CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Still life - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"2c1c6cd0-c1db-4982-8136-91d20d2f38c9","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Still_life","wgTitle":"Still life","wgCurRevisionId":1256375911,"wgRevisionId":1256375911,"wgArticleId":307326,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Articles with short description","Short description is different from Wikidata","Articles containing Spanish-language text","All articles with unsourced statements","Articles with unsourced statements from January 2021","Commons category link from Wikidata","Visual arts genres","Still life paintings","Art of the Dutch Golden Age","Netherlandish art"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Still_life","wgRelevantArticleId" :307326,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":60000,"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":false,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q170571","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"], "GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","mediawiki.page.gallery.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher", "ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cmediawiki.page.gallery.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.4"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Juan_S%C3%A1nchez_Cot%C3%A1n_-_Still_Life_with_Game%2C_Vegetables_and_Fruit%2C_1602.jpg/1200px-Juan_S%C3%A1nchez_Cot%C3%A1n_-_Still_Life_with_Game%2C_Vegetables_and_Fruit%2C_1602.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="937"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Juan_S%C3%A1nchez_Cot%C3%A1n_-_Still_Life_with_Game%2C_Vegetables_and_Fruit%2C_1602.jpg/800px-Juan_S%C3%A1nchez_Cot%C3%A1n_-_Still_Life_with_Game%2C_Vegetables_and_Fruit%2C_1602.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="625"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Juan_S%C3%A1nchez_Cot%C3%A1n_-_Still_Life_with_Game%2C_Vegetables_and_Fruit%2C_1602.jpg/640px-Juan_S%C3%A1nchez_Cot%C3%A1n_-_Still_Life_with_Game%2C_Vegetables_and_Fruit%2C_1602.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="500"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Still life - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Still_life"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Still_life&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Still_life"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Still_life rootpage-Still_life skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Still+life" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Still+life" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Still+life" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Still+life" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Antecedents_and_development" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Antecedents_and_development"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Antecedents and development</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Antecedents_and_development-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Antecedents and development subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Antecedents_and_development-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Middle_Ages_and_Early_Renaissance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Middle_Ages_and_Early_Renaissance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Middle Ages and Early Renaissance</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Middle_Ages_and_Early_Renaissance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Later_Renaissance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Later_Renaissance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Later Renaissance</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Later_Renaissance-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Later Renaissance subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Later_Renaissance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sixteenth_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sixteenth_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Sixteenth century</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sixteenth_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sixteenth-century_paintings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sixteenth-century_paintings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Sixteenth-century paintings</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sixteenth-century_paintings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Seventeenth_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Seventeenth_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Seventeenth century</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Seventeenth_century-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Seventeenth century subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Seventeenth_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Dutch_and_Flemish_painting" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dutch_and_Flemish_painting"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Dutch and Flemish painting</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dutch_and_Flemish_painting-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Dutch,_Flemish,_German_and_French_paintings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dutch,_Flemish,_German_and_French_paintings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.1</span> <span>Dutch, Flemish, German and French paintings</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dutch,_Flemish,_German_and_French_paintings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Southern_Europe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Southern_Europe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Southern Europe</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Southern_Europe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Italian_gallery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Italian_gallery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Italian gallery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Italian_gallery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Eighteenth_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Eighteenth_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Eighteenth century</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Eighteenth_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nineteenth_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nineteenth_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Nineteenth century</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Nineteenth_century-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Nineteenth century subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Nineteenth_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Nineteenth-century_paintings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nineteenth-century_paintings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Nineteenth-century paintings</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nineteenth-century_paintings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Twentieth_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Twentieth_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Twentieth century</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Twentieth_century-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Twentieth century subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Twentieth_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Twentieth-century_paintings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Twentieth-century_paintings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Twentieth-century paintings</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Twentieth-century_paintings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-21st_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#21st_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>21st century</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-21st_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Still life</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 69 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-69" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">69 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stillewe" title="Stillewe – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Stillewe" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stillleben" title="Stillleben – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Stillleben" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%B9%D8%A9_%D8%B5%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%AA%D8%A9" title="طبيعة صامتة – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="طبيعة صامتة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nat%C3%BCrmort" title="Natürmort – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Natürmort" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C4%93ng-bu%CC%8Dt" title="Chēng-bu̍t – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Chēng-bu̍t" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8E%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82" title="Натюрморт – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Натюрморт" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%8E%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82" title="Нацюрморт – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Нацюрморт" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8E%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82" title="Натюрморт – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Натюрморт" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mrtva_priroda" title="Mrtva priroda – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Mrtva priroda" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divuhez" title="Divuhez – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Divuhez" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natura_morta" title="Natura morta – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Natura morta" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8E%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82" title="Натюрморт – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Натюрморт" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z%C3%A1ti%C5%A1%C3%AD" title="Zátiší – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Zátiší" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ny mw-list-item"><a href="https://ny.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moyo_wamoyo" title="Moyo wamoyo – Nyanja" lang="ny" hreflang="ny" data-title="Moyo wamoyo" data-language-autonym="Chi-Chewa" data-language-local-name="Nyanja" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Chi-Chewa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stilleben" title="Stilleben – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Stilleben" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stillleben" title="Stillleben – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Stillleben" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nat%C3%BC%C3%BCrmort" title="Natüürmort – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Natüürmort" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9D%CE%B5%CE%BA%CF%81%CE%AE_%CF%86%CF%8D%CF%83%CE%B7" title="Νεκρή φύση – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Νεκρή φύση" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bodeg%C3%B3n" title="Bodegón – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Bodegón" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%C4%B5pentra%C4%B5o" title="Aĵpentraĵo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Aĵpentraĵo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Izadi_hil" title="Izadi hil – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Izadi hil" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%A8%DB%8C%D8%B9%D8%AA_%D8%A8%DB%8C%E2%80%8C%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%86" title="طبیعت بی‌جان – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="طبیعت بی‌جان" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nature_morte" title="Nature morte – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Nature morte" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stillibben" title="Stillibben – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Stillibben" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81bhar_neamhbheo" title="Ábhar neamhbheo – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Ábhar neamhbheo" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natureza_morta" title="Natureza morta – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Natureza morta" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A0%95%EB%AC%BC%ED%99%94" title="정물화 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="정물화" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%86%D5%A1%D5%BF%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D6%80%D5%B4%D5%B8%D6%80%D5%BF" title="Նատյուրմորտ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Նատյուրմորտ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mrtva_priroda" title="Mrtva priroda – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Mrtva priroda" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senviva_pikturo" title="Senviva pikturo – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Senviva pikturo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alam_benda" title="Alam benda – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Alam benda" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natura_morta" title="Natura morta – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Natura morta" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%98%D7%91%D7%A2_%D7%93%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%9D" title="טבע דומם – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="טבע דומם" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90%E1%83%A2%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9B%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98" title="ნატურმორტი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ნატურმორტი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8E%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82" title="Натюрморт – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Натюрморт" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8E%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82" title="Натюрморт – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Натюрморт" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natura_mortua" title="Natura mortua – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Natura mortua" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klus%C4%81_daba" title="Klusā daba – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Klusā daba" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natiurmortas" title="Natiurmortas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Natiurmortas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Csend%C3%A9let" title="Csendélet – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Csendélet" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Мртва природа – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Мртва природа" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natura_mejta" title="Natura mejta – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Natura mejta" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%B9%D9%87_%D8%AB%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%AA%D9%87" title="طبيعه ثابته – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="طبيعه ثابته" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8E%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82" title="Натюрморт – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Натюрморт" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stilleven" title="Stilleven – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Stilleven" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%9D%99%E7%89%A9%E7%94%BB" title="静物画 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="静物画" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stilleben" title="Stilleben – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Stilleben" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stilleben" title="Stilleben – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Stilleben" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natura_m%C3%B2rta" title="Natura mòrta – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Natura mòrta" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natyurmort" title="Natyurmort – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Natyurmort" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martwa_natura" title="Martwa natura – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Martwa natura" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natureza-morta" title="Natureza-morta – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Natureza-morta" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natur%C4%83_static%C4%83" title="Natură statică – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Natură statică" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8E%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82" title="Натюрморт – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Натюрморт" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Still_life" title="Still life – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Still life" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z%C3%A1ti%C5%A1ie_(maliarstvo)" title="Zátišie (maliarstvo) – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Zátišie (maliarstvo)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiho%C5%BEitje" title="Tihožitje – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Tihožitje" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Мртва природа – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Мртва природа" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mrtva_priroda" title="Mrtva priroda – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Mrtva priroda" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asetelma_(maalaustaide)" title="Asetelma (maalaustaide) – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Asetelma (maalaustaide)" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stilleben" title="Stilleben – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Stilleben" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%87" title="ภาพนิ่ง – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ภาพนิ่ง" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8_%D0%B1%D0%B5%D2%B7%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Табиати беҷон – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Табиати беҷон" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nat%C3%BCrmort" title="Natürmort – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Natürmort" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8E%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82" title="Натюрморт – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Натюрморт" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C4%A9nh_v%E1%BA%ADt" title="Tĩnh vật – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Tĩnh vật" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%9D%99%E7%89%A9%E7%94%BB" title="静物画 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="静物画" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%9D%9C%E7%89%A9%E7%95%AB" title="靜物畫 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="靜物畫" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%9D%99%E7%89%A9%E7%94%BB" title="静物画 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="静物画" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q170571#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Still_life" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Still_life" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Still_life"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Still_life&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Still_life&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Still_life"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Still_life&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Still_life&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Still_life" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Still_life" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Special pages</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Still_life&oldid=1256375911" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Still_life&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Still_life&id=1256375911&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FStill_life"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FStill_life"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Still_life&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Still_life&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Stillleben" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q170571" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Type of painting</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Still_Life_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Still Life (disambiguation)">Still Life (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Naturaleza muerta" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Naturaleza_muerta_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Naturaleza muerta (disambiguation)">Naturaleza muerta (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Juan_S%C3%A1nchez_Cot%C3%A1n_-_Still_Life_with_Game,_Vegetables_and_Fruit,_1602.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Juan_S%C3%A1nchez_Cot%C3%A1n_-_Still_Life_with_Game%2C_Vegetables_and_Fruit%2C_1602.jpg/280px-Juan_S%C3%A1nchez_Cot%C3%A1n_-_Still_Life_with_Game%2C_Vegetables_and_Fruit%2C_1602.jpg" decoding="async" width="280" height="219" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Juan_S%C3%A1nchez_Cot%C3%A1n_-_Still_Life_with_Game%2C_Vegetables_and_Fruit%2C_1602.jpg/420px-Juan_S%C3%A1nchez_Cot%C3%A1n_-_Still_Life_with_Game%2C_Vegetables_and_Fruit%2C_1602.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Juan_S%C3%A1nchez_Cot%C3%A1n_-_Still_Life_with_Game%2C_Vegetables_and_Fruit%2C_1602.jpg/560px-Juan_S%C3%A1nchez_Cot%C3%A1n_-_Still_Life_with_Game%2C_Vegetables_and_Fruit%2C_1602.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="1499" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Juan_S%C3%A1nchez_Cot%C3%A1n" title="Juan Sánchez Cotán">Juan Sánchez Cotán</a>, <i>Still Life with Game Fowl, Vegetables and Fruits</i> (1602), <span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es"><a href="/wiki/Museo_del_Prado" title="Museo del Prado">Museo del Prado</a></i></span>, Madrid</figcaption></figure> <p>A <b>still life</b> (<abbr title="plural form">pl.</abbr>: <b>still lifes</b>) is a <a href="/wiki/Work_of_art" title="Work of art">work of art</a> depicting mostly <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/inanimate" class="extiw" title="wikt:inanimate">inanimate</a> subject matter, typically commonplace objects which are either natural (food, flowers, dead animals, plants, rocks, shells, etc.) or <a href="/wiki/Artificiality" title="Artificiality">human-made</a> (drinking glasses, books, vases, jewelry, coins, pipes, etc.).<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>With origins in the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a> and Ancient <a href="/wiki/Greco-Roman" class="mw-redirect" title="Greco-Roman">Greco-Roman</a> art, still-life painting emerged as a distinct genre and professional specialization in <a href="/wiki/Western_painting" title="Western painting">Western painting</a> by the late 16th century, and has remained significant since then. One advantage of the still-life artform is that it allows an artist much freedom to experiment with the arrangement of elements within a composition of a painting. Still life, as a particular genre, began with <a href="/wiki/Netherlandish_art" class="mw-redirect" title="Netherlandish art">Netherlandish painting</a> of the 16th and 17th centuries, and the English term <i>still life</i> derives from the Dutch word <i>stilleven</i>. Early still-life paintings, particularly before 1700, often contained religious and allegorical symbolism relating to the objects depicted. Later still-life works are produced with a variety of media and technology, such as found objects, photography, <a href="/wiki/Computer_graphics" title="Computer graphics">computer graphics</a>, as well as video and sound. </p><p>The term includes the painting of dead animals, especially game. Live ones are considered <a href="/wiki/Animal_art" class="mw-redirect" title="Animal art">animal art</a>, although in practice they were often painted from dead models. Because of the use of plants and animals as a subject, the still-life category also shares commonalities with zoological and especially <a href="/wiki/Botanical_illustration" title="Botanical illustration">botanical illustration</a>. However, with visual or fine art, the work is not intended merely to illustrate the subject correctly. </p><p>Still life occupied the lowest rung of the <a href="/wiki/Hierarchy_of_genres" title="Hierarchy of genres">hierarchy of genres</a>, but has been extremely popular with buyers. As well as the independent still-life subject, still-life painting encompasses other types of painting with prominent still-life elements, usually symbolic, and "images that rely on a multitude of still-life elements ostensibly to reproduce a 'slice of life<span style="padding-right:.15em;">'</span>".<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i><a href="/wiki/Trompe-l%27%C5%93il" title="Trompe-l'œil">trompe-l'œil</a></i> painting, which intends to deceive the viewer into thinking the scene is real, is a specialized type of still life, usually showing inanimate and relatively flat objects.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Antecedents_and_development">Antecedents and development</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Still_life&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Antecedents and development"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Still_life_Tor_Marancia_Vatican.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Still_life_Tor_Marancia_Vatican.jpg/250px-Still_life_Tor_Marancia_Vatican.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="258" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Still_life_Tor_Marancia_Vatican.jpg/375px-Still_life_Tor_Marancia_Vatican.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Still_life_Tor_Marancia_Vatican.jpg/500px-Still_life_Tor_Marancia_Vatican.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1770" data-file-height="1830" /></a><figcaption>Still life on a 2nd-century mosaic, with fish, poultry, dates and vegetables from the <a href="/wiki/Vatican_City" title="Vatican City">Vatican</a> museum</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pompejanischer_Maler_um_70_001.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Pompejanischer_Maler_um_70_001.jpg/250px-Pompejanischer_Maler_um_70_001.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Pompejanischer_Maler_um_70_001.jpg/375px-Pompejanischer_Maler_um_70_001.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Pompejanischer_Maler_um_70_001.jpg/500px-Pompejanischer_Maler_um_70_001.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1734" /></a><figcaption>Glass bowl of fruit and vases. <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Roman</a> wall painting in <a href="/wiki/Pompeii" title="Pompeii">Pompeii</a> (around 70 AD), <a href="/wiki/Naples_National_Archaeological_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="Naples National Archaeological Museum">Naples National Archaeological Museum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Naples" title="Naples">Naples</a>, <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Still-life paintings often adorn the interior of <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egypt" title="Ancient Egypt">ancient Egyptian</a> tombs. It was believed that food objects and other items depicted there would, in the afterlife, become real and available for use by the deceased. Ancient Greek vase paintings also demonstrate great skill in depicting everyday objects and animals. <a href="/wiki/Peiraikos" title="Peiraikos">Peiraikos</a> is mentioned by <a href="/wiki/Pliny_the_Elder" title="Pliny the Elder">Pliny the Elder</a> as a panel painter of "low" subjects, such as survive in <a href="/wiki/Mosaic" title="Mosaic">mosaic</a> versions and provincial wall-paintings at <a href="/wiki/Pompeii" title="Pompeii">Pompeii</a>: "barbers' shops, cobblers' stalls, asses, eatables and similar subjects".<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Similar still life, more simply decorative in intent, but with realistic perspective, have also been found in the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Roman</a> wall paintings and floor mosaics unearthed at Pompeii, <a href="/wiki/Herculaneum" title="Herculaneum">Herculaneum</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Villa_Boscoreale" title="Villa Boscoreale">Villa Boscoreale</a>, including the later familiar motif of a glass bowl of fruit. Decorative mosaics termed "emblema", found in the homes of rich Romans, demonstrated the range of food enjoyed by the upper classes, and also functioned as signs of hospitality and as celebrations of the seasons and of life.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By the 16th century, food and flowers would again appear as symbols of the seasons and of the five senses. Also starting in Roman times is the tradition of the use of the skull in paintings as a symbol of mortality and earthly remains, often with the accompanying phrase <i>Omnia mors aequat</i> (Death makes all equal).<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These <a href="/wiki/Vanitas" title="Vanitas">vanitas</a> images have been re-interpreted through the last 400 years of art history, starting with Dutch painters around 1600.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The popular appreciation of the realism of still-life painting is related in the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece" title="Ancient Greece">ancient Greek</a> legend of <a href="/wiki/Zeuxis_(painter)" title="Zeuxis (painter)">Zeuxis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Parrhasius_(painter)" title="Parrhasius (painter)">Parrhasius</a>, who are said to have once competed to create the most lifelike objects, history's earliest descriptions of <i><a href="/wiki/Trompe-l%27%C5%93il" title="Trompe-l'œil">trompe-l'œil</a></i> painting.