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[o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Logga in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Sidor för utloggade redigerare <a href="/wiki/Hj%C3%A4lp:Introduktion" aria-label="Läs mer om redigering"><span>läs mer</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Mina_bidrag" title="En lista över redigeringar från denna IP-adress [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Bidrag</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Min_diskussion" title="Diskussion om redigeringar från det här IP-numret [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Diskussion</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Webbplats"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Innehåll" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Innehåll</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">flytta till sidofältet</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">dölj</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Inledning</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Rymdfärjor_i_teori_och_verklighet" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rymdfärjor_i_teori_och_verklighet"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Rymdfärjor i teori och verklighet</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Rymdfärjor_i_teori_och_verklighet-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Växla underavsnittet Rymdfärjor i teori och verklighet</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Rymdfärjor_i_teori_och_verklighet-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Space_Shuttle" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Space_Shuttle"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Space Shuttle</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Space_Shuttle-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Buran" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Buran"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Buran</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Buran-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hermes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hermes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Hermes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hermes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-X-37B" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#X-37B"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>X-37B</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-X-37B-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Shenlong" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Shenlong"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Shenlong</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Shenlong-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-SpaceLiner" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#SpaceLiner"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6</span> <span>SpaceLiner</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-SpaceLiner-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dream_Chaser" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dream_Chaser"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.7</span> <span>Dream Chaser</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dream_Chaser-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Space_Rider" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Space_Rider"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.8</span> <span>Space Rider</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Space_Rider-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-RLV-RD" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#RLV-RD"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.9</span> <span>RLV-RD</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-RLV-RD-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Enskilda_rymdfärjor" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Enskilda_rymdfärjor"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Enskilda rymdfärjor</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Enskilda_rymdfärjor-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-För-_och_nackdelar_med_rymdfärjor" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#För-_och_nackdelar_med_rymdfärjor"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>För- och nackdelar med rymdfärjor</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-För-_och_nackdelar_med_rymdfärjor-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Källor" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Källor"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Källor</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Källor-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Växla underavsnittet Källor</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Källor-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Noter" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Noter"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Noter</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Noter-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Externa_länkar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Externa_länkar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Externa länkar</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Externa_länkar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Innehåll" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Innehållsförteckning" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Växla innehållsförteckningen" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Växla innehållsförteckningen</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Rymdfärja</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Gå till en artikel på ett annat språk. Tillgänglig på 5 språk" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-5" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">5 språk</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wiederverwendbares_Raumfahrtsystem" title="Wiederverwendbares Raumfahrtsystem – tyska" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Wiederverwendbares Raumfahrtsystem" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="tyska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reusable_spacecraft" title="Reusable spacecraft – engelska" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Reusable spacecraft" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="engelska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nave_espacial_reutilizable" title="Nave espacial reutilizable – spanska" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Nave espacial reutilizable" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="spanska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Многоразовый космический корабль – ryska" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Многоразовый космический корабль" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="ryska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8F%AF%E9%87%8D%E8%A4%87%E4%BD%BF%E7%94%A8%E7%9A%84%E8%88%AA%E5%A4%A9%E5%99%A8" title="可重複使用的航天器 – kinesiska" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="可重複使用的航天器" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="kinesiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q96401666#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Redigera interwikilänkar" class="wbc-editpage">Redigera länkar</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namnrymder"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Rymdf%C3%A4rja" title="Visa innehållssidan [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Artikel</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Diskussion:Rymdf%C3%A4rja" rel="discussion" title="Diskussion om innehållssidan [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Diskussion</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Ändra