CINXE.COM

Saraiki language, alphabet and pronunciation

<!DOCTYPE HTML> <html> <head> <title>Saraiki language, alphabet and pronunciation</title> <meta name="description" content="Saraiki language is a Lahnda language spoken in Pakistan and northern India by about 26 million people." /> <!-- Google Tag Manager --> <script>(function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start': new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0], j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src= 'https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f); })(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-WB7PSHBG');</script> <!-- End Google Tag Manager --> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://www.omniglot.com/images/logos/omniglot_thumbnail.jpg" /> <meta property="og:type" content="https://www.facebook.com/pg/Omniglot-100430558332117/posts/" /> <link href="/styles/style.css" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" /> <script src="https://the.gatekeeperconsent.com/cmp.min.js" data-cfasync="false"></script> <script async src="//www.ezojs.com/ezoic/sa.min.js"></script> <script> window.ezstandalone = window.ezstandalone || {}; ezstandalone.cmd = ezstandalone.cmd || []; </script></head> <body> <div id="header"> <!-- Google Tag Manager (noscript) --> <noscript><iframe src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/ns.html?id=GTM-WB7PSHBG" height="0" width="0" style="display:none;visibility:hidden"></iframe></noscript> <!-- End Google Tag Manager (noscript) --> <p><a href="/index.htm"><img src="/images/logos/header_omniglot.png" width="600" height="70" alt="Omniglot - the online encyclopedia of writing systems &amp; languages" /></a></p> <ul> <li><a href="/index.htm">Home</a></li> <li><a href="/writing/index.htm">Alphabets</a></li> <li><a href="/conscripts/index.htm">Constructed scripts</a></li> <li><a href="/writing/languages.htm">Languages</a></li> <li><a href="/language/phrases/phraseindex.htm">Phrases</a></li> <li><a href="/language/numbers/index.htm">Numbers</a></li> <li><a href="/language/ml.htm">Multilingual Pages</a></li> <li><a href="/search.htm">Search</a></li> <li><a href="/news/index.htm">News</a></li> <li><a href="/about.htm">About</a></li> <li><a href="/contact.htm">Contact</a></li> </ul></div> <div id="bodybox"> <span style="text-align:center;"><div id="ezoic-pub-ad-placeholder-162"></div> <script> ezstandalone.cmd.push(function() { ezstandalone.showAds(162); }); </script></span><div id="body"> <h1>Saraiki (&#2616;&#2608;&#2622;&#2567;&#2581;&#2624; / &#2360;&#2352;&#2366;&#2311;&#2325;&#2368; / <span dir="rtl">&#1587;&#1585;&#1575;&#1574;&#1610;&#1603;&#1609;</span>)</h1> <p>Saraiki is a member of the Western Punjabi or Lahnda branch of Indo-Aryan language family. It is spoken mainly in Pakistan, particlarly in the provinces of Balochistan, Khyber Pakhtunkwa, Punjab and Sindh. In 2017 there were about 25.9 million speakers of Saraiki in Pakistan, and there were 109,000 speakers of Saraiki in the states of Haryana, Punjab and Rajasthan in northern India in 2011. </p> <p>Saraiki is also known as Belochki, Seraiki or Siraiki. Dialects include Sindhi Saraiki, Central Saraiki, Eastern Saraiki, Northern Saraiki and Southern Saraiki. It is closely related to Punjabi, Sindhi, Dogri and Dhatki. </p> <p>In Pakistan Saraiki is written with a version of Perso-Arabic alphabet, while in India the Gurmukhi and Devanagari alphabets are used. It was written with the <a href="multani.htm">Multani