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<div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Opening moves: the campaigns of 672 and 673</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Opening_moves:_the_campaigns_of_672_and_673-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Arab_attacks_and_related_expeditions_in_674–678" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Arab_attacks_and_related_expeditions_in_674–678"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Arab attacks and related expeditions in 674–678</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Arab_attacks_and_related_expeditions_in_674–678-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Importance_and_aftermath" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Importance_and_aftermath"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Importance and aftermath</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Importance_and_aftermath-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cultural_impact" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cultural_impact"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Cultural impact</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cultural_impact-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_reassessment_of_events" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_reassessment_of_events"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Modern reassessment of events</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_reassessment_of_events-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Siege of Constantinople (674–678)</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 34 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-34" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">34 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D8%B5%D8%A7%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D8%B3%D8%B7%D9%86%D8%B7%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9_(53-60_%D9%87%D9%80)" title="حصار القسطنطينية (53-60 هـ) – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="حصار القسطنطينية (53-60 هـ)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%B7%D9%86%D8%B7%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%87_%D9%85%D9%88%D8%AD%D8%A7%D8%B5%DB%8C%D8%B1%D9%87%E2%80%8C%D8%B3%DB%8C_(%DB%B6%DB%B7%DB%B4%E2%80%93%DB%B6%DB%B7%DB%B8)" title="قوسطنطنیه موحاصیره‌سی (۶۷۴–۶۷۸) – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="قوسطنطنیه موحاصیره‌سی (۶۷۴–۶۷۸)" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B0_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8F_(674%E2%80%94678)" title="Аблога Канстанцінопаля (674—678) – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Аблога Канстанцінопаля (674—678)" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%B1%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB_(674_%E2%80%93_678)" title="Обсада на Константинопол (674 – 678) – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Обсада на Константинопол (674 – 678)" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obl%C3%A9h%C3%A1n%C3%AD_Konstantinopole_(674%E2%80%93678)" title="Obléhání Konstantinopole (674–678) – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Obléhání Konstantinopole (674–678)" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belagerung_von_Konstantinopel_(674%E2%80%93678)" title="Belagerung von Konstantinopel (674–678) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Belagerung von Konstantinopel (674–678)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CE%BF%CE%BB%CE%B9%CE%BF%CF%81%CE%BA%CE%AF%CE%B1_%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%82_%CE%9A%CF%89%CE%BD%CF%83%CF%84%CE%B1%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BD%CE%BF%CF%8D%CF%80%CE%BF%CE%BB%CE%B7%CF%82_(674-678)" title="Πολιορκία της Κωνσταντινούπολης (674-678) – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Πολιορκία της Κωνσταντινούπολης (674-678)" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sitio_de_Constantinopla_(674-678)" title="Sitio de Constantinopla (674-678) – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Sitio de Constantinopla (674-678)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AD%D8%A7%D8%B5%D8%B1%D9%87_%D9%82%D8%B3%D8%B7%D9%86%D8%B7%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%87_(%DB%B6%DB%B7%DB%B4-%DB%B6%DB%B7%DB%B8)" title="محاصره قسطنطنیه (۶۷۴-۶۷۸) – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="محاصره قسطنطنیه (۶۷۴-۶۷۸)" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Si%C3%A8ge_de_Constantinople_(674-678)" title="Siège de Constantinople (674-678) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Siège de Constantinople (674-678)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%BD%98%EC%8A%A4%ED%83%84%ED%8B%B0%EB%85%B8%ED%8F%B4%EB%A6%AC%EC%8A%A4_%EA%B3%B5%EB%B0%A9%EC%A0%84_(674~678%EB%85%84)" title="콘스탄티노폴리스 공방전 (674~678년) – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="콘스탄티노폴리스 공방전 (674~678년)" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BF%D5%B8%D5%BD%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A4%D5%B6%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%BA%D5%B8%D5%AC%D5%BD%D5%AB_%D5%BA%D5%A1%D5%B7%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B4_(674-678)" title="Կոստանդնուպոլսի պաշարում (674-678) – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Կոստանդնուպոլսի պաշարում (674-678)" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitka_za_Carigrad" title="Bitka za Carigrad – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Bitka za Carigrad" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pengepungan_Konstantinopel_(674%E2%80%93678)" title="Pengepungan Konstantinopel (674–678) – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Pengepungan Konstantinopel (674–678)" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assedio_di_Costantinopoli_(674)" title="Assedio di Costantinopoli (674) – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Assedio di Costantinopoli (674)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%9E%D7%A6%D7%95%D7%A8_%D7%94%D7%A2%D7%A8%D7%91%D7%99_%D7%94%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%A9%D7%95%D7%9F_%D7%A2%D7%9C_%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%A1%D7%98%D7%A0%D7%98%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%9C" title="המצור הערבי הראשון על קונסטנטינופול – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="המצור הערבי הראשון על קונסטנטינופול" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%99%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A2%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9E%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%A7%E1%83%90_(674-678)" title="კონსტანტინოპოლის ალყა (674-678) – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="კონსტანტინოპოლის ალყა (674-678)" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BF%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%A6%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4_(674%E2%80%9378)" title="Опсада на Цариград (674–78) – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Опсада на Цариград (674–78)" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beleg_van_Constantinopel_(674-678)" title="Beleg van Constantinopel (674-678) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Beleg van Constantinopel (674-678)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B3%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B9%E3%82%BF%E3%83%B3%E3%83%86%E3%82%A3%E3%83%8E%E3%83%BC%E3%83%97%E3%83%AB%E5%8C%85%E5%9B%B2%E6%88%A6_(674%E5%B9%B4-678%E5%B9%B4)" title="コンスタンティノープル包囲戦 (674年-678年) – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="コンスタンティノープル包囲戦 (674年-678年)" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A8tge_de_Constantin%C3%B2ble_(674-678)" title="Sètge de Constantinòble (674-678) – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Sètge de Constantinòble (674-678)" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AD%D8%A7%D8%B5%D8%B1%DB%81_%D9%82%D8%B3%D8%B7%D9%86%D8%B7%D9%86%DB%8C%DB%81_%DB%B6%DB%B7%DB%B4%D8%A1_%D8%AA%D8%A7_%DB%B6%DB%B7%DB%B8%D8%A1" title="محاصرہ قسطنطنیہ ۶۷۴ء تا ۶۷۸ء – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="محاصرہ قسطنطنیہ ۶۷۴ء تا ۶۷۸ء" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obl%C4%99%C5%BCenie_Konstantynopola_(674%E2%80%93678)" title="Oblężenie Konstantynopola (674–678) – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Oblężenie Konstantynopola (674–678)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cerco_de_Constantinopla_(674%E2%80%93678)" title="Cerco de Constantinopla (674–678) – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Cerco de Constantinopla (674–678)" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primul_Asediu_Arab_al_Constantinopolului_(674-678)" title="Primul Asediu Arab al Constantinopolului (674-678) – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Primul Asediu Arab al Constantinopolului (674-678)" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0_%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8F_(674%E2%80%94678)" title="Осада Константинополя (674—678) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Осада Константинополя (674—678)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obleganje_Konstantinopla_(674%E2%80%93678)" title="Obleganje Konstantinopla (674–678) – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Obleganje Konstantinopla (674–678)" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BF%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0_%D0%A6%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0_(674%E2%80%94678)" title="Опсада Цариграда (674—678) – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Опсада Цариграда (674—678)" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opsada_Carigrada_(674%E2%80%93678)" title="Opsada Carigrada (674–678) – Serbo-Croatian" 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class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-coordinates" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span id="coordinates"><a href="/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system" title="Geographic coordinate system">Coordinates</a>: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Siege_of_Constantinople_(674%E2%80%93678)&params=41.0122_N_28.976_E_"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">41°00′44″N</span> <span class="longitude">28°58′34″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">41.0122°N 28.9760°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">41.0122; 28.9760</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> <div id="mw-indicator-featured-star" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Featured_articles*" title="This is a featured article. Click here for more information."><img alt="Featured article" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/20px-Cscr-featured.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/30px-Cscr-featured.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/40px-Cscr-featured.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="466" data-file-height="443" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Major conflict of the Arab–Byzantine wars</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other sieges of the city, see <a href="/wiki/List_of_sieges_of_Constantinople" title="List of sieges of Constantinople">list of sieges of Constantinople</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r963460841">@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .desktop-float-right{box-sizing:border-box;float:right;clear:right}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.vevent .status>p:first-child{margin:0}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1034237262">.mw-parser-output .stack{box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .stack>div{margin:1px;overflow:hidden}@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .stack-clear-left{float:left;clear:left}.mw-parser-output .stack-clear-right{float:right;clear:right}.mw-parser-output .stack-left{float:left}.mw-parser-output .stack-right{float:right}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-clear-left{float:left;clear:left;margin-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-clear-right{float:right;clear:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-left{float:left;margin-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-right{float:right;margin-left:1em}}</style><div class="stack mw-stack stack-clear-right"><div><table class="infobox vevent" style="width:25.5em;border-spacing:2px;"><tbody><tr><th class="summary" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">First Arab siege of Constantinople</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Part of the <a href="/wiki/Arab%E2%80%93Byzantine_wars" title="Arab–Byzantine wars">Arab–Byzantine wars</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;line-height:1.5em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Constantinople_area_map.