språkvariant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">svenska</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Visningar"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Rymdf%C3%A4rja"><span>Läs</span></a></li><li id="ca-ve-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rymdf%C3%A4rja&veaction=edit" title="Redigera denna sida [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Redigera</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="collapsible vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rymdf%C3%A4rja&action=edit" title="Redigera wikitexten för den här sidan [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Redigera wikitext</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rymdf%C3%A4rja&action=history" title="Tidigare versioner av sidan [h]" accesskey="h"><span>Visa historik</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Sidverktyg"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Verktyg" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Verktyg</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Verktyg</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">flytta till sidofältet</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">dölj</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="Fler alternativ" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Åtgärder </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Rymdf%C3%A4rja"><span>Läs</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-ve-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rymdf%C3%A4rja&veaction=edit" title="Redigera denna sida [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Redigera</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="collapsible vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rymdf%C3%A4rja&action=edit" title="Redigera wikitexten för den här sidan [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Redigera wikitext</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rymdf%C3%A4rja&action=history"><span>Visa historik</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Allmänt </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:L%C3%A4nkar_hit/Rymdf%C3%A4rja" title="Lista över alla wikisidor som länkar hit [j]" accesskey="j"><span>Sidor som länkar hit</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Senaste_relaterade_%C3%A4ndringar/Rymdf%C3%A4rja" rel="nofollow" title="Visa senaste ändringarna av sidor som den här sidan länkar till [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Relaterade ändringar</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rymdf%C3%A4rja&oldid=56699017" title="Permanent länk till den här versionen av sidan"><span>Permanent länk</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rymdf%C3%A4rja&action=info" title="Mer information om denna sida"><span>Sidinformation</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:Citera&page=Rymdf%C3%A4rja&id=56699017&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information om hur den här artikeln kan användas som referens"><span>Använd som referens</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fsv.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FRymdf%25C3%25A4rja"><span>Hämta förkortad url</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fsv.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FRymdf%25C3%25A4rja"><span>Ladda ner QR-kod</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Skriv ut/exportera </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-create_a_book" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:Bok&bookcmd=book_creator&referer=Rymdf%C3%A4rja"><span>Skapa en bok</span></a></li><li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Rymdf%C3%A4rja&action=show-download-screen"><span>Ladda ned som PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rymdf%C3%A4rja&printable=yes" title="Utskriftsvänlig version av den här sidan [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Utskriftsvänlig version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> På andra projekt </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Reusable_spacecraft" hreflang="en"><span>Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q96401666" title="Länk till anslutet databasobjekt [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata-objekt</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Sidverktyg"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Utseende"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Utseende</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">flytta till sidofältet</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">dölj</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Från Wikipedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="sv" dir="ltr"><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fil:Columbia_landing_on_Rogers_dry_lake.triddle.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Columbia_landing_on_Rogers_dry_lake.triddle.jpg/250px-Columbia_landing_on_Rogers_dry_lake.triddle.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="177" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Columbia_landing_on_Rogers_dry_lake.triddle.jpg/375px-Columbia_landing_on_Rogers_dry_lake.triddle.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Columbia_landing_on_Rogers_dry_lake.triddle.jpg/500px-Columbia_landing_on_Rogers_dry_lake.triddle.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2128" /></a><figcaption>Den första rymdfärjan som användes, <a href="/wiki/Columbia_(rymdf%C3%A4rja)" title="Columbia (rymdfärja)">Columbia</a>, landar i <a href="/wiki/Kalifornien" title="Kalifornien">Kalifornien</a> efter sitt första uppdrag <a href="/wiki/STS-1" title="STS-1">STS-1</a>,<br />14 april 1981.</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fil:Shuttle.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Shuttle.svg/130px-Shuttle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="130" height="332" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Shuttle.svg/195px-Shuttle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Shuttle.svg/260px-Shuttle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="970" data-file-height="2476" /></a><figcaption>En rymdfärja startar med fastbränsleraketer och extern bränsletank</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fil:Energia_buran.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Energia_buran.jpg/130px-Energia_buran.jpg" decoding="async" width="130" height="244" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Energia_buran.jpg/195px-Energia_buran.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Energia_buran.jpg/260px-Energia_buran.jpg 2x" data-file-width="668" data-file-height="1253" /></a><figcaption>Buran och Energia</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fil:X-37B_prelaunch.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/X-37B_prelaunch.jpg/130px-X-37B_prelaunch.jpg" decoding="async" width="130" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/X-37B_prelaunch.jpg/195px-X-37B_prelaunch.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/X-37B_prelaunch.jpg/260px-X-37B_prelaunch.jpg 2x" data-file-width="398" data-file-height="520" /></a><figcaption>X-37B</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fil:SpaceLiner7-Aufstieg_DLR.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/SpaceLiner7-Aufstieg_DLR.jpg/130px-SpaceLiner7-Aufstieg_DLR.jpg" decoding="async" width="130" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/SpaceLiner7-Aufstieg_DLR.jpg/195px-SpaceLiner7-Aufstieg_DLR.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/SpaceLiner7-Aufstieg_DLR.jpg/260px-SpaceLiner7-Aufstieg_DLR.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="2041" /></a><figcaption>Konceptbild av den senaste SpaceLiner 7 konfigurationen vid uppskjutningen</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fil:Dream_Chaser_pre-drop_tests.7.