script</a> in Punjab until the early 20th century. </p> <h2 style="text-align:right;">Perso-Arabic alphabet for Saraiki</h2> <p style="text-align:right;"><img src="../images/writing/siraiki.gif" width="593" height="1647" alt="Perso-Arabic alphabet for Saraiki" /> </p> <h2>Devanagari alphabet for Saraiki</h2> <p><img src="../images/writing/saraiki_dev.gif" width="572" height="1131" alt="Devanagari alphabet for Saraiki" /> </p> <h2>Gurmukhi alphabet for Saraiki</h2> <p><img src="../images/writing/saraiki_gur.gif" width="569" height="1028" alt="Gurmukhi alphabet for Saraiki" /> </p> <p><a href="../charts/saraiki.xls">Download alphabet charts for Saraiki</a> (Excel) </p> <p><em>Details provided by Wolfram Siegel, and Biswajit Mandal (biswajitmandal[dot]bm90[at]gmail[dot]com)</em> </p> <h2 style="text-align:right;">Sample text in Saraiki</h2> <p style="text-align:right;"><img src="../images/langsamples/smp_seraiki.gif" width="400" height="293" alt="Sample text in Saraiki" /> </p> <p style="text-align:right;"><em>Source: <a href="http://www.wasaib.com/seraiki-tay-punjabi-dhoon-zubana-aslam-rasoolpuri-12.html">http://www.wasaib.com/seraiki-tay-punjabi-dhoon-zubana-aslam-rasoolpuri-12.html</a></em> </p> <h2>Sample video in Saraiki</h2> <div class="intrinsic-container intrinsic-container-16x9"> <iframe src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/ozo3HCJVJEA?list=PLDsEIivsLesLkvc9To1ZDJykOK93YFRpf" allowfullscreen></iframe> </div> <h2>Links</h2> <p>Information about the Saraiki language and culture<br /> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saraiki_language">http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saraiki_language</a><br /> <a href="http://www.unics.uni-hannover.de/nhtcapri/western-panjabi-alphabet.html">http://www.unics.uni-hannover.de/nhtcapri/western-panjabi-alphabet.html</a><br /> <a href="http://www.siraikisangat.20fr.com/">http://www.siraikisangat.20fr.com</a><br /> <a href="http://mazhar.dk/pakistan/population.htm">http://mazhar.dk/pakistan/population.htm</a><br /> <a href="http://www.punjabilok.com/misc/literature/siraiki_language_and_ Poetics.htm">http://www.punjabilok.com/misc/literature/siraiki_language_and_ Poetics.htm</a><br /> <a href="http://www.wasaib.com/">http://www.wasaib.com</a><br /> <a href="http://saraiki.wordpress.com/">http://saraiki.wordpress.com</a> </p> <h2>Indo-Aryan languages</h2> <p><a href="/writing/awadhi.htm">Awadhi</a>, <a href="/writing/assamese.htm">Assamese</a>, <a href="/writing/bagri.htm">Bagri</a>, <a href="/writing/bengali.htm">Bengali</a>, <a href="/writing/bhili.htm">Bhili</a>, <a href="/writing/bishnupriyamanipuri.htm">Bishnupriya Manipuri</a>, <a href="/writing/braj.htm">Braj</a>, <a href="/writing/chakma.htm">Chakma</a>, <a href="/writing/chhattisgarhi.htm">Chhattisgarhi</a>, <a href="/writing/chittagonian.htm">Chittagonian</a>, <a href="/writing/desiya.htm">Desiya</a>, <a href="/writing/dhatki.htm">Dhatki</a>, <a href="/writing/thaana.htm">Dhivehi</a>, <a href="/writing/dhundari.htm">Dhundari</a>, <a href="/writing/fijihindi.htm">Fiji Hindi</a>, <a href="/writing/gawarbati.htm">Gawar Bati</a>, <a href="/writing/gujarati.htm"">Gujarati</a>, <a href="/writing/hajong.htm">Hajong</a>, <a href="/writing/halbi.htm">Halbi</a>, <a href="/writing/haryanvi.htm">Haryanvi</a>, <a href="/writing/hindi.htm">Hindi</a>, <a href="/writing/hindko.htm">Hindko</a>, <a href="/writing/kannauji.htm">Kannauji</a>, <a href="/writing/khandeshi.htm">Khandeshi</a>, <a href="/writing/konkani.htm">Konkani</a>, <a