<sup id="cite_ref-EbertSchifferer_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EbertSchifferer-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As <a href="/wiki/Pliny_the_Elder" title="Pliny the Elder">Pliny the Elder</a> recorded in ancient Roman times, Greek artists centuries earlier were already advanced in the arts of <a href="/wiki/Portrait_painting" title="Portrait painting">portrait painting</a>, <a href="/wiki/Genre_painting" title="Genre painting">genre painting</a> and still life. He singled out <a href="/wiki/Peiraikos" title="Peiraikos">Peiraikos</a>, "whose artistry is surpassed by only a very few...He painted barbershops and shoemakers' stalls, donkeys, vegetables, and such, and for that reason came to be called the 'painter of vulgar subjects'; yet these works are altogether delightful, and they were sold at higher prices than the greatest [paintings] of many other artists."<sup id="cite_ref-Ebert-Schifferer,_p._15_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ebert-Schifferer,_p._15-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Middle_Ages_and_Early_Renaissance">Middle Ages and Early Renaissance</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Still_life&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Middle Ages and Early Renaissance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Memling,_Hans_%E2%80%94_Flowers_in_a_Jug_(reverse).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Memling%2C_Hans_%E2%80%94_Flowers_in_a_Jug_%28reverse%29.jpg/250px-Memling%2C_Hans_%E2%80%94_Flowers_in_a_Jug_%28reverse%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="341" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Memling%2C_Hans_%E2%80%94_Flowers_in_a_Jug_%28reverse%29.jpg/375px-Memling%2C_Hans_%E2%80%94_Flowers_in_a_Jug_%28reverse%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Memling%2C_Hans_%E2%80%94_Flowers_in_a_Jug_%28reverse%29.jpg/500px-Memling%2C_Hans_%E2%80%94_Flowers_in_a_Jug_%28reverse%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="2727" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Hans_Memling" title="Hans Memling">Hans Memling</a> (1430–1494), <i>Vase of Flowers</i> (1480), Museo Thyssen-Bornemisza, <a href="/wiki/Madrid" title="Madrid">Madrid</a>. According to some scholars the <i>Vase of Flowers</i> is filled with religious symbolism.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>By 1300, starting with <a href="/wiki/Giotto" title="Giotto">Giotto</a> and his pupils, still-life painting was revived in the form of fictional niches on religious wall paintings which depicted everyday objects.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Through the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Renaissance" title="Renaissance">Renaissance</a>, still life in Western art remained primarily an adjunct to Christian religious subjects, and convened religious and allegorical meaning. This was particularly true in the work of Northern European artists, whose fascination with highly detailed optical realism and symbolism led them to lavish great attention on their paintings' overall message.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Painters like <a href="/wiki/Jan_van_Eyck" title="Jan van Eyck">Jan van Eyck</a> often used still-life elements as part of an <a href="/wiki/Iconography" title="Iconography">iconographic</a> program.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In the late Middle Ages, still-life elements, mostly flowers but also animals and sometimes inanimate objects, were painted with increasing realism in the borders of <a href="/wiki/Illuminated_manuscript" title="Illuminated manuscript">illuminated manuscripts</a>, developing models and technical advances that were used by painters of larger images. There was considerable overlap between the artists making miniatures for manuscripts and those painting panels, especially in <a href="/wiki/Early_Netherlandish_painting" title="Early Netherlandish painting">Early Netherlandish painting</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Hours_of_Catherine_of_Cleves" title="Hours of Catherine of Cleves">Hours of Catherine of Cleves</a>, probably made in <a href="/wiki/Utrecht" title="Utrecht">Utrecht</a> around 1440, is one of the outstanding examples of this trend, with borders featuring an extraordinary range of objects, including coins and fishing-nets, chosen to complement the text or main image at that particular point. Flemish workshops later in the century took the naturalism of border elements even further. Gothic <a href="/wiki/Millefleur" title="Millefleur">millefleur</a> tapestries are another example of the general increasing interest in accurate depictions of plants and animals. The set of <i><a href="/wiki/The_Lady_and_the_Unicorn" title="The Lady and the Unicorn">The Lady and the Unicorn</a></i> is the best-known example, designed in Paris around 1500 and then woven in <a href="/wiki/Flanders" title="Flanders">Flanders</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The development of <a href="/wiki/Oil_painting" title="Oil painting">oil painting</a> technique by <a href="/wiki/Jan_van_Eyck" title="Jan van Eyck">Jan van Eyck</a> and other Northern European artists made it possible to paint everyday objects in this hyper-realistic fashion, owing to the slow drying, mixing, and layering qualities of oil colours.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Among the first to break free of religious meaning were <a href="/wiki/Leonardo_da_Vinci" title="Leonardo da Vinci">Leonardo da Vinci</a>, who created <a href="/wiki/Watercolour" class="mw-redirect" title="Watercolour">watercolour</a> studies of fruit (around 1495) as part of his restless examination of nature, and <a href="/wiki/Albrecht_D%C3%BCrer" title="Albrecht Dürer">Albrecht Dürer</a> who also made precise coloured drawings of flora and fauna.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Petrus_Christus" title="Petrus Christus">Petrus Christus</a>' portrait of a bride and groom visiting a goldsmith is a typical example of a transitional still life depicting both religious and secular content. Though mostly allegorical in message, the figures of the couple are realistic and the objects shown (coins, vessels, etc.) are accurately painted but the goldsmith is actually a depiction of St. Eligius and the objects heavily symbolic. Another similar type of painting is the family portrait combining figures with a well-set table of food, which symbolizes both the piety of the human subjects and their thanks for God's abundance.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Around this time, simple still-life depictions divorced of figures (but not allegorical meaning) were beginning to be painted on the outside of shutters of private devotional paintings.<sup id="cite_ref-Ebert-Schifferer,_p._15_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ebert-Schifferer,_p._15-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another step toward the autonomous still life was the painting of symbolic flowers in vases on the back of secular portraits around 1475.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jacopo de' Barbari went a step further with his <i><a href="/wiki/Still_Life_with_Partridge_and_Gauntlets" class="mw-redirect" title="Still Life with Partridge and Gauntlets">Still Life with Partridge and Gauntlets</a></i> (1504), among the earliest signed and dated <i><a href="/wiki/Trompe-l%27%C5%93il" title="Trompe-l'œil">trompe-l'œil</a></i> still-life paintings, which contains minimal religious content.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:15th-century_painters_-_Book_of_Hours_for_Engelbert_of_Nassau_-_WGA15794.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Various vessels in the border of an illuminated book of hours for Engelbert of Nassau, Flemish artist, 1470s"><img alt="Various vessels in the border of an illuminated book of hours for Engelbert of Nassau, Flemish artist, 1470s" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/15th-century_painters_-_Book_of_Hours_for_Engelbert_of_Nassau_-_WGA15794.jpg/200px-15th-century_painters_-_Book_of_Hours_for_Engelbert_of_Nassau_-_WGA15794.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/15th-century_painters_-_Book_of_Hours_for_Engelbert_of_Nassau_-_WGA15794.jpg/300px-15th-century_painters_-_Book_of_Hours_for_Engelbert_of_Nassau_-_WGA15794.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/15th-century_painters_-_Book_of_Hours_for_Engelbert_of_Nassau_-_WGA15794.jpg/400px-15th-century_painters_-_Book_of_Hours_for_Engelbert_of_Nassau_-_WGA15794.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1137" data-file-height="770" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Various vessels in the border of an illuminated <a href="/wiki/Book_of_hours" title="Book of hours">book of hours</a> for <a href="/wiki/Engelbert_II_of_Nassau" title="Engelbert II of Nassau">Engelbert of Nassau</a>, Flemish artist, 1470s</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cluny-Dame_%C3%A0_la_licorne-Detail_10.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Detail of one of The Lady and the Unicorn millefleur tapestries, c. 1500"><img alt="Detail of one of The Lady and the Unicorn millefleur tapestries, c. 1500" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Cluny-Dame_%C3%A0_la_licorne-Detail_10.JPG/200px-Cluny-Dame_%C3%A0_la_licorne-Detail_10.JPG" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Cluny-Dame_%C3%A0_la_licorne-Detail_10.JPG/300px-Cluny-Dame_%C3%A0_la_licorne-Detail_10.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Cluny-Dame_%C3%A0_la_licorne-Detail_10.JPG/400px-Cluny-Dame_%C3%A0_la_licorne-Detail_10.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Detail of one of <i><a href="/wiki/The_Lady_and_the_Unicorn" title="The Lady and the Unicorn">The Lady and the Unicorn</a></i> millefleur <a href="/wiki/Tapestries" class="mw-redirect" title="Tapestries">tapestries</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1500</span></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Albrecht_D%C3%BCrer_-_The_Large_Piece_of_Turf,_1503_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Albrecht Dürer, Great Piece of Turf, 1503"><img alt="Albrecht Dürer, Great Piece of Turf, 1503" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Albrecht_D%C3%BCrer_-_The_Large_Piece_of_Turf%2C_1503_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/156px-Albrecht_D%C3%BCrer_-_The_Large_Piece_of_Turf%2C_1503_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" decoding="async" width="156" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Albrecht_D%C3%BCrer_-_The_Large_Piece_of_Turf%2C_1503_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/233px-Albrecht_D%C3%BCrer_-_The_Large_Piece_of_Turf%2C_1503_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Albrecht_D%C3%BCrer_-_The_Large_Piece_of_Turf%2C_1503_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/311px-Albrecht_D%C3%BCrer_-_The_Large_Piece_of_Turf%2C_1503_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3037" data-file-height="3901" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Albrecht_D%C3%BCrer" title="Albrecht Dürer">Albrecht Dürer</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Great_Piece_of_Turf" title="Great Piece of Turf">Great Piece of Turf</a></i>, 1503</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Jacopo_de%27_Barbari_001.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Jacopo de' Barbari, Still-Life with Partridge and Gauntlets (1504), a very early independent still life, perhaps the back or cover for a portrait"><img alt="Jacopo de' Barbari, Still-Life with Partridge and Gauntlets (1504), a very early independent still life, perhaps the back or cover for a portrait" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Jacopo_de%27_Barbari_001.jpg/164px-Jacopo_de%27_Barbari_001.jpg" decoding="async" width="164" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Jacopo_de%27_Barbari_001.jpg/246px-Jacopo_de%27_Barbari_001.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Jacopo_de%27_Barbari_001.jpg/328px-Jacopo_de%27_Barbari_001.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1783" data-file-height="2173" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Jacopo_de%27_Barbari" title="Jacopo de' Barbari">Jacopo de' Barbari</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Still-Life_with_Partridge_and_Gauntlets" title="Still-Life with Partridge and Gauntlets">Still-Life with Partridge and Gauntlets</a></i> (1504), a very early independent still life, perhaps the back or cover for a portrait</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Later_Renaissance">Later Renaissance</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Still_life&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Later Renaissance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Joachim_Beuckelaer_003.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Joachim_Beuckelaer_003.jpg/250px-Joachim_Beuckelaer_003.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Joachim_Beuckelaer_003.jpg/375px-Joachim_Beuckelaer_003.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Joachim_Beuckelaer_003.jpg/500px-Joachim_Beuckelaer_003.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1347" data-file-height="900" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Joachim_Beuckelaer" title="Joachim Beuckelaer">Joachim Beuckelaer</a> (1533–1575), <i>Kitchen scene, with <a href="/wiki/Jesus_at_the_home_of_Martha_and_Mary" title="Jesus at the home of Martha and Mary">Jesus in the house of Martha and Mary</a></i> in the background (1566), 171 × 250 cm (67.3 × 98.4 in).</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sixteenth_century">Sixteenth century</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Still_life&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Sixteenth century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Dutch_and_Flemish_Renaissance_painting" title="Dutch and Flemish Renaissance painting">Dutch and Flemish Renaissance painting</a></div> <p>Though most still lifes after 1600 were relatively small paintings, a crucial stage in the development of the genre was the tradition, mostly centred on <a href="/wiki/Antwerp" title="Antwerp">Antwerp</a>, of the "monumental still life", which were large paintings that included great spreads of still-life material with figures and often animals. This was a development by <a href="/wiki/Pieter_Aertsen" title="Pieter Aertsen">Pieter Aertsen</a>, whose <i><a href="/wiki/A_Meat_Stall_with_the_Holy_Family_Giving_Alms" title="A Meat Stall with the Holy Family Giving Alms">A Meat Stall with the Holy Family Giving Alms</a></i> (1551, now <a href="/wiki/Uppsala" title="Uppsala">Uppsala</a>) introduced the type with a painting that still startles. Another example is "The Butcher Shop" by Aertsen's nephew <a href="/wiki/Joachim_Beuckelaer" title="Joachim Beuckelaer">Joachim Beuckelaer</a> (1568), with its realistic depiction of raw meats dominating the foreground, while a background scene conveys the dangers of drunkenness and lechery. The type of very large kitchen or market scene developed by Pieter Aertsen and his nephew Joachim Beuckelaer typically depicts an abundance of food with a kitchenware still life and burly Flemish kitchen-maids. A small religious scene can often be made out in the distance, or a theme such as the <a href="/wiki/Season" title="Season">Four Seasons</a> is added to elevate the subject. This sort of large-scale still life continued to develop in Flemish painting after the separation of the North and South, but is rare in Dutch painting, although other works in this tradition anticipate the "<a href="/wiki/Merry_company" title="Merry company">merry company</a>" type of <a href="/wiki/Genre_painting" title="Genre painting">genre painting</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Gradually, religious content diminished in size and placement in this type of painting, though moral lessons continued as sub-contexts.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One of the relatively few Italian works in the style, <a href="/wiki/Annibale_Carracci" title="Annibale Carracci">Annibale Carracci</a>'s treatment of the same subject in 1583, <i><a href="/wiki/Butcher%27s_Shop_(Annibale_Carracci)" class="mw-redirect" title="Butcher's Shop (Annibale Carracci)">Butcher's Shop</a></i>, begins to remove the moral messages, as did other "kitchen and market" still-life paintings of this period.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Vincenzo_Campi" title="Vincenzo Campi">Vincenzo Campi</a> probably introduced the Antwerp style to Italy in the 1570s. The tradition continued into the next century, with several works by <a href="/wiki/Rubens" class="mw-redirect" title="Rubens">Rubens</a>, who mostly sub-contracted the still-life and animal elements to specialist masters such as <a href="/wiki/Frans_Snyders" title="Frans Snyders">Frans Snyders</a> and his pupil <a href="/wiki/Jan_Fyt" title="Jan Fyt">Jan Fyt</a>. By the second half of the 16th century, the autonomous still life evolved.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Canestra_di_frutta_(Caravaggio).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Canestra_di_frutta_%28Caravaggio%29.jpg/220px-Canestra_di_frutta_%28Caravaggio%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Canestra_di_frutta_%28Caravaggio%29.jpg/330px-Canestra_di_frutta_%28Caravaggio%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Canestra_di_frutta_%28Caravaggio%29.jpg/440px-Canestra_di_frutta_%28Caravaggio%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2532" data-file-height="2003" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Caravaggio" title="Caravaggio">Michelangelo Merisi da Caravaggio</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Basket_of_Fruit_(Caravaggio)" title="Basket of Fruit (Caravaggio)">Fruitbasket</a></i> (1595–96), oil on canvas, 31 × 47 cm</figcaption></figure> <p>The 16th century witnessed an explosion of interest in the natural world and the creation of lavish botanical encyclopædias recording the discoveries of the New World and Asia. It also prompted the beginning of scientific illustration and the classification of specimens. Natural objects began to be appreciated as individual objects of study apart from any religious or mythological associations. The early science of herbal remedies began at this time as well, which was a practical extension of this new knowledge. In addition, wealthy patrons began to underwrite the collection of animal and mineral specimens, creating extensive <a href="/wiki/Cabinets_of_curiosities" class="mw-redirect" title="Cabinets of curiosities">cabinets of curiosities</a>. These specimens served as models for painters who sought realism and novelty. Shells, insects, exotic fruits and flowers began to be collected and traded, and new plants such as the <a href="/wiki/Tulip" title="Tulip">tulip</a> (imported to Europe from Turkey), were celebrated in still-life paintings.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The horticultural explosion was of widespread interest in Europe and artist capitalized on that to produce thousands of still-life paintings. Some regions and courts had particular interests. The depiction of citrus, for example, was a particular passion of the <a href="/wiki/Medici" class="mw-redirect" title="Medici">Medici</a> court in Florence, Italy.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This great diffusion of natural specimens and the burgeoning interest in natural illustration throughout Europe, resulted in the nearly simultaneous creation of modern still-life paintings around 1600.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At the turn of the century the Spanish painter <a href="/wiki/Juan_S%C3%A1nchez_Cot%C3%A1n" title="Juan Sánchez Cotán">Juan Sánchez Cotán</a> pioneered the Spanish still life with austerely tranquil paintings of vegetables, before entering a monastery in his forties in 1603, after which he painted religious subjects.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sixteenth-century_paintings">Sixteenth-century paintings</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Still_life&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Sixteenth-century paintings"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:A_Meat_Stall_with_the_Holy_Family_Giving_Alms_-_Pieter_Aertsen_-_Google_Cultural_Institute.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Pieter Aertsen, A Meat Stall with the Holy Family Giving Alms (1551), 123.3 × 150 cm (48.5 × 59")"><img alt="Pieter Aertsen, A Meat Stall with the Holy Family Giving Alms (1551), 123.3 × 150 cm (48.5 × 59")" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/A_Meat_Stall_with_the_Holy_Family_Giving_Alms_-_Pieter_Aertsen_-_Google_Cultural_Institute.jpg/200px-A_Meat_Stall_with_the_Holy_Family_Giving_Alms_-_Pieter_Aertsen_-_Google_Cultural_Institute.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="139" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/A_Meat_Stall_with_the_Holy_Family_Giving_Alms_-_Pieter_Aertsen_-_Google_Cultural_Institute.jpg/300px-A_Meat_Stall_with_the_Holy_Family_Giving_Alms_-_Pieter_Aertsen_-_Google_Cultural_Institute.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/A_Meat_Stall_with_the_Holy_Family_Giving_Alms_-_Pieter_Aertsen_-_Google_Cultural_Institute.jpg/400px-A_Meat_Stall_with_the_Holy_Family_Giving_Alms_-_Pieter_Aertsen_-_Google_Cultural_Institute.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6480" data-file-height="4512" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Pieter_Aertsen" title="Pieter Aertsen">Pieter Aertsen</a>, <i>A Meat Stall with the Holy Family Giving Alms</i> (1551), 123.3 × 150 cm (48.5 × 59")</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Carracci-Butcher%27s_shop.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Annibale Carracci (1560–1609), Butcher's Shop (1580)"><img alt="Annibale Carracci (1560–1609), Butcher's Shop (1580)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Carracci-Butcher%27s_shop.jpg/200px-Carracci-Butcher%27s_shop.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="136" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Carracci-Butcher%27s_shop.jpg/300px-Carracci-Butcher%27s_shop.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Carracci-Butcher%27s_shop.jpg/400px-Carracci-Butcher%27s_shop.jpg 2x" data-file-width="780" data-file-height="532" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Annibale_Carracci" title="Annibale Carracci">Annibale Carracci</a> (1560–1609), <i><a href="/wiki/Butcher%27s_Shop_(Annibale_Carracci)" class="mw-redirect" title="Butcher's Shop (Annibale Carracci)">Butcher's Shop</a></i> (1580)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Fra_Juan_S%C3%A1nchez_Cot%C3%A1n_001.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Juan Sánchez Cotán (1560–1627), Still life with Quince, Cabbage, Melon and Cucumber, oil on canvas, 69 × 84.5 cm"><img alt="Juan Sánchez Cotán (1560–1627), Still life with Quince, Cabbage, Melon and Cucumber, oil on canvas, 69 × 84.5 cm" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Fra_Juan_S%C3%A1nchez_Cot%C3%A1n_001.jpg/200px-Fra_Juan_S%C3%A1nchez_Cot%C3%A1n_001.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Fra_Juan_S%C3%A1nchez_Cot%C3%A1n_001.jpg/300px-Fra_Juan_S%C3%A1nchez_Cot%C3%A1n_001.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Fra_Juan_S%C3%A1nchez_Cot%C3%A1n_001.jpg/400px-Fra_Juan_S%C3%A1nchez_Cot%C3%A1n_001.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1153" data-file-height="950" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Juan_S%C3%A1nchez_Cot%C3%A1n" title="Juan Sánchez Cotán">Juan Sánchez Cotán</a> (1560–1627), <i><a href="/wiki/Quince,_Cabbage,_Melon_and_Cucumber" title="Quince, Cabbage, Melon and Cucumber">Still life with Quince, Cabbage, Melon and Cucumber</a></i>, oil on canvas, 69 × 84.5 cm</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Giovanni_Ambrogio_Figino_-_Teller_mit_Pfirsichen.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Giovanni Ambrogio Figino, Metal Plate with Peaches and Vine Leaves (1591–94), panel, 21 × 30 cm, his only known still life"><img alt="Giovanni Ambrogio Figino, Metal Plate with Peaches and Vine Leaves (1591–94), panel, 21 × 30 cm, his only known still life" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Giovanni_Ambrogio_Figino_-_Teller_mit_Pfirsichen.jpg/200px-Giovanni_Ambrogio_Figino_-_Teller_mit_Pfirsichen.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Giovanni_Ambrogio_Figino_-_Teller_mit_Pfirsichen.jpg/300px-Giovanni_Ambrogio_Figino_-_Teller_mit_Pfirsichen.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Giovanni_Ambrogio_Figino_-_Teller_mit_Pfirsichen.jpg/400px-Giovanni_Ambrogio_Figino_-_Teller_mit_Pfirsichen.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1086" data-file-height="770" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Ambrogio_Figino" title="Giovanni Ambrogio Figino">Giovanni Ambrogio Figino</a>, <i>Metal Plate with Peaches and Vine Leaves</i> (1591–94), panel, 21 × 30 cm, his only known still life</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Seventeenth_century">Seventeenth century</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Still_life&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Seventeenth century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jacopo_da_Dmpoli_(Jacopo_Chimenti)_-_Still_life_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Jacopo_da_Dmpoli_%28Jacopo_Chimenti%29_-_Still_life_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/250px-Jacopo_da_Dmpoli_%28Jacopo_Chimenti%29_-_Still_life_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Jacopo_da_Dmpoli_%28Jacopo_Chimenti%29_-_Still_life_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/375px-Jacopo_da_Dmpoli_%28Jacopo_Chimenti%29_-_Still_life_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Jacopo_da_Dmpoli_%28Jacopo_Chimenti%29_-_Still_life_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/500px-Jacopo_da_Dmpoli_%28Jacopo_Chimenti%29_-_Still_life_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4001" data-file-height="2655" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Jacopo_da_Empoli" title="Jacopo da Empoli">Jacopo da Empoli</a> (Jacopo Chimenti), <i>Still life</i> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1625</span>)</figcaption></figure><p> Prominent Academicians of the early 17th century, such as <a href="/wiki/Andrea_Sacchi" title="Andrea Sacchi">Andrea Sacchi</a>, felt that <a href="/wiki/Genre_works" class="mw-redirect" title="Genre works">genre</a> and still-life painting did not carry the "gravitas" merited for painting to be considered great. An influential formulation of 1667 by <a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_F%C3%A9libien" title="André Félibien">André Félibien</a>, a historiographer, architect and theoretician of French classicism became the classic statement of the theory of the <a href="/wiki/Hierarchy_of_genres" title="Hierarchy of genres">hierarchy of genres</a> for the 18th century:</p><blockquote><p>Celui qui fait parfaitement des païsages est au-dessus d'un autre qui ne fait que des fruits, des fleurs ou des coquilles. Celui qui peint des animaux vivants est plus estimable que ceux qui ne représentent que des choses mortes & sans mouvement ; & comme la figure de l'homme est le plus parfait ouvrage de Dieu sur la Terre, il est certain aussi que celui qui se rend l'imitateur de Dieu en peignant des figures humaines, est beaucoup plus excellent que tous les autres ...<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <blockquote><p>He who produces perfect landscapes is above another who only produces fruit, flowers or seafood. He who paints living animals is more estimable than those who only represent dead things without movement, and as man is the most perfect work of God on the earth, it is also certain that he who becomes an imitator of God in representing human figures, is much more excellent than all the others ...".</p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dutch_and_Flemish_painting">Dutch and Flemish painting</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Still_life&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Dutch and Flemish painting"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Golden_Age_painting" title="Dutch Golden Age painting">Dutch Golden Age painting</a> and <a href="/wiki/Flemish_Baroque_painting" title="Flemish Baroque painting">Flemish Baroque painting</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kalf,_Willem_-_Still_Life_with_Ewer,_Vessels_and_Pomegranate_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Kalf%2C_Willem_-_Still_Life_with_Ewer%2C_Vessels_and_Pomegranate_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/250px-Kalf%2C_Willem_-_Still_Life_with_Ewer%2C_Vessels_and_Pomegranate_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="316" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Kalf%2C_Willem_-_Still_Life_with_Ewer%2C_Vessels_and_Pomegranate_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/375px-Kalf%2C_Willem_-_Still_Life_with_Ewer%2C_Vessels_and_Pomegranate_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Kalf%2C_Willem_-_Still_Life_with_Ewer%2C_Vessels_and_Pomegranate_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/500px-Kalf%2C_Willem_-_Still_Life_with_Ewer%2C_Vessels_and_Pomegranate_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3325" data-file-height="4198" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Willem_Kalf" title="Willem Kalf">Willem Kalf</a> (1619–1693), oil on canvas, <a href="/wiki/The_J._Paul_Getty_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="The J. Paul Getty Museum">The J. Paul Getty Museum</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Claesz.,_Pieter_-_Still_Life_with_Musical_Instruments_-_1623.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Claesz.%2C_Pieter_-_Still_Life_with_Musical_Instruments_-_1623.jpg/250px-Claesz.%2C_Pieter_-_Still_Life_with_Musical_Instruments_-_1623.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="137" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Claesz.%2C_Pieter_-_Still_Life_with_Musical_Instruments_-_1623.jpg/375px-Claesz.%2C_Pieter_-_Still_Life_with_Musical_Instruments_-_1623.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Claesz.%2C_Pieter_-_Still_Life_with_Musical_Instruments_-_1623.jpg/500px-Claesz.%2C_Pieter_-_Still_Life_with_Musical_Instruments_-_1623.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="824" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Pieter_Claesz" title="Pieter Claesz">Pieter Claesz</a> (1597–1660), <i>Still life with Musical Instruments</i> (1623)</figcaption></figure> <p>Still life developed as a separate category in the <a href="/wiki/Low_Countries" title="Low Countries">Low Countries</a> in the last quarter of the 16th century.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The English term <i>still life</i> derives from the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_language" title="Dutch language">Dutch</a> word <i>stilleven</i> while Romance languages (as well as Greek, Polish, Russian and Turkish) tend to use terms meaning <i>dead nature</i>. 