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Dream_Chaser_pre-drop_tests.7.jpg/130px-Dream_Chaser_pre-drop_tests.7.jpg" decoding="async" width="130" height="98" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Dream_Chaser_pre-drop_tests.7.jpg/195px-Dream_Chaser_pre-drop_tests.7.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Dream_Chaser_pre-drop_tests.7.jpg/260px-Dream_Chaser_pre-drop_tests.7.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2514" data-file-height="1890" /></a><figcaption>Dream Chaser</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Rymdfärja</b> eller <b>rymdskyttel</b> är <a href="/wiki/Rymdfarkost" title="Rymdfarkost">rymdfarkoster</a> som <a href="/wiki/F%C3%A4rja" title="Färja">färjar</a> gods och människor i <a href="/wiki/Rymdfart" title="Rymdfart">rymdfarten</a>. Typexemplen avser främst de fordon som den amerikanska rymdstyrelsen <a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a> använde åren <a href="/wiki/1981" title="1981">1981</a>–<a href="/wiki/2011" title="2011">2011</a> för att frakta <a href="/wiki/Rymdfarare" title="Rymdfarare">rymdfarare</a> och last (vanligen <a href="/wiki/Satellit" title="Satellit">satelliter</a> eller utrustning för <a href="/wiki/Vetenskap" title="Vetenskap">vetenskapliga</a> <a href="/wiki/Experiment" title="Experiment">experiment</a>) till och från <a href="/wiki/Omloppsbana" title="Omloppsbana">omloppsbana</a> runt <a href="/wiki/Jorden" title="Jorden">jorden</a>. Utskjutningen skedde från traditionell avfyrningsramp med raketsteg, men till skillnad från andra rymdfarkoster (<a href="/wiki/Rymdkapsel" title="Rymdkapsel">rymdkapslar</a>) kan en rymdfärja återanvändas upprepade gånger samt landa som ett <a href="/wiki/Flygplan" title="Flygplan">flygplan</a> på jorden. En rymdfärja är dessutom utseendemässigt mer lik ett flygplan än en traditionell <a href="/wiki/Rymdkapsel" title="Rymdkapsel">rymdkapsel</a>. Den första rymdfärjan, <a href="/wiki/Columbia_(rymdf%C3%A4rja)" title="Columbia (rymdfärja)">Columbia</a>, sköts ut den <a href="/wiki/12_april" title="12 april">12 april</a> <a href="/wiki/1981" title="1981">1981</a> av <a href="/wiki/USA" title="USA">USA</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Rymdfärjor_i_teori_och_verklighet"><span id="Rymdf.C3.A4rjor_i_teori_och_verklighet"></span>Rymdfärjor i teori och verklighet</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rymdf%C3%A4rja&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Redigera avsnitt: Rymdfärjor i teori och verklighet" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rymdf%C3%A4rja&action=edit&section=1" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Rymdfärjor i teori och verklighet"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Många idéer till rymdfärjor har sett dagens ljus, men endast en typ, amerikanska <a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle" title="Space Shuttle">Space Shuttle</a>, har tagits i reguljär drift. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Space_Shuttle">Space Shuttle</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rymdf%C3%A4rja&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Redigera avsnitt: Space Shuttle" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rymdf%C3%A4rja&action=edit&section=2" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Space Shuttle"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="noprint huvudartikel hatnote" style="font-style:italic;"> <dl><dd>Huvudartikel: <a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle" title="Space Shuttle">Space Shuttle</a></dd></dl></div> <p>Den amerikanska rymdstyrelsen <a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a> utförde från 1981, då rymdfärjan Columbia i uppdraget kallat <a href="/wiki/STS-1" title="STS-1">STS-1</a> lyfte för första gången, och fram till 2011 totalt 135 flygningar med rymdfärjan <a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle" title="Space Shuttle">Space Shuttle</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Den byggdes i fem flygande exemplar, varav tre användes till de togs ur drift, medan två havererade. Space Shuttle har utgjort ryggraden i det amerikanska bemannade rymdprogrammet under närmare tre decennier. Det sista uppdraget, kallat <a href="/wiki/STS-135" title="STS-135">STS-135</a>, utfördes av rymdfärjan <a href="/wiki/Atlantis_(rymdf%C3%A4rja)" title="Atlantis (rymdfärja)">Atlantis</a> under juli månad <a href="/wiki/2011" title="2011">2011</a> och alla amerikanska rymdfärjor har därefter tagits ur bruk. </p><p>Rymdfärjan sköts normalt upp med en besättning om 5–7 personer. I lastrummet kunde cirka 25 ton last tas upp. Rymdfärjorna gick in i omloppsbana kring jorden och når en höjd på upp till cirka 1000 km. De tillbringade normalt 1–2 veckor i rymden, antingen friflygande eller dockade till den internationella rymdstationen <a href="/wiki/Internationella_rymdstationen" title="Internationella rymdstationen">ISS</a>. Huvudfarkosten servades och var redo för en ny flygning inom några månader. Även krutraketmotorerna kunde återanvändas. Den externa bränsletanken byggdes ny för varje färd. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Buran">Buran</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rymdf%C3%A4rja&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Redigera avsnitt: Buran" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rymdf%C3%A4rja&action=edit&section=3" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Buran"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="noprint huvudartikel hatnote" style="font-style:italic;"> <dl><dd>Huvudartikel: <a href="/wiki/Buran" title="Buran">Buran</a></dd></dl></div> <p>Den <a href="/wiki/Sovjetunionen" title="Sovjetunionen">sovjetiska</a>/<a href="/wiki/Ryssland" title="Ryssland">ryska</a> modellen <a href="/wiki/Buran" title="Buran">Buran</a> konstruerades och byggdes, men gjorde bara en obemannad testflygning 1988, och kom sedan aldrig i drift. Även om den sovjetiska/ryska rymdfärjan hade vissa likheter i utformning med den amerikanska rymdfärjan så finns det många avsevärda skillnader. Vid uppskjutning lyfts den sovjetiska/ryska rymdfärjan upp av en bärraket med extra stödraketer, vilka samtliga drivs med flytande bränsle. Den stora tanken är här inte endast en bränslebehållare utan även motor. På den sovjetiska/ryska rymdfärjan är hela besättningen passagerare, rymdfärjan kan köras obemannad. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hermes">Hermes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rymdf%C3%A4rja&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Redigera avsnitt: Hermes" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rymdf%C3%A4rja&action=edit&section=4" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Hermes"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="noprint huvudartikel hatnote" style="font-style:italic;"> <dl><dd>Huvudartikel: <a href="/wiki/Hermes_(rymdfarkost)" title="Hermes (rymdfarkost)">Hermes (rymdfarkost)</a></dd></dl></div> <p>Den europeiska rymdorganisationen ESA:s projekt Hermes syftade till en rymdfärja för tre personers besättning, som skulle skjutas upp på toppen av den europeiska bärraketen <a href="/wiki/Ariane_5" title="Ariane 5">Ariane 5</a>. Projektet lades ner 1993 utan att någon rymdfärja byggts. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="X-37B">X-37B</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rymdf%C3%A4rja&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Redigera avsnitt: X-37B" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rymdf%C3%A4rja&action=edit&section=5" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: X-37B"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="noprint huvudartikel hatnote" style="font-style:italic;"> <dl><dd>Huvudartikel: <a href="/wiki/Boeing_X-37" title="Boeing X-37">Boeing X-37</a></dd></dl></div> <p>X-37 är en amerikansk minirymdfärja. NASA började utvecklingsarbetet år 1999. År 2004 tog <a href="/wiki/USA:s_flygvapen" title="USA:s flygvapen">USA:s flygvapen</a> över projektet, sedan dess har det omgärdats av hemlighetsmakeri. Den 22 april 2010 sköts den första X-37B, kallad X-37B OTV-1, upp i rymden. Flygningen varade i 224 dygn.