD%97%E4%BD%93%E6%8E%92%E5%8D%B0%E5%AD%A6" title="字体排印学 – chiński" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="字体排印学" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="chiński" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q159964#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edytuj linki pomiędzy wersjami językowymi" class="wbc-editpage">Edytuj linki</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Przestrzenie nazw"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Typografia" title="Zobacz stronę treści [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Artykuł</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" 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class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Plik:PhaistosDiskLarge.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/PhaistosDiskLarge.jpg/220px-PhaistosDiskLarge.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/PhaistosDiskLarge.jpg/330px-PhaistosDiskLarge.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/PhaistosDiskLarge.jpg/440px-PhaistosDiskLarge.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="512" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Dysk_z_Fajstos" title="Dysk z Fajstos">Dysk z Fajstos</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Plik:Gutenberg.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Gutenberg.jpg/220px-Gutenberg.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="280" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Gutenberg.jpg/330px-Gutenberg.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Gutenberg.jpg/440px-Gutenberg.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1040" data-file-height="1322" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Johannes_Gutenberg" title="Johannes Gutenberg">Johannes Gutenberg</a></figcaption></figure> <p><b>Typografia</b> (z <a href="/wiki/J%C4%99zyk_grecki" title="Język grecki">gr.</a> <i>týpos</i> „odbicie, forma”, <i>gráphō</i> „piszę”)<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a></sup> – termin funkcjonujący w kilku różnych znaczeniach<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2">[2]</a></sup>. Pierwszym zastosowaniem terminu „typografia” jest historyczne określenie <a href="/wiki/Drukarnia" title="Drukarnia">drukarni</a><sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2">[2]</a></sup>. Mianem tym określa się również technikę <a href="/wiki/Druk_wypuk%C5%82y" title="Druk wypukły">druku wypukłego</a>, zwanego inaczej <a href="/wiki/Typografia_(druk)" title="Typografia (druk)">typograficznym</a>. W trzecim, najszerszym ujęciu, typografia jest dziedziną koncentrującą się na kształtowaniu struktur i aranżacji języka w jego wizualnym wymiarze<sup id="cite_ref-:1_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-3">[3]</a></sup>. Zajmuje się ona doborem pisma, jego użyciem i składem, a także ustalaniem optymalnych norm pisarskich<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a></sup>. </p><p>O typografii można mówić również w kontekście: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Poligrafia" title="Poligrafia">poligrafii</a>, drukarstwa, raczej w znaczeniu tradycyjnym, związanym ze stosowaniem <a href="/wiki/Czcionka" title="Czcionka">czcionek</a>;</li> <li>ogółu zagadnień dotyczących projektowania drukowanych <a href="/wiki/Litera" title="Litera">liter</a> i innych <a href="/wiki/Znaki_pisarskie" title="Znaki pisarskie">znaków pisarskich</a> (zarówno <a href="/wiki/Czcionka" title="Czcionka">czcionek</a>, jak i <a href="/wiki/Font" title="Font">fontów</a>) oraz wzajemnych relacji pomiędzy tymi znakami i grupami znaków;</li> <li>układu graficznego drukowanej strony;</li> <li>sztuki użytkowej zajmującej się estetyką szaty graficznej publikacji;</li> <li>układu graficznego strony w witrynie <a href="/wiki/World_Wide_Web" title="World Wide Web">WWW</a>.</li></ul> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Współczesne_postrzeganie_typografii"><span id="Wsp.C3.B3.C5.82czesne_postrzeganie_typografii"></span>Współczesne postrzeganie typografii</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Typografia&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Edytuj sekcję: Współczesne postrzeganie typografii" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>edytuj</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Typografia&action=edit&section=1" title="Edytuj kod źródłowy sekcji: Współczesne postrzeganie typografii"><span>edytuj kod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ze względu na swój <a href="/wiki/Interdyscyplinarno%C5%9B%C4%87" title="Interdyscyplinarność">interdyscyplinarny</a> charakter typografia nie posiada jednej definicji<sup id="cite_ref-:2_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-6">[6]</a></sup>. Za jedną z trafniejszych można uznać definicję proponowaną przez Department of Typography and Graphic Communication <a href="/wiki/University_of_Reading" title="University of Reading">Uniwersytetu w Reading</a>, według której typografia to projektowanie ułatwiające czytanie i odbiór. Definicja ta we właściwy sposób określa przeznaczenie i cel typografii, nie ograniczając jej przestrzeni jedynie do nośnika papierowego. Obecnie podkreśla się, że typografia jest ważnym narzędziem w <a href="/wiki/Komunikacja_wizualna" title="Komunikacja wizualna">komunikacji wizualnej</a>. </p><p>W ten sam sposób typografię definiują polscy badacze, m.in. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tomasz_Bierkowski&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tomasz Bierkowski (strona nie istnieje)">Tomasz Bierkowski</a> i <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jacek_Mrowczyk&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jacek Mrowczyk (strona nie istnieje)">Jacek Mrowczyk</a><sup id="cite_ref-:2_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-6">[6]</a></sup>. Według Tomasza Bierkowskiego zagadnienia związane z typografią dzielą się na dwie podstawowe grupy ukazujące jej formalny oraz funkcjonalny charakter. Ten pierwszy odnosi się do sztuki prawidłowego składu dzieła – układu graficznego, <a href="/wiki/Layout_(DTP)" title="Layout (DTP)">layoutu</a>, wyglądu i <a href="/wiki/Estetyka" title="Estetyka">estetyki</a> publikacji, rozmieszczenia materiałów tekstowych i ilustracyjnych na stronie. Natomiast funkcjonalny charakter typografii określa osobę typografa jako interpretatora treści przekazu oraz pośrednika między nadawcą a odbiorcą<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a></sup>. </p><p>Obecnie naturalnym środowiskiem typografii jest przestrzeń cyfrowa<sup id="cite_ref-:2_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-6">[6]</a></sup>. Dlatego też w definiowaniu typografii konieczne jest podkreślanie ciągłej potrzeby przystosowywania tej dziedziny sztuki do coraz nowocześniejszych technologii oraz dynamicznych zmian, z którymi typografia będzie musiała się zmierzyć w przyszłości<sup id="cite_ref-:1_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-3">[3]</a></sup>. Wykreowanie jednej, stałej i idealnej definicji typografii jest zadaniem trudnym do zrealizowania ze względu na nieustanną konieczność weryfikowania tej dyscypliny oraz dostosowywania jej do zachodzących zmian. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Zobacz_też"><span id="Zobacz_te.C5.BC"></span>Zobacz też</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Typografia&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Edytuj sekcję: Zobacz też" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>edytuj</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Typografia&action=edit&section=2" title="Edytuj kod źródłowy sekcji: Zobacz też"><span>edytuj kod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="infobox noprint plainlinks" cellpadding="4" role="presentation"> <tbody><tr> <td style="vertical-align:middle; text-align:center; width:30px;"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/WiktionaryPl_nodesc.svg/28px-WiktionaryPl_nodesc.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/WiktionaryPl_nodesc.svg/42px-WiktionaryPl_nodesc.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/WiktionaryPl_nodesc.svg/56px-WiktionaryPl_nodesc.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="122" data-file-height="117" /></span></span> </td> <td style="line-height:normal; vertical-align:middle; text-align:center; flex:unset;"><a href="https://pl.wiktionary.org/wiki/typografia" class="extiw" title="wikt:typografia"><strong>Zobacz hasło</strong> <em>typografia</em> w Wikisłowniku</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Znaki_pisarskie" title="Znaki pisarskie">znaki typograficzne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liternictwo" title="Liternictwo">liternictwo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mi%C4%99dzynarodowe_Stowarzyszenie_Typograficzne" title="Międzynarodowe Stowarzyszenie Typograficzne">Międzynarodowe Stowarzyszenie Typograficzne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sztuka_ksi%C4%85%C5%BCki" title="Sztuka książki">sztuka książki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redaktor" title="Redaktor">edytorstwo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Design" title="Design">design</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Przypisy">Przypisy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Typografia&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Edytuj sekcję: Przypisy" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>edytuj</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Typografia&action=edit&section=3" title="Edytuj kod źródłowy sekcji: Przypisy"><span>edytuj kod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="do-not-make-smaller refsection"><div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web open-access"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://encyklopedia.pwn.pl/haslo/;4010342"><i>typografia</i></a>, [w:] <i><a href="/wiki/Encyklopedia_PWN_(internetowa)" title="Encyklopedia PWN (internetowa)">Encyklopedia PWN</a></i> [online], <a href="/wiki/Wydawnictwo_Naukowe_PWN" title="Wydawnictwo Naukowe PWN">Wydawnictwo Naukowe PWN</a><span class="accessdate"> [dostęp 2018-12-10]</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft.gengre=unknown&rft.atitle=typografia&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.jtitle=%5B%5BWydawnictwo+Naukowe+PWN%5D%5D&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fencyklopedia.pwn.pl%2Fhaslo%2F%3B4010342" style="display:none"> </span>.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-0">a</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-1">b</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><span class="cite-name-before"><span class="cite-name-full">Michał</span><span class="cite-name-initials" title="Michał" style="display:none">M.</span> </span><span class="cite-lastname">Hurkacz</span><span class="cite-name-after" style="display:none"> <span class="cite-name-full">Michał</span><span class="cite-name-initials" title="Michał">M.</span></span>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://liternictwo.asp.krakow.pl/?p=449"><i>Typografia</i></a> [online], 10 grudnia 2018<span class="accessdate"> [dostęp 2018-12-10]</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft.gengre=book&rft.aufirst=Micha%C5%82&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.btitle=Typografia&rft.date=2018-12-10&rft.aulast=Hurkacz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fliternictwo.asp.krakow.pl%2F%3Fp%3D449" style="display:none"> </span>.