15th-century <a href="/wiki/Early_Netherlandish_painting" title="Early Netherlandish painting">Early Netherlandish painting</a> had developed highly illusionistic techniques in both <a href="/wiki/Panel_painting" title="Panel painting">panel painting</a> and <a href="/wiki/Illuminated_manuscript" title="Illuminated manuscript">illuminated manuscripts</a>, where the borders often featured elaborate displays of flowers, insects and, in a work like the <a href="/wiki/Hours_of_Catherine_of_Cleves" title="Hours of Catherine of Cleves">Hours of Catherine of Cleves</a>, a great variety of objects. When the illuminated manuscript was displaced by the printed book, the same skills were later deployed in scientific botanical illustration; the Low Countries led Europe in both <a href="/wiki/Botany" title="Botany">botany</a> and its depiction in art. The Flemish artist <a href="/wiki/Joris_Hoefnagel" title="Joris Hoefnagel">Joris Hoefnagel</a> (1542–1601) made <a href="/wiki/Watercolour" class="mw-redirect" title="Watercolour">watercolour</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gouache" title="Gouache">gouache</a> paintings of flowers and other still-life subjects for the <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Rudolf_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Emperor Rudolf II">Emperor Rudolf II</a>, and there were many engraved illustrations for books (often then hand-coloured), such as <a href="/wiki/Hans_Collaert" class="mw-redirect" title="Hans Collaert">Hans Collaert</a>'s <i>Florilegium</i>, published by <a href="/wiki/Plantin_Press" title="Plantin Press">Plantin</a> in 1600.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Around 1600 flower paintings in oils became something of a craze; <a href="/wiki/Karel_van_Mander" title="Karel van Mander">Karel van Mander</a> painted some works himself, and records that other <a href="/wiki/Northern_Mannerist" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern Mannerist">Northern Mannerist</a> artists such as <a href="/wiki/Cornelis_van_Haarlem" title="Cornelis van Haarlem">Cornelis van Haarlem</a> also did so. No surviving flower-pieces by them are known, but many survive by the leading specialists, <a href="/wiki/Jan_Brueghel_the_Elder" title="Jan Brueghel the Elder">Jan Brueghel the Elder</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ambrosius_Bosschaert" title="Ambrosius Bosschaert">Ambrosius Bosschaert</a>, both active in the Southern Netherlands.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While artists in the North found limited opportunity to produce the religious iconography which had long been their staple—images of religious subjects were forbidden in the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Reformed_Church" title="Dutch Reformed Church">Dutch Reformed Protestant Church</a>—the continuing Northern tradition of detailed realism and hidden symbols appealed to the growing Dutch middle classes, who were replacing Church and State as the principal patrons of art in the Netherlands. Added to this was the Dutch <a href="/wiki/Tulip_mania" title="Tulip mania">mania for horticulture, particularly the tulip</a>. These two views of flowers—as aesthetic objects and as religious symbols— merged to create a very strong market for this type of still life.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Still life, like most Dutch art work, was generally sold in open markets or by dealers, or by artists at their studios, and rarely commissioned; therefore, artists usually chose the subject matter and arrangement.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> So popular was this type of still-life painting, that much of the technique of Dutch flower painting was codified in the 1740 treatise <i>Groot Schilderboeck</i> by Gerard de Lairesse, which gave wide-ranging advice on colour, arranging, brushwork, preparation of specimens, harmony, composition, perspective, etc.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Language_of_flowers" title="Language of flowers">symbolism of flowers</a> had evolved since early Christian days. The most common flowers and their symbolic meanings include: rose (Virgin Mary, transience, Venus, love); lily (Virgin Mary, virginity, female breast, purity of mind or justice); tulip (showiness, nobility); sunflower (faithfulness, divine love, devotion); violet (modesty, reserve, humility); columbine (melancholy); poppy (power, sleep, death). As for insects, the butterfly represents transformation and resurrection while the dragonfly symbolizes transience and the ant hard work and attention to the harvest.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Flemish and Dutch artists also branched out and revived the ancient Greek still life tradition of <i><a href="/wiki/Trompe-l%27%C5%93il" title="Trompe-l'œil">trompe-l'œil</a></i>, particularly the imitation of nature or <i>mimesis</i>, which they termed <i>bedriegertje</i> ("little deception").<sup id="cite_ref-EbertSchifferer_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EbertSchifferer-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition to these types of still life, Dutch artists identified and separately developed "kitchen and market" paintings, breakfast and food table still life, vanitas paintings, and allegorical collection paintings.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the Catholic <a href="/wiki/Southern_Netherlands" title="Southern Netherlands">Southern Netherlands</a> the genre of garland paintings was developed. Around 1607–1608, Antwerp artists <a href="/wiki/Jan_Brueghel_the_Elder" title="Jan Brueghel the Elder">Jan Brueghel the Elder</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hendrick_van_Balen" class="mw-redirect" title="Hendrick van Balen">Hendrick van Balen</a> started creating these pictures which consist of an image (usually devotional) which is encircled by a lush still life wreath. The paintings were collaborations between two specialists: a still life and a figure painter. <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Seghers" title="Daniel Seghers">Daniel Seghers</a> developed the genre further. Originally serving a devotional function, garland paintings became extremely popular and were widely used as decoration of homes.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A special genre of still life was the so-called <a href="/wiki/Pronkstilleven" title="Pronkstilleven">pronkstilleven</a> (Dutch for 'ostentatious still life'). This style of ornate still-life painting was developed in the 1640s in <a href="/wiki/Antwerp" title="Antwerp">Antwerp</a> by Flemish artists such as <a href="/wiki/Frans_Snyders" title="Frans Snyders">Frans Snyders</a> and <a href="/wiki/Adriaen_van_Utrecht" title="Adriaen van Utrecht">Adriaen van Utrecht</a>. They painted still lifes that emphasized abundance by depicting a diversity of objects, fruits, flowers and dead game, often together with living people and animals. The style was soon adopted by artists from the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Republic" title="Dutch Republic">Dutch Republic</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Especially popular in this period were <a href="/wiki/Vanitas" title="Vanitas">vanitas</a> paintings, in which sumptuous arrangements of fruit and flowers, books, statuettes, vases, coins, jewelry, paintings, musical and scientific instruments, military insignia, fine silver and crystal, were accompanied by symbolic reminders of life's impermanence. Additionally, a skull, an <a href="/wiki/Hourglass" title="Hourglass">hourglass</a> or pocket watch, a candle burning down or a book with pages turning, would serve as a moralizing message on the ephemerality of sensory pleasures. Often some of the fruits and flowers themselves would be shown starting to spoil or fade to emphasize the same point.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cornelis_Norbertus_Gysbrechts_005.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Cornelis Norbertus Gysbrechts (c. 1660–1683), Trompe-l'œil (c. 1680), Los Angeles County Museum of Art"><img alt="Cornelis Norbertus Gysbrechts (c. 1660–1683), Trompe-l'œil (c. 1680), Los Angeles County Museum of Art" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Cornelis_Norbertus_Gysbrechts_005.jpg/160px-Cornelis_Norbertus_Gysbrechts_005.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Cornelis_Norbertus_Gysbrechts_005.jpg/240px-Cornelis_Norbertus_Gysbrechts_005.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Cornelis_Norbertus_Gysbrechts_005.jpg/320px-Cornelis_Norbertus_Gysbrechts_005.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1095" data-file-height="1370" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Cornelis_Norbertus_Gysbrechts" class="mw-redirect" title="Cornelis Norbertus Gysbrechts">Cornelis Norbertus Gysbrechts</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1660</span>–1683), <i>Trompe-l'œil</i> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1680</span>), <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_County_Museum_of_Art" title="Los Angeles County Museum of Art">Los Angeles County Museum of Art</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Thielen,_Jan_Philip_van_-_A_Vase_of_Flowers.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Jan Philip van Thielen (1618–1667), Vase of Flowers (c. 1660), Fitzwilliam Museum, Cambridge, England"><img alt="Jan Philip van Thielen (1618–1667), Vase of Flowers (c. 1660), Fitzwilliam Museum, Cambridge, England" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Thielen%2C_Jan_Philip_van_-_A_Vase_of_Flowers.jpg/136px-Thielen%2C_Jan_Philip_van_-_A_Vase_of_Flowers.jpg" decoding="async" width="136" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Thielen%2C_Jan_Philip_van_-_A_Vase_of_Flowers.jpg/204px-Thielen%2C_Jan_Philip_van_-_A_Vase_of_Flowers.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Thielen%2C_Jan_Philip_van_-_A_Vase_of_Flowers.jpg/272px-Thielen%2C_Jan_Philip_van_-_A_Vase_of_Flowers.jpg 2x" data-file-width="517" data-file-height="760" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Jan_Philip_van_Thielen" title="Jan Philip van Thielen">Jan Philip van Thielen</a> (1618–1667), <i>Vase of Flowers</i> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1660</span>), <a href="/wiki/Fitzwilliam_Museum" title="Fitzwilliam Museum">Fitzwilliam Museum</a>, Cambridge, England</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Vanitas-Still_Life,_Oosterwijck.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Maria van Oosterwijk, Vanitas-Still Life (1693)"><img alt="Maria van Oosterwijk, Vanitas-Still Life (1693)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Vanitas-Still_Life%2C_Oosterwijck.jpg/200px-Vanitas-Still_Life%2C_Oosterwijck.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Vanitas-Still_Life%2C_Oosterwijck.jpg/300px-Vanitas-Still_Life%2C_Oosterwijck.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Vanitas-Still_Life%2C_Oosterwijck.jpg/400px-Vanitas-Still_Life%2C_Oosterwijck.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="993" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Maria_van_Oosterwijk" class="mw-redirect" title="Maria van Oosterwijk">Maria van Oosterwijk</a>, <i>Vanitas-Still Life</i> (1693)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Still_Life_with_a_Pewter_Jug_and_Two_Porcelain_Plates_by_Jan_Treck.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Jan Jansz. Treck (1606–1652), Still Life Pewter Jug and Two Porcelain Plates (1645)"><img alt="Jan Jansz. Treck (1606–1652), Still Life Pewter Jug and Two Porcelain Plates (1645)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Still_Life_with_a_Pewter_Jug_and_Two_Porcelain_Plates_by_Jan_Treck.jpg/163px-Still_Life_with_a_Pewter_Jug_and_Two_Porcelain_Plates_by_Jan_Treck.jpg" decoding="async" width="163" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Still_Life_with_a_Pewter_Jug_and_Two_Porcelain_Plates_by_Jan_Treck.jpg/244px-Still_Life_with_a_Pewter_Jug_and_Two_Porcelain_Plates_by_Jan_Treck.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Still_Life_with_a_Pewter_Jug_and_Two_Porcelain_Plates_by_Jan_Treck.jpg/326px-Still_Life_with_a_Pewter_Jug_and_Two_Porcelain_Plates_by_Jan_Treck.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2024" data-file-height="2485" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Jan_Jansz._Treck" title="Jan Jansz. Treck">Jan Jansz. Treck</a> (1606–1652), <i>Still Life Pewter Jug and Two Porcelain Plates</i> (1645)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Lubin_Baugin_001.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Lubin Baugin (c. 1610–1663), Le Dessert de gaufrettes (c. 1631), Musée du Louvre, Paris"><img alt="Lubin Baugin (c. 1610–1663), Le Dessert de gaufrettes (c. 1631), Musée du Louvre, Paris" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Lubin_Baugin_001.jpg/200px-Lubin_Baugin_001.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Lubin_Baugin_001.jpg/300px-Lubin_Baugin_001.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Lubin_Baugin_001.jpg/400px-Lubin_Baugin_001.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1012" data-file-height="775" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Lubin_Baugin" title="Lubin Baugin">Lubin Baugin</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1610</span>–1663), <i>Le Dessert de gaufrettes</i> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1631</span>), <a href="/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_du_Louvre" class="mw-redirect" title="Musée du Louvre">Musée du Louvre</a>, Paris</div> </li> </ul> <p>Another type of still life, known as <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ontbijtjes_Painting&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ontbijtjes Painting (page does not exist)">ontbijtjes</a></i> or "breakfast paintings", represent both a literal presentation of delicacies that the upper class might enjoy and a religious reminder to avoid gluttony.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Around 1650 Samuel van Hoogstraten painted one of the first wall-rack pictures, <i>trompe-l'œil</i> still-life paintings which feature objects tied, tacked or attached in some other fashion to a wall board, a type of still life very popular in the United States in the 19th century.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another variation was the <i>trompe-l'œil</i> still life depicted objects associated with a given profession, as with the Cornelis Norbertus Gysbrecht's painting "Painter's Easel with Fruit Piece", which displays all the tools of a painter's craft.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Also popular in the first half of the 17th century was the painting of a large assortment of specimens in allegorical form, such as the "five senses", "four continents", or "the four seasons", showing a goddess or allegorical figure surrounded by appropriate natural and human-made objects.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The popularity of vanitas paintings, and these other forms of still life, soon spread from Holland to <a href="/wiki/Flanders" title="Flanders">Flanders</a> and Germany, and also to Spain<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and France. </p><p>The Netherlandish production of still lifes was enormous, and they were very widely exported, especially to northern Europe; Britain hardly produced any itself. German still life followed closely the Dutch models; <a href="/wiki/Georg_Flegel" title="Georg Flegel">Georg Flegel</a> was a pioneer in pure still life without figures and created the compositional innovation of placing detailed objects in cabinets, cupboards, and display cases, and producing simultaneous multiple views.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Dutch,_Flemish,_German_and_French_paintings"><span id="Dutch.2C_Flemish.2C_German_and_French_paintings"></span>Dutch, Flemish, German and French paintings</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Still_life&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Dutch, Flemish, German and French paintings"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Peter_Paul_Rubens_-_Diana_Returning_from_Hunt_-_WGA20290.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Peter Paul Rubens, Diana Returning from the Hunt, still life elements by a specialist on history painting(c. 1615)"><img alt="Peter Paul Rubens, Diana Returning from the Hunt, still life elements by a specialist on history painting(c. 1615)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Peter_Paul_Rubens_-_Diana_Returning_from_Hunt_-_WGA20290.jpg/200px-Peter_Paul_Rubens_-_Diana_Returning_from_Hunt_-_WGA20290.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Peter_Paul_Rubens_-_Diana_Returning_from_Hunt_-_WGA20290.jpg/300px-Peter_Paul_Rubens_-_Diana_Returning_from_Hunt_-_WGA20290.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Peter_Paul_Rubens_-_Diana_Returning_from_Hunt_-_WGA20290.jpg/400px-Peter_Paul_Rubens_-_Diana_Returning_from_Hunt_-_WGA20290.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1278" data-file-height="950" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Peter_Paul_Rubens" title="Peter Paul Rubens">Peter Paul Rubens</a>, <i>Diana Returning from the Hunt</i>, still life elements by a specialist on history painting(<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1615</span>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Rembrandt_-_Still-Life_with_Two_Dead_Peacocks_and_a_Girl_-_WGA19253.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Rembrandt, Still-Life with Two Dead Peacocks and a Girl (c. 1639)"><img alt="Rembrandt, Still-Life with Two Dead Peacocks and a Girl (c. 1639)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Rembrandt_-_Still-Life_with_Two_Dead_Peacocks_and_a_Girl_-_WGA19253.jpg/188px-Rembrandt_-_Still-Life_with_Two_Dead_Peacocks_and_a_Girl_-_WGA19253.jpg" decoding="async" width="188" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Rembrandt_-_Still-Life_with_Two_Dead_Peacocks_and_a_Girl_-_WGA19253.jpg/282px-Rembrandt_-_Still-Life_with_Two_Dead_Peacocks_and_a_Girl_-_WGA19253.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Rembrandt_-_Still-Life_with_Two_Dead_Peacocks_and_a_Girl_-_WGA19253.jpg/376px-Rembrandt_-_Still-Life_with_Two_Dead_Peacocks_and_a_Girl_-_WGA19253.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1065" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Rembrandt" title="Rembrandt">Rembrandt</a>, <i>Still-Life with Two Dead Peacocks and a Girl</i> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1639</span>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Willem_Claesz._Heda_-_Still-Life_with_Pie,_Silver_Ewer_and_Crab_-_WGA11248.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Willem Claeszoon Heda (1594–1680), Still Life with Pie, Silver Ewer and Crab (1658)"><img alt="Willem Claeszoon Heda (1594–1680), Still Life with Pie, Silver Ewer and Crab (1658)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Willem_Claesz._Heda_-_Still-Life_with_Pie%2C_Silver_Ewer_and_Crab_-_WGA11248.jpg/200px-Willem_Claesz._Heda_-_Still-Life_with_Pie%2C_Silver_Ewer_and_Crab_-_WGA11248.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Willem_Claesz._Heda_-_Still-Life_with_Pie%2C_Silver_Ewer_and_Crab_-_WGA11248.jpg/300px-Willem_Claesz._Heda_-_Still-Life_with_Pie%2C_Silver_Ewer_and_Crab_-_WGA11248.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Willem_Claesz._Heda_-_Still-Life_with_Pie%2C_Silver_Ewer_and_Crab_-_WGA11248.jpg/400px-Willem_Claesz._Heda_-_Still-Life_with_Pie%2C_Silver_Ewer_and_Crab_-_WGA11248.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1030" data-file-height="842" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Willem_Claeszoon_Heda" class="mw-redirect" title="Willem Claeszoon Heda">Willem Claeszoon Heda</a> (1594–1680), <i>Still Life with Pie, Silver Ewer and Crab</i> (1658)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ambrosius_Bosschaert_the_Elder_(Dutch_-_Flower_Still_Life_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Ambrosius Bosschaert (1573–1621), Still-Life of Flowers (1614)"><img alt="Ambrosius Bosschaert (1573–1621), Still-Life of Flowers (1614)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Ambrosius_Bosschaert_the_Elder_%28Dutch_-_Flower_Still_Life_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/200px-Ambrosius_Bosschaert_the_Elder_%28Dutch_-_Flower_Still_Life_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Ambrosius_Bosschaert_the_Elder_%28Dutch_-_Flower_Still_Life_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/300px-Ambrosius_Bosschaert_the_Elder_%28Dutch_-_Flower_Still_Life_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Ambrosius_Bosschaert_the_Elder_%28Dutch_-_Flower_Still_Life_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/400px-Ambrosius_Bosschaert_the_Elder_%28Dutch_-_Flower_Still_Life_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4201" data-file-height="3281" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Ambrosius_Bosschaert" title="Ambrosius Bosschaert">Ambrosius Bosschaert</a> (1573–1621), <i>Still-Life of Flowers</i> (1614)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Samuel_van_Hoogstraten_-_Still-Life_-_WGA11726.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Samuel van Hoogstraten, Feigned Letter Rack with Writing Implements (c. 1655)"><img alt="Samuel van Hoogstraten, Feigned Letter Rack with Writing Implements (c. 1655)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Samuel_van_Hoogstraten_-_Still-Life_-_WGA11726.jpg/200px-Samuel_van_Hoogstraten_-_Still-Life_-_WGA11726.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Samuel_van_Hoogstraten_-_Still-Life_-_WGA11726.jpg/300px-Samuel_van_Hoogstraten_-_Still-Life_-_WGA11726.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Samuel_van_Hoogstraten_-_Still-Life_-_WGA11726.jpg/400px-Samuel_van_Hoogstraten_-_Still-Life_-_WGA11726.jpg 2x" data-file-width="980" data-file-height="763" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Samuel_van_Hoogstraten" class="mw-redirect" title="Samuel van Hoogstraten">Samuel van Hoogstraten</a>, <i>Feigned Letter Rack with Writing Implements</i> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1655</span>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:P_boel_martwa_natura_globus_l.jpeg" class="mw-file-description" title="Pieter Boel (1626–1674), Still Life with a Globe and a Parrot (c. 1658)"><img alt="Pieter Boel (1626–1674), Still Life with a Globe and a Parrot (c. 1658)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/P_boel_martwa_natura_globus_l.jpeg/200px-P_boel_martwa_natura_globus_l.jpeg" decoding="async" width="200" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/P_boel_martwa_natura_globus_l.jpeg/300px-P_boel_martwa_natura_globus_l.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/P_boel_martwa_natura_globus_l.jpeg/400px-P_boel_martwa_natura_globus_l.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="2428" data-file-height="1895" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Pieter_Boel" title="Pieter Boel">Pieter Boel</a> (1626–1674), <i>Still Life with a Globe and a Parrot</i> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1658</span>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pieter_Claesz._-_Still-life_-_WGA4968.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Pieter Claesz (c. 1597–1660), Still Life (1623)"><img alt="Pieter Claesz (c. 1597–1660), Still Life (1623)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Pieter_Claesz._-_Still-life_-_WGA4968.jpg/200px-Pieter_Claesz._-_Still-life_-_WGA4968.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="129" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Pieter_Claesz._-_Still-life_-_WGA4968.jpg/300px-Pieter_Claesz._-_Still-life_-_WGA4968.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Pieter_Claesz._-_Still-life_-_WGA4968.jpg/400px-Pieter_Claesz._-_Still-life_-_WGA4968.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1250" data-file-height="809" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Pieter_Claesz" title="Pieter Claesz">Pieter Claesz</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1597</span>–1660), <i>Still Life</i> (1623)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Jan_Davidsz._de_Heem_-_Still-Life_-_WGA11283.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Jan Davidsz. de Heem (1606–1684), Still Life with Fruit, Flowers, Glasses and Lobster (c. 1660s)"><img alt="Jan Davidsz. de Heem (1606–1684), Still Life with Fruit, Flowers, Glasses and Lobster (c. 1660s)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Jan_Davidsz._de_Heem_-_Still-Life_-_WGA11283.jpg/200px-Jan_Davidsz._de_Heem_-_Still-Life_-_WGA11283.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Jan_Davidsz._de_Heem_-_Still-Life_-_WGA11283.jpg/300px-Jan_Davidsz._de_Heem_-_Still-Life_-_WGA11283.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Jan_Davidsz._de_Heem_-_Still-Life_-_WGA11283.jpg/400px-Jan_Davidsz._de_Heem_-_Still-Life_-_WGA11283.jpg 2x" data-file-width="936" data-file-height="700" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Jan_Davidsz._de_Heem" title="Jan Davidsz. de Heem">Jan Davidsz. de Heem</a> (1606–1684), <i>Still Life with Fruit, Flowers, Glasses and Lobster</i> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1660s</span>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Stilleben._Frukt._Binoit_-_Skoklosters_slott_-_22175.tif" class="mw-file-description" title="Peter Binoit, 1618, Skokloster Castle."><img alt="Peter Binoit, 1618, Skokloster Castle." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Stilleben._Frukt._Binoit_-_Skoklosters_slott_-_22175.tif/lossy-page1-200px-Stilleben._Frukt._Binoit_-_Skoklosters_slott_-_22175.tif.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Stilleben._Frukt._Binoit_-_Skoklosters_slott_-_22175.tif/lossy-page1-300px-Stilleben._Frukt._Binoit_-_Skoklosters_slott_-_22175.tif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Stilleben._Frukt._Binoit_-_Skoklosters_slott_-_22175.tif/lossy-page1-400px-Stilleben._Frukt._Binoit_-_Skoklosters_slott_-_22175.tif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4724" data-file-height="3670" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Peter_Binoit" title="Peter Binoit">Peter Binoit</a>, 1618, <a href="/wiki/Skokloster_Castle" title="Skokloster Castle">Skokloster Castle</a>.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pieter_Claesz._008.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Pieter Claesz (c. 1597–1660), Still Life with Salt Tub"><img alt="Pieter Claesz (c. 1597–1660), Still Life with Salt Tub" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Pieter_Claesz._008.jpg/168px-Pieter_Claesz._008.jpg" decoding="async" width="168" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Pieter_Claesz._008.jpg/251px-Pieter_Claesz._008.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Pieter_Claesz._008.jpg/335px-Pieter_Claesz._008.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2148" data-file-height="2562" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Pieter_Claesz" title="Pieter Claesz">Pieter Claesz</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1597</span>–1660), <i>Still Life with Salt Tub</i></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Osias_Beert_the_Elder_-_Dishes_with_Oysters,_Fruit,_and_Wine_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Osias Beert the Elder, Dishes with Oysters, Fruit, and Wine"><img alt="Osias Beert the Elder, Dishes with Oysters, Fruit, and Wine" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Osias_Beert_the_Elder_-_Dishes_with_Oysters%2C_Fruit%2C_and_Wine_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/200px-Osias_Beert_the_Elder_-_Dishes_with_Oysters%2C_Fruit%2C_and_Wine_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Osias_Beert_the_Elder_-_Dishes_with_Oysters%2C_Fruit%2C_and_Wine_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/300px-Osias_Beert_the_Elder_-_Dishes_with_Oysters%2C_Fruit%2C_and_Wine_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Osias_Beert_the_Elder_-_Dishes_with_Oysters%2C_Fruit%2C_and_Wine_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/400px-Osias_Beert_the_Elder_-_Dishes_with_Oysters%2C_Fruit%2C_and_Wine_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 2x" data-file-width="10230" data-file-height="7372" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Osias_Beert" title="Osias Beert">Osias Beert</a> the Elder, Dishes with Oysters, Fruit, and Wine</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:George_Flegel_Still-Life_with_Bread_and_Confectionary.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="George Flegel (1566–1638), Still-Life with Bread and Confectionery, 1630"><img alt="George Flegel (1566–1638), Still-Life with Bread and Confectionery, 1630" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/George_Flegel_Still-Life_with_Bread_and_Confectionary.jpg/156px-George_Flegel_Still-Life_with_Bread_and_Confectionary.jpg" decoding="async" width="156" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/George_Flegel_Still-Life_with_Bread_and_Confectionary.jpg/234px-George_Flegel_Still-Life_with_Bread_and_Confectionary.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/George_Flegel_Still-Life_with_Bread_and_Confectionary.jpg/311px-George_Flegel_Still-Life_with_Bread_and_Confectionary.