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Shenlong">Shenlong</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rymdf%C3%A4rja&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Redigera avsnitt: Shenlong" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rymdf%C3%A4rja&action=edit&section=6" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Shenlong"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="noprint huvudartikel hatnote" style="font-style:italic;"> <dl><dd>Huvudartikel: <a href="/wiki/Shenlong_(rymdfarkost)" title="Shenlong (rymdfarkost)">Shenlong (rymdfarkost)</a></dd></dl></div> <p><b>Shenlong</b> är en obemannad återanvändbar rymdfarkost tillhörande <a href="/wiki/Kinas_nationella_rymdstyrelse" title="Kinas nationella rymdstyrelse">Kinas nationella rymdstyrelse</a>. Första uppskjutningen gjordes med en <a href="/wiki/Chang_Zheng_2F" title="Chang Zheng 2F">Chang Zheng 2F</a>-raket den <a href="/wiki/4_september" title="4 september">4 september</a> <a href="/wiki/2020" title="2020">2020</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Farkosten är Kinas motsvarighet till USA:s Boeing X-37B och har genomfört tre kända flygningar.<sup id="cite_ref-space3_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-space3-4"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="SpaceLiner">SpaceLiner</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rymdf%C3%A4rja&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Redigera avsnitt: SpaceLiner" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rymdf%C3%A4rja&action=edit&section=7" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: SpaceLiner"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="noprint huvudartikel hatnote" style="font-style:italic;"> <dl><dd>Huvudartikel: <a href="/wiki/SpaceLiner" title="SpaceLiner">SpaceLiner</a></dd></dl></div> <p>SpaceLiner är ett avancerat koncept för en <a href="/w/index.php?title=Suborbital&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Suborbital [inte skriven än]">suborbital</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hypersonisk" title="Hypersonisk">hypersonisk</a>, full återanvändbar bevingad passagerartransport som är under utredning av det tyska rymdcentret (<a href="/wiki/Deutsches_Zentrum_f%C3%BCr_Luft-_und_Raumfahrt" title="Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt">Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt</a>) sedan 2005.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dream_Chaser">Dream Chaser</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rymdf%C3%A4rja&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Redigera avsnitt: Dream Chaser" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rymdf%C3%A4rja&action=edit&section=8" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Dream Chaser"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="noprint huvudartikel hatnote" style="font-style:italic;"> <dl><dd>Huvudartikel: <a href="/wiki/Dream_Chaser" title="Dream Chaser">Dream Chaser</a></dd></dl></div> <p>Dream Chaser är en amerikansk minirymdfärja under utveckling av företaget <a href="/wiki/Sierra_Nevada_Corporation" title="Sierra Nevada Corporation">Sierra Nevada Corporation</a>. Farkosten är en vidareutveckling av det nedlagda NASA programmet, <a href="/w/index.php?title=HL-20_Personnel_Launch_System&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="HL-20 Personnel Launch System [inte skriven än]">HL-20 Personnel Launch System</a>. Både bemannade och obemannade varianter av farkosten har föreslagits. 2016 antogs en obemannad version av farkosten för NASA:s <a href="/w/index.php?title=Commercial_Resupply_Services_2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Commercial Resupply Services 2 [inte skriven än]">Commercial Resupply Services 2</a> (CRS2) program. Första flygningen är planerad till 2025.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dream Chaser är avsedd att föras upp i omloppsbana med <a href="/wiki/United_Launch_Alliance" title="United Launch Alliance">United Launch Alliance</a> (ULA) <a href="/wiki/Vulcan_Centaur" title="Vulcan Centaur">Vulcan Centaur</a> raket. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Space_Rider">Space Rider</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rymdf%C3%A4rja&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Redigera avsnitt: Space Rider" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rymdf%C3%A4rja&action=edit&section=9" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Space Rider"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="noprint huvudartikel hatnote" style="font-style:italic;"> <dl><dd>Huvudartikel: <a href="/wiki/Space_Rider" title="Space Rider">Space Rider</a></dd></dl></div> <p>Space Rider (Space Reusable Integrated Demonstrator for Europe Return) är ett planerat obemannat rymdflygplan av lyftkroppstyp som syftar till att ge <a href="/wiki/Europeiska_rymdorganisationen" title="Europeiska rymdorganisationen">Europeiska rymdorganisationen</a> (ESA) tillgång till rymden. Dess jungfrufärd är planerad till 2027.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Space Rider är avsedd att föras upp i omloppsbana med ESA:s <a href="/wiki/Vega_C" title="Vega C">Vega C</a> raket. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="RLV-RD">RLV-RD</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rymdf%C3%A4rja&veaction=edit&section=10" title="Redigera avsnitt: RLV-RD" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rymdf%C3%A4rja&action=edit&section=10" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: RLV-RD"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>RLV-TD (Reusable Launch Vehicle–Technology Demonstration Programme) är en serie tekniska demonstrationsuppdrag som genomförs av Indiens rymdforskningsorganisation (ISRO) som ett första steg för att skapa ett tvåstegs återanvändbart system för att nå omloppsbana, där det andra steget är en rymdfärja.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Enskilda_rymdfärjor"><span id="Enskilda_rymdf.C3.A4rjor"></span>Enskilda rymdfärjor</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rymdf%C3%A4rja&veaction=edit&section=11" title="Redigera avsnitt: Enskilda rymdfärjor" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rymdf%C3%A4rja&action=edit&section=11" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Enskilda rymdfärjor"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Namn</th> <th>Land</th> <th>Jungfrufärd</th> <th>Antal<br />färder</th> <th>Tagen ur bruk</th> <th>Kommentar </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Columbia_(rymdf%C3%A4rja)" title="Columbia (rymdfärja)">Columbia</a> </td> <td>USA </td> <td>12 april 1981 </td> <td>28 </td> <td>1 februari 2003 </td> <td>Totalhavererad: Vid återinträde kl. 13:59:32 den 1 feb 2003, samtliga 7 ombordvarande omkom. Uppdraget var <a href="/wiki/STS-107" title="STS-107">STS-107</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Challenger_(rymdf%C3%A4rja)" title="Challenger (rymdfärja)">Challenger</a> </td> <td>USA </td> <td>4 april 1983 </td> <td>10 </td> <td>28 januari 1986 </td> <td>Totalhavererad: 73 sekunder efter start kl. 11:39:13 den 28 jan 1986 inträffade en kraftig explosion som förstörde Challenger, samtliga 7 ombordvarande omkom.<br />Uppdraget var <a href="/wiki/STS-51-L" title="STS-51-L">STS-51-L</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Discovery_(rymdf%C3%A4rja)" title="Discovery (rymdfärja)">Discovery</a> </td> <td>USA </td> <td>30 augusti 1984 </td> <td>39 </td> <td>9 mars 2011 </td> <td>Tagen ur drift: Sista uppdrag <a href="/wiki/STS-133" title="STS-133">STS-133</a> avslutat 9 mars 2011 kl 17:57:17, svensk tid, efter landning på Kennedy Space Center. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Atlantis_(rymdf%C3%A4rja)" title="Atlantis (rymdfärja)">Atlantis</a> </td> <td>USA </td> <td>3 oktober 1985 </td> <td>33 </td> <td>20 juli 2011 </td> <td>Tagen ur drift: Sista uppdrag <a href="/wiki/STS-135" title="STS-135">STS-135</a> avslutat 21 juli 2011 kl 11:57:00, svensk tid, efter landning på Kennedy Space Center. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Buran" title="Buran">Buran</a> </td> <td>Sovjet </td> <td>15 november 1988 </td> <td>1 </td> <td>15 november 1988 </td> <td>Ingen bemannad färd genomfördes. Förstördes 2002 då taket kollapsade på den hangar den förvarades i. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Endeavour_(rymdf%C3%A4rja)" title="Endeavour (rymdfärja)">Endeavour</a> </td> <td>USA </td> <td>7 maj 1992 </td> <td>23 </td> <td>1 juni 2011 </td> <td>Tagen ur drift: Sista uppdrag <a href="/wiki/STS-134" title="STS-134">STS-134</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/X-37B" class="mw-redirect" title="X-37B">X-37B</a> (1) </td> <td>USA </td> <td>22 april 2010 </td> <td>2 </td> <td> </td> <td>Första flygningen var <a href="/wiki/X-37B_OTV-1" title="X-37B OTV-1">X-37B OTV-1</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/X-37B" class="mw-redirect" title="X-37B">X-37B</a> (2) </td> <td>USA </td> <td>5 mars 2011 </td> <td>2 </td> <td> </td> <td>Första flygningen var <a href="/wiki/X-37B_OTV-2" title="X-37B OTV-2">X-37B OTV-2</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Andra kända rymdfärjor är <a href="/wiki/Pathfinder_(rymdf%C3%A4rja)" title="Pathfinder (rymdfärja)">Pathfinder</a> (teknisk modell), <a href="/wiki/Explorer_(rymdf%C3%A4rja)" class="mw-redirect" title="Explorer (rymdfärja)">Explorer</a> (utställningsmodell), och <a href="/wiki/Enterprise_(rymdf%C3%A4rja)" title="Enterprise (rymdfärja)">Enterprise</a> (omotoriserad, men annars flygbar prototyp). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="För-_och_nackdelar_med_rymdfärjor"><span id="F.C3.B6r-_och_nackdelar_med_rymdf.C3.A4rjor"></span>För- och nackdelar med rymdfärjor</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rymdf%C3%A4rja&veaction=edit&section=12" title="Redigera avsnitt: För- och nackdelar med rymdfärjor" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rymdf%C3%A4rja&action=edit&section=12" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: För- och nackdelar med rymdfärjor"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Den amerikanska rymdfärjan <a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle" title="Space Shuttle">Space Shuttle</a> visade sig vara ett mycket flexibelt redskap i rymden. <a href="/wiki/Rymdteleskopet_Hubble" class="mw-redirect" title="Rymdteleskopet Hubble">Rymdteleskopet Hubble</a> sändes upp i rymdfärjans lastrum och teleskopet har servats med ny utrustning vid fem rymdfärjefärder. Den ryska rymdstationen <a href="/wiki/Mir" title="Mir">Mir</a> fick besök av dockande amerikanska rymdfärjor vid elva tillfällen och huvudparten av den Internationella rymdstationen <a href="/wiki/Internationella_rymdstationen" title="Internationella rymdstationen">ISS</a> har byggts upp med moduler och delar fraktade med rymdfärjan. Rymdfärjan fungerade också som ett friflygande självständigt laboratorium för bland annat experiment i tyngdlöshet. Rymdfärjorna återanvändes och endast fem farkoster stod för över hundra rymdflygningar. </p><p>Trots dessa framgångar lades det amerikanska rymdfärjeprogrammet ner 2011, och det är inte tänkt att ersätts med nya rymdfärjor. Istället kommer efterföljaren <a href="/wiki/Orion_CEV" class="mw-redirect" title="Orion CEV">Orion CEV</a>, en <a href="/wiki/Rymdkapsel" title="Rymdkapsel">rymdkapsel</a> som mycket liknar Apollo, som kommer att landa hängande under en fallskärm och som endast delvis kan återanvändas ett begränsat antal gånger. Den sovjetiska rymdfärjan <a href="/wiki/Buran" title="Buran">Buran</a> flög en gång obemannat, men togs sedan aldrig i reguljärt bruk. Ryssland har istället fortsatt använda den beprövade <a href="/wiki/Sojuzprogrammet" title="Sojuzprogrammet">Sojuz</a>, och även efterföljaren planeras bli baserad på en <a href="/wiki/Rymdkapsel" title="Rymdkapsel">rymdkapsel</a> snarare än en rymdfärja. Det planerade europeiska rymdfärjeprojektet <a href="/wiki/Hermes_(rymdfarkost)" title="Hermes (rymdfarkost)">Hermes</a> lades ned 1993. <a href="/wiki/Europeiska_rymdorganisationen" title="Europeiska rymdorganisationen">ESA</a> planerade tidigare för bemannat tillträde till rymden genom en vidareutveckling av <a href="/wiki/Automated_transfer_vehicle" class="mw-redirect" title="Automated transfer vehicle">Automated transfer vehicle</a> (ATV) till en <a href="/wiki/Rymdkapsel" title="Rymdkapsel">rymdkapsel</a>. Det arbetet avbröts dock 2011. Istället har ESA visat intresse för <a href="/wiki/Sierra_Nevada_Corporation" title="Sierra Nevada Corporation">Sierra Nevada Corporations</a> rymdfärja <a href="/wiki/Dream_Chaser" title="Dream Chaser">Dream Chaser</a>. <sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Det amerikanska rymdfärjeprogrammet med återanvändbara farkoster var avsett att spara pengar. Den bemannade Space Shuttle var även tänkt att användas för placering av satelliter i omloppsbana och kunna ersätta obemannade bärraketer. En rymdfärja skulle vara servad och klar för en ny flygning inom en månad. I verkligheten tog detta flera månader och varje rymdfärja används endast 1–2 gånger per år. De ekonomiska fördelarna med en rymdfärja har därför till stor del uteblivit. </p><p>Ett rymdfärjeprogram var också mycket sårbart vid en haverifrekvens på ett par procent av flygningarna. Den amerikanska rymdfärjans värmesköld och vingar är vid uppsändning oskyddade för nedfallande material. På en rymdkapsel kan värmeskölden lätt hållas skyddad och några sårbara vingar finns ej. En kapsel placerad ovanpå uppsändningsenheten (stacken) kan också lätt lyftas bort från en exploderande bärraket, medan rymdfärjan satt i ett mycket utsatt läge. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Källor"><span id="K.C3.A4llor"></span>Källor</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rymdf%C3%A4rja&veaction=edit&section=13" title="Redigera avsnitt: Källor" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rymdf%C3%A4rja&action=edit&section=13" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Källor"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dd><span class="plainlinks"><i>Den här artikeln är helt eller delvis baserad på material från <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_Shuttle">engelskspråkiga Wikipedia</a>.</i></span></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Noter">Noter</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rymdf%C3%A4rja&veaction=edit&section=14" title="Redigera avsnitt: Noter" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rymdf%C3%A4rja&action=edit&section=14" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Noter"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="news" id="CITEREFJim_Abrams2010">Jim Abrams (29 oktober 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110707073317/http://www.abcactionnews.com/dpp/news/national/nasa-bill-passed-by-congress-would-allow-for-one-additional-shuttle-flight-in-2011">”NASA bill passed by Congress would allow for one additional shuttle flight in 2011”</a>. Associated Press. Arkiverad från <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.abcactionnews.com/dpp/news/national/nasa-bill-passed-by-congress-would-allow-for-one-additional-shuttle-flight-in-2011">originalet</a> den 7 juli 2011<span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110707073317/http://www.abcactionnews.com/dpp/news/national/nasa-bill-passed-by-congress-would-allow-for-one-additional-shuttle-flight-in-2011">https://web.archive.org/web/20110707073317/http://www.abcactionnews.com/dpp/news/national/nasa-bill-passed-by-congress-would-allow-for-one-additional-shuttle-flight-in-2011</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Läst 30 september 2010</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=NASA+bill+passed+by+Congress+would+allow+for+one+additional+shuttle+flight+in+2011&rft.atitle=&rft.aulast=Jim+Abrams&rft.au=Jim+Abrams&rft.date=29+oktober+2010&rft.series=Associated+Press&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fweb.archive.org%2Fweb%2F20110707073317%2Fhttp%3A%2F%2Fwww.abcactionnews.com%2Fdpp%2Fnews%2Fnational%2Fnasa-bill-passed-by-congress-would-allow-for-one-additional-shuttle-flight-in-2011&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Rymdf%C3%A4rja"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="web" id="CITEREFChris_Bergin_och_William_Graham">Chris Bergin och William Graham (201012036). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2010/12/x-37b-lands-successfully-following-220-days-in-space/">”X-37B lands successfully following 220 days in space”</a> (på engelska). nasaspaceflight.com<span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2010/12/x-37b-lands-successfully-following-220-days-in-space/">https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2010/12/x-37b-lands-successfully-following-220-days-in-space/</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Läst 6 januari 2025</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=X-37B+lands+successfully+following+220+days+in+space&rft.atitle=&rft.aulast=Chris+Bergin+och+William+Graham&rft.au=Chris+Bergin+och+William+Graham&rft.date=201012036&rft.pub=nasaspaceflight.com&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nasaspaceflight.com%2F2010%2F12%2Fx-37b-lands-successfully-following-220-days-in-space%2F&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Rymdf%C3%A4rja"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.space.com/china-experimental-reusable-spacecraft-mystery-mission-lands.html">”China's reusable experimental spacecraft returns to Earth after two-day mystery mission”</a> (på engelska). space.com. 8 september 2020<span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.space.com/china-experimental-reusable-spacecraft-mystery-mission-lands.html">https://www.space.com/china-experimental-reusable-spacecraft-mystery-mission-lands.html</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Läst 17 november 2024</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=China%27s+reusable+experimental+spacecraft+returns+to+Earth+after+two-day+mystery+mission&rft.atitle=&rft.date=8+september+2020&rft.pub=space.com&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.space.com%2Fchina-experimental-reusable-spacecraft-mystery-mission-lands.html&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Rymdf%C3%A4rja"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-space3-4"><a href="#cite_ref-space3_4-0">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.space.com/china-space-plane-launch-x-37b-delay">”China launches secret space plane on 3rd-ever mission”</a> (på engelska). space.com. 14 december 2023<span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.space.com/china-space-plane-launch-x-37b-delay">https://www.space.com/china-space-plane-launch-x-37b-delay</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Läst 17 november 2024</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=China+launches+secret+space+plane+on+3rd-ever+mission&rft.atitle=&rft.date=14+december+2023&rft.pub=space.com&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.space.com%2Fchina-space-plane-launch-x-37b-delay&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Rymdf%C3%A4rja"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scmp.com/news/china/science/article/3277507/chinas-shenlong-space-plane-ends-third-flight-shows-maturing-performance-state-media">”China’s Shenlong space plane ends third flight, shows ‘maturing’ performance: state media”</a> (på engelska). <i>South China Morning Post</i>. 6 september 2024<span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.scmp.com/news/china/science/article/3277507/chinas-shenlong-space-plane-ends-third-flight-shows-maturing-performance-state-media">https://www.scmp.com/news/china/science/article/3277507/chinas-shenlong-space-plane-ends-third-flight-shows-maturing-performance-state-media</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Läst 19 januari 2025</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=China%E2%80%99s+Shenlong+space+plane+ends+third+flight%2C+shows+%E2%80%98maturing%E2%80%99+performance%3A+state+media&rft.jtitle=South+China+Morning+Post&rft.date=6+september+2024&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.scmp.com%2Fnews%2Fchina%2Fscience%2Farticle%2F3277507%2Fchinas-shenlong-space-plane-ends-third-flight-shows-maturing-performance-state-media&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Rymdf%C3%A4rja"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="journal" id="CITEREFSippel,_M2005">Sippel, M (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150601024743/http://www.iafastro.net/iac/archive/browse/IAC-05/D2/4/2356/">”Comparative study on options for high-speed intercontinental passenger transports: air-breathing- vs. rocket-propelled”</a>. <i>International Astronautical Congress</i>. IAC-05-D2.4.09. Arkiverad från <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iafastro.net/iac/archive/browse/IAC-05/D2/4/2356/">originalet</a> den 1 juni 2015<span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150601024743/http://www.iafastro.net/iac/archive/browse/IAC-05/D2/4/2356/">https://web.archive.org/web/20150601024743/http://www.iafastro.net/iac/archive/browse/IAC-05/D2/4/2356/</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Läst 11 september 2013</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Comparative+study+on+options+for+high-speed+intercontinental+passenger+transports%3A+air-breathing-+vs.+rocket-propelled&rft.jtitle=International+Astronautical+Congress&rft.aulast=Sippel%2C+M&rft.au=Sippel%2C+M&rft.date=2005&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fweb.archive.org%2Fweb%2F20150601024743%2Fhttp%3A%2F%2Fwww.iafastro.net%2Fiac%2Farchive%2Fbrowse%2FIAC-05%2FD2%2F4%2F2356%2F&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Rymdf%C3%A4rja"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sierraspace.com/dream-chaser-spaceplane/">”Dream Chaser”</a> (på engelska). Sierra Nevada Corporation<span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.sierraspace.com/dream-chaser-spaceplane/">https://www.sierraspace.com/dream-chaser-spaceplane/</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Läst 7 januari 2025</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Dream+Chaser&rft.atitle=&rft.pub=Sierra+Nevada+Corporation&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sierraspace.com%2Fdream-chaser-spaceplane%2F&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Rymdf%C3%A4rja"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.space.com/space-exploration/launches-spacecraft/how-nasa-and-sierra-space-are-preparing-for-dream-chaser-space-planes-1st-flight-to-iss/">”How NASA and Sierra Space are preparing for Dream Chaser space plane's 1st flight to ISS”</a> (på engelska). Space.com<span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.space.com/space-exploration/launches-spacecraft/how-nasa-and-sierra-space-are-preparing-for-dream-chaser-space-planes-1st-flight-to-iss/">https://www.space.com/space-exploration/launches-spacecraft/how-nasa-and-sierra-space-are-preparing-for-dream-chaser-space-planes-1st-flight-to-iss/</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Läst 7 januari 2025</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=How+NASA+and+Sierra+Space+are+preparing+for+Dream+Chaser+space+plane%27s+1st+flight+to+ISS&rft.atitle=&rft.pub=Space.com&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.space.com%2Fspace-exploration%2Flaunches-spacecraft%2Fhow-nasa-and-sierra-space-are-preparing-for-dream-chaser-space-planes-1st-flight-to-iss%2F&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Rymdf%C3%A4rja"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="web" id="CITEREFAndrew_Parsonson2024">Andrew Parsonson (23 december 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://europeanspaceflight.com/beyond-gravity-delivers-key-elements-of-esas-space-rider-vehicle/">”Beyond Gravity Delivers Key Elements of ESA’s Space Rider Vehicle”</a> (på engelska). europeanspaceflight.com<span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://europeanspaceflight.com/beyond-gravity-delivers-key-elements-of-esas-space-rider-vehicle/">https://europeanspaceflight.com/beyond-gravity-delivers-key-elements-of-esas-space-rider-vehicle/</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Läst 8 januari 2025</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Beyond+Gravity+Delivers+Key+Elements+of+ESA%E2%80%99s+Space+Rider+Vehicle&rft.atitle=&rft.aulast=Andrew+Parsonson&rft.au=Andrew+Parsonson&rft.date=23+december+2024&rft.pub=europeanspaceflight.com&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Feuropeanspaceflight.com%2Fbeyond-gravity-delivers-key-elements-of-esas-space-rider-vehicle%2F&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Rymdf%C3%A4rja"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.isro.gov.in/RLVTD.html/">”RLV-TD”</a> (på engelska). Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO). 15 september 2023<span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.isro.gov.in/RLVTD.html/">https://www.isro.gov.in/RLVTD.html/</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Läst 8 januari 2025</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=RLV-TD&rft.atitle=&rft.date=15+september+2023&rft.pub=Indian+Space+Research+Organisation+%28ISRO%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.isro.gov.in%2FRLVTD.html%2F&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Rymdf%C3%A4rja"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://newspaceeconomy.ca/2024/07/01/indias-reusable-space-plane-progress-and-potential/">”India’s Reusable Space Plane: Progress and Potential”</a> (på engelska). New Space Economy<span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://newspaceeconomy.ca/2024/07/01/indias-reusable-space-plane-progress-and-potential/">https://newspaceeconomy.ca/2024/07/01/indias-reusable-space-plane-progress-and-potential/</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Läst 8 januari 2025</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=India%E2%80%99s+Reusable+Space+Plane%3A+Progress+and+Potential&rft.atitle=&rft.pub=New+Space+Economy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnewspaceeconomy.ca%2F2024%2F07%2F01%2Findias-reusable-space-plane-progress-and-potential%2F&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Rymdf%C3%A4rja"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.space.com/isro-space-plane-third-landing-test-video/">”Watch India's reusable space plane prototype ace its final landing test”</a> (på engelska). Space.com. 28 juni 2024<span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.space.com/isro-space-plane-third-landing-test-video/">https://www.space.com/isro-space-plane-third-landing-test-video/</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Läst 8 januari 2025</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Watch+India%27s+reusable+space+plane+prototype+ace+its+final+landing+test&rft.atitle=&rft.date=28+juni+2024&rft.pub=Space.com&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.space.com%2Fisro-space-plane-third-landing-test-video%2F&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Rymdf%C3%A4rja"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Human_and_Robotic_Exploration/International_Space_Station/Helping_make_Dream_Chaser_a_reality">”Helping make Dream Chaser a reality”</a><span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Human_and_Robotic_Exploration/International_Space_Station/Helping_make_Dream_Chaser_a_reality">https://www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Human_and_Robotic_Exploration/International_Space_Station/Helping_make_Dream_Chaser_a_reality</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Läst 20 juli 2019</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Helping+make+Dream+Chaser+a+reality&rft.atitle=&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.esa.int%2FOur_Activities%2FHuman_and_Robotic_Exploration%2FInternational_Space_Station%2FHelping_make_Dream_Chaser_a_reality&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Rymdf%C3%A4rja"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Externa_länkar"><span id="Externa_l.C3.A4nkar"></span>Externa länkar</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rymdf%C3%A4rja&veaction=edit&section=15" title="Redigera avsnitt: Externa länkar" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rymdf%C3%A4rja&action=edit&section=15" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Externa länkar"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/15px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/23px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> Wikimedia Commons har media som rör <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Reusable_spacecraft" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Reusable spacecraft">rymdfärja</a>.</li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r56287950">.mw-parser-output table.navbox{border:#aaa 1px solid;width:100%;margin:auto;margin-top:1em;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output link+table.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output table.navbox th{text-align:center;padding-left:1em;padding-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .navbox-thlinkcolor .navbox-title button,.mw-parser-output .navbox-thlinkcolor .navbox-title .mw-collapsible-text,.mw-parser-output .navbox-thlinkcolor .navbox-title a{color:inherit}.mw-parser-output .nowraplinks a,.mw-parser-output .nowraplinks .selflink{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;font-weight:bold;padding-left:1em;padding-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output table.navbox th{background:#b0c4de}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background:#d0e0f5}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background:#deeafa}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background:transparent}</style><table class="navbox" style="border-spacing:0; ;"><tbody><tr><td style="padding:2px;"><table class="navbox-inner collapsible autocollapse" style="width:100%;border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit;;"><tbody><tr><th style=";" colspan="2" class="navbox-title"><div style="float:left; width:3em;text-align:left;"><div class="noprint plainlinks" style="background-color:transparent; padding:0; white-space:nowrap; font-weight:normal; font-size:80%; border:none;; color: inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Mall:Rymdf%C3%A4rja" title="Mall:Rymdfärja"><span title="Visa denna mall" style="border:none;;">v</span></a> <span style="font-size:80%;">•</span> <a class="external text" href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mall:Rymdf%C3%A4rja&action=edit"><span style="border:none;;" title="Redigera den här mallen">r</span></a></div></div><span style="font-size:110%;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/USA" title="USA"><img alt="USA" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/33px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/44px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle" title="Space Shuttle">NASA:s rymdfärjor</a></span></th></tr><tr style="height:2px;"><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-group" style=";;">Modeller och prototyper</td><td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><i><a href="/wiki/Enterprise_(rymdf%C3%A4rja)" title="Enterprise (rymdfärja)">Enterprise</a></i> (1977–2012*)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span><i><a href="/wiki/Independence_(rymdf%C3%A4rja)" title="Independence (rymdfärja)">Independence</a></i> (modell) tidigare <i>Explorer</i><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span><i><a