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Geophysical map of the Marmara Sea and the surrounding coasts with major settlements" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Constantinople_area_map.svg/280px-Constantinople_area_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="280" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Constantinople_area_map.svg/420px-Constantinople_area_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Constantinople_area_map.svg/560px-Constantinople_area_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1300" data-file-height="727" /></a></span><br />Constantinople and its surroundings during the Byzantine period</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><table style="width:100%;margin:0;padding:0;border:0;display:inline-table"><tbody><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Date</th><td>674–678 (disputed, <a href="#Modern_reassessment_of_events">see below</a>)</td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Location</th><td><div class="location"><a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sea_of_Marmara" title="Sea of Marmara">Sea of Marmara</a> <span class="nowrap">(modern-day <a href="/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul">Istanbul</a>, Turkey)</span></div></td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Result</th><td class="status"> <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine</a> victory</td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Belligerents</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <a href="/wiki/Umayyad_Caliphate" title="Umayyad Caliphate">Umayyad Caliphate</a></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire_under_the_Heraclian_dynasty" title="Byzantine Empire under the Heraclian dynasty">Byzantine Empire</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Commanders and leaders</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yazid_I" title="Yazid I">Yazid ibn Mu'awiya</a> (<a href="/wiki/Wounded_in_action" title="Wounded in action"><abbr title="Wounded in action">WIA</abbr></a>)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Sufyan_ibn_Awf" title="Sufyan ibn Awf">Sufyan ibn Awf</a> <a href="/wiki/Killed_in_action" title="Killed in action"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Old English Text MT',serif"><b>†</b></span></a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Junada_ibn_Abi_Umayya_al-Azdi" title="Junada ibn Abi Umayya al-Azdi">Junada ibn Abi Umayya</a> (<a href="/wiki/Wounded_in_action" title="Wounded in action"><abbr title="Wounded in action">WIA</abbr></a>)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Fadala_ibn_Ubayd" title="Fadala ibn Ubayd">Fadala ibn Ubayd</a> (<a href="/wiki/Wounded_in_action" title="Wounded in action"><abbr title="Wounded in action">WIA</abbr></a>)</li></ul></div></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <a href="/wiki/Constantine_IV" title="Constantine IV">Constantine IV</a></td></tr></tbody></table><div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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title="Arab–Byzantine wars"><span class="wrap">Arab–Byzantine wars</span></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><b>Early conflicts</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mu%27tah" title="Battle of Mu'tah">Mu'tah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expedition_of_Usama_bin_Zayd" title="Expedition of Usama bin Zayd">Balqa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Firaz" title="Battle of Firaz">Firaz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Dathin" title="Battle of Dathin">Dathin</a></li></ul> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Muslim_conquest_of_the_Levant" title="Muslim conquest of the Levant">The Levant</a></b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Marj_Rahit_(634)" title="Battle of Marj Rahit (634)">Marj Rahit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_al-Qaryatayn" title="Battle of al-Qaryatayn">al-Qaryatayn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bosra" title="Battle of Bosra">Bosra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ajnadayn" title="Battle of Ajnadayn">Ajnadayn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Yaqusa" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Yaqusa">Yaqusa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Marj_al-Saffar_(634)" title="Battle of Marj al-Saffar (634)">Marj al-Saffar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sanita-al-Uqab" title="Battle of Sanita-al-Uqab">Sanita-al-Uqab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Damascus_(634)" title="Siege of Damascus (634)">Damascus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Maraj-al-Debaj" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Maraj-al-Debaj">Maraj-al-Debaj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fahl" title="Battle of Fahl">Fahl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Marj_ar-Rum" title="Battle of Marj ar-Rum">Marj ar-Rum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Emesa" title="Siege of Emesa">Emesa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Yarmuk" title="Battle of the Yarmuk">Yarmouk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Laodicea_(636)" title="Siege