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3883" data-file-height="4986" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/George_Flegel" class="mw-redirect" title="George Flegel">George Flegel</a> (1566–1638), <i>Still-Life with Bread and Confectionery</i>, 1630</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Southern_Europe">Southern Europe</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Still_life&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Southern Europe"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Diego_Velazquez_-_An_Old_Woman_Cooking_Eggs_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Diego_Velazquez_-_An_Old_Woman_Cooking_Eggs_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/250px-Diego_Velazquez_-_An_Old_Woman_Cooking_Eggs_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="211" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Diego_Velazquez_-_An_Old_Woman_Cooking_Eggs_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/375px-Diego_Velazquez_-_An_Old_Woman_Cooking_Eggs_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Diego_Velazquez_-_An_Old_Woman_Cooking_Eggs_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/500px-Diego_Velazquez_-_An_Old_Woman_Cooking_Eggs_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5816" data-file-height="4918" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Diego_Vel%C3%A1zquez" title="Diego Velázquez">Diego Velázquez</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Old_Woman_Frying_Eggs" title="Old Woman Frying Eggs">Old Woman Frying Eggs</a></i> (1618), (<a href="/wiki/National_Gallery_of_Scotland" class="mw-redirect" title="National Gallery of Scotland">National Gallery of Scotland</a>), is one of the earliest examples of <a href="/wiki/Bodeg%C3%B3n" title="Bodegón">bodegón</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Spanish_art" title="Spanish art">Spanish art</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Bodeg%C3%B3n" title="Bodegón">bodegón</a> is a still-life painting depicting pantry items, such as victuals, game, and drink, often arranged on a simple stone slab, and also a painting with one or more figures, but significant still-life elements, typically set in a kitchen or tavern. Starting in the <a href="/wiki/Baroque" title="Baroque">Baroque</a> period, such paintings became popular in Spain in the second quarter of the 17th century. The tradition of still-life painting appears to have started and was far more popular in the contemporary <a href="/wiki/Low_Countries" title="Low Countries">Low Countries</a>, today <a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a> and <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a> (then Flemish and Dutch artists), than it ever was in southern Europe. <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Golden_Age_painting#Still_lifes" title="Dutch Golden Age painting">Northern still lifes</a> had many subgenres; the <i>breakfast piece</i> was augmented by the <i><a href="/wiki/Trompe-l%27%C5%93il" title="Trompe-l'œil">trompe-l'œil</a></i>, the <i>flower bouquet</i>, and the <i><a href="/wiki/Vanitas" title="Vanitas">vanitas</a></i>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In Spain there were much fewer patrons for this sort of thing, but a type of <i>breakfast piece</i> did become popular, featuring a few objects of food and tableware laid on a table. Still-life painting in Spain, also called <a href="/wiki/Bodeg%C3%B3n" title="Bodegón">bodegones</a>, was austere. It differed from Dutch still life, which often contained rich banquets surrounded by ornate and luxurious items of fabric or glass. The game in Spanish paintings is often plain dead animals still waiting to be skinned. The fruits and vegetables are uncooked. The backgrounds are bleak or plain wood geometric blocks, often creating a surrealist air. Even while both Dutch and Spanish still life often had an embedded moral purpose, the austerity, which some find akin to the bleakness of some of the Spanish plateaus, appears to reject the sensual pleasures, plenitude, and luxury of Dutch still-life paintings.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bodeg%C3%B3n_de_recipientes_(Zurbar%C3%A1n).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Bodeg%C3%B3n_de_recipientes_%28Zurbar%C3%A1n%29.jpg/250px-Bodeg%C3%B3n_de_recipientes_%28Zurbar%C3%A1n%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="136" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Bodeg%C3%B3n_de_recipientes_%28Zurbar%C3%A1n%29.jpg/375px-Bodeg%C3%B3n_de_recipientes_%28Zurbar%C3%A1n%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Bodeg%C3%B3n_de_recipientes_%28Zurbar%C3%A1n%29.jpg/500px-Bodeg%C3%B3n_de_recipientes_%28Zurbar%C3%A1n%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3051" data-file-height="1654" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Francisco_de_Zurbar%C3%A1n" title="Francisco de Zurbarán">Francisco de Zurbarán</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Bodeg%C3%B3n" title="Bodegón">Bodegón</a></i> or <i>Still Life with Pottery Jars</i> (1636), <span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es"><a href="/wiki/Museo_del_Prado" title="Museo del Prado">Museo del Prado</a></i></span>, Madrid</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:JosefaObidos4.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/JosefaObidos4.jpg/250px-JosefaObidos4.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/JosefaObidos4.jpg/375px-JosefaObidos4.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/JosefaObidos4.jpg/500px-JosefaObidos4.jpg 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="395" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Josefa_de_%C3%93bidos" title="Josefa de Óbidos">Josefa de Ayala (Josefa de Óbidos)</a>, <i>Still-life</i> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1679</span>), <a href="/wiki/Santar%C3%A9m,_Portugal" title="Santarém, Portugal">Santarém</a>, Municipal Library</figcaption></figure> <p>Even though Italian still-life painting (in Italian referred to as <i>natura morta</i>, "dead nature") was gaining in popularity, it remained historically less respected than the "grand manner" painting of historical, religious, and mythic subjects. On the other hand, successful Italian still-life artists found ample patronage in their day.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Furthermore, women painters, few as they were, commonly chose or were restricted to painting still life; <a href="/wiki/Giovanna_Garzoni" title="Giovanna Garzoni">Giovanna Garzoni</a>, <a href="/wiki/Laura_Bernasconi" title="Laura Bernasconi">Laura Bernasconi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maria_Theresa_van_Thielen" title="Maria Theresa van Thielen">Maria Theresa van Thielen</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Fede_Galizia" title="Fede Galizia">Fede Galizia</a> are notable examples.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Many leading Italian artists in other genre, also produced some still-life paintings. In particular, <a href="/wiki/Caravaggio" title="Caravaggio">Caravaggio</a> applied his influential form of naturalism to still life. His <i><a href="/wiki/Basket_of_Fruit_(Caravaggio)" title="Basket of Fruit (Caravaggio)">Basket of Fruit</a></i> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1595</span>–1600) is one of the first examples of pure still life, precisely rendered and set at eye level.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Though not overtly symbolic, this painting was owned by Cardinal <a href="/wiki/Federico_Borromeo" title="Federico Borromeo">Federico Borromeo</a> and may have been appreciated for both religious and aesthetic reasons. <a href="/wiki/Jan_Bruegel" class="mw-redirect" title="Jan Bruegel">Jan Bruegel</a> painted his <i>Large Milan Bouquet</i> (1606) for the cardinal, as well, claiming that he painted it 'fatta tutti del natturel' (made all from nature) and he charged extra for the extra effort.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These were among many still-life paintings in the cardinal's collection, in addition to his large collection of curios. Among other Italian still life, <a href="/wiki/Bernardo_Strozzi" title="Bernardo Strozzi">Bernardo Strozzi</a>'s <i>The Cook</i> is a "kitchen scene" in the Dutch manner, which is both a detailed portrait of a cook and the game birds she is preparing.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In a similar manner, one of Rembrandt's rare still-life paintings, <i>Little Girl with Dead Peacocks</i> combines a similar sympathetic female portrait with images of game birds.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Catholic Italy and Spain, the pure vanitas painting was rare, and there were far fewer still-life specialists. In Southern Europe there is more employment of the soft naturalism of Caravaggio and less emphasis on hyper-realism in comparison with Northern European styles.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In France, painters of still lifes (<i>nature morte</i>) were influenced by both the Northern and Southern schools, borrowing from the vanitas paintings of the Netherlands and the spare arrangements of Spain.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Italian_gallery">Italian gallery</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Still_life&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Italian gallery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Fede_Galizia_-_Still-Life_-_WGA8434.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Fede Galizia (1578–1630), Apples in a Dish (c. 1593)"><img alt="Fede Galizia (1578–1630), Apples in a Dish (c. 1593)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Fede_Galizia_-_Still-Life_-_WGA8434.jpg/200px-Fede_Galizia_-_Still-Life_-_WGA8434.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Fede_Galizia_-_Still-Life_-_WGA8434.jpg/300px-Fede_Galizia_-_Still-Life_-_WGA8434.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Fede_Galizia_-_Still-Life_-_WGA8434.jpg/400px-Fede_Galizia_-_Still-Life_-_WGA8434.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1225" data-file-height="900" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Fede_Galizia" title="Fede Galizia">Fede Galizia</a> (1578–1630), <i>Apples in a Dish</i> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1593</span>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Basket111.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Fede Galizia, (1578–1630), Maiolica Basket of Fruit (c. 1610), private collection"><img alt="Fede Galizia, (1578–1630), Maiolica Basket of Fruit (c. 1610), private collection" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Basket111.jpg/200px-Basket111.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Basket111.jpg/300px-Basket111.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Basket111.jpg/400px-Basket111.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1089" data-file-height="770" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Fede_Galizia" title="Fede Galizia">Fede Galizia</a>, (1578–1630), <i>Maiolica Basket of Fruit</i> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1610</span>), <a href="/wiki/Private_collection" title="Private collection">private collection</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Giovanna_Garzoni_(Italian)_-_Still_Life_with_Bowl_of_Citrons_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Giovanna Garzoni (1600–1670), Still Life with Bowl of Citrons (1640), tempera on vellum, Getty Museum, Pacific Palisades, Los Angeles, California"><img alt="Giovanna Garzoni (1600–1670), Still Life with Bowl of Citrons (1640), tempera on vellum, Getty Museum, Pacific Palisades, Los Angeles, California" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Giovanna_Garzoni_%28Italian%29_-_Still_Life_with_Bowl_of_Citrons_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/200px-Giovanna_Garzoni_%28Italian%29_-_Still_Life_with_Bowl_of_Citrons_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Giovanna_Garzoni_%28Italian%29_-_Still_Life_with_Bowl_of_Citrons_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/300px-Giovanna_Garzoni_%28Italian%29_-_Still_Life_with_Bowl_of_Citrons_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Giovanna_Garzoni_%28Italian%29_-_Still_Life_with_Bowl_of_Citrons_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/400px-Giovanna_Garzoni_%28Italian%29_-_Still_Life_with_Bowl_of_Citrons_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4289" data-file-height="3259" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Giovanna_Garzoni" title="Giovanna Garzoni">Giovanna Garzoni</a> (1600–1670), <i>Still Life with Bowl of Citrons</i> (1640), tempera on vellum, <a href="/wiki/Getty_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="Getty Museum">Getty Museum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Palisades,_Los_Angeles,_California" class="mw-redirect" title="Pacific Palisades, Los Angeles, California">Pacific Palisades, Los Angeles, California</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Still_life_of_fish_and_shellfish_-_Giacomo_Francesco_Cipper.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Giacomo Francesco Cipper (1664–1736), Still Life of Fish and Shellfish"><img alt="Giacomo Francesco Cipper (1664–1736), Still Life of Fish and Shellfish" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Still_life_of_fish_and_shellfish_-_Giacomo_Francesco_Cipper.jpg/155px-Still_life_of_fish_and_shellfish_-_Giacomo_Francesco_Cipper.jpg" decoding="async" width="155" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Still_life_of_fish_and_shellfish_-_Giacomo_Francesco_Cipper.jpg/232px-Still_life_of_fish_and_shellfish_-_Giacomo_Francesco_Cipper.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Still_life_of_fish_and_shellfish_-_Giacomo_Francesco_Cipper.jpg/310px-Still_life_of_fish_and_shellfish_-_Giacomo_Francesco_Cipper.jpg 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="581" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Giacomo_Francesco_Cipper" title="Giacomo Francesco Cipper">Giacomo Francesco Cipper</a> (1664–1736), <i>Still Life of Fish and Shellfish</i></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Eighteenth_century">Eighteenth century</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Still_life&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Eighteenth century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Luis_Mel%C3%A9ndez_-_Still_Life_with_Apples,_Grapes,_Melons,_Bread,_Jug_and_Bottle_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Luis_Mel%C3%A9ndez_-_Still_Life_with_Apples%2C_Grapes%2C_Melons%2C_Bread%2C_Jug_and_Bottle_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/250px-Luis_Mel%C3%A9ndez_-_Still_Life_with_Apples%2C_Grapes%2C_Melons%2C_Bread%2C_Jug_and_Bottle_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Luis_Mel%C3%A9ndez_-_Still_Life_with_Apples%2C_Grapes%2C_Melons%2C_Bread%2C_Jug_and_Bottle_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/375px-Luis_Mel%C3%A9ndez_-_Still_Life_with_Apples%2C_Grapes%2C_Melons%2C_Bread%2C_Jug_and_Bottle_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Luis_Mel%C3%A9ndez_-_Still_Life_with_Apples%2C_Grapes%2C_Melons%2C_Bread%2C_Jug_and_Bottle_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/500px-Luis_Mel%C3%A9ndez_-_Still_Life_with_Apples%2C_Grapes%2C_Melons%2C_Bread%2C_Jug_and_Bottle_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6145" data-file-height="4325" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Luis_Egidio_Mel%C3%A9ndez" title="Luis Egidio Meléndez">Luis Meléndez</a> (1716–1780), <i>Still Life with Apples, Grapes, Melons, Bread, Jug and Bottle</i></figcaption></figure> <p>The 18th century to a large extent continued to refine 17th-century formulae, and levels of production decreased. In the <a href="/wiki/Rococo" title="Rococo">Rococo</a> style floral decoration became far more common on <a href="/wiki/Porcelain" title="Porcelain">porcelain</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wallpaper" title="Wallpaper">wallpaper</a>, fabrics and carved wood furnishings, so that buyers preferred their paintings to have figures for a contrast. One change was a new enthusiasm among French painters, who now form a large proportion of the most notable artists, while the English remained content to import. <a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste-Sim%C3%A9on_Chardin" class="mw-redirect" title="Jean-Baptiste-Siméon Chardin">Jean-Baptiste Chardin</a> painted small and simple assemblies of food and objects in a most subtle style that both built on the Dutch Golden Age masters, and was to be very influential on 19th-century compositions. Dead game subjects continued to be popular, especially for hunting lodges; most specialists also painted live animal subjects. <a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Oudry" title="Jean-Baptiste Oudry">Jean-Baptiste Oudry</a> combined superb renderings of the textures of fur and feather with simple backgrounds, often the plain white of a lime-washed larder wall, that showed them off to advantage.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>By the 18th century, in many cases, the religious and allegorical connotations of still-life paintings were dropped and kitchen table paintings evolved into calculated depictions of varied colour and form, displaying everyday foods. The French aristocracy employed artists to execute paintings of bounteous and extravagant still-life subjects that graced their dining table, also without the moralistic vanitas message of their Dutch predecessors. The <a href="/wiki/Rococo" title="Rococo">Rococo</a> love of artifice led to a rise in appreciation in France for <i><a href="/wiki/Trompe-l%27%C5%93il" title="Trompe-l'œil">trompe-l'œil</a></i> (French: "trick the eye") painting. <a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste-Sim%C3%A9on_Chardin" class="mw-redirect" title="Jean-Baptiste-Siméon Chardin">Jean-Baptiste Chardin</a>'s still-life paintings employ a variety of techniques from Dutch-style realism to softer harmonies.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The bulk of <a href="/wiki/Anne_Vallayer-Coster" title="Anne Vallayer-Coster">Anne Vallayer-Coster</a>'s work was devoted to the language of still life as it had been developed in the course of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries.<sup id="cite_ref-Michel_1960,_p._i_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Michel_1960,_p._i-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During these centuries, the genre of still life was placed lowest on the hierarchical ladder. Vallayer-Coster had a way about her paintings that resulted in their attractiveness. It was the "bold, decorative lines of her compositions, the richness of her colours and simulated textures, and the feats of illusionism she achieved in depicting wide variety of objects, both natural and artificial"<sup id="cite_ref-Michel_1960,_p._i_53-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Michel_1960,_p._i-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which drew in the attention of the Royal Académie and the numerous collectors who purchased her paintings. This interaction between art and nature was quite common in <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Dutch</a>, <a href="/wiki/Flanders" title="Flanders">Flemish</a> and French still lifes.<sup id="cite_ref-Michel_1960,_p._i_53-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Michel_1960,_p._i-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Her work reveals the clear influence of <a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste-Sim%C3%A9on_Chardin" class="mw-redirect" title="Jean-Baptiste-Siméon Chardin">Jean-Baptiste-Siméon Chardin</a>, as well as 17th-century Dutch masters, whose work has been far more highly valued, but what made Vallayer-Coster's style stand out against the other still-life painters was her unique way of coalescing representational illusionism with decorative compositional structures.<sup id="cite_ref-Michel_1960,_p._i_53-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Michel_1960,_p._i-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Berman_2003_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Berman_2003-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The end of the eighteenth century and the fall of the <a href="/wiki/French_monarchy" class="mw-redirect" title="French monarchy">French monarchy</a> closed the doors on Vallayer-Coster's still-life 'era' and opened them to her new style of florals.<sup id="cite_ref-Michel_1960,_p._ii_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Michel_1960,_p._ii-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It has been argued that this was the highlight of her career and what she is best known for. However, it has also been argued that the flower paintings were futile to her career. Nevertheless, this collection contained floral studies in oil, watercolour and <a href="/wiki/Gouache" title="Gouache">gouache</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Michel_1960,_p._ii_55-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Michel_1960,_p._ii-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Trompe_l%27oeil,_Carl_Hofverberg,_1737_-_Livrustkammaren_-_89011.tif" class="mw-file-description" title="Carl Hofverberg (1695–1765), Trompe-l'œil (1737), Foundation of the Royal Armoury, Sweden"><img alt="Carl Hofverberg (1695–1765), Trompe-l'œil (1737), Foundation of the Royal Armoury, Sweden" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Trompe_l%27oeil%2C_Carl_Hofverberg%2C_1737_-_Livrustkammaren_-_89011.tif/lossy-page1-162px-Trompe_l%27oeil%2C_Carl_Hofverberg%2C_1737_-_Livrustkammaren_-_89011.tif.jpg" decoding="async" width="162" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Trompe_l%27oeil%2C_Carl_Hofverberg%2C_1737_-_Livrustkammaren_-_89011.tif/lossy-page1-243px-Trompe_l%27oeil%2C_Carl_Hofverberg%2C_1737_-_Livrustkammaren_-_89011.tif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Trompe_l%27oeil%2C_Carl_Hofverberg%2C_1737_-_Livrustkammaren_-_89011.tif/lossy-page1-324px-Trompe_l%27oeil%2C_Carl_Hofverberg%2C_1737_-_Livrustkammaren_-_89011.tif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3261" data-file-height="4020" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carl_Hofverberg&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Carl Hofverberg (page does not exist)">Carl Hofverberg</a> (1695–1765), <i>Trompe-l'œil</i> (1737), Foundation of the Royal Armoury, Sweden</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Jean-Baptiste_Sim%C3%A9on_Chardin_029.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Jean-Baptiste-Siméon Chardin, Still Life with Glass Flask and Fruit (c. 1750)"><img alt="Jean-Baptiste-Siméon Chardin, Still Life with Glass Flask and Fruit (c. 1750)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Jean-Baptiste_Sim%C3%A9on_Chardin_029.jpg/165px-Jean-Baptiste_Sim%C3%A9on_Chardin_029.jpg" decoding="async" width="165" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Jean-Baptiste_Sim%C3%A9on_Chardin_029.jpg/247px-Jean-Baptiste_Sim%C3%A9on_Chardin_029.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Jean-Baptiste_Sim%C3%A9on_Chardin_029.jpg/330px-Jean-Baptiste_Sim%C3%A9on_Chardin_029.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="776" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste-Sim%C3%A9on_Chardin" class="mw-redirect" title="Jean-Baptiste-Siméon Chardin">Jean-Baptiste-Siméon Chardin</a>, <i>Still Life with Glass Flask and Fruit</i> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1750</span>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cholmondeley_Oudry_White_Duck.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Jean-Baptiste Oudry, The White Duck (1753), stolen from Houghton Hall in 1990"><img alt="Jean-Baptiste Oudry, The White Duck (1753), stolen from Houghton Hall in 1990" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Cholmondeley_Oudry_White_Duck.jpg/132px-Cholmondeley_Oudry_White_Duck.jpg" decoding="async" width="132" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Cholmondeley_Oudry_White_Duck.jpg/198px-Cholmondeley_Oudry_White_Duck.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Cholmondeley_Oudry_White_Duck.jpg/264px-Cholmondeley_Oudry_White_Duck.jpg 2x" data-file-width="463" data-file-height="700" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Oudry" title="Jean-Baptiste Oudry">Jean-Baptiste Oudry</a>, <i>The White Duck</i> (1753), stolen from <a href="/wiki/Houghton_Hall" title="Houghton Hall">Houghton Hall</a> in 1990</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Roses,_Convolvulus,_Poppies,_and_Other_Flowers_in_an_Urn_on_a_Stone_Ledge_-_Rachel_Ruysch_-_Google_Cultural_Institute.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Rachel Ruysch, Roses, Convolvulus, Poppies, and Other Flowers in an Urn on a Stone Ledge (1680s)"><img alt="Rachel Ruysch, Roses, Convolvulus, Poppies, and Other Flowers in an Urn on a Stone Ledge (1680s)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Roses%2C_Convolvulus%2C_Poppies%2C_and_Other_Flowers_in_an_Urn_on_a_Stone_Ledge_-_Rachel_Ruysch_-_Google_Cultural_Institute.jpg/155px-Roses%2C_Convolvulus%2C_Poppies%2C_and_Other_Flowers_in_an_Urn_on_a_Stone_Ledge_-_Rachel_Ruysch_-_Google_Cultural_Institute.jpg" decoding="async" width="155" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Roses%2C_Convolvulus%2C_Poppies%2C_and_Other_Flowers_in_an_Urn_on_a_Stone_Ledge_-_Rachel_Ruysch_-_Google_Cultural_Institute.jpg/233px-Roses%2C_Convolvulus%2C_Poppies%2C_and_Other_Flowers_in_an_Urn_on_a_Stone_Ledge_-_Rachel_Ruysch_-_Google_Cultural_Institute.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Roses%2C_Convolvulus%2C_Poppies%2C_and_Other_Flowers_in_an_Urn_on_a_Stone_Ledge_-_Rachel_Ruysch_-_Google_Cultural_Institute.jpg/310px-Roses%2C_Convolvulus%2C_Poppies%2C_and_Other_Flowers_in_an_Urn_on_a_Stone_Ledge_-_Rachel_Ruysch_-_Google_Cultural_Institute.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6618" data-file-height="8524" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Rachel_Ruysch" title="Rachel Ruysch">Rachel Ruysch</a>, <i>Roses, Convolvulus, Poppies, and Other Flowers in an Urn on a Stone Ledge</i> (1680s)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Attributes_of_Music.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Anne Vallayer-Coster, The Attributes of Music (c. 1770)"><img alt="Anne Vallayer-Coster, The Attributes of Music (c. 1770)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Attributes_of_Music.jpg/200px-Attributes_of_Music.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Attributes_of_Music.jpg/300px-Attributes_of_Music.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Attributes_of_Music.jpg/400px-Attributes_of_Music.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="608" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Anne_Vallayer-Coster" title="Anne Vallayer-Coster">Anne Vallayer-Coster</a>, <i>The Attributes of Music</i> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1770</span>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Carlo_Manieri_(attr)_Prunkstillleben.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Carlo Manieri, Still Life with Silverware, Pronkstilleven (1662–1700)"><img alt="Carlo Manieri, Still Life with Silverware, Pronkstilleven (1662–1700)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Carlo_Manieri_%28attr%29_Prunkstillleben.jpg/200px-Carlo_Manieri_%28attr%29_Prunkstillleben.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Carlo_Manieri_%28attr%29_Prunkstillleben.jpg/300px-Carlo_Manieri_%28attr%29_Prunkstillleben.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Carlo_Manieri_%28attr%29_Prunkstillleben.jpg/400px-Carlo_Manieri_%28attr%29_Prunkstillleben.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6354" data-file-height="4940" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Carlo_Manieri" title="Carlo Manieri">Carlo Manieri</a>, <i>Still Life with Silverware</i>, <a href="/wiki/Pronkstilleven" title="Pronkstilleven">Pronkstilleven</a> (1662–1700)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Still_Life_with_Lobster.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Anne Vallayer-Coster, Still Life With Lobster (c. 1781)"><img alt="Anne Vallayer-Coster, Still Life With Lobster (c. 1781)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Still_Life_with_Lobster.jpg/200px-Still_Life_with_Lobster.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Still_Life_with_Lobster.jpg/300px-Still_Life_with_Lobster.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Still_Life_with_Lobster.jpg/400px-Still_Life_with_Lobster.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="630" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Anne_Vallayer-Coster" title="Anne Vallayer-Coster">Anne Vallayer-Coster</a>, <i>Still Life With Lobster</i> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1781</span>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Attributes_of_Painting,_Sculpture,_and_Architecture.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Anne Vallayer-Coster, The Attributes of Painting (c. 1769)"><img alt="Anne Vallayer-Coster, The Attributes of Painting (c. 1769)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Attributes_of_Painting%2C_Sculpture%2C_and_Architecture.jpg/200px-Attributes_of_Painting%2C_Sculpture%2C_and_Architecture.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Attributes_of_Painting%2C_Sculpture%2C_and_Architecture.jpg/300px-Attributes_of_Painting%2C_Sculpture%2C_and_Architecture.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Attributes_of_Painting%2C_Sculpture%2C_and_Architecture.jpg/400px-Attributes_of_Painting%2C_Sculpture%2C_and_Architecture.jpg 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="559" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Anne_Vallayer-Coster" title="Anne Vallayer-Coster">Anne Vallayer-Coster</a>, <i>The Attributes of Painting</i> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1769</span>)</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Nineteenth_century">Nineteenth century</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Still_life&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Nineteenth century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vincent_Willem_van_Gogh_127.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Vincent_Willem_van_Gogh_127.jpg/220px-Vincent_Willem_van_Gogh_127.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="278" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Vincent_Willem_van_Gogh_127.jpg/330px-Vincent_Willem_van_Gogh_127.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Vincent_Willem_van_Gogh_127.jpg/440px-Vincent_Willem_van_Gogh_127.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3349" data-file-height="4226" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Vincent_van_Gogh" title="Vincent van Gogh">Vincent van Gogh</a> (1853–1890), <i><a href="/wiki/Sunflowers_(series_of_paintings)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunflowers (series of paintings)">Sunflowers</a></i><a href="/wiki/Sunflowers_(series_of_paintings)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunflowers (series of paintings)"> or <i>Vase with Fifteen Sunflowers</i></a> (1888), <a href="/wiki/National_Gallery_(London)" class="mw-redirect" title="National Gallery (London)">National Gallery (London)</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Antoine_Vollon_-_Mound_of_Butter_-_National_Gallery_of_Art.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Antoine_Vollon_-_Mound_of_Butter_-_National_Gallery_of_Art.jpg/220px-Antoine_Vollon_-_Mound_of_Butter_-_National_Gallery_of_Art.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="181" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Antoine_Vollon_-_Mound_of_Butter_-_National_Gallery_of_Art.jpg/330px-Antoine_Vollon_-_Mound_of_Butter_-_National_Gallery_of_Art.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Antoine_Vollon_-_Mound_of_Butter_-_National_Gallery_of_Art.jpg/440px-Antoine_Vollon_-_Mound_of_Butter_-_National_Gallery_of_Art.