href="/writing/kotia.htm">Kotia</a>, <a href="/writing/kumaoni.htm">Kumaoni</a>, <a href="/writing/kutchi.htm">Kutchi</a>, <a href="/writing/lambadi.htm">Lambadi</a>, <a href="/writing/marathi.htm">Marathi</a>, <a href="/writing/marwari.htm">Marwari</a>, <a href="/writing/mewari.htm">Mewari</a>, <a href="/writing/modi.htm">Modi</a>, <a href="/writing/nimadi.htm">Nimadi</a>, <a href="/writing/noakhailla.htm">Noakhailla</a>, <a href="/writing/oriya.htm">Odia</a>, <a href="/writing/parkari.htm">Parkari Koli</a>, <a href="/writing/punjabi.htm">Punjabi</a>, <a href="/writing/rajasthani.htm">Rajasthani</a>, <a href="/writing/rajbanshi.htm">Rajbanshi</a>, <a href="/writing/rangpuri.htm">Rangpuri</a>, <a href="/writing/rohingya.htm">Rohingya</a>, <a href="/writing/saraiki.htm">Saraiki</a>, <a href="/writing/sarnami.htm">Sarn&#x00E1;mi Hindustani</a>, <a href="/writing/sindhi.htm">Sindhi</a>, <a href="/writing/sinhala.htm">Sinhala</a>, <a href="/writing/saurashtra.htm">Sourashtra</a>, <a href="/writing/sugali.htm">Sugali</a>, <a href="/writing/sylheti.htm">Sylheti</a>, <a href="/writing/tanchangya.htm">Tanchangya</a>, <a href="/writing/urdu.htm">Urdu</a></p> <h2>Languages written with the Arabic script</h2> <p><a href="/writing/adamaua.htm">Adamaua Fulfulde</a>, <a href="/writing/afrikaans.htm">Afrikaans</a>, <a href="/writing/arabic_algerian.htm">Arabic (Algerian)</a>, <a href="/writing/arabic_bedawi.htm">Arabic (Bedawi)</a>, <a href="/writing/arabic_chadian.htm">Arabic (Chadian)</a>, <a href="/writing/arabic_egypt.htm">Arabic (Egyptian)</a>, <a href="/writing/arabic_gulf.htm">Arabic (Gulf)</a>, <a href="/writing/arabic_hassaniya.htm">Arabic (Hassaniya)</a>, <a href="/writing/arabic_hejazi.htm">Arabic (Hejazi)</a>, <a href="/writing/lebanese.htm">Arabic (Lebanese)</a>, <a href="/writing/arabic_libyan.htm">Arabic (Libyan)</a>, <a href="/writing/arabic.htm">Arabic (Modern Standard)</a>, <a href="/writing/arabic_moroccan.htm">Arabic (Moroccan)</a>, <a href="/writing/arabic_najdi.htm">Arabic (Najdi)</a>, <a href="/writing/arabic_sudanese.htm">Arabic (Sudanese)</a>, <a href="/writing/arabic_syrian.htm">Arabic (Syrian)</a>, <a href="/writing/arabic_tunisian.htm">Arabic (Tunisian)</a>, <a href="/writing/arwi.htm">Arwi</a>, <a href="/writing/aynu.htm">&#x00C4;ynu</a>, <a href="/writing/azeri.htm">Azeri</a>, <a href="/writing/balantaganja.htm">Balanta-Ganja</a>, <a href="/writing/balti.htm">Balti</a>, <a href="/writing/baluchi.php">Baluchi</a>, <a href="/writing/beja.htm">Beja</a>, <a href="/writing/belarusian.htm">Belarusian</a>, <a href="/writing/bosnian.htm">Bosnian</a>, <a href="/writing/brahui.htm">Brahui</a>, <a href="/writing/chagatai.htm">Chagatai</a>, <a href="/writing/chechen.htm">Chechen</a>, <a href="/writing/chittagonian.htm">Chittagonian</a>, <a href="/writing/comorian.htm">Comorian</a>, <a href="/writing/crimeantatar.php">Crimean Tatar</a>, <a href="/writing/dargwa.htm">Dargwa</a>, <a href="/writing/dari.htm">Dari</a>, <a href="/writing/dhatki.htm">Dhatki</a>, <a href="/writing/dogri.htm">Dogri</a>, <a href="/writing/domari.htm">Domari</a>, <a href="/writing/gawarbati.htm">Gawar Bati</a>, <a href="/writing/gawri.htm">Gawri</a>, <a href="/writing/gilaki.htm">Gilaki</a>, <a href="/writing/hausa.htm">Hausa</a>, <a href="/writing/hazaragi.htm">Hazaragi</a>, <a href="/writing/hindko.htm">Hindko</a>, <a href="/writing/induskohistani.htm">Indus Kohistani</a>, <a href="/writing/kabyle.php">Kabyle</a>, <a href="/writing/kalkoti.htm">Kalkoti</a>, <a