of Laodicea (636)">Laodicea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Jerusalem_(636%E2%80%93637)" title="Siege of Jerusalem (636–637)">Jerusalem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hazir" title="Battle of Hazir">Hazir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Aleppo_(637)" title="Siege of Aleppo (637)">1st Aleppo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Iron_Bridge" title="Battle of the Iron Bridge">Iron Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Emesa_(638)" title="Siege of Emesa (638)">2nd Emesa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Germanicia" title="Siege of Germanicia">Germanicia</a></li></ul> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Muslim_conquest_of_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim conquest of Egypt">Egypt</a></b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Heliopolis" title="Battle of Heliopolis">Heliopolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Babylon_Fortress" title="Siege of Babylon Fortress">Babylon Fortress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Alexandria_(641)" title="Siege of Alexandria (641)">Alexandria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Nikiou" title="Battle of Nikiou">Nikiou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zubayr_ibn_al-Awwam#Campaign_in_Africa" title="Zubayr ibn al-Awwam">Darishkur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxyrhynchus" title="Oxyrhynchus">Bahnasa</a></li></ul> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Muslim_conquest_of_the_Maghreb" title="Muslim conquest of the Maghreb">North Africa</a></b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sufetula_(647)" title="Battle of Sufetula (647)">Sufetula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Vescera" title="Battle of Vescera">Vescera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mamma" title="Battle of Mamma">Mamma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Carthage_(698)" title="Battle of Carthage (698)">Carthage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tabarka" title="Battle of Tabarka">Tabarka</a></li></ul> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Anatolia" title="Anatolia">Anatolia</a> & <a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a></b> </p> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">1st Constantinople</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sebastopolis" title="Battle of Sebastopolis">Sebastopolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Tyana" title="Siege of Tyana">Tyana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Constantinople_(717%E2%80%93718)" title="Siege of Constantinople (717–718)">2nd Constantinople</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Nicaea_(727)" title="Siege of Nicaea (727)">Nicaea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Akroinon" title="Battle of Akroinon">Akroinon</a></li></ul> <p><b>Border conflicts</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Kamacha" title="Siege of Kamacha">Kamacha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abbasid_invasion_of_Asia_Minor_(782)" title="Abbasid invasion of Asia Minor (782)">Asia Minor (782)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kopidnadon" title="Battle of Kopidnadon">Kopidnadon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Krasos" title="Battle of Krasos">Krasos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abbasid_invasion_of_Asia_Minor_(806)" title="Abbasid invasion of Asia Minor (806)">Asia Minor (806)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Anzen" title="Battle of Anzen">Anzen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sack_of_Amorium" title="Sack of Amorium">Amorium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mauropotamos" title="Battle of Mauropotamos">Mauropotamos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Faruriyyah" title="Capture of Faruriyyah">Faruriyyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lalakaon" title="Battle of Lalakaon">Lalakaon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bathys_Ryax" title="Battle of Bathys Ryax">Bathys Ryax</a></li></ul> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Muslim_conquest_of_Sicily" title="Muslim conquest of Sicily">Sicily</a> and <a href="/wiki/History_of_Islam_in_southern_Italy" title="History of Islam in southern Italy">Southern Italy</a></b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Syracuse_(827%E2%80%93828)" title="Siege of Syracuse (827–828)">1st Syracuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Messina_(842-843)" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Messina (842-843)">Messina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Butera" title="Battle of Butera">Butera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Lentini" title="Siege of Lentini">Lentini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Enna" title="Siege of Enna">Enna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Syracuse_(868)" title="Siege of Syracuse (868)">2nd Syracuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Melite_(870)" title="Siege of Melite (870)">1st Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Syracuse_(877%E2%80%93878)" title="Siege of Syracuse (877–878)">3rd Syracuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Caltavuturo" title="Battle of Caltavuturo">Caltavuturo</a></li> <li>Campaigns of <a href="/wiki/Leo_Apostyppes" title="Leo Apostyppes">Leo Apostyppes</a> & <a href="/wiki/Nikephoros_Phokas_the_Elder" title="Nikephoros Phokas the Elder">Nikephoros Phokas the Elder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Stelai" title="Battle of Stelai">1st Milazzo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Milazzo_(888)" title="Battle of Milazzo (888)">2nd Milazzo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Taormina_(902)" title="Siege of Taormina (902)">1st Taormina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Garigliano" title="Battle of Garigliano">Garigliano</a></li> <li>Campaigns of <a href="/wiki/Marianos_Argyros" title="Marianos