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:1_3-0">a</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:1_3-1">b</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book nourl"><span class="cite-name-before"><span class="cite-name-full">Phil</span><span class="cite-name-initials" title="Phil" style="display:none">P.</span> </span><span class="cite-lastname">Baines</span><span class="cite-name-after" style="display:none"> <span class="cite-name-full">Phil</span><span class="cite-name-initials" title="Phil">P.</span></span>, <span class="cite-name-before"><span class="cite-name-full">Andrew</span><span class="cite-name-initials" title="Andrew" style="display:none">A.</span> </span><span class="cite-lastname">Haslam</span><span class="cite-name-after" style="display:none"> <span class="cite-name-full">Andrew</span><span class="cite-name-initials" title="Andrew">A.</span></span>, <i>Pismo i typografia</i>, Warszawa 2010, s. 6<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft.gengre=book&rft.aufirst=Phil&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.btitle=Pismo+i+typografia&rft.place=Warszawa&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Baines" style="display:none"> </span>.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-4">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.adaptic.cz/znalosti/slovnicek/typografie/"><i>Typografie</i></a>, [w:] Internetový slovníček [online], Adaptic<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft.gengre=unknown&rft.atitle=Typografie&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.jtitle=Adaptic&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.adaptic.cz%2Fznalosti%2Fslovnicek%2Ftypografie%2F" style="display:none"> </span> <span class="lang-list">(<abbr title="Treść w języku czeskim (čeština)">cz.</abbr>)</span>.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-5">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book"><span class="cite-name-before"><span class="cite-name-full">Emanuel</span><span class="cite-name-initials" title="Emanuel" style="display:none">E.</span> </span><span class="cite-lastname">Poche</span><span class="cite-name-after" style="display:none"> <span class="cite-name-full">Emanuel</span><span class="cite-name-initials" title="Emanuel">E.</span></span>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=eskwlCTA1LMC"><i>Encyklopedie českého výtvarného umění</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/Academia" title="Academia">Academia</a>, 1975, s. 542<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft.gengre=book&rft.aufirst=Emanuel&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.btitle=Encyklopedie+%C4%8Desk%C3%A9ho+v%C3%BDtvarn%C3%A9ho+um%C4%9Bn%C3%AD&rft.pub=%5B%5BAcademia%5D%5D&rft.date=1975&rft.aulast=Poche&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DeskwlCTA1LMC" style="display:none"> </span> <span class="lang-list">(<abbr title="Treść w języku czeskim (čeština)">cz.</abbr>)</span>.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:2_6-0">a</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:2_6-1">b</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:2_6-2">c</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal nourl"><span class="cite-name-before"><span class="cite-name-full">E.</span><span class="cite-name-initials" style="display:none">E.</span> </span><span class="cite-lastname">Repucho</span><span class="cite-name-after" style="display:none"> <span class="cite-name-full">E.</span><span class="cite-name-initials">E.</span></span>, <i>Typografia w przestrzeni cyfrowej jako przedmiot badań bibliologicznych</i>, „Acta Poligraphica” (vol. 7), 2016, s. 37<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft.gengre=article&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.date=2016&rft.jtitle=Acta+Poligraphica&rft.atitle=Typografia+w+przestrzeni+cyfrowej+jako+przedmiot+bada%C5%84+bibliologicznych&rft.edition=vol.+7" style="display:none"> </span>.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-7">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book nourl"><span class="cite-name-before"><span class="cite-name-full">T.</span><span class="cite-name-initials" style="display:none">T.</span> </span><span class="cite-lastname">Bierkowski</span><span class="cite-name-after" style="display:none"> <span class="cite-name-full">T.</span><span class="cite-name-initials">T.</span></span>, <i>O typografii</i>, Gdańsk 2008, s. 59<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft.gengre=book&rft.aufirst=T.&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.btitle=O+typografii&rft.place=Gda%C5%84sk&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Bierkowski" style="display:none"> </span>.</cite></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Linki_zewnętrzne"><span id="Linki_zewn.C4.99trzne"></span>Linki zewnętrzne</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Typografia&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Edytuj sekcję: Linki zewnętrzne" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>edytuj</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Typografia&action=edit&section=4" title="Edytuj kod źródłowy sekcji: Linki zewnętrzne"><span>edytuj kod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.taat.pl/typografia">Typografia internetowa</a></li></ul> <style 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