href="/writing/karakalpak.php">Karakalpak</a>, <a href="/writing/kashmiri.htm">Kashmiri</a>, <a href="/writing/kazakh.htm">Kazakh</a>, <a href="/writing/khowar.htm">Khowar</a>, <a href="/writing/khorasaniturkic.htm">Khorasani Turkic</a>, <a href="/writing/chorasmian.htm">Khwarezmian</a>, <a href="/writing/konkani.htm">Konkani</a>, <a href="/writing/kumzari.htm">Kumzari</a>, <a href="/writing/kurdish.htm">Kurdish</a>, <a href="/writing/kirghiz.htm">Kyrgyz</a>, <a href="/writing/lezgi.htm">Lezgi</a>, <a href="/writing/lop.htm">Lop</a>, <a href="/writing/luri.htm">Luri</a>, <a href="/writing/maguindanao.htm">Maguindanao</a>, <a href="/writing/malay.htm">Malay</a>, <a href="/writing/terengganumalay.htm">Malay (Terengganu)</a>, <a href="/writing/mandinka.htm">Mandinka</a>, <a href="/writing/marwari.htm">Marwari</a>, <a href="/writing/mazandarani.htm">Mazandarani</a>, <a href="/writing/mogholi.htm">Mogholi</a>, <a href="/writing/aljamiado.htm">Morisco</a>, <a href="/writing/mozarabic.htm">Mozarabic</a>, <a href="/writing/munji.htm">Munji</a>, <a href="/writing/noakhailla.htm">Noakhailla</a>, <a href="/writing/nubi.htm">Nubi</a>, <a href="/writing/ormuri.htm">Ormuri</a>, <a href="/writing/palula.htm">Palula</a>, <a href="/writing/parkari.htm">Parkari Koli</a>, <a href="/writing/pashto.htm">Pashto</a>, <a href="/writing/persian.htm">Persian/Farsi</a>, <a href="/writing/punjabi.htm">Punjabi</a>, <a href="/writing/qashqai.htm">Qashqai</a>, <a href="/writing/rajasthani.htm">Rajasthani</a>, <a href="/writing/rohingya.htm">Rohingya</a>, <a href="/writing/salar.htm">Salar</a>, <a href="/writing/saraiki.htm">Saraiki</a>, <a href="/writing/sawi.htm">Sawi</a>, <a href="/writing/serer.htm">Serer</a>, <a href="/writing/shabaki.php">Shabaki</a>, <a href="/writing/shina.htm">Shina</a>, <a href="/writing/shughni.htm">Shughni</a>, <a href="/writing/sindhi.htm">Sindhi</a>, <a href="/writing/somali.htm">Somali</a>, <a href="/writing/soninke.htm">Soninke</a>, <a href="/writing/tatar.htm">Tatar</a>, <a href="/writing/tausug.htm">Taus&#x016B;g</a>, <a href="/writing/tawallammattamajaq.htm">Tawallammat Tamajaq</a>, <a href="/writing/tayarttamajeq.htm">Tayart Tamajeq</a>, <a href="/writing/ternate.htm">Ternate</a>, <a href="/writing/torwali.htm">Torwali</a>, <a href="/writing/turkish.htm">Turkish</a>, <a href="/writing/urdu.htm">Urdu</a>, <a href="/writing/uyghur.htm">Uyghur</a>, <a href="/writing/uzbek.htm">Uzbek</a>, <a href="/writing/wakhi.php">Wakhi</a>, <a href="/writing/wanetsi.htm">Wanetsi</a>, <a href="/writing/wolof.htm">Wolof</a>, <a href="/chinese/xiaoerjing.htm">Xiao'erjing</a>, <a href="/writing/yidgha.htm">Yidgha</a></p> <h2>Languages written with the <a href="devanagari.htm">Devan&#x0101;gar&#x012B;</a> alphabet</h2> <p><a href="/writing/akajeru.htm">Aka-Jeru</a>, <a href="/writing/angika.htm">Angika</a>, <a href="/writing/athpare.htm">Athpare</a>, <a href="/writing/avestan.htm">Avestan</a>, <a href="/writing/awadhi.htm">Awadhi</a>, <a href="/writing/bahing.htm">Bahing</a>, <a href="/writing/balti.htm">Balti</a>, <a href="/writing/bantawa.htm">Bantawa</a>, <a href="/writing/belhare.htm">Belhare</a>, <a href="/writing/bhili.htm">Bhili</a>, <a href="/writing/bhumij.htm">Bhumij</a>, <a href="/writing/bilaspuri.htm">Bilaspuri</a>, <a href="/writing/bodo.htm">Bodo</a>, <a href="/writing/bhojpuri.htm">Bhojpuri</a>, <a href="/writing/braj.htm">Braj</a>, <a href="/writing/car.htm">Car</a>, <a href="/writing/chamling.htm">Chamling</a>, <a href="/writing/chhantyal.htm">Chhantyal</a>, <a