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3285" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Mound_of_Butter" title="Mound of Butter">Mound of Butter</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Antoine_Vollon" title="Antoine Vollon">Antoine Vollon</a>, 1875–85</figcaption></figure> <p>With the rise of the European Academies, most notably the <a href="/wiki/Acad%C3%A9mie_fran%C3%A7aise" class="mw-redirect" title="Académie française">Académie française</a> which held a central role in <a href="/wiki/Academic_art" title="Academic art">Academic art</a>, still life began to fall from favor. The Academies taught the doctrine of the "<a href="/wiki/Hierarchy_of_genres" title="Hierarchy of genres">Hierarchy of genres</a>" (or "Hierarchy of Subject Matter"), which held that a painting's <a href="/wiki/Artistic_merit" title="Artistic merit">artistic merit</a> was based primarily on its subject. In the Academic system, the highest form of painting consisted of images of <a href="/wiki/History_painting" title="History painting">historical</a>, Biblical or mythological significance, with still-life subjects relegated to the very lowest order of artistic recognition. Instead of using still life to glorify nature, some artists, such as <a href="/wiki/John_Constable" title="John Constable">John Constable</a> and <a href="/wiki/Camille_Corot" class="mw-redirect" title="Camille Corot">Camille Corot</a>, chose landscapes to serve that end.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>When <a href="/wiki/Neoclassicism" title="Neoclassicism">Neoclassicism</a> started to go into decline by the 1830s, genre and portrait painting became the focus for the Realist and Romantic artistic revolutions. Many of the great artists of that period included still life in their body of work. The still-life paintings of <a href="/wiki/Francisco_Goya" title="Francisco Goya">Francisco Goya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gustave_Courbet" title="Gustave Courbet">Gustave Courbet</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_Delacroix" title="Eugène Delacroix">Eugène Delacroix</a> convey a strong emotional current, and are less concerned with exactitude and more interested in mood.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Though patterned on the earlier still-life subjects of <a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste-Sim%C3%A9on_Chardin" class="mw-redirect" title="Jean-Baptiste-Siméon Chardin">Chardin</a>, <a href="/wiki/%C3%89douard_Manet" title="Édouard Manet">Édouard Manet</a>'s still-life paintings are strongly tonal and clearly headed toward Impressionism. <a href="/wiki/Henri_Fantin-Latour" title="Henri Fantin-Latour">Henri Fantin-Latour</a>, using a more traditional technique, was famous for his exquisite flower paintings and made his living almost exclusively painting still life for collectors.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>However, it was not until the final decline of the Academic hierarchy in Europe, and the rise of the <a href="/wiki/Impressionist" class="mw-redirect" title="Impressionist">Impressionist</a> and <a href="/wiki/Post-Impressionist" class="mw-redirect" title="Post-Impressionist">Post-Impressionist</a> painters, that technique and colour harmony triumphed over subject matter, and that still life was once again avidly practiced by artists. In his early still life, <a href="/wiki/Claude_Monet" title="Claude Monet">Claude Monet</a> shows the influence of Fantin-Latour, but is one of the first to break the tradition of the dark background, which <a href="/wiki/Pierre-Auguste_Renoir" title="Pierre-Auguste Renoir">Pierre-Auguste Renoir</a> also discards in <i>Still Life with Bouquet and Fan</i> (1871), with its bright orange background. With Impressionist still life, allegorical and mythological content is completely absent, as is meticulously detailed brushwork. Impressionists instead focused on experimentation in broad, dabbing brush strokes, tonal values, and colour placement. The Impressionists and Post-Impressionists were inspired by nature's colour schemes but reinterpreted nature with their own colour harmonies, which sometimes proved startlingly unnaturalistic. As Gauguin stated, "Colours have their own meanings."<sup id="cite_ref-Ebert-Schifferer,_p._318_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ebert-Schifferer,_p._318-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Variations in perspective are also tried, such as using tight cropping and high angles, as with <i>Fruit Displayed on a Stand</i> by <a href="/wiki/Gustave_Caillebotte" title="Gustave Caillebotte">Gustave Caillebotte</a>, a painting which was mocked at the time as a "display of fruit in a bird's-eye view."<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Vincent_van_Gogh" title="Vincent van Gogh">Vincent van Gogh</a>'s "Sunflowers" paintings are some of the best-known 19th-century still-life paintings. Van Gogh uses mostly tones of yellow and rather flat rendering to make a memorable contribution to still-life history. His <i>Still Life with Drawing Board</i> (1889) is a self-portrait in still-life form, with Van Gogh depicting many items of his personal life, including his pipe, simple food (onions), an inspirational book, and a letter from his brother, all laid out on his table, without his own image present. He also painted his own version of a vanitas painting <i>Still Life with Open Bible, Candle, and Book</i> (1885).<sup id="cite_ref-Ebert-Schifferer,_p._318_58-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ebert-Schifferer,_p._318-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the United States during Revolutionary times, American artists trained abroad applied European styles to American portrait painting and still life. <a href="/wiki/Charles_Willson_Peale" title="Charles Willson Peale">Charles Willson Peale</a> founded a family of prominent American painters, and as major leader in the American art community, also founded a society for the training of artists and a famous museum of natural curiosities. His son <a href="/wiki/Raphaelle_Peale" title="Raphaelle Peale">Raphaelle Peale</a> was one of a group of early American still-life artists, which also included <a href="/wiki/John_F._Francis" title="John F. Francis">John F. Francis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Charles_Bird_King" title="Charles Bird King">Charles Bird King</a>, and John Johnston.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the second half of the 19th century, <a href="/wiki/Martin_Johnson_Heade" title="Martin Johnson Heade">Martin Johnson Heade</a> introduced the American version of the habitat or biotope picture, which placed flowers and birds in simulated outdoor environments.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The American <i><a href="/wiki/Trompe-l%27%C5%93il" title="Trompe-l'œil">trompe-l'œil</a></i> paintings also flourished during this period, created by <a href="/wiki/John_Haberle" title="John Haberle">John Haberle</a>, <a href="/wiki/William_Michael_Harnett" class="mw-redirect" title="William Michael Harnett">William Michael Harnett</a>, and <a href="/wiki/John_Frederick_Peto" class="mw-redirect" title="John Frederick Peto">John Frederick Peto</a>. Peto specialized in the nostalgic wall-rack painting while Harnett achieved the highest level of hyper-realism in his pictorial celebrations of American life through familiar objects.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nineteenth-century_paintings">Nineteenth-century paintings</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Still_life&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Nineteenth-century paintings"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Naturaleza_muerta_con_botellas,_frutas_y_pan_por_Goya.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Francisco Goya, Still Life with Fruit, Bottles, Breads (1824–1826)"><img alt="Francisco Goya, Still Life with Fruit, Bottles, Breads (1824–1826)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Naturaleza_muerta_con_botellas%2C_frutas_y_pan_por_Goya.jpg/200px-Naturaleza_muerta_con_botellas%2C_frutas_y_pan_por_Goya.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Naturaleza_muerta_con_botellas%2C_frutas_y_pan_por_Goya.jpg/300px-Naturaleza_muerta_con_botellas%2C_frutas_y_pan_por_Goya.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Naturaleza_muerta_con_botellas%2C_frutas_y_pan_por_Goya.jpg/400px-Naturaleza_muerta_con_botellas%2C_frutas_y_pan_por_Goya.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2024" data-file-height="1442" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Goya" title="Francisco Goya">Francisco Goya</a>, <i>Still Life with Fruit, Bottles, Breads</i> (1824–1826)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Eug%C3%A8ne_Ferdinand_Victor_Delacroix_054.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Eugène Delacroix, Still Life with Lobster and trophies of hunting and fishing (1826–1827), Louvre"><img alt="Eugène Delacroix, Still Life with Lobster and trophies of hunting and fishing (1826–1827), Louvre" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Eug%C3%A8ne_Ferdinand_Victor_Delacroix_054.jpg/200px-Eug%C3%A8ne_Ferdinand_Victor_Delacroix_054.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Eug%C3%A8ne_Ferdinand_Victor_Delacroix_054.jpg/300px-Eug%C3%A8ne_Ferdinand_Victor_Delacroix_054.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Eug%C3%A8ne_Ferdinand_Victor_Delacroix_054.jpg/400px-Eug%C3%A8ne_Ferdinand_Victor_Delacroix_054.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2536" data-file-height="1963" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_Delacroix" title="Eugène Delacroix">Eugène Delacroix</a>, <i>Still Life with Lobster and trophies of hunting and fishing</i> (1826–1827), <a href="/wiki/Louvre" title="Louvre">Louvre</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cailebotte_-_Nature_Morte.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Gustave Caillebotte, (1848–1894), Yellow Roses in a Vase (1882), Dallas Museum of Art"><img alt="Gustave Caillebotte, (1848–1894), Yellow Roses in a Vase (1882), Dallas Museum of Art" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Cailebotte_-_Nature_Morte.jpg/172px-Cailebotte_-_Nature_Morte.jpg" decoding="async" width="172" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Cailebotte_-_Nature_Morte.jpg/258px-Cailebotte_-_Nature_Morte.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Cailebotte_-_Nature_Morte.jpg/344px-Cailebotte_-_Nature_Morte.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1720" data-file-height="2000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Gustave_Caillebotte" title="Gustave Caillebotte">Gustave Caillebotte</a>, (1848–1894), <i>Yellow Roses in a Vase</i> (1882), <a href="/wiki/Dallas_Museum_of_Art" title="Dallas Museum of Art">Dallas Museum of Art</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sillett_-_Tulips_in_a_Vase,_with_a_Caterpillar.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="James Sillett, Tulips in a Vase, with a Caterpillar (undated), Norfolk Museums Collections"><img alt="James Sillett, Tulips in a Vase, with a Caterpillar (undated), Norfolk Museums Collections" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Sillett_-_Tulips_in_a_Vase%2C_with_a_Caterpillar.jpg/163px-Sillett_-_Tulips_in_a_Vase%2C_with_a_Caterpillar.jpg" decoding="async" width="163" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Sillett_-_Tulips_in_a_Vase%2C_with_a_Caterpillar.jpg/245px-Sillett_-_Tulips_in_a_Vase%2C_with_a_Caterpillar.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Sillett_-_Tulips_in_a_Vase%2C_with_a_Caterpillar.jpg/327px-Sillett_-_Tulips_in_a_Vase%2C_with_a_Caterpillar.jpg 2x" data-file-width="490" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/James_Sillett" title="James Sillett">James Sillett</a>, <i>Tulips in a Vase, with a Caterpillar</i> (undated), <a href="/wiki/Norwich_Castle" title="Norwich Castle">Norfolk Museums Collections</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Roses_Grapes_Tablecloth_by_Fantin-Latour.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Henri Fantin-Latour, (1836–1904), White Roses, Chrysanthemums in a Vase, Peaches and Grapes on a Table with a White Tablecloth (1867)"><img alt="Henri Fantin-Latour, (1836–1904), White Roses, Chrysanthemums in a Vase, Peaches and Grapes on a Table with a White Tablecloth (1867)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Roses_Grapes_Tablecloth_by_Fantin-Latour.jpg/200px-Roses_Grapes_Tablecloth_by_Fantin-Latour.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Roses_Grapes_Tablecloth_by_Fantin-Latour.jpg/300px-Roses_Grapes_Tablecloth_by_Fantin-Latour.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Roses_Grapes_Tablecloth_by_Fantin-Latour.jpg/400px-Roses_Grapes_Tablecloth_by_Fantin-Latour.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1053" data-file-height="864" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Henri_Fantin-Latour" title="Henri Fantin-Latour">Henri Fantin-Latour</a>, (1836–1904), <i>White Roses, Chrysanthemums in a Vase, Peaches and Grapes on a Table with a White Tablecloth</i> (1867)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:La_Pendule_noire,_par_Paul_C%C3%A9zanne.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Paul Cézanne (1839–1906), The Black Marble Clock (1869–1871), private collection"><img alt="Paul Cézanne (1839–1906), The Black Marble Clock (1869–1871), private collection" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/La_Pendule_noire%2C_par_Paul_C%C3%A9zanne.jpg/200px-La_Pendule_noire%2C_par_Paul_C%C3%A9zanne.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/La_Pendule_noire%2C_par_Paul_C%C3%A9zanne.jpg/300px-La_Pendule_noire%2C_par_Paul_C%C3%A9zanne.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/La_Pendule_noire%2C_par_Paul_C%C3%A9zanne.jpg/400px-La_Pendule_noire%2C_par_Paul_C%C3%A9zanne.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3176" data-file-height="2347" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Paul_C%C3%A9zanne" title="Paul Cézanne">Paul Cézanne</a> (1839–1906), <i>The Black Marble Clock</i> (1869–1871), private collection</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cassatt_Mary_Lilacs_in_a_Window_1880.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Mary Cassatt, (1844–1926), Lilacs in a Window (1880)"><img alt="Mary Cassatt, (1844–1926), Lilacs in a Window (1880)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Cassatt_Mary_Lilacs_in_a_Window_1880.jpg/158px-Cassatt_Mary_Lilacs_in_a_Window_1880.jpg" decoding="async" width="158" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Cassatt_Mary_Lilacs_in_a_Window_1880.jpg/237px-Cassatt_Mary_Lilacs_in_a_Window_1880.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Cassatt_Mary_Lilacs_in_a_Window_1880.jpg/317px-Cassatt_Mary_Lilacs_in_a_Window_1880.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2036" data-file-height="2572" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Mary_Cassatt" title="Mary Cassatt">Mary Cassatt</a>, (1844–1926), <i>Lilacs in a Window</i> (1880)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Monet-Still-Life-with-Apples-and-Grapes-1880.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Claude Monet (1840–1926), Still-Life with Apples and Grapes (1880), Art Institute of Chicago"><img alt="Claude Monet (1840–1926), Still-Life with Apples and Grapes (1880), Art Institute of Chicago" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Monet-Still-Life-with-Apples-and-Grapes-1880.jpg/200px-Monet-Still-Life-with-Apples-and-Grapes-1880.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Monet-Still-Life-with-Apples-and-Grapes-1880.jpg/300px-Monet-Still-Life-with-Apples-and-Grapes-1880.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Monet-Still-Life-with-Apples-and-Grapes-1880.jpg/400px-Monet-Still-Life-with-Apples-and-Grapes-1880.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1052" data-file-height="846" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Claude_Monet" title="Claude Monet">Claude Monet</a> (1840–1926), <i>Still-Life with Apples and Grapes</i> (1880), <a href="/wiki/Art_Institute_of_Chicago" title="Art Institute of Chicago">Art Institute of Chicago</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Oeillets_et_cl%C3%A9matite_dans_un_vase_de_cristal_(ca.1882)_-_Edouard_Manet_(Mus%C3%A9e_d%27Orsay,_Paris).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Édouard Manet (1832–1883), Carnations and Clematis in a Crystal Vase (1883), Musée d'Orsay, Paris"><img alt="Édouard Manet (1832–1883), Carnations and Clematis in a Crystal Vase (1883), Musée d'Orsay, Paris" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Oeillets_et_cl%C3%A9matite_dans_un_vase_de_cristal_%28ca.1882%29_-_Edouard_Manet_%28Mus%C3%A9e_d%27Orsay%2C_Paris%29.jpg/127px-Oeillets_et_cl%C3%A9matite_dans_un_vase_de_cristal_%28ca.1882%29_-_Edouard_Manet_%28Mus%C3%A9e_d%27Orsay%2C_Paris%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="127" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Oeillets_et_cl%C3%A9matite_dans_un_vase_de_cristal_%28ca.1882%29_-_Edouard_Manet_%28Mus%C3%A9e_d%27Orsay%2C_Paris%29.jpg/190px-Oeillets_et_cl%C3%A9matite_dans_un_vase_de_cristal_%28ca.1882%29_-_Edouard_Manet_%28Mus%C3%A9e_d%27Orsay%2C_Paris%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Oeillets_et_cl%C3%A9matite_dans_un_vase_de_cristal_%28ca.1882%29_-_Edouard_Manet_%28Mus%C3%A9e_d%27Orsay%2C_Paris%29.jpg/254px-Oeillets_et_cl%C3%A9matite_dans_un_vase_de_cristal_%28ca.1882%29_-_Edouard_Manet_%28Mus%C3%A9e_d%27Orsay%2C_Paris%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2024" data-file-height="3190" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/%C3%89douard_Manet" title="Édouard Manet">Édouard Manet</a> (1832–1883), <i>Carnations and Clematis in a Crystal Vase</i> (1883), <a href="/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_d%27Orsay" title="Musée d'Orsay">Musée d'Orsay</a>, Paris</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Paul_Gauguin_116.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Paul Gauguin, Still Life with Apples, a Pear, and a Ceramic Portrait Jug (1889), Fogg Museum, Cambridge, Massachusetts"><img alt="Paul Gauguin, Still Life with Apples, a Pear, and a Ceramic Portrait Jug (1889), Fogg Museum, Cambridge, Massachusetts" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Paul_Gauguin_116.jpg/200px-Paul_Gauguin_116.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Paul_Gauguin_116.jpg/300px-Paul_Gauguin_116.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Paul_Gauguin_116.jpg/400px-Paul_Gauguin_116.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5198" data-file-height="4085" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Paul_Gauguin" title="Paul Gauguin">Paul Gauguin</a>, <i>Still Life with Apples, a Pear, and a Ceramic Portrait Jug</i> (1889), <a href="/wiki/Fogg_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="Fogg Museum">Fogg Museum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cambridge,_Massachusetts" title="Cambridge, Massachusetts">Cambridge, Massachusetts</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:William_Michael_Harnett_After_the_Hunt_1883.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="William Harnett (1848–1892), After the Hunt (1883)"><img alt="William Harnett (1848–1892), After the Hunt (1883)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/William_Michael_Harnett_After_the_Hunt_1883.jpg/126px-William_Michael_Harnett_After_the_Hunt_1883.jpg" decoding="async" width="126" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/William_Michael_Harnett_After_the_Hunt_1883.jpg/189px-William_Michael_Harnett_After_the_Hunt_1883.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/William_Michael_Harnett_After_the_Hunt_1883.jpg/253px-William_Michael_Harnett_After_the_Hunt_1883.jpg 2x" data-file-width="632" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/William_Harnett" title="William Harnett">William Harnett</a> (1848–1892), <i>After the Hunt</i> (1883)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:William_Michael_Harnett_Still_life_Violin_and_Music.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="William Harnett (1848–1892), Still life violin and music (1888), Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York City"><img alt="William Harnett (1848–1892), Still life violin and music (1888), Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York City" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/William_Michael_Harnett_Still_life_Violin_and_Music.jpg/152px-William_Michael_Harnett_Still_life_Violin_and_Music.jpg" decoding="async" width="152" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/William_Michael_Harnett_Still_life_Violin_and_Music.jpg/228px-William_Michael_Harnett_Still_life_Violin_and_Music.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/William_Michael_Harnett_Still_life_Violin_and_Music.jpg/304px-William_Michael_Harnett_Still_life_Violin_and_Music.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2832" data-file-height="3722" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/William_Harnett" title="William Harnett">William Harnett</a> (1848–1892), <i>Still life violin and music</i> (1888), <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art" title="Metropolitan Museum of Art">Metropolitan Museum of Art</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Civil_War_trompe_l%27oeil_by_Boston_Public_Library.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Darius Cobb (1834–1919), an American Civil War trompe-l'œil composition, here in a chromolithograph print"><img alt="Darius Cobb (1834–1919), an American Civil War trompe-l'œil composition, here in a chromolithograph print" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Civil_War_trompe_l%27oeil_by_Boston_Public_Library.jpg/149px-Civil_War_trompe_l%27oeil_by_Boston_Public_Library.jpg" decoding="async" width="149" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Civil_War_trompe_l%27oeil_by_Boston_Public_Library.jpg/223px-Civil_War_trompe_l%27oeil_by_Boston_Public_Library.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Civil_War_trompe_l%27oeil_by_Boston_Public_Library.jpg/298px-Civil_War_trompe_l%27oeil_by_Boston_Public_Library.jpg 2x" data-file-width="893" data-file-height="1200" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Darius_Cobb" title="Darius Cobb">Darius Cobb</a> (1834–1919), an American Civil War <i>trompe-l'œil</i> composition, here in a <a href="/wiki/Chromolithograph" class="mw-redirect" title="Chromolithograph">chromolithograph</a> print</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Nature_morte_au_Ch%C3%A9rubin,_par_Paul_C%C3%A9zanne.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Paul Cézanne, Still Life with Cherub (1895), Courtauld Institute Galleries, London"><img alt="Paul Cézanne, Still Life with Cherub (1895), Courtauld Institute Galleries, London" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Nature_morte_au_Ch%C3%A9rubin%2C_par_Paul_C%C3%A9zanne.jpg/162px-Nature_morte_au_Ch%C3%A9rubin%2C_par_Paul_C%C3%A9zanne.jpg" decoding="async" width="162" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Nature_morte_au_Ch%C3%A9rubin%2C_par_Paul_C%C3%A9zanne.jpg/243px-Nature_morte_au_Ch%C3%A9rubin%2C_par_Paul_C%C3%A9zanne.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Nature_morte_au_Ch%C3%A9rubin%2C_par_Paul_C%C3%A9zanne.jpg/324px-Nature_morte_au_Ch%C3%A9rubin%2C_par_Paul_C%C3%A9zanne.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2536" data-file-height="3132" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Paul_C%C3%A9zanne" title="Paul Cézanne">Paul Cézanne</a>, <i>Still Life with Cherub</i> (1895), <a href="/wiki/Courtauld_Institute_Galleries" class="mw-redirect" title="Courtauld Institute Galleries">Courtauld Institute Galleries</a>, London</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Twentieth_century">Twentieth century</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Still_life&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Twentieth century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Matisse518.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4f/Matisse518.jpg/250px-Matisse518.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/4/4f/Matisse518.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="344" data-file-height="275" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Henri_Matisse" title="Henri Matisse">Henri Matisse</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Still_Life_with_Geraniums" title="Still Life with Geraniums">Still Life with Geraniums</a></i> (1910), <a href="/wiki/Pinakothek_der_Moderne" title="Pinakothek der Moderne">Pinakothek der Moderne</a>, <a href="/wiki/Munich,_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Munich, Germany">Munich, Germany</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jean_Metzinger,_1916,_Fruit_and_a_Jug_on_a_Table,_oil_and_sand_on_canvas,_115.9_x_81_cm,_Museum_of_Fine_Arts,_Boston..jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/5/50/Jean_Metzinger%2C_1916%2C_Fruit_and_a_Jug_on_a_Table%2C_oil_and_sand_on_canvas%2C_115.9_x_81_cm%2C_Museum_of_Fine_Arts%2C_Boston..jpeg/250px-Jean_Metzinger%2C_1916%2C_Fruit_and_a_Jug_on_a_Table%2C_oil_and_sand_on_canvas%2C_115.9_x_81_cm%2C_Museum_of_Fine_Arts%2C_Boston..jpeg" decoding="async" width="250" height="359" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/5/50/Jean_Metzinger%2C_1916%2C_Fruit_and_a_Jug_on_a_Table%2C_oil_and_sand_on_canvas%2C_115.9_x_81_cm%2C_Museum_of_Fine_Arts%2C_Boston..jpeg/375px-Jean_Metzinger%2C_1916%2C_Fruit_and_a_Jug_on_a_Table%2C_oil_and_sand_on_canvas%2C_115.9_x_81_cm%2C_Museum_of_Fine_Arts%2C_Boston..jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/5/50/Jean_Metzinger%2C_1916%2C_Fruit_and_a_Jug_on_a_Table%2C_oil_and_sand_on_canvas%2C_115.9_x_81_cm%2C_Museum_of_Fine_Arts%2C_Boston..jpeg/500px-Jean_Metzinger%2C_1916%2C_Fruit_and_a_Jug_on_a_Table%2C_oil_and_sand_on_canvas%2C_115.9_x_81_cm%2C_Museum_of_Fine_Arts%2C_Boston..jpeg 2x" data-file-width="612" data-file-height="879" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Jean_Metzinger" title="Jean Metzinger">Jean Metzinger</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Fruit_and_a_Jug_on_a_Table" class="mw-redirect" title="Fruit and a Jug on a Table">Fruit and a Jug on a Table</a></i> (1916), oil and sand on canvas, 115.9 x 81 cm, <a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Fine_Arts,_Boston" title="Museum of Fine Arts, Boston">Museum of Fine Arts, Boston</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The first four decades of the 20th century formed an exceptional artistic ferment and revolution period. Avant-garde movements rapidly evolved and overlapped in a march towards nonfigurative, total abstraction. The still life and other representational art continued to evolve and adjust until mid-century when total abstraction, as exemplified by <a href="/wiki/Jackson_Pollock" title="Jackson Pollock">Jackson Pollock</a>'s drip paintings, eliminated all recognizable content.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The century began with several trends taking hold in art. In 1901, <a href="/wiki/Paul_Gauguin" title="Paul Gauguin">Paul Gauguin</a> painted <i>Still Life with Sunflowers</i>, his homage to his friend Van Gogh who had died eleven years earlier. The group known as <a href="/wiki/Les_Nabis" class="mw-redirect" title="Les Nabis">Les Nabis</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Bonnard" title="Pierre Bonnard">Pierre Bonnard</a> and <a href="/wiki/%C3%89douard_Vuillard" title="Édouard Vuillard">Édouard Vuillard</a>, took up Gauguin's harmonic theories and added elements inspired by Japanese woodcuts to their still-life paintings. French artist <a href="/wiki/Odilon_Redon" title="Odilon Redon">Odilon Redon</a> also painted notable still life during this period, especially flowers.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Henri_Matisse" title="Henri Matisse">Henri Matisse</a> reduced the rendering of still-life objects even further to little more than bold, flat outlines filled with bright colours. He also simplified perspective and introduced multi-colour backgrounds.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In some of his still-life paintings, such as <i>Still Life with Eggplants</i>, his table of objects is nearly lost amidst the other colourful patterns filling the rest of the room.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other exponents of <a href="/wiki/Fauvism" title="Fauvism">Fauvism</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Maurice_de_Vlaminck" title="Maurice de Vlaminck">Maurice de Vlaminck</a> and <a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Derain" title="André Derain">André Derain</a>, further explored pure colour and abstraction in their still life.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Paul_C%C3%A9zanne" title="Paul Cézanne">Paul Cézanne</a> found in still life the perfect vehicle for his revolutionary explorations in geometric spatial organization. For Cézanne, still life was a primary means of taking painting away from an illustrative or mimetic function to one demonstrating independently the elements of colour, form, and line, a major step towards <a href="/wiki/Abstract_art" title="Abstract art">Abstract art</a>. Additionally, Cézanne's experiments can be seen as leading directly to the development of <a href="/wiki/Cubist" class="mw-redirect" title="Cubist">Cubist</a> still life in the early 20th century.<sup id="cite_ref-Ebert-Schifferer,_p._311_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ebert-Schifferer,_p._311-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Adapting Cézanne's shifting of planes and axes, the Cubists subdued the colour palette of the <a href="/wiki/Fauvism" title="Fauvism">Fauves</a> and focused instead on deconstructing objects into pure geometrical forms and planes. Between 1910 and 1920, Cubist artists like <a href="/wiki/Pablo_Picasso" title="Pablo Picasso">Pablo Picasso</a>, <a href="/wiki/Georges_Braque" title="Georges Braque">Georges Braque</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Juan_Gris" title="Juan Gris">Juan Gris</a> painted many still-life compositions, often including musical instruments, bringing still life to the forefront of artistic innovation, almost for the first time. Still life was also the subject matter in the first Synthetic Cubist <a href="/wiki/Collage" title="Collage">collage</a> works, such as Picasso's oval "Still Life with Chair Caning" (1912). In these works, still-life objects overlap and intermingle, barely maintaining identifiable two-dimensional forms, losing individual surface texture, and merging into the background—achieving goals nearly opposite to those of traditional still life.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Fernand_L%C3%A9ger" title="Fernand Léger">Fernand Léger</a>'s still life introduced the use of abundant white space and coloured, sharply defined, overlapping geometrical shapes to produce a more mechanical effect.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Rejecting the flattening of space by Cubists, <a href="/wiki/Marcel_Duchamp" title="Marcel Duchamp">Marcel Duchamp</a> and other members of the <a href="/wiki/Dada" title="Dada">Dada</a> movement, went in a radically different direction, creating 3-D "ready-made" still-life sculptures. As part of restoring some symbolic meaning to still life, the <a href="/wiki/Futurism" title="Futurism">Futurists</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Surrealism" title="Surrealism">Surrealists</a> placed recognizable still-life objects in their dreamscapes. In <a href="/wiki/Joan_Mir%C3%B3" title="Joan Miró">Joan Miró</a>'s still-life paintings, objects appear weightless and float in lightly suggested two-dimensional space, and even mountains are drawn as simple lines.