Argyros">Marianos Argyros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Taormina_(962)" title="Siege of Taormina (962)">2nd Taormina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Rometta" title="Siege of Rometta">Rometta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Straits" title="Battle of the Straits">Straits of Messina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Maniakes" title="George Maniakes">George Maniakes in Sicily</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Medina_(1053%E2%80%931054)" title="Siege of Medina (1053–1054)">2nd Malta</a></li></ul> <p><b>Naval warfare</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Masts" title="Battle of the Masts">Phoenix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Keramaia" title="Battle of Keramaia">Keramaia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Crete#Conquest_of_Crete" title="Emirate of Crete">1st Crete</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cretan_expedition_(828)" title="Cretan expedition (828)">2nd Crete</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Thasos" title="Battle of Thasos">Thasos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sack_of_Damietta_(853)" title="Sack of Damietta (853)">Damietta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Ragusa_(866%E2%80%93868)" title="Siege of Ragusa (866–868)">Ragusa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kardia" title="Battle of Kardia">Kardia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Gulf_of_Corinth" title="Battle of the Gulf of Corinth">Gulf of Corinth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cephalonia" title="Battle of Cephalonia">Cephalonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Euripos" title="Siege of Euripos">Euripos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sack_of_Thessalonica_(904)" title="Sack of Thessalonica (904)">Thessalonica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cretan_expedition_(911%E2%80%93912)" title="Cretan expedition (911–912)">3rd Crete</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cretan_expedition_(949)" title="Cretan expedition (949)">4th Crete</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolt_of_Tyre_(996%E2%80%93998)" title="Revolt of Tyre (996–998)">Tyre</a></li></ul> <p><b>Byzantine reconquest</b> </p> <ul><li>Campaigns of <a href="/wiki/John_Kourkouas" title="John Kourkouas">John Kourkouas</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Campaigns of <a href="/wiki/Sayf_al-Dawla" title="Sayf al-Dawla">Sayf al-Dawla</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Marash_(953)" title="Battle of Marash (953)">Marash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Raban" title="Battle of Raban">Raban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Andrassos" title="Battle of Andrassos">Andrassos</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>Campaigns of <a href="/wiki/Nikephoros_II_Phokas" title="Nikephoros II Phokas">Nikephoros II</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Chandax" title="Siege of Chandax">5th Crete</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sack_of_Aleppo_(962)" title="Sack of Aleppo (962)">Aleppo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_conquest_of_Cilicia" title="Byzantine conquest of Cilicia">Cilicia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Antioch_(968%E2%80%93969)" title="Siege of Antioch (968–969)">Antioch</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>Campaigns of <a href="/wiki/John_I_Tzimiskes" title="John I Tzimiskes">John I</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Alexandretta" title="Battle of Alexandretta">Alexandretta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_campaigns_of_John_Tzimiskes" title="Syrian campaigns of John Tzimiskes">Syria</a></li></ul></li> <li>Campaigns of <a href="/wiki/Basil_II" title="Basil II">Basil II</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Orontes" title="Battle of the Orontes">Orontes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Aleppo_(994%E2%80%93995)" title="Siege of Aleppo (994–995)">2nd Aleppo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Apamea" title="Battle of Apamea">Apamea</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Azaz_(1030)" title="Battle of Azaz (1030)">Azaz</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a> was besieged by the Arabs in 674–678, in what was the first culmination of the <a href="/wiki/Umayyad_Caliphate" title="Umayyad Caliphate">Umayyad Caliphate</a>'s expansionist strategy against the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a>. Caliph <a href="/wiki/Mu%27awiya_I" title="Mu'awiya I">Mu'awiya I</a>, who had emerged in 661 as the ruler of the Muslim Arab empire following a <a href="/wiki/First_Fitna" title="First Fitna">civil war</a>, renewed <a href="/wiki/Arab%E2%80%93Byzantine_wars" title="Arab–Byzantine wars">aggressive warfare against Byzantium</a> after a lapse of some years and hoped to deliver a lethal blow by capturing the Byzantine capital of Constantinople. </p><p>As reported by the Byzantine chronicler <a href="/wiki/Theophanes_the_Confessor" title="Theophanes the Confessor">Theophanes the Confessor</a>, the Arab attack was methodical: in 672–673 Arab fleets secured bases along the coasts of <a href="/wiki/Asia_Minor" class="mw-redirect" title="Asia Minor">Asia Minor</a> and then installed a loose blockade around Constantinople. They used the peninsula of <a href="/wiki/Cyzicus" title="Cyzicus">Cyzicus</a> near the city as a base to spend the winter and returned every spring to launch attacks against the <a href="/wiki/Walls_of_Constantinople" title="Walls of Constantinople">city's fortifications</a>. Finally the Byzantines, under Emperor <a href="/wiki/Constantine_IV" title="Constantine IV">Constantine IV</a>, destroyed the Arab navy using a new invention, the liquid incendiary substance known as <a href="/wiki/Greek_fire" title="Greek fire">Greek fire</a>. The Byzantines also defeated the Arab land army in Asia Minor, forcing them to lift the siege. The Byzantine victory was of major importance