href="/writing/chhattisgarhi.htm">Chhattisgarhi</a>, <a href="/writing/chambeali.htm">Chambeali</a>, <a href="/writing/danwar.htm">Danwar</a>, <a href="/writing/dhatki.htm">Dhatki</a>, <a href="/writing/dhimal.htm">Dhimal</a>, <a href="/writing/dhundari.htm">Dhundari</a>, <a href="/writing/digaro.htm">Digaro Mishmi</a>, <a href="/writing/dogri.htm">Dogri</a>, <a href="/writing/doteli.htm">Doteli</a>, <a href="/writing/gaddi.htm">Gaddi</a>, <a href="/writing/garhwali.htm">Garhwali</a>, <a href="/writing/gondi.htm">Gondi</a>, <a href="/writing/gurung.htm">Gurung</a>, <a href="/writing/halbi.htm">Halbi</a>, <a href="/writing/haryanvi.htm">Haryanvi</a>, <a href="/writing/hillmiri.htm">Hill Miri</a>, <a href="/writing/hindi.htm">Hindi</a>, <a href="/writing/ho.htm">Ho</a>, <a href="/writing/jarawa.htm">Jarawa</a>, <a href="/writing/jaunsari.htm">Jaunsari</a>, <a href="/writing/jirel.htm">Jirel</a>, <a href="/writing/jumli.htm">Jumli</a>, <a href="/writing/kagate.htm">Kagate</a>, <a href="/writing/kannauji.htm">Kannauji</a>, <a href="/writing/kham.htm">Kham</a>, <a href="/writing/kangri.htm">Kangri</a>, <a href="/writing/kashmiri.htm">Kashmiri</a>, <a href="/writing/khaling.htm">Khaling</a>, <a href="/writing/khandeshi.htm">Khandeshi</a>, <a href="/writing/kharia.htm">Kharia</a>, <a href="/writing/khortha.htm">Khortha</a>, <a href="/writing/korku.htm">Korku</a>, <a href="/writing/konkani.htm">Konkani</a>, <a href="/writing/kullui.htm">Kullui</a>, <a href="/writing/kumaoni.htm">Kumaoni</a>, <a href="/writing/kurmali.htm">Kurmali</a>, <a href="/writing/kurukh.htm">Kurukh</a>, <a href="/writing/kusunda.htm">Kusunda</a>, <a href="/writing/lambadi.htm">Lambadi</a>, <a href="/writing/limbu.htm">Limbu</a>, <a href="/writing/lhomi.htm">Lhomi</a>, <a href="/writing/lhowa.htm">Lhowa</a>, <a href="/writing/magahi.htm">Magahi</a>, <a href="/writing/magar.htm">Magar</a>, <a href="/writing/mahasupahari.htm">Mahasu Pahari</a>, <a href="/writing/maithili.htm">Maithili</a>, <a href="/writing/thaana.htm">Maldivian</a>, <a href="/writing/malto.htm">Malto</a>, <a href="/writing/mandeali.htm">Mandeali</a>, <a href="/writing/marathi.htm">Marathi</a>, <a href="/writing/marwari.htm">Marwari</a>, <a href="/writing/mewari.htm">Mewari</a>, <a href="/writing/mundari.htm">Mundari</a>, <a href="/writing/nancowry.htm">Nancowry</a>. <a href="/writing/newar.htm">Newar</a>, <a href="/writing/nepali.htm">Nepali</a>, <a href="/writing/nimadi.htm">Nimadi</a>, <a href="/writing/nishi.htm">Nishi</a>, <a href="/writing/onge.htm">Onge</a>, <a href="/writing/pahari.htm">Pahari</a>, <a href="/writing/pali.htm">Pali</a>, <a href="/writing/pangwali.htm">Pangwali</a>, <a href="/writing/rajasthani.htm">Rajasthani</a>, <a href="/writing/rajbanshi.htm">Rajbanshi</a>, <a href="/writing/rangpuri.htm">Rangpuri</a>, <a href="/writing/sadri.htm">Sadri</a>, <a href="/writing/sanskrit.htm">Sanskrit</a>, <a href="/writing/santali.htm">Santali</a>, <a href="/writing/saraiki.htm">Saraiki</a>, <a href="/writing/sirmauri.htm">Sirmauri</a>, <a href="/writing/sherpa.htm">Sherpa</a>, <a href="/writing/shina.htm">Shina</a>, <a href="/writing/sindhi.htm">Sindhi</a>, <a href="/writing/sunwar.htm">Sunwar</a>, <a href="/writing/sylheti.htm">Sylheti</a>, <a href="/writing/tamang.htm">Tamang</a>, <a href="/writing/thakali.htm">Thakali</a>, <a href="/writing/thangmi.htm">Thangmi</a>, <a href="/writing/wambule.htm">Wambule</a>, <a href="/writing/wancho.htm">Wancho</a>, <a href="/writing/yakkha.htm">Yakkha</a>, <a