<sup id="cite_ref-Ebert-Schifferer,_p._311_66-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ebert-Schifferer,_p._311-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Italy during this time, <a href="/wiki/Giorgio_Morandi" title="Giorgio Morandi">Giorgio Morandi</a> was the foremost still-life painter, exploring a wide variety of approaches to depicting everyday bottles and kitchen implements.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dutch artist <a href="/wiki/M._C._Escher" title="M. C. Escher">M. C. Escher</a>, best known for his detailed yet ambiguous graphics, created <i>Still life and Street</i> (1937), his updated version of the traditional Dutch table still life.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In England <a href="/wiki/Eliot_Hodgkin" title="Eliot Hodgkin">Eliot Hodgkin</a> was using <a href="/wiki/Tempera" title="Tempera">tempera</a> for his highly detailed still-life paintings.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>When 20th-century American artists became aware of European <a href="/wiki/Modernism" title="Modernism">Modernism</a>, they began to interpret still-life subjects with a combination of <a href="/wiki/American_realism" title="American realism">American realism</a> and Cubist-derived abstraction. Typical of the American still-life works of this period are the paintings of <a href="/wiki/Georgia_O%27Keeffe" title="Georgia O'Keeffe">Georgia O'Keeffe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stuart_Davis_(painter)" title="Stuart Davis (painter)">Stuart Davis</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Marsden_Hartley" title="Marsden Hartley">Marsden Hartley</a>, and the photographs of <a href="/wiki/Edward_Weston" title="Edward Weston">Edward Weston</a>. O'Keeffe's ultra-closeup flower paintings reveal both the physical structure and the emotional subtext of petals and leaves in an unprecedented manner.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In Mexico, starting in the 1930s, <a href="/wiki/Frida_Kahlo" title="Frida Kahlo">Frida Kahlo</a> and other artists created their own brand of Surrealism, featuring native foods and cultural motifs in their still-life paintings.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Starting in the 1930s, <a href="/wiki/Abstract_expressionism" title="Abstract expressionism">abstract expressionism</a> severely reduced still life to raw depictions of form and colour, until by the 1950s, total abstraction dominated the art world. However, <a href="/wiki/Pop_art" title="Pop art">pop art</a> in the 1960s and 1970s reversed the trend and created a new form of still life. Much pop art (such as <a href="/wiki/Andy_Warhol" title="Andy Warhol">Andy Warhol</a>'s "Campbell's Soup Cans") is based on still life, but its true subject is most often the commodified image of the commercial product represented rather than the physical still-life object itself. <a href="/wiki/Roy_Lichtenstein" title="Roy Lichtenstein">Roy Lichtenstein</a>'s <i>Still Life with Goldfish Bowl</i> (1972) combines the pure colours of Matisse with the pop iconography of Warhol. <a href="/wiki/Wayne_Thiebaud" title="Wayne Thiebaud">Wayne Thiebaud</a>'s <i>Lunch Table</i> (1964) portrays not a single family's lunch but an assembly line of standardized American foods.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Neo-dada movement, including <a href="/wiki/Jasper_Johns" title="Jasper Johns">Jasper Johns</a>, returned to Duchamp's three-dimensional representation of everyday household objects to create their own brand of still-life work, as in Johns' <i>Painted Bronze</i> (1960) and <i>Fool's House</i> (1962).<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Avigdor_Arikha" title="Avigdor Arikha">Avigdor Arikha</a>, who began as an <a href="/wiki/Abstractionist" class="mw-redirect" title="Abstractionist">abstractionist</a>, integrated the lessons of <a href="/wiki/Piet_Mondrian" title="Piet Mondrian">Piet Mondrian</a> into his still lifes as into his other work; while reconnecting to old master traditions, he achieved a <a href="/wiki/Modernist" class="mw-redirect" title="Modernist">modernist</a> <a href="/wiki/Formalism_(art)" title="Formalism (art)">formalism</a>, working in one session and in natural light, through which the subject-matter often emerged in a surprising perspective.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>A significant contribution to the development of still-life painting in the 20th century was made by Russian artists, among them <a href="/wiki/Sergei_Ivanovich_Osipov" class="mw-redirect" title="Sergei Ivanovich Osipov">Sergei Ocipov</a>, <a href="/wiki/Victor_Teterin" title="Victor Teterin">Victor Teterin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Evgenia_Antipova" title="Evgenia Antipova">Evgenia Antipova</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gevork_Kotiantz" title="Gevork Kotiantz">Gevork Kotiantz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sergei_Yefimovich_Zakharov" title="Sergei Yefimovich Zakharov">Sergei Zakharov</a>, <a href="/wiki/Taisia_Afonina" title="Taisia Afonina">Taisia Afonina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maya_Kopitseva" title="Maya Kopitseva">Maya Kopitseva</a>, and others.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By contrast, the rise of <a href="/wiki/Photorealism" title="Photorealism">Photorealism</a> in the 1970s reasserted illusionistic representation, while retaining some of Pop's message of the fusion of object, image, and commercial product. Typical in this regard are the paintings of <a href="/wiki/Don_Eddy" title="Don Eddy">Don Eddy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ralph_Goings" title="Ralph Goings">Ralph Goings</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Twentieth-century_paintings">Twentieth-century paintings</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Still_life&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Twentieth-century paintings"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Matisse_-_Dishes_and_Fruit_(1901).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Henri Matisse (1869–1954), Dishes and Fruit (1901), Hermitage Museum, St. Petersburg, Russia"><img alt="Henri Matisse (1869–1954), Dishes and Fruit (1901), Hermitage Museum, St. Petersburg, Russia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/47/Matisse_-_Dishes_and_Fruit_%281901%29.jpg/200px-Matisse_-_Dishes_and_Fruit_%281901%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/47/Matisse_-_Dishes_and_Fruit_%281901%29.jpg/300px-Matisse_-_Dishes_and_Fruit_%281901%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/47/Matisse_-_Dishes_and_Fruit_%281901%29.jpg/400px-Matisse_-_Dishes_and_Fruit_%281901%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1476" data-file-height="1208" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Henri_Matisse" title="Henri Matisse">Henri Matisse</a> (1869–1954), <i>Dishes and Fruit</i> (1901), <a href="/wiki/Hermitage_Museum" title="Hermitage Museum">Hermitage Museum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saint_Petersburg" title="Saint Petersburg">St. Petersburg</a>, Russia</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Redon.flowers.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Odilon Redon (1840–1916), Flowers (1903)"><img alt="Odilon Redon (1840–1916), Flowers (1903)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Redon.flowers.jpg/166px-Redon.flowers.jpg" decoding="async" width="166" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Redon.flowers.jpg/250px-Redon.flowers.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Redon.flowers.jpg/333px-Redon.flowers.jpg 2x" data-file-width="835" data-file-height="1003" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Odilon_Redon" title="Odilon Redon">Odilon Redon</a> (1840–1916), <i>Flowers</i> (1903)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Violin_and_Candlestick.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Georges Braque (1882–1963), Violin and Candlestick (1910), San Francisco Museum of Modern Art"><img alt="Georges Braque (1882–1963), Violin and Candlestick (1910), San Francisco Museum of Modern Art" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/3/3c/Violin_and_Candlestick.jpg/163px-Violin_and_Candlestick.jpg" decoding="async" width="163" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/3/3c/Violin_and_Candlestick.jpg/244px-Violin_and_Candlestick.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/3/3c/Violin_and_Candlestick.jpg/326px-Violin_and_Candlestick.jpg 2x" data-file-width="570" data-file-height="700" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Georges_Braque" title="Georges Braque">Georges Braque</a> (1882–1963), <i>Violin and Candlestick</i> (1910), <a href="/wiki/San_Francisco_Museum_of_Modern_Art" title="San Francisco Museum of Modern Art">San Francisco Museum of Modern Art</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:26._Bodeg%C3%B3n.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Juan Gris (1887–1927), Nature morte (1913), Museo Thyssen Bornemisza"><img alt="Juan Gris (1887–1927), Nature morte (1913), Museo Thyssen Bornemisza" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/26._Bodeg%C3%B3n.jpg/126px-26._Bodeg%C3%B3n.jpg" decoding="async" width="126" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/26._Bodeg%C3%B3n.jpg/189px-26._Bodeg%C3%B3n.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/26._Bodeg%C3%B3n.jpg/252px-26._Bodeg%C3%B3n.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="3167" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Juan_Gris" title="Juan Gris">Juan Gris</a> (1887–1927), <i>Nature morte</i> (1913), <a href="/wiki/Museo_Thyssen_Bornemisza" class="mw-redirect" title="Museo Thyssen Bornemisza">Museo Thyssen Bornemisza</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Brooklyn_Museum_-_Handsome_Drinks_-_Marsden_Hartley_-_overall.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Marsden Hartley (1877–1943), Handsome Drinks (c. 1916), Brooklyn Museum"><img alt="Marsden Hartley (1877–1943), Handsome Drinks (c. 1916), Brooklyn Museum" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Brooklyn_Museum_-_Handsome_Drinks_-_Marsden_Hartley_-_overall.jpg/166px-Brooklyn_Museum_-_Handsome_Drinks_-_Marsden_Hartley_-_overall.jpg" decoding="async" width="166" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Brooklyn_Museum_-_Handsome_Drinks_-_Marsden_Hartley_-_overall.jpg/250px-Brooklyn_Museum_-_Handsome_Drinks_-_Marsden_Hartley_-_overall.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Brooklyn_Museum_-_Handsome_Drinks_-_Marsden_Hartley_-_overall.jpg/333px-Brooklyn_Museum_-_Handsome_Drinks_-_Marsden_Hartley_-_overall.jpg 2x" data-file-width="639" data-file-height="768" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Marsden_Hartley" title="Marsden Hartley">Marsden Hartley</a> (1877–1943), <i>Handsome Drinks</i> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1916</span>), <a href="/wiki/Brooklyn_Museum" title="Brooklyn Museum">Brooklyn Museum</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Leger_beer_mug.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Fernand Léger (1881–1955), Still Life with a Beer Mug (1921), Tate"><img alt="Fernand Léger (1881–1955), Still Life with a Beer Mug (1921), Tate" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a8/Leger_beer_mug.jpg/126px-Leger_beer_mug.jpg" decoding="async" width="126" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a8/Leger_beer_mug.jpg/190px-Leger_beer_mug.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a8/Leger_beer_mug.jpg/253px-Leger_beer_mug.jpg 2x" data-file-width="772" data-file-height="1219" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Fernand_L%C3%A9ger" title="Fernand Léger">Fernand Léger</a> (1881–1955), <i>Still Life with a Beer Mug</i> (1921), <a href="/wiki/Tate" title="Tate">Tate</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Compotier_avec_fruits,_violon_et_verre.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Pablo Picasso, Compotier avec fruits, violon et verre (1912)"><img alt="Pablo Picasso, Compotier avec fruits, violon et verre (1912)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/61/Compotier_avec_fruits%2C_violon_et_verre.jpg/154px-Compotier_avec_fruits%2C_violon_et_verre.jpg" decoding="async" width="154" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/61/Compotier_avec_fruits%2C_violon_et_verre.jpg/232px-Compotier_avec_fruits%2C_violon_et_verre.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/61/Compotier_avec_fruits%2C_violon_et_verre.jpg/309px-Compotier_avec_fruits%2C_violon_et_verre.jpg 2x" data-file-width="981" data-file-height="1269" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Pablo_Picasso" title="Pablo Picasso">Pablo Picasso</a>, <i>Compotier avec fruits, violon et verre</i> (1912)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bonnard,_Coupe_de_fruits_sur_une_table.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Pierre Bonnard (1867–1947), Fruit Bowl on a Table (c. 1934), MAMC Strasbourg"><img alt="Pierre Bonnard (1867–1947), Fruit Bowl on a Table (c. 1934), MAMC Strasbourg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Bonnard%2C_Coupe_de_fruits_sur_une_table.jpg/200px-Bonnard%2C_Coupe_de_fruits_sur_une_table.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="117" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Bonnard%2C_Coupe_de_fruits_sur_une_table.jpg/300px-Bonnard%2C_Coupe_de_fruits_sur_une_table.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Bonnard%2C_Coupe_de_fruits_sur_une_table.jpg/400px-Bonnard%2C_Coupe_de_fruits_sur_une_table.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="585" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Bonnard" title="Pierre Bonnard">Pierre Bonnard</a> (1867–1947), <i><a href="/wiki/Fruit_Bowl_on_a_Table" title="Fruit Bowl on a Table">Fruit Bowl on a Table</a></i> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1934</span>), <a href="/wiki/Strasbourg_Museum_of_Modern_and_Contemporary_Art" title="Strasbourg Museum of Modern and Contemporary Art">MAMC Strasbourg</a></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="21st_century">21st century</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Still_life&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: 21st century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Glasses_800_edit.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Glasses_800_edit.png/220px-Glasses_800_edit.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Glasses_800_edit.png/330px-Glasses_800_edit.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Glasses_800_edit.png/440px-Glasses_800_edit.png 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>A completely synthetic, <a href="/wiki/Computer_graphics" title="Computer graphics">computer generated</a> still life, 2006 (by <a href="/wiki/Gilles_Tran" title="Gilles Tran">Gilles Tran</a>)</figcaption></figure> <p>During the 20th and 21st centuries, the notion of the still life has been extended beyond the traditional two dimensional art forms of painting into video art and three dimensional art forms such as sculpture, performance and installation. Some mixed media still-life works employ found objects, photography, video, and sound, and even spill out from ceiling to floor and fill an entire room in a gallery. Through video, still-life artists have incorporated the viewer into their work. Following from the <a href="/wiki/Computer_age" class="mw-redirect" title="Computer age">computer age</a> with <a href="/wiki/Computer_art" title="Computer art">computer art</a> and <a href="/wiki/Digital_art" title="Digital art">digital art</a>, the notion of the still life has also included digital technology. Computer-generated graphics have potentially increased the techniques available to still-life artists. <a href="/wiki/3D_computer_graphics" title="3D computer graphics">3D computer graphics</a> and <a href="/wiki/2D_computer_graphics" title="2D computer graphics">2D computer graphics</a> with 3D <a href="/wiki/Photorealistic" class="mw-redirect" title="Photorealistic">photorealistic</a> effects are used to generate <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/synthesis" class="extiw" title="wikt:synthesis">synthetic</a> still life images. For example, <a href="/wiki/Graphic_art_software" title="Graphic art software">graphic art software</a> includes filters that can be applied to 2D vector graphics or 2D raster graphics on transparent layers. <a href="/wiki/Visual_art" class="mw-redirect" title="Visual art">Visual artists</a> have copied or visualised 3D effects to <a href="/wiki/Artistic_rendering" class="mw-redirect" title="Artistic rendering">manually render</a> photorealistic effects without the use of filters.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Still_life&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Golden_Age_painting" title="Dutch Golden Age painting">Dutch Golden Age painting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Dutch_painters" title="List of Dutch painters">List of Dutch painters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanitas" title="Vanitas">Vanitas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memento_Mori" class="mw-redirect" title="Memento Mori">Memento Mori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Still_life_photography" title="Still life photography">Still life photography</a></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Still_life&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Langmuir, 6</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Langmuir, 13–14</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Langmuir, 13–14 and preceding pages</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Book XXXV.112 of <i><a href="/wiki/Natural_History_(Pliny)" title="Natural History (Pliny)">Natural History</a></i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ebert-Schifferer, p. 19</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ebert-Schifferer, p.22</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ebert-Schifferer, p.137</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EbertSchifferer-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-EbertSchifferer_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EbertSchifferer_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Ebert-Schifferer, p. 16</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ebert-Schifferer,_p._15-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ebert-Schifferer,_p._15_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ebert-Schifferer,_p._15_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Ebert-Schifferer, p. 15</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://arthistory.about.com/library/weekly/sp/bl_memling_rev.htm"><i>Memlings Portraits</i> exhibition review, Frick Collection, NYC</a>. Retrieved March 15, 2010.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ebert-Schifferer, p.25</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ebert-Schifferer, p. 27</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ebert-Schifferer, p. 26</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ebert-Schifferer, p. 39, 53</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ebert-Schifferer, p. 41</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ebert-Schifferer, p. 31</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ebert-Schifferer, p. 34</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Slive, 275; Vlieghe, 211–216</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ebert-Schifferer, p. 45</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ebert-Schifferer, p. 47</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ebert-Schifferer, p.38</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ebert-Schifferer, pp. 54–56</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ebert-Schifferer, p. 64</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ebert-Schifferer, p. 75</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/nstl/hd_nstl.htm">Metropolitan Museum of Art Timeline, Still-life painting 1600–1800</a>. Retrieved March 14, 2010.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jl8IAeoj-7IC&dq=Hierarchy+of+genres+painting&pg=PA97">Books.google.co.uk</a>, translation</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Slive 277–279</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Vlieghe, 207</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Slive, 279, Vlieghe, 206-7</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Paul Taylor, <i>Dutch Flower Painting 1600–1720</i>, Yale University Press, New Haven, 1995, p. 77, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-300-05390-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-300-05390-8">0-300-05390-8</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Taylor, p. 129</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Taylor, p. 197</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Taylor, pp. 56–76</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ebert-Schifferer, p. 93</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QFD4g_GXEQIC&q=garland+paintings">Susan Merriam, <i>Seventeenth-century Flemish Garland Paintings: Still Life, Vision, and the Devotional Image</i></a>, Ashgate Publishing, Ltd., 2012</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.answers.com/topic/pronkstilleven">Oxford Dictionary of Art Terms: Pronkstilleven</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ebert-Schifferer, p. 90</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ebert-Schifferer, p. 164</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ebert-Schifferer, p. 170</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ebert-Schifferer, pp. 180–181</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See <a href="/wiki/Juan_van_der_Hamen" title="Juan van der Hamen">Juan van der Hamen</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Zuffi, p. 260</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLucie-Smith,_Edward1984" class="citation book cs1">Lucie-Smith, Edward (1984). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/thameshudsondic00luci"><i>The Thames and Hudson Dictionary of Art Terms</i></a></span>. London: Thames and Hudson. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/thameshudsondic00luci/page/32">32</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780500233894" title="Special:BookSources/9780500233894"><bdi>9780500233894</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Thames+and+Hudson+Dictionary+of+Art+Terms&rft.place=London&rft.pages=32&rft.pub=Thames+and+Hudson&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=9780500233894&rft.au=Lucie-Smith%2C+Edward&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fthameshudsondic00luci&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStill+life" class="Z3988"></span> <a href="/wiki/Template:LCCN" title="Template:LCCN">LCCN</a> 83-51331</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ebert-Schifferer, p. 71</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>La natura morta in Italia</i> edited by Francesco Porzio and directed by Federico Zeri; Review author: John T. Spike. <i>The Burlington Magazine</i> (1991) Volume 133 (1055) page 124–125.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ebert-Schifferer, p. 82</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ebert-Schifferer, p. 84</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Stefano Zuffi, Ed., <i>Baroque Painting</i>, Barron's Educational Series, Hauppauge, New York, 1999, p. 96, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7641-5214-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-7641-5214-9">0-7641-5214-9</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Zuffi, p. 175</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ebert-Schifferer, p. 173</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ebert-Schifferer, p. 229</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Zuffi, p. 288, 298</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Michel_1960,_p._i-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Michel_1960,_p._i_53-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Michel_1960,_p._i_53-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Michel_1960,_p._i_53-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Michel_1960,_p._i_53-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Michel 1960, p. i</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Berman_2003-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Berman_2003_54-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Berman 2003</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Michel_1960,_p._ii-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Michel_1960,_p._ii_55-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Michel_1960,_p._ii_55-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Michel 1960, p. ii</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ebert-Schifferer, p. 287</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ebert-Schifferer, p. 299</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ebert-Schifferer,_p._318-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ebert-Schifferer,_p._318_58-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ebert-Schifferer,_p._318_58-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Ebert-Schifferer, p. 318</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ebert-Schifferer, p. 310</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ebert-Schifferer, p. 260</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ebert-Schifferer, p. 267</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ebert-Schifferer, p. 272</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ebert-Schifferer, p. 321</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ebert-Schifferer, pp. 323–4</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Stefano Zuffi, Ed., <i>Modern Painting</i>, Barron's Educational Series, Hauppauge, New York, 1998, p. 273, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7641-5119-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-7641-5119-3">0-7641-5119-3</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ebert-Schifferer,_p._311-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ebert-Schifferer,_p._311_66-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ebert-Schifferer,_p._311_66-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Ebert-Schifferer, p. 311</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ebert-Schifferer, p. 338</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">David Piper, <i>The Illustrated Library of Art</i>, Portland House, New York, 1986, p. 643, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-517-62336-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-517-62336-6">0-517-62336-6</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">David Piper, p. 635</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Piper, p. 639</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ebert-Schifferer, p. 387</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ebert-Schifferer, pp. 382–3</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ebert-Schifferer, p. 384-6</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sergei V. Ivanov, <i>Unknown Socialist Realism. The Leningrad School.</i> – Saint Petersburg: NP-Print Edition, 2007. – 448 p. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/5-901724-21-6" title="Special:BookSources/5-901724-21-6">5-901724-21-6</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-5-901724-21-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-5-901724-21-7">978-5-901724-21-7</a>.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Still_life&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li>Berman, Greta. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.juilliard.edu/update/journal/focusOnArt_0303.html">“Focus on Art”.