for the survival of the Byzantine state, as the Arab threat receded for a time. A peace treaty was signed soon after, and following the outbreak of <a href="/wiki/Second_Fitna" title="Second Fitna">another Muslim civil war</a>, the Byzantines even experienced a brief period of ascendancy over the Caliphate. The siege was arguably the first major Arab defeat in 50 years of expansion and temporarily stabilized the Byzantine Empire after decades of war and defeats. </p><p>The siege left several traces in the legends of the nascent Muslim world, although it is conflated with accounts of another expedition against the city in 669, led by Mu'awiya's son, the future ruler <a href="/wiki/Yazid_I" title="Yazid I">Yazid</a>. As a result, the veracity of Theophanes's account was questioned in 2010 by Oxford scholar James Howard-Johnston, and more recently by Marek Jankowiak. Their analyses have placed more emphasis on the Arabic and <a href="/wiki/Syriac_language" title="Syriac language">Syriac</a> sources, but have drawn different conclusions about the dating and existence of the siege. News of a large-scale siege of Constantinople and a subsequent peace treaty reached China, where they were recorded in later histories of the <a href="/wiki/Tang_dynasty" title="Tang dynasty">Tang dynasty</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Constantinople_(674%E2%80%93678)&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Early_Muslim_conquests" title="Early Muslim conquests">Early Muslim conquests</a> and <a href="/wiki/Muslim_conquest_of_the_Levant" title="Muslim conquest of the Levant">Muslim conquest of the Levant</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Europe_around_650.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Political map of Europe and the Mediterranean" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Europe_around_650.jpg/220px-Europe_around_650.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Europe_around_650.jpg/330px-Europe_around_650.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Europe_around_650.jpg/440px-Europe_around_650.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3891" data-file-height="2392" /></a><figcaption>Europe, the Byzantine Empire and the Umayyad empire c. 650</figcaption></figure> <p>Following the disastrous <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Yarmuk" title="Battle of the Yarmuk">Battle of the Yarmuk</a> in 636, the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire_under_the_Heraclian_dynasty" title="Byzantine Empire under the Heraclian dynasty">Byzantine Empire</a> withdrew the bulk of its remaining forces from the <a href="/wiki/Levant" title="Levant">Levant</a> into <a href="/wiki/Asia_Minor" class="mw-redirect" title="Asia Minor">Asia Minor</a>, which was shielded from the Muslim expansion by the <a href="/wiki/Taurus_Mountains" title="Taurus Mountains">Taurus Mountains</a>. This left the field open for the warriors of the nascent <a href="/wiki/Rashidun_Caliphate" title="Rashidun Caliphate">Rashidun Caliphate</a> to complete their <a href="/wiki/Muslim_conquest_of_the_Levant" title="Muslim conquest of the Levant">conquest</a> of <a href="/wiki/Bilad_al-Sham" title="Bilad al-Sham">Syria</a>, with Egypt too <a href="/wiki/Arab_conquest_of_Egypt" title="Arab conquest of Egypt">falling</a> shortly after. Muslim raids against the <a href="/wiki/Cilicia" title="Cilicia">Cilician</a> frontier zone and deep into Asia Minor began as early as 640, and continued under <a href="/wiki/Mu%27awiya_I" title="Mu'awiya I">Mu'awiya</a>, then governor of the Levant.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKaegi2008369ff._1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKaegi2008369ff.-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELilie197660–68_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELilie197660–68-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETreadgold1997303–307,_310,_312–313_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETreadgold1997303–307,_310,_312–313-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mu'awiya also spearheaded the development of a Muslim navy, which within a few years grew sufficiently strong to occupy <a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a> and raid as far as <a href="/wiki/Kos" title="Kos">Kos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rhodes" title="Rhodes">Rhodes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Crete" title="Crete">Crete</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Aegean_Sea" title="Aegean Sea">Aegean Sea</a>. Finally, the young Muslim navy scored a crushing victory over its <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_navy" title="Byzantine navy">Byzantine counterpart</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Masts" title="Battle of the Masts">Battle of the Masts</a> in 655.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKaegi2008372_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKaegi2008372-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELilie197664–68_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELilie197664–68-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETreadgold1997312–313_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETreadgold1997312–313-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following the murder of Caliph <a href="/wiki/Uthman" title="Uthman">Uthman</a> and the outbreak of the <a href="/wiki/First_Fitna" title="First Fitna">First Muslim Civil War</a>, Arab attacks against Byzantium stopped. In 659, Mu'awiya even concluded a truce with Byzantium, including payment of tribute to the Empire.