href="/wiki/Pathfinder_(rymdf%C3%A4rja)" title="Pathfinder (rymdfärja)">Pathfinder</a></i> (modell)</div></td></tr><tr style="height:2px"><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-group" style=";;">Kompletta farkoster</td><td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><i><a href="/wiki/Columbia_(rymdf%C3%A4rja)" title="Columbia (rymdfärja)">Columbia</a></i> (1981–2003)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span><i><a href="/wiki/Challenger_(rymdf%C3%A4rja)" title="Challenger (rymdfärja)">Challenger</a></i> (1983–86)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span><i><a href="/wiki/Discovery_(rymdf%C3%A4rja)" title="Discovery (rymdfärja)">Discovery</a></i> (1984–2011)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span><i><a href="/wiki/Atlantis_(rymdf%C3%A4rja)" title="Atlantis (rymdfärja)">Atlantis</a></i> (1985–2011)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span><i><a href="/wiki/Endeavour_(rymdf%C3%A4rja)" title="Endeavour (rymdfärja)">Endeavour</a></i> (1992–2011)</div></td></tr><tr style="height:2px;"><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style=";" colspan="2">Årtal = första och sista flygning. * = Saknar egen motor.</td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r56287950" /><table class="navbox" style="border-spacing:0; ;"><tbody><tr><td style="padding:2px;"><table class="navbox-inner collapsible collapsed" style="width:100%;border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit;;"><tbody><tr><th style=";" colspan="3" class="navbox-title"><div style="float:left; width:3em;text-align:left;"><div class="noprint plainlinks" style="background-color:transparent; padding:0; white-space:nowrap; font-weight:normal; font-size:80%; border:none;; color: inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Mall:Bemannade_rymdfarkoster" title="Mall:Bemannade rymdfarkoster"><span title="Visa denna mall" style="border:none;;">v</span></a> <span style="font-size:80%;">•</span> <a class="external text" href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mall:Bemannade_rymdfarkoster&action=edit"><span style="border:none;;" title="Redigera den här mallen">r</span></a></div></div><span style="font-size:110%;">Bemannade rymdfarkoster</span></th></tr><tr style="height:2px;"><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-group" style=";;">Aktiva</td><td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-odd"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r56287950" /></div><table class="navbox-inner navbox-subgroup" style="width:100%;border-spacing:0;;;;"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-group" style=";;">Sovjet/<br />Ryssland:</td><td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-odd"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Sojuz_(rymdfarkost)" title="Sojuz (rymdfarkost)">Sojuz</a></div></td></tr><tr style="height:2px"><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-group" style=";;">Kina:</td><td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-even"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Shenzhou" title="Shenzhou">Shenzhou</a></div></td></tr><tr style="height:2px"><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-group" style=";;">Privat:</td><td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-odd"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/SpaceX_Dragon_2" class="mw-redirect" title="SpaceX Dragon 2">SpaceX Dragon 2</a> • <a href="/wiki/Spaceship_Two" title="Spaceship Two">Spaceship Two</a> • <a href="/wiki/New_Shepard" title="New Shepard">New Shepard</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td style="width:0%;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px;" rowspan="7"><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fil:Vostok_spacecraft_replica.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Vostok_spacecraft_replica.jpg/125px-Vostok_spacecraft_replica.jpg" decoding="async" width="125" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Vostok_spacecraft_replica.jpg/188px-Vostok_spacecraft_replica.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Vostok_spacecraft_replica.jpg/250px-Vostok_spacecraft_replica.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1600" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></td></tr><tr style="height:2px"><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-group" style=";;">Avvecklade</td><td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-even"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r56287950" /></div><table class="navbox-inner navbox-subgroup" style="width:100%;border-spacing:0;;;;"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-group" style=";;">Sovjet:</td><td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-even"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Voschod" title="Voschod">Voschod</a> • <a href="/wiki/Vostok" title="Vostok">Vostok</a></div></td></tr><tr style="height:2px"><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-group" style=";;">USA:</td><td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-odd"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Apolloprogrammet" title="Apolloprogrammet">Apolloprogrammet</a> (<a href="/wiki/Apollos_kommando-_och_servicemodul" title="Apollos kommando- och servicemodul">kommando- och servicemodul</a>, <a href="/wiki/Apolloprogrammets_m%C3%A5nlandare" title="Apolloprogrammets månlandare">månlandare</a>) • <a href="/wiki/Gemini_(rymdfarkost)" title="Gemini (rymdfarkost)">Gemini</a> • <a href="/wiki/Mercury_(rymdfarkost)" title="Mercury (rymdfarkost)">Mercury</a> • <a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle" title="Space Shuttle">Rymdfärjan</a> • <a href="/wiki/North_American_X-15" title="North American X-15">X-15</a></div></td></tr><tr style="height:2px"><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-group" style=";;">Privat:</td><td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-even"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Spaceship_One" title="Spaceship One">Spaceship One</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr style="height:2px"><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-group" style=";;">Under utveckling</td><td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-odd"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><b>Ryssland:</b> <a href="/wiki/Orel_(rymdfarkost)" title="Orel (rymdfarkost)">Orel</a> <b>USA:</b> <a href="/wiki/Orion_CEV" class="mw-redirect" title="Orion CEV">Orion CEV</a> <b>Indien:</b> <a href="/wiki/Gaganyaan" title="Gaganyaan">Gaganyaan</a> <b>Iran:</b> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kavoshgar_E&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kavoshgar E [inte skriven än]">Kavoshgar E</a> <b>Kina:</b> <a href="/w/index.php?title=N%C3%A4sta_generation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nästa generation [inte skriven än]">Nästa generation</a> <b>Privat:</b> <a href="/wiki/CST-100_Starliner" title="CST-100 Starliner">CST-100 Starliner</a> • <a href="/wiki/Dream_Chaser" title="Dream Chaser">Dream Chaser</a> • <a href="/wiki/BFR_(raket)" class="mw-redirect" title="BFR (raket)">Starship</a></div></td></tr><tr style="height:2px"><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-group" style=";;">Se även</td><td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-even"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><b>Sovjet:</b> <a href="/wiki/TKS" title="TKS">TKS</a> • <a href="/wiki/Buran" title="Buran">Buran</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table>    </div><noscript><img src="https://auth.wikimedia.org/loginwiki/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Hämtad från ”<a dir="ltr" href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rymdfärja&oldid=56699017">https://sv.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rymdfärja&oldid=56699017</a>”</div></div> <div id="catlinks" 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