href="/writing/yolmo.htm">Yolmo</a></p> <h2>Languages written with the <a href="gurmukhi.htm">Gurmukhi</a> alphabet</h2> <p><a href="/writing/punjabi.htm">Punjabi</a>, <a href="/writing/saraiki.htm">Saraiki</a>,</p> <p class="right"><script type="text/javascript" src="https://cdnjs.buymeacoffee.com/1.0.0/button.prod.min.js" data-name="bmc-button" data-slug="omniglot" data-color="#FFDD00" data-emoji="" data-font="Cookie" data-text="Buy me a coffee" data-outline-color="#000000" data-font-color="#000000" data-coffee-color="#ffffff"></script> </p> <p class="right">[<a href="#top">top</a>] </p> <hr /> <div id="ezoic-pub-ad-placeholder-171"></div> <script> ezstandalone.cmd.push(function() { ezstandalone.showAds(171); }); </script> <p><a href="http://my.kualo.com/uk/go/00572"><img src="https://images.kualo.com/rewards/greenhosting-light.gif" width="162" height="62" class="rightfloat" alt="Green Web Hosting - Kualo"/></a> </p> <p>You can support this site by <a href="https://buymeacoffee.com/omniglot">Buying Me A Coffee</a>, and if you like what you see on this page, you can use the buttons below to share it with people you know. </p> <!-- AddToAny BEGIN --> <div class="a2a_kit a2a_kit_size_32 a2a_default_style"> <a class="a2a_dd" href="https://www.addtoany.com/share"></a> <a class="a2a_button_facebook"></a> <a class="a2a_button_bluesky"></a> <a class="a2a_button_threads"></a> <a class="a2a_button_mastodon"></a> <a class="a2a_button_copy_link"></a> </div> <script defer src="https://static.addtoany.com/menu/page.js"></script> <!-- AddToAny END --> <p>&nbsp;</p> <a target="_blank" href="http://www.spanishpod101.com/member/go.php?r=28935&i=b0"><img src="https://www.omniglot.com/images/banners/banner_spanishpod101.jpg" width="630" height="81" alt="SpanishPod101 - learn Spanish for free" /></a><p>If you like this site and find it useful, you can support it by making a donation via <a href="https://www.paypal.com/donate?hosted_button_id=7ZJDTZECMH3SJ">PayPal</a> or <a href="https://www.patreon.com/omniglot">Patreon</a>, or by <a href="/donations.htm">contributing in other ways</a>. Omniglot is how I make my living. </p> <form action="https://www.paypal.com/donate" method="post" target="_top"> <input type="hidden" name="hosted_button_id" value="7ZJDTZECMH3SJ" /> <input type="image" src="https://www.paypalobjects.com/en_GB/i/btn/btn_donate_LG.gif" border="0" name="submit" title="PayPal - The safer, easier way to pay online!" alt="Donate with PayPal button" /> <img alt="" border="0" src="https://www.paypal.com/en_GB/i/scr/pixel.gif" width="1" height="1" /> </form> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p><strong>Note</strong>: all links on this site to <a target="_blank" href="https://www.amazon.com?&_encoding=UTF8&tag=omniglot-20&linkCode=ur2&linkId=61fa7b5f59036aa5bdc6b68aa138acfa&camp=1789&creative=9325">Amazon.com</a><img src="//ir-na.amazon-adsystem.com/e/ir?t=omniglot-20&l=ur2&o=1" width="1" height="1" alt="" style="border:none !important; margin:0px !important;" />, <a target="_blank" href="https://www.amazon.co.uk/?&_encoding=UTF8&tag=omniglot-21&linkCode=ur2&linkId=ecf52b987141620aecad3eedbb023718&camp=1634&creative=6738">Amazon.co.uk</a><img src="//ir-uk.amazon-adsystem.com/e/ir?t=omniglot-21&l=ur2&o=2" width="1" height="1" alt="" style="border:none !important; margin:0px !important;" /> and <a target="_blank" href="https://www.amazon.fr/?