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELilie197668_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELilie197668-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The peace lasted until the end of the Muslim civil war in 661, from which Mu'awiya and his clan emerged victorious, establishing the <a href="/wiki/Umayyad_Caliphate" title="Umayyad Caliphate">Umayyad Caliphate</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELilie197669_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELilie197669-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETreadgold1997318_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETreadgold1997318-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From the next year, Muslim attacks recommenced, with pressure mounting as Muslim armies began wintering on Byzantine soil west of the Taurus range, maximizing the disruption caused to the Byzantine economy. These land expeditions were sometimes coupled with naval raids against the coasts of southern Asia Minor.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKaegi2008373,_375_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKaegi2008373,_375-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELilie197669–71_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELilie197669–71-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETreadgold1997320_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETreadgold1997320-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 668, the Arabs sent aid to <a href="/wiki/Saborios" title="Saborios">Saborios</a>, <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Strategos" title="Strategos">strategos</a></i></span> of the <a href="/wiki/Armeniac_Theme" title="Armeniac Theme">Armeniac Theme</a>, who had rebelled and proclaimed himself emperor. The Arab troops under <a href="/wiki/Fadala_ibn_Ubayd" title="Fadala ibn Ubayd">Fadala ibn Ubayd</a> arrived too late to assist Saborios, who had died after falling from his horse, and they spent the winter in the <a href="/wiki/Armenian_Hexapolis" title="Armenian Hexapolis">Hexapolis</a> around <a href="/wiki/Melitene" class="mw-redirect" title="Melitene">Melitene</a> awaiting reinforcements.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELilie197671–72_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELilie197671–72-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETreadgold1997320_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETreadgold1997320-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In early 669, after receiving additional troops, Fadala entered Asia Minor and advanced as far as <a href="/wiki/Chalcedon" title="Chalcedon">Chalcedon</a>, on the Asian shore of the <a href="/wiki/Bosporus" title="Bosporus">Bosporus</a> across from the Byzantine capital, <a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a>. The Arab attacks on Chalcedon were repelled, and the Arab army was decimated by famine and disease. Mu'awiya dispatched another army, led by his son (and future Caliph) <a href="/wiki/Yazid_I" title="Yazid I">Yazid</a>, to Fadala's aid. Accounts of what followed differ. The Byzantine chronicler <a href="/wiki/Theophanes_the_Confessor" title="Theophanes the Confessor">Theophanes the Confessor</a> reports that the Arabs remained before Chalcedon for a while before returning to Syria, and that on their way they captured and garrisoned <a href="/wiki/Amorium" title="Amorium">Amorium</a>. This was the first time the Arabs tried to hold a captured fortress in the interior of Asia Minor beyond the campaigning season, and probably meant that the Arabs intended to return next year and use the town as their base, but Amorium was retaken by the Byzantines during the subsequent winter. Arab sources on the other hand report that the Muslims crossed over into Europe and launched an unsuccessful attack on Constantinople itself, before returning to Syria.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELilie197672–74,_90_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELilie197672–74,_90-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETreadgold1997325_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETreadgold1997325-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Given the lack of any mention of such an assault in Byzantine sources, it is most probable that the Arab chroniclers—taking account of Yazid's presence and the fact that Chalcedon is a suburb of Constantinople—"upgraded" the attack on Chalcedon to an attack on the Byzantine capital itself.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELilie197673–74_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELilie197673–74-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Opening_moves:_the_campaigns_of_672_and_673">Opening moves: the campaigns of 672 and 673</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Constantinople_(674%E2%80%93678)&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Opening moves: the campaigns of 672 and 673"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The campaign of 669 clearly demonstrated to the Arabs the possibility of a direct strike at Constantinople, as well as the necessity of having a supply base in the region. This was found in the peninsula of <a href="/wiki/Cyzicus" title="Cyzicus">Cyzicus</a> on the southern shore of the <a href="/wiki/Sea_of_Marmara" title="Sea of Marmara">Sea of Marmara</a>, where a raiding fleet under Fadhala ibn 'Ubayd wintered in 670 or 671.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELilie197675_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELilie197675-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETreadgold1997325_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETreadgold1997325-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMangoScott1997492_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMangoScott1997492-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mu'awiya now began preparing his final assault on the Byzantine capital. In contrast to Yazid's expedition, Mu'awiya intended to take a coastal route to Constantinople.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELilie197676_(note_#61)_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELilie197676_(note_#61)-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The undertaking followed a careful, phased approach: first the Muslims had to secure strongpoints and bases along the coast, and then, with Cyzicus as a base, Constantinople would be blockaded by land and sea and cut off from the agrarian hinterland that supplied its food.