</a> The Juilliard Journal Online 18:6 (March 2003)</li> <li>Ebert-Schifferer, Sybille. <i>Still Life: A History</i>, Harry N. Abrams, New York, 1998, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8109-4190-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-8109-4190-2">0-8109-4190-2</a></li> <li>Langmuir, Erica, <i>Still Life</i>, 2001, National Gallery (London), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1857099613" title="Special:BookSources/1857099613">1857099613</a></li> <li>Michel, Marianne Roland. "Tapestries on Designs by Anne Vallayer-Coster." The Burlington Magazine 102: 692 (November 1960): i–ii</li> <li>Slive, Seymour, <i>Dutch Painting, 1600–1800</i>, Yale University Press, 1995, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-300-07451-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-300-07451-4">0-300-07451-4</a></li> <li>Vlieghe, Hans (1998). <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=AS_NXFoY0M4C">Flemish Art and Architecture, 1585–1700</a></i>. Yale University Press Pelican history of art. New Haven: Yale University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-300-07038-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-300-07038-1">0-300-07038-1</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Still_life&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Still-life_paintings" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Still-life paintings">Still-life paintings</a> at Wikimedia Commons</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Premodern,_Modern_and_Contemporary_art_movements" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#EAE0C8;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Western_art_movements" title="Template:Western art movements"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Western_art_movements" title="Template talk:Western art movements"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Western_art_movements" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Western art movements"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Premodern,_Modern_and_Contemporary_art_movements" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Art_of_Europe" title="Art of Europe">Premodern</a>, <a href="/wiki/Modern_art" title="Modern art">Modern</a> and <a href="/wiki/Contemporary_art" title="Contemporary art">Contemporary</a> art movements</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:#EAE0C8;"><div><a href="/wiki/List_of_art_movements" title="List of art movements">List of art movements</a>/<a href="/wiki/Periods_in_Western_art_history" title="Periods in Western art history">periods</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#EAE0C8;;width:1%">Premodern<br />(Western)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #EAE0C8;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_art" title="Ancient art">Ancient</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thracian_treasure" title="Thracian treasure">Thracian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dacian_art" title="Dacian art">Dacian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuragic_civilization#Culture" title="Nuragic civilization">Nuragic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aegean_art" title="Aegean art">Aegean</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cycladic_art" title="Cycladic art">Cycladic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minoan_art" title="Minoan art">Minoan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minyan_ware" title="Minyan ware">Minyan ware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mycenaean_Greece#Art_and_pottery" title="Mycenaean Greece">Mycenaean</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_art" title="Ancient Greek art">Greek</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sub-Mycenaean_pottery" title="Sub-Mycenaean pottery">Sub-Mycenaean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protogeometric_style" title="Protogeometric style">Protogeometric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geometric_art" title="Geometric art">Geometric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orientalizing_period" title="Orientalizing period">Orientalizing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archaic_Greek_art" class="mw-redirect" title="Archaic Greek art">Archaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black-figure_pottery" title="Black-figure pottery">Black-figure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red-figure_pottery" title="Red-figure pottery">Red-figure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Severe_style" title="Severe style">Severe style</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_art#Classical" title="Ancient Greek art">Classical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerch_style" title="Kerch style">Kerch style</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_art" title="Hellenistic art">Hellenistic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_art#"Baroque"" title="Hellenistic art">"Baroque"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Greek_art" title="Indo-Greek art">Indo-Greek</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Buddhist_art" title="Greco-Buddhist art">Greco-Buddhist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Attic" title="Neo-Attic">Neo-Attic</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etruscan_art" title="Etruscan art">Etruscan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scythian_art" class="mw-redirect" title="Scythian art">Scythian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iberian_sculpture" title="Iberian sculpture">Iberian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gauls#Art" title="Gauls">Gaulish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_art" title="Roman art">Roman</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Republican_art" title="Roman Republican art">Republican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallo-Roman_art" class="mw-redirect" title="Gallo-Roman art">Gallo-Roman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustan_and_Julio-Claudian_art" title="Augustan and Julio-Claudian art">Julio-Claudian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pompeian_Styles" title="Pompeian Styles">Pompeian Styles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trajanic_art" title="Trajanic art">Trajanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Severan_art" title="Severan art">Severan</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #EAE0C8;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Medieval_art" title="Medieval art">Medieval</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Late_Antique_art" class="mw-redirect" title="Late Antique art">Late antique</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_Christian_art_and_architecture" title="Early Christian art and architecture">Early Christian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coptic_art" title="Coptic art">Coptic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_art" title="Ethiopian art">Ethiopian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Migration_Period_art" title="Migration Period art">Migration Period</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_art" title="Anglo-Saxon art">Anglo-Saxon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunnic_art" title="Hunnic art">Hunnic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insular_art" title="Insular art">Insular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lombards#Art" title="Lombards">Lombard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visigothic_art_and_architecture" title="Visigothic art and architecture">Visigothic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donor_portrait" title="Donor portrait">Donor portrait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Picts#Art" title="Picts">Pictish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozarabic_art_and_architecture" title="Mozarabic art and architecture">Mozarabic</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Repoblaci%C3%B3n_art_and_architecture" title="Repoblación art and architecture">Repoblación</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viking_art" title="Viking art">Viking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_art" title="Byzantine art">Byzantine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Iconoclasm" title="Byzantine Iconoclasm">Iconoclast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonian_art_(Byzantine)" title="Macedonian art (Byzantine)">Macedonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palaeologan_Renaissance#Art_and_architecture" title="Palaeologan Renaissance">Palaeologan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italo-Byzantine" title="Italo-Byzantine">Italo-Byzantine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franks#Art_and_architecture" title="Franks">Frankish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Merovingian_art_and_architecture" title="Merovingian art and architecture">Merovingian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carolingian_art" title="Carolingian art">Carolingian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Romanesque_art_and_architecture" title="Pre-Romanesque art and architecture">Pre-Romanesque</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottonian_art" title="Ottonian art">Ottonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanesque_art" title="Romanesque art">Romanesque</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mosan_art" title="Mosan art">Mosan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Romanesque" title="Spanish Romanesque">Spanish</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Normans#Visual_arts" title="Normans">Norman</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Norman%E2%80%93Arab%E2%80%93Byzantine_culture" title="Norman–Arab–Byzantine culture">Norman-Sicilian</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Opus_Anglicanum" title="Opus Anglicanum">Opus Anglicanum</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_art" title="Gothic art">Gothic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_art_in_Milan" title="Gothic art in Milan">Gothic art in Milan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Gothic" title="International Gothic">International Gothic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Gothic_art_in_Italy" title="International Gothic art in Italy">International Gothic art in Italy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucchese_school" title="Lucchese school">Lucchese school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_of_the_Crusades" title="Art of the Crusades">Crusades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novgorod_school" title="Novgorod school">Novgorod school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duecento" title="Duecento">Duecento</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sienese_school" title="Sienese school">Sienese school</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mud%C3%A9jar_art" title="Mudéjar art">Mudéjar</a></li> <li>Medieval <a href="/wiki/History_of_cartography#Medieval_Europe" title="History of cartography">cartography</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_cartography#Italian_cartography_and_the_birth_of_portolan_charts" title="History of cartography">Italian school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Majorcan_cartographic_school" title="Majorcan cartographic school">Majorcan school</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mappa_mundi" title="Mappa mundi">Mappa mundi</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #EAE0C8;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Renaissance_art" title="Renaissance art">Renaissance</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Renaissance_painting" title="Italian Renaissance painting">Italian Renaissance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trecento" title="Trecento">Trecento</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Renaissance" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Renaissance">Proto-Renaissance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florentine_painting" title="Florentine painting">Florentine school</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pittura_infamante" title="Pittura infamante">Pittura infamante</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quattrocento" title="Quattrocento">Quattrocento</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/School_of_Ferrara" title="School of Ferrara">Ferrarese school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forlivese_school_of_art" title="Forlivese school of art">Forlivese school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venetian_painting" title="Venetian painting">Venetian school</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinquecento" title="Cinquecento">Cinquecento</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/High_Renaissance" title="High Renaissance">High Renaissance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolognese_school" title="Bolognese school">Bolognese school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mannerism" title="Mannerism">Mannerism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-Maniera" title="Counter-Maniera">Counter-<i>Maniera</i></a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Renaissance" title="Northern Renaissance">Northern Renaissance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_Netherlandish_painting" title="Early Netherlandish painting">Early Netherlandish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/World_landscape" title="World landscape">World landscape</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghent%E2%80%93Bruges_school" title="Ghent–Bruges school">Ghent–Bruges school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Mannerism" title="Northern Mannerism">Northern Mannerism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Renaissance" title="German Renaissance">German Renaissance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cologne_school_of_painting" title="Cologne school of painting">Cologne school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danube_school" title="Danube school">Danube school</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_and_Flemish_Renaissance_painting" title="Dutch and Flemish Renaissance painting">Dutch and Flemish Renaissance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antwerp_Mannerism" title="Antwerp Mannerism">Antwerp Mannerism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanism_(painting)" title="Romanism (painting)">Romanism</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Still life</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_Renaissance#Visual_arts" title="English Renaissance">English Renaissance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Artists_of_the_Tudor_court" title="Artists of the Tudor court">Tudor court</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cretan_school" title="Cretan school">Cretan school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turquerie" title="Turquerie">Turquerie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/School_of_Fontainebleau" title="School of Fontainebleau">Fontainebleau school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_of_the_late_16th_century_in_Milan" title="Art of the late 16th century in Milan">Art of the late 16th century in Milan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #EAE0C8;width:1%">17th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baroque" title="Baroque">Baroque</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baroque_in_Milan" title="Baroque in Milan">Baroque in Milan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flemish_Baroque_painting" title="Flemish Baroque painting">Flemish Baroque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caravaggisti" title="Caravaggisti">Caravaggisti</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Utrecht_Caravaggism" title="Utrecht Caravaggism">in Utrecht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tenebrism" title="Tenebrism">Tenebrism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_XIII_style" title="Louis XIII style">Louis XIII style</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lutheran_baroque" class="mw-redirect" title="Lutheran baroque">Lutheran Baroque</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stroganov_school" title="Stroganov school">Stroganov school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_painter" title="Animal painter">Animal painting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guild_of_Romanists" title="Guild of Romanists">Guild of Romanists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Golden_Age_painting" title="Dutch Golden Age painting">Dutch Golden Age</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Delft_school_(painting)" title="Delft school (painting)">Delft school</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capriccio_(art)" title="Capriccio (art)">Capriccio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ionian_school_(painting)" title="Ionian school (painting)">Heptanese school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classicism#In_the_fine_arts" title="Classicism">Classicism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Louis_XIV_style" title="Louis XIV style">Louis XIV style</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poussinists_and_Rubenists" title="Poussinists and Rubenists">Poussinists and Rubenists</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #EAE0C8;width:1%">18th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rococo" title="Rococo">Rococo</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rocaille" title="Rocaille">Rocaille</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_XV_style" title="Louis XV style">Louis XV style</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederician_Rococo" class="mw-redirect" title="Frederician Rococo">Frederician</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinoiserie" title="Chinoiserie">Chinoiserie</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/F%C3%AAte_galante" title="Fête galante">Fête galante</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoclassicism" title="Neoclassicism">Neoclassicism</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Go%C3%BBt_grec" title="Goût grec">Goût grec</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_XVI_style" title="Louis XVI style">Louis XVI style</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_style" title="Adam style">Adam style</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Directoire_style" title="Directoire style">Directoire style</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoclassical_architecture_in_Milan" title="Neoclassical architecture in Milan">Neoclassical architecture in Milan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Picturesque" title="Picturesque">Picturesque</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #EAE0C8;width:1%">Colonial art</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Art of the <a href="/wiki/African_diaspora" title="African diaspora">African diaspora</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African-American_art" title="African-American art">African-American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caribbean_art" title="Caribbean art">Caribbean</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Haitian_art" title="Haitian art">Haitian</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li>Colonial Asian art <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arts_in_the_Philippines" title="Arts in the Philippines">Arts in the Philippines</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Letras_y_figuras" title="Letras y figuras">Letras y figuras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tipos_del_Pa%C3%ADs" title="Tipos del País">Tipos del País</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baroque#Baroque_in_the_Spanish_and_Portuguese_Colonial_Asia" title="Baroque">Colonial Asian Baroque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Company_style" title="Company style">Company style</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_American_art" title="Latin American art">Latin American art</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Casta_painting" class="mw-redirect" title="Casta painting">Casta painting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indochristian_art" title="Indochristian art">Indochristian art</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chilote_school_of_religious_imagery" title="Chilote school of religious imagery">Chilote school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuzco_school" class="mw-redirect" title="Cuzco school">Cuzco school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quito_school" title="Quito school">Quito school</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baroque#Baroque_in_the_Spanish_and_Portuguese_Colonial_Americas" title="Baroque">Latin American Baroque</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #EAE0C8;width:1%">Art borrowing<br />Western elements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_art" title="Islamic art">Islamic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Andalus#Art_and_architecture" title="Al-Andalus">Moorish</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manichaean_art" title="Manichaean art">Manichaean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mughal_art" class="mw-redirect" title="Mughal art">Mughal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qajar_art" title="Qajar art">Qajar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qing_handicrafts" title="Qing handicrafts">Qing handicrafts</a></li> <li>Western influence in <a href="/wiki/Japanese_art" title="Japanese art">Japan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akita_ranga" title="Akita ranga">Akita ranga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uki-e" title="Uki-e">Uki-e</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #EAE0C8;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_art#Western_art_after_1770" title="History of art">Transition<br />to modern</a><br />(c. 1770 – 1862)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Romanticism#Visual_arts" title="Romanticism">Romanticism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fairy_painting" title="Fairy painting">Fairy painting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danish_Golden_Age" title="Danish Golden Age">Danish Golden Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Troubadour_style" title="Troubadour style">Troubadour style</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazarene_movement" title="Nazarene movement">Nazarene movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purismo" title="Purismo">Purismo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancients_(art_group)" title="Ancients (art group)">Shoreham Ancients</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%BCsseldorf_school_of_painting" class="mw-redirect" title="Düsseldorf school of painting">Düsseldorf school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Raphaelite_Brotherhood" title="Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood">Pre-Raphaelites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hudson_River_School" title="Hudson River School">Hudson River School</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Luminism_(American_art_style)" title="Luminism (American art style)">American luminism</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orientalism#Orientalist_art" title="Orientalism">Orientalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norwich_school_of_painters" title="Norwich school of painters">Norwich school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire_style" title="Empire style">Empire style</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historicism_(art)" title="Historicism (art)">Historicism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Revivalism_(architecture)" title="Revivalism (architecture)">Revivalism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biedermeier" title="Biedermeier">Biedermeier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Realism_(art_movement)" title="Realism (art movement)">Realism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barbizon_school" class="mw-redirect" title="Barbizon school">Barbizon school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Costumbrismo" title="Costumbrismo">Costumbrismo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verismo_(painting)" title="Verismo (painting)">Verismo</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Macchiaioli" title="Macchiaioli">Macchiaioli</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Academic_art" title="Academic art">Academic art</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Munich_school" title="Munich school">Munich school</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greek_academic_art_of_the_19th_century" title="Greek academic art of the 19th century">in Greece</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Grec#Painting" title="Neo-Grec">Neo-Grec</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etching_revival" title="Etching revival">Etching revival</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#EAE0C8;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Modern_art" title="Modern art">Modern</a><br />(1863–1944)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #EAE0C8;width:1%">1863–1899</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neo-romanticism" title="Neo-romanticism">Neo-romanticism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Romantic_nationalism#Arts" title="Romantic nationalism">National romanticism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Y%C5%8Dga" title="Yōga">Yōga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nihonga" title="Nihonga">Nihonga</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Japonisme" title="Japonisme">Japonisme</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Japanese_style" title="Anglo-Japanese style">Anglo-Japanese style</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beuron_school" title="Beuron school">Beuron school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hague_school" class="mw-redirect" title="Hague school">Hague school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peredvizhniki" title="Peredvizhniki">Peredvizhniki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impressionism" title="Impressionism">Impressionism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Impressionism" title="American Impressionism">American</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hoosier_Group" title="Hoosier Group">Hoosier Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boston_school_(painting)" title="Boston school (painting)">Boston school</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amsterdam_Impressionism" title="Amsterdam Impressionism">Amsterdam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Impressionism" title="Canadian Impressionism">Canadian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heidelberg_school" class="mw-redirect" title="Heidelberg school">Heidelberg school</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aestheticism" title="Aestheticism">Aestheticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arts_and_Crafts_movement" title="Arts and Crafts movement">Arts and Crafts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Art_pottery" title="Art pottery">Art pottery</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tonalism" title="Tonalism">Tonalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decadent_movement" title="Decadent movement">Decadent movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symbolism_(arts)" class="mw-redirect" title="Symbolism (arts)">Symbolism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Symbolist_movement_in_Romania" title="Symbolist movement in Romania">Romanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_symbolism#Visual_arts" title="Russian symbolism">Russian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volcano_school" title="Volcano school">Volcano school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incoherents" title="Incoherents">Incoherents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-Impressionism" title="Post-Impressionism">Post-Impressionism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Impressionism" title="Neo-Impressionism">Neo-Impressionism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Luminism_(Impressionism)" title="Luminism (Impressionism)">Luminism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divisionism" title="Divisionism">Divisionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pointillism" title="Pointillism">Pointillism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pont-Aven_School" title="Pont-Aven School">Pont-Aven School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cloisonnism" title="Cloisonnism">Cloisonnism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synthetism" title="Synthetism">Synthetism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Les_Nabis" class="mw-redirect" title="Les Nabis">Les Nabis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Barbizon_school" class="mw-redirect" title="American Barbizon school">American Barbizon school</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/California_tonalism" class="mw-redirect" title="California tonalism">California tonalism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Costumbrismo#Visual_costumbrismo_in_the_Americas" title="Costumbrismo">Costumbrismo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #EAE0C8;width:1%">1900–1914</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Art_Nouveau" title="Art Nouveau">Art Nouveau</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Art_Nouveau_in_Milan" title="Art Nouveau in Milan">Art Nouveau in Milan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primitivism" title="Primitivism">Primitivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/California_Impressionism" title="California Impressionism">California Impressionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secession_(art)" title="Secession (art)">Secessionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/School_of_Paris" title="School of Paris">School of Paris</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Munich_Secession" title="Munich Secession">Munich Secession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vienna_Secession" title="Vienna Secession">Vienna Secession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berlin_Secession" title="Berlin Secession">Berlin Secession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sonderbund_westdeutscher_Kunstfreunde_und_K%C3%BCnstler" title="Sonderbund westdeutscher Kunstfreunde und Künstler">Sonderbund</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_Impressionism" title="Pennsylvania Impressionism">Pennsylvania Impressionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mir_iskusstva" title="Mir iskusstva">Mir iskusstva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ten_American_Painters" title="Ten American Painters">Ten American Painters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fauvism" title="Fauvism">Fauvism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expressionism" title="Expressionism">Expressionism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Die_Br%C3%BCcke" title="Die Brücke">Die Brücke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Der_Blaue_Reiter" title="Der Blaue Reiter">Der Blaue Reiter</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noucentisme" title="Noucentisme">Noucentisme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deutscher_Werkbund" title="Deutscher Werkbund">Deutscher Werkbund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Realism" class="mw-redirect" title="American Realism">American Realism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ashcan_school" class="mw-redirect" title="Ashcan school">Ashcan school</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cubism" title="Cubism">Cubism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Cubism" title="Proto-Cubism">Proto-Cubism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orphism_(art)" title="Orphism (art)">Orphism</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Eight_(painters)" title="The Eight (painters)">A Nyolcak</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neue_K%C3%BCnstlervereinigung_M%C3%BCnchen" title="Neue Künstlervereinigung München">Neue Künstlervereinigung München</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Futurism" title="Futurism">Futurism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cubo-Futurism" title="Cubo-Futurism">Cubo-Futurism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_Deco" title="Art Deco">Art Deco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metaphysical_painting" title="Metaphysical painting">Metaphysical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rayonism" title="Rayonism">Rayonism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Productivism_(art)" title="Productivism (art)">Productivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synchromism" title="Synchromism">Synchromism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vorticism" title="Vorticism">Vorticism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #EAE0C8;width:1%">1915–1944</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sosaku-hanga" class="mw-redirect" title="Sosaku-hanga">Sosaku-hanga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suprematism" title="Suprematism">Suprematism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/School_of_Paris" title="School of Paris">School of Paris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crystal_Cubism" title="Crystal