&_encoding=UTF8&tag=omniglot09-21&linkCode=ur2&linkId=18835fb93f11fbd0601e1d2ae2ef371b&camp=1642&creative=6746">Amazon.fr</a><img src="//ir-fr.amazon-adsystem.com/e/ir?t=omniglot09-21&l=ur2&o=8" width="1" height="1" alt="" style="border:none !important; margin:0px !important;" /> are affiliate links. This means I earn a commission if you click on any of them and buy something. So by clicking on these links you can help to support this site. </p> <p class="right">[<a href="#top">top</a>] </p> <p><div id="ezoic-pub-ad-placeholder-171"></div> <script> ezstandalone.cmd.push(function() { ezstandalone.showAds(171); }); </script> </p> </div> <div id="footerads"> <ul> <li><a href="https://omniglot.krtra.com/t/F3SkAIlcW9Za">Learn languages quickly</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.echineselearning.com/free-trial/?ecl=refEEEEE&aff=Simon0902">One-to-one Chinese lessons</a><!-- Affiliate --></li> <li><a href="http://varsitytutors.pxf.io/c/1242341/488377/4893" rel="nofollow">Learn languages with Varsity Tutors</a><!--Affiliate--></li> <li><a href="http://my.kualo.com/uk/go/00572" target="_blank">Green Web Hosting</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.maayot.com?via=omniglot">Daily bite-size stories in Mandarin</a><!-- Affiliate --></li> <li><a href="https://tutors.englishscore.com/gen/usd/?sc=AFF_Global_OGT-SITE">EnglishScore Tutors</a><!-- Affiliate --></li> <li><a href="https://englishlikeanative.co.uk/103-10.html">English Like a Native</a><!-- Affiliate --></li> <li><a href="/french/frantastique.htm">Learn French Online</a><!-- Affiliate --></li> <li><a href="https://www.ivisa.com?utm_source=omniglot&utm_medium=affiliate">iVisa</a></li> <li>&nbsp;<a href="https://academy.mosalingua.com/mosaweb/?ref=1322">Learn languages with MosaLingua</a><!-- Affiliate --></li> <li><a href="https://ling-app.com/offer-yearly-subscription/?affiliateId=omniglot">Learn languages with Ling</a><!-- Affiliate --></li> <li><a href="https://privadovpn.com/#a_aid=Omniglot">PrivadoVPN</a><!-- Affiliate --></li> <li><a href="https://www.ivisa.com?utm_source=omniglot&utm_medium=affiliate">Find Visa information for all countries</a><!-- Affiliate --></li> </ul> </div> <!-- footer --> <div id="footer"> <ul> <li><a href="/index.htm">Home</a></li> <li><a href="/news/index.htm" title="New material appears on Omniglot every week - see the latest additions here">News</a></li> <li><a href="/writing/index.htm" title="An alphabetic index of all the writing systems and languages featured on Omniglot">Writing systems</a></li> <li><a href="/conscripts/index.htm" title="Writing systems invented by visitors to Omniglot">Con-scripts</a></li> <li><a href="/writing/languages.htm" title="An index of the languages featured on Omniglot">Languages</a></li> <li><a href="/language/phrases/index.htm" title="A selection of phrases in numerous languages">Useful phrases</a></li> <li><a href="/language/index.htm" title="Advice on learning languages">Language learning</a></li> <li><a href="/language/ml.htm" title="Language names in their own scripts and languages">Multilingual pages</a></li> <li><a href="/events/index.htm">Events</a></li> <li><a href="/language/articles/index.htm" title="Articles about writing systems, language, translation and related topics">Articles</a></li> <li><a href="/links/index.htm" title="A large collection of links to writing and language-related sites">Links</a></li> <li><a href="/books/index.htm" title="Language courses, dictionaries and other language learning materials">Book store</a></li> <li><a href="/gallery/index.htm" title="A gallery of writing and language-related art sent in by visitors to Omniglot">Gallery</a></li> <li><a href="/puzzles.htm" title="Questions about writing systems and languages sent in by visitors to Omniglot">Puzzles</a></li> <li><a href="/faqs.htm" title="Frequently Asked Questions">FAQs</a></li> <li><a href="/about.htm" title="A guide to the contents of Omniglot">About</a></li> <li><a href="/sitemap.htm">Sitemap</a></li> <li><a href="/search.htm">Search</a></li> <li><a href="/contact.htm">Contact</a></li> <li><a href="/media.htm">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/donations.htm">Contribute</a></li> <li><a href="/advertising.htm">Advertising</a></li> </ul> <p class="icons"><a href="http://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/"><img src="/images/buttons/blog.png" width="50" height="50" alt="Omniglot Blog" /></a> <a href="http://www.omniglot.com/radio/"><img src="/images/buttons/podcast.png" width="50" height="50" alt="Radio Omniglot Podcast" /></a> <a href="http://www.omniglot.com/celtiadur/"><img src="/images/buttons/celtiadur.png" width="50" height="50" alt="Celtiadur" /></a> <a href="http://www.youtube.com/user/omniglot"><img src="/images/buttons/youtube.png" width="50" height="50" alt="Omniglot YouTube Channel" /></a> <a href="https://soundcloud.com/simon-ager"><img src="/images/buttons/soundcloud.png" width="50" height="50" alt="Tunes, songs and podcasts on SoundCloud" /></a> <a href="https://www.facebook.com/groups/omniglot/"><img src="/images/buttons/facebook.png" width="50" height="50" alt="Omniglot Facebook Fan Club" /></a> <a href="https://www.instagram.com/ieithgi/"><img src="/images/buttons/instagram.png" width="50" height="50" alt="Instagram" /></a> <a href="https://www.tiktok.com/@ommiglot"><img src="/images/buttons/tiktok.png" width="50" height="50" alt="TikTok" /></a> <a href="https://bsky.app/profile/omniglot.bsky.social"><img src="/images/buttons/bluesky.png" width="50" height="50" alt="Bluesky" /></a> <a href="https://polyglot.city/@omniglot"><img src="/images/buttons/mastadon.png" width="50" height="50" alt="Polyglot City (Mastadon" /></a> </p> <p class="copyright"><a href="/copyright.htm">Copyright</a> &#x00A9; 1998&ndash;2025 <a href="/aboutme.htm">Simon Ager</a> | Email: <a href="/contact.htm"><img src="/images/various/email.gif" width="177" height="15" style="vertical-align:middle;" alt="The email address to contact Omniglot" /></a> | <a href="http://my.kualo.com/uk/go/00572" rel="nofollow">Hosted by Kualo</a><!--Affiliate--> </p> </div> <script data-cfasync="false" type="text/javascript" id="clever-core"> /* <![CDATA[ */ (function (document, window) { var a, c = document.createElement("script"), f = window.frameElement; c.id = "CleverCoreLoader85823"; c.src = "https://scripts.cleverwebserver.com/2cb306f9d0669fac735e1e109054e46d.js"; c.async = !0; c.type = "text/javascript"; c.setAttribute("data-target", window.name || (f && f.getAttribute("id"))); c.setAttribute("data-callback", "put-your-callback-function-here"); c.setAttribute("data-callback-url-click", "put-your-click-macro-here"); c.setAttribute("data-callback-url-view", "put-your-view-macro-here"); try { a = parent.document.getElementsByTagName("script")[0] || document.getElementsByTagName("script")[0]; } catch (e) { a = !1; } a || (a = document.getElementsByTagName("head")[0] || document.getElementsByTagName("body")[0]); a.parentNode.insertBefore(c, a); })(document, window); /* ]]> */ </script></body> </html>

Pages: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10