Cubism">Crystal Cubism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constructivism_(art)" title="Constructivism (art)">Constructivism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Latin_American_art#Constructivist_movement" title="Latin American art">Latin American</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Universal_Constructivism" title="Universal Constructivism">Universal Constructivism</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dada" title="Dada">Dada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shin-hanga" title="Shin-hanga">Shin-hanga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoplasticism" title="Neoplasticism">Neoplasticism</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/De_Stijl" title="De Stijl">De Stijl</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purism" title="Purism">Purism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Return_to_order" title="Return to order">Return to order</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Novecento_Italiano" title="Novecento Italiano">Novecento Italiano</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Figurative_Constructivism" title="Figurative Constructivism">Figurative Constructivism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stupid_(art_movement)" title="Stupid (art movement)">Stupid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cologne_Progressives" title="Cologne Progressives">Cologne Progressives</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arbeitsrat_f%C3%BCr_Kunst" title="Arbeitsrat für Kunst">Arbeitsrat für Kunst</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/November_Group_(German)" title="November Group (German)">November Group</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_tonalism" title="Australian tonalism">Australian tonalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dresden_Secession" title="Dresden Secession">Dresden Secession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_realism" title="Social realism">Social realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Functionalism_(architecture)" title="Functionalism (architecture)">Functionalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bauhaus" title="Bauhaus">Bauhaus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kinetic_art" title="Kinetic art">Kinetic art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manifesto_Antrop%C3%B3fago" title="Manifesto Antropófago">Anthropophagy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mingei" title="Mingei">Mingei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_of_Seven_(artists)" title="Group of Seven (artists)">Group of Seven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Objectivity" title="New Objectivity">New Objectivity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grosvenor_School_of_Modern_Art" title="Grosvenor School of Modern Art">Grosvenor school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neues_Sehen" title="Neues Sehen">Neues Sehen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surrealism" title="Surrealism">Surrealism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_modern_and_contemporary_art#Surrealism_in_Iran" title="Iranian modern and contemporary art">Iranian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_American_art#Surrealism" title="Latin American art">Latin American</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_muralism" title="Mexican muralism">Mexican muralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Fauvism" title="Neo-Fauvism">Neo-Fauvism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Precisionism" title="Precisionism">Precisionism</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Aeropittura" title="Aeropittura">Aeropittura</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Association_of_Revolutionary_Visual_Artists" title="Association of Revolutionary Visual Artists">Asso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scuola_Romana" title="Scuola Romana">Scuola Romana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cercle_et_Carr%C3%A9" title="Cercle et Carré">Cercle et Carré</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harlem_Renaissance" title="Harlem Renaissance">Harlem Renaissance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kapists" title="Kapists">Kapists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regionalism_(art)" title="Regionalism (art)">Regionalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/California_Scene_Painting" title="California Scene Painting">California Scene Painting</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heroic_realism" title="Heroic realism">Heroic realism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_realism" title="Socialist realism">Socialist realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_in_Nazi_Germany" title="Art in Nazi Germany">Nazi art</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Streamline_Moderne" title="Streamline Moderne">Streamline Moderne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concrete_art" title="Concrete art">Concrete art</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abstraction-Cr%C3%A9ation" title="Abstraction-Création">Abstraction-Création</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Ten_(Expressionists)" title="The Ten (Expressionists)">The Ten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_dimension_in_art#Dimensionist_manifesto" title="Fourth dimension in art">Dimensionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boston_Expressionism" title="Boston Expressionism">Boston Expressionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leningrad_School_of_Painting" title="Leningrad School of Painting">Leningrad school</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#EAE0C8;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_art" title="Contemporary art">Contemporary</a><br />and <a href="/wiki/Postmodern_art" title="Postmodern art">Postmodern</a><br />(1945–present)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #EAE0C8;width:1%">1945–1959</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_Typographic_Style" title="International Typographic Style">International Typographic Style</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abstract_expressionism" title="Abstract expressionism">Abstract expressionism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Washington_Color_School" title="Washington Color School">Washington Color School</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visionary_art" title="Visionary art">Visionary art</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vienna_School_of_Fantastic_Realism" title="Vienna School of Fantastic Realism">Vienna School of Fantastic Realism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spatialism" title="Spatialism">Spatialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_field" title="Color field">Color field</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyrical_abstraction" title="Lyrical abstraction">Lyrical abstraction</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tachisme" title="Tachisme">Tachisme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arte_Informale" title="Arte Informale">Arte Informale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COBRA_(art_movement)" title="COBRA (art movement)">COBRA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuagisme" title="Nuagisme">Nuagisme</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Generaci%C3%B3n_de_la_Ruptura" title="Generación de la Ruptura">Generación de la Ruptura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jikken_K%C5%8Db%C5%8D" title="Jikken Kōbō">Jikken Kōbō</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metcalf_Chateau" title="Metcalf Chateau">Metcalf Chateau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mono-ha" title="Mono-ha">Mono-ha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanyang_Style" title="Nanyang Style">Nanyang Style</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Action_painting" title="Action painting">Action painting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Figurative_Expressionism" title="American Figurative Expressionism">American Figurative Expressionism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_York_Figurative_Expressionism" title="New York Figurative Expressionism">in New York</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_media_art" title="New media art">New media art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_School_(art)#Visual_arts" title="New York School (art)">New York school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hard-edge_painting" title="Hard-edge painting">Hard-edge painting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bay_Area_Figurative_Movement" title="Bay Area Figurative Movement">Bay Area Figurative Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Les_Plasticiens" title="Les Plasticiens">Les Plasticiens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gutai_Art_Association" title="Gutai Art Association">Gutai Art Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gendai_Bijutsu_Kondankai" title="Gendai Bijutsu Kondankai">Gendai Bijutsu Kondankai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pop_art" title="Pop art">Pop art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Situationist_International" title="Situationist International">Situationist International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Nonconformist_Art" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet Nonconformist Art">Soviet Nonconformist</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_underground" title="Ukrainian underground">Ukrainian underground</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lettrism" title="Lettrism">Lettrism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Letterist_International" title="Letterist International">Letterist International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultra-Lettrist" title="Ultra-Lettrist">Ultra-Lettrist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florida_Highwaymen" class="mw-redirect" title="Florida Highwaymen">Florida Highwaymen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cybernetic_art" title="Cybernetic art">Cybernetic art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antipodeans" title="Antipodeans">Antipodeans</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #EAE0C8;width:1%">1960–1969</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Otra_Figuraci%C3%B3n" title="Otra Figuración">Otra Figuración</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afrofuturism" title="Afrofuturism">Afrofuturism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nueva_Presencia" title="Nueva Presencia">Nueva Presencia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zero_(art)" title="Zero (art)">ZERO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Happening" title="Happening">Happening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Dada" title="Neo-Dada">Neo-Dada</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Dada_Organizers" title="Neo-Dada Organizers">Neo-Dada Organizers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Op_art" title="Op art">Op art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nouveau_r%C3%A9alisme" title="Nouveau réalisme">Nouveau réalisme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nouvelle_tendance" title="Nouvelle tendance">Nouvelle tendance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capitalist_realism" title="Capitalist realism">Capitalist realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_%26_Language" title="Art & Language">Art & Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arte_Povera" title="Arte Povera">Arte Povera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Arts_Movement" title="Black Arts Movement">Black Arts Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Caribbean_Artists_Movement" title="The Caribbean Artists Movement">The Caribbean Artists Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicano_art_movement" title="Chicano art movement">Chicano art movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conceptual_art" title="Conceptual art">Conceptual art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_art" title="Land art">Land art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Systems_art" title="Systems art">Systems art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_art" title="Video art">Video art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minimalism_(visual_arts)" title="Minimalism (visual arts)">Minimalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fluxus" title="Fluxus">Fluxus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Generative_art" title="Generative art">Generative art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-painterly_abstraction" title="Post-painterly abstraction">Post-painterly abstraction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intermedia" title="Intermedia">Intermedia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychedelic_art" title="Psychedelic art">Psychedelic art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nut_Art" title="Nut Art">Nut Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photorealism" title="Photorealism">Photorealism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_art" title="Environmental art">Environmental art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Performance_art" title="Performance art">Performance art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Process_art" title="Process art">Process art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institutional_critique" class="mw-redirect" title="Institutional critique">Institutional critique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Light_and_Space" title="Light and Space">Light and Space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Street_art" title="Street art">Street art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_art_movement" title="Feminist art movement">Feminist art movement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_art_movement_in_the_United_States" title="Feminist art movement in the United States">in the US</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_modern_and_contemporary_art#Saqqakhaneh_movement" title="Iranian modern and contemporary art">Saqqakhaneh movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Stars_Art_Group" title="The Stars Art Group">The Stars Art Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tropic%C3%A1lia" title="Tropicália">Tropicália</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoru_no_Kai" title="Yoru no Kai">Yoru no Kai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artificial_intelligence_art" title="Artificial intelligence art">Artificial intelligence art</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #EAE0C8;width:1%">1970–1999</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Post-conceptual_art" title="Post-conceptual art">Post-conceptual art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Installation_art" title="Installation art">Installation art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artscene" class="mw-redirect" title="Artscene">Artscene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postminimalism" title="Postminimalism">Postminimalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endurance_art" title="Endurance art">Endurance art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sots_Art" title="Sots Art">Sots Art</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Moscow_Conceptualists" title="Moscow Conceptualists">Moscow Conceptualists</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pattern_and_Decoration" title="Pattern and Decoration">Pattern and Decoration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pliontanism" title="Pliontanism">Pliontanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punk_visual_art" title="Punk visual art">Punk art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-expressionism" title="Neo-expressionism">Neo-expressionism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Transavantgarde" title="Transavantgarde">Transavantgarde</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haitian_art#Saint_Soleil_School" title="Haitian art">Saint Soleil school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guerrilla_art" title="Guerrilla art">Guerrilla art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lowbrow_(art_movement)" title="Lowbrow (art movement)">Lowbrow art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telematic_art" title="Telematic art">Telematic art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Appropriation_(art)" title="Appropriation (art)">Appropriation art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-conceptual_art" title="Neo-conceptual art">Neo-conceptual art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_European_Painting" title="New European Painting">New European Painting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunisian_collaborative_painting" title="Tunisian collaborative painting">Tunisian collaborative painting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memphis_Group" title="Memphis Group">Memphis Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyberdelic" title="Cyberdelic">Cyberdelic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neue_Slowenische_Kunst" title="Neue Slowenische Kunst">Neue Slowenische Kunst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scratch_video" title="Scratch video">Scratch video</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Retrofuturism" title="Retrofuturism">Retrofuturism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_British_Artists" title="Young British Artists">Young British Artists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superfiction" title="Superfiction">Superfiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taring_Padi" title="Taring Padi">Taring Padi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superflat" title="Superflat">Superflat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Leipzig_School" title="New Leipzig School">New Leipzig school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artist-run_initiative" class="mw-redirect" title="Artist-run initiative">Artist-run initiative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artivism" title="Artivism">Artivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Designers_Republic" title="The Designers Republic">The Designers Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grunge#Graphic_design" title="Grunge">Grunge design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verdadism" title="Verdadism">Verdadism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #EAE0C8;width:1%">2000–<br />present</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amazonian_pop_art" title="Amazonian pop art">Amazonian pop art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Altermodern" title="Altermodern">Altermodern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_for_art" title="Art for art">Art for art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_game" title="Art game">Art game</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_intervention" title="Art intervention">Art intervention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brandalism" title="Brandalism">Brandalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_Realism" title="Classical Realism">Classical Realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_African_art" title="Contemporary African art">Contemporary African art</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Africanfuturism" title="Africanfuturism">Africanfuturism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_Indigenous_Australian_art" title="Contemporary Indigenous Australian art">Contemporary Indigenous Australian art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-fungible_token#Digital_art" title="Non-fungible token">Crypto art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyborg_art" title="Cyborg art">Cyborg art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Excessivism" title="Excessivism">Excessivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fictive_art" title="Fictive art">Fictive art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flat_design" title="Flat design">Flat design</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Corporate_Memphis" title="Corporate Memphis">Corporate Memphis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypermodernism_(art)" title="Hypermodernism (art)">Hypermodernism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyperrealism_(visual_arts)" title="Hyperrealism (visual arts)">Hyperrealism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idea_art" title="Idea art">Idea art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_art" title="Internet art">Internet art</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Post-Internet" title="Post-Internet">Post-Internet</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IPhone_art" title="IPhone art">iPhone art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kitsch_movement" title="Kitsch movement">Kitsch movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lightpainting" title="Lightpainting">Lightpainting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massurrealism" title="Massurrealism">Massurrealism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_European_ink_painting" title="Modern European ink painting">Modern European ink painting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-futurism" title="Neo-futurism">Neo-futurism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neomodern#Artist_group" title="Neomodern">Neomodern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neosymbolism" title="Neosymbolism">Neosymbolism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passionism" title="Passionism">Passionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-YBAs" title="Post-YBAs">Post-YBAs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relational_art" title="Relational art">Relational art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skeuomorph#In_design" title="Skeuomorph">Skeuomorphism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_art" title="Software art">Software art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sound_art" title="Sound art">Sound art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stuckism" title="Stuckism">Stuckism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superflat" title="Superflat">Superflat</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/SoFlo_Superflat" title="SoFlo Superflat">SoFlo Superflat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superstroke" title="Superstroke">Superstroke</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toyism" title="Toyism">Toyism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unilalianism" title="Unilalianism">Unilalianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walking_Artists_Network" title="Walking Artists Network">Walking Artists Network</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#EAE0C8;;width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_art" title="History of art">History of art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abstract_art" title="Abstract art">Abstract art</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asemic_writing" title="Asemic writing">Asemic writing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-art" title="Anti-art">Anti-art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avant-garde" title="Avant-garde">Avant-garde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ballets_Russes" title="Ballets Russes">Ballets Russes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_art" title="Christian art">Christian art</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Art_in_the_Protestant_Reformation_and_Counter-Reformation" title="Art in the Protestant Reformation and Counter-Reformation">Art in the Protestant Reformation and Counter-Reformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_art" title="Catholic art">Catholic art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Icon" title="Icon">Icon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lutheran_art" title="Lutheran art">Lutheran art</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_art" title="Digital art">Digital art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fantastic_art" title="Fantastic art">Fantastic art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folk_art" title="Folk art">Folk art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hierarchy_of_genres" title="Hierarchy of genres">Hierarchy of genres</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Genre_painting" title="Genre painting">Genre painting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_painting" title="History painting">History painting</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illuminated_manuscript" title="Illuminated manuscript">Illuminated manuscript</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illustration" title="Illustration">Illustration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interactive_art" title="Interactive art">Interactive art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_art" title="Jewish art">Jewish art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kitsch" title="Kitsch">Kitsch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landscape_painting" title="Landscape painting">Landscape painting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modernism" title="Modernism">Modernism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Modern_sculpture" title="Modern sculpture">Modern sculpture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Late_modernism" title="Late modernism">Late modernism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Na%C3%AFve_art" title="Naïve art">Naïve art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outsider_art" title="Outsider art">Outsider art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portrait" title="Portrait">Portrait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_art#Europe" title="Prehistoric art">Prehistoric European art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queer_art" title="Queer art">Queer art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Realism_(arts)" title="Realism (arts)">Realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shock_art" title="Shock art">Shock art</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Trompe-l%27%C5%93il" title="Trompe-l'œil">Trompe-l'œil</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_painting" title="Western painting">Western painting</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:#EAE0C8;"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Art_movements" title="Category:Art movements">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: National <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170571#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4057577-9">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85128119">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Nature morte"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11932589x">France</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Nature morte"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11932589x">BnF data</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00570262">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="zátiší"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph127755&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Pintura de naturalezas muertas"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX529217">Spain</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000060050&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007536427905171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Still_life&oldid=1256375911">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Still_life&oldid=1256375911</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Visual_arts_genres" title="Category:Visual arts genres">Visual arts genres</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Still_life_paintings" title="Category:Still life paintings">Still life paintings</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Art_of_the_Dutch_Golden_Age" title="Category:Art of the Dutch Golden Age">Art of the Dutch Golden Age</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Netherlandish_art" title="Category:Netherlandish art">Netherlandish art</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Spanish-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Spanish-language text">Articles containing Spanish-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_January_2021" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from January 2021">Articles with unsourced statements from January 2021</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Commons_category_link_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Commons category link from Wikidata">Commons category link from Wikidata</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 9 November 2024, at 17:14<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Still_life&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-rkk8l","wgBackendResponseTime":149,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"1.090","walltime":"1.439","ppvisitednodes":{"value":8836,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":164205,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":13564,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":16,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":8,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":145027,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 1064.553 1 -total"," 16.35% 174.013 1 Template:Reflist"," 14.74% 156.937 15 Template:Cn"," 11.96% 127.332 15 Template:Fix"," 11.07% 117.823 4 Template:Navbox"," 10.87% 115.727 2 Template:Lang"," 10.66% 113.518 1 Template:Western_art_movements"," 7.99% 85.048 1 Template:Short_description"," 7.88% 83.891 10 Template:ISBN"," 6.76% 71.929 1 Template:Cite_book"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.477","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":14844784,"limit":52428800}},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-tl82v","timestamp":"20241122140853","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Still life","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Still_life","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q170571","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q170571","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2003-08-29T19:22:24Z","dateModified":"2024-11-09T17:14:31Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/3\/38\/Juan_S%C3%A1nchez_Cot%C3%A1n_-_Still_Life_with_Game%2C_Vegetables_and_Fruit%2C_1602.jpg","headline":"art genre mostly showing inanimate objects"}</script> </body> </html>