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaldon199063_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaldon199063-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELilie197690–91_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELilie197690–91-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Solidus_of_Constantine_IV_with_Heraclius_and_Tiberius.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Obverse and reverse of gold coin, with a crowned bearded man carrying a spear over his shoulder on the first, and two standing, robed and crowned men carrying globus crucigers on either side of a cross on a pedestal on the second" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Solidus_of_Constantine_IV_with_Heraclius_and_Tiberius.jpg/240px-Solidus_of_Constantine_IV_with_Heraclius_and_Tiberius.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="117" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Solidus_of_Constantine_IV_with_Heraclius_and_Tiberius.jpg/360px-Solidus_of_Constantine_IV_with_Heraclius_and_Tiberius.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Solidus_of_Constantine_IV_with_Heraclius_and_Tiberius.jpg/480px-Solidus_of_Constantine_IV_with_Heraclius_and_Tiberius.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="243" /></a><figcaption>Gold <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Solidus_(coin)" title="Solidus (coin)">nomisma</a></i></span> of Constantine IV</figcaption></figure> <p>Accordingly, in 672 three great Muslim fleets were dispatched to secure the sea lanes and establish bases between Syria and the Aegean. Muhammad ibn Abdallah's fleet wintered at <a href="/wiki/Smyrna" title="Smyrna">Smyrna</a>, a fleet under a certain Qays (perhaps <a href="/wiki/Abdallah_ibn_Qais" title="Abdallah ibn Qais">Abdallah ibn Qais</a>) wintered in <a href="/wiki/Lycia" title="Lycia">Lycia</a> and Cilicia, and a third fleet, under Khalid, joined them later. According to the report of Theophanes, the Emperor <a href="/wiki/Constantine_IV" title="Constantine IV">Constantine IV</a> (<span style="white-space:nowrap;"><abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 661–685</span>), upon learning of the Arab fleets' approach, began equipping his own fleet for war. Constantine's armament included siphon-bearing ships intended for the deployment of a newly developed incendiary substance, <a href="/wiki/Greek_fire" title="Greek fire">Greek fire</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELilie197675,_90–91_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELilie197675,_90–91-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETreadgold1997325_15-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETreadgold1997325-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMangoScott1997493_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMangoScott1997493-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 673, another Arab fleet, under <a href="/wiki/Junada_ibn_Abi_Umayya_al-Azdi" title="Junada ibn Abi Umayya al-Azdi">Junada ibn Abi Umayya</a>, captured <a href="/wiki/Tarsus_(city)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tarsus (city)">Tarsus</a> in Cilicia, as well as Rhodes. The latter, midway between Syria and Constantinople, was converted into a forward supply base and centre for Muslim naval raids. Its garrison of 12,000 men was regularly rotated back to Syria, a small fleet was attached to it for defence and raiding, and the Arabs even sowed wheat and brought along animals to graze on the island. The Byzantines attempted to obstruct the Arab plans with a naval attack on Egypt, but it was unsuccessful.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELilie197676–77_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELilie197676–77-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETreadgold1997325_15-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETreadgold1997325-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Throughout this period, overland raids into Asia Minor continued, and the Arab troops wintered on Byzantine soil.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELilie197674–76_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELilie197674–76-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Arab_attacks_and_related_expeditions_in_674–678"><span id="Arab_attacks_and_related_expeditions_in_674.E2.80.93678"></span>Arab attacks and related expeditions in 674–678</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Constantinople_(674%E2%80%93678)&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Arab attacks and related expeditions in 674–678"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Theodosian_Golden_Gate.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Photo of a marble-covered gate complex with two square projecting towers and a walled-in gate" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Theodosian_Golden_Gate.jpg/220px-Theodosian_Golden_Gate.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Theodosian_Golden_Gate.jpg/330px-Theodosian_Golden_Gate.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Theodosian_Golden_Gate.jpg/440px-Theodosian_Golden_Gate.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3008" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Golden_Gate_(Constantinople)" class="mw-redirect" title="Golden Gate (Constantinople)">Golden Gate</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Theodosian_Walls" class="mw-redirect" title="Theodosian Walls">Theodosian Walls</a> of Constantinople</figcaption></figure> <p>In 674, the Arab fleet sailed from its bases in the eastern Aegean and entered the Sea of Marmara. According to the account of Theophanes, they landed on the <a href="/wiki/Thrace" title="Thrace">Thracian</a> shore near <a href="/wiki/Hebdomon" class="mw-redirect" title="Hebdomon">Hebdomon</a> in April, and until September were engaged in constant clashes with the Byzantine troops. As the Byzantine chronicler reports, "Every day there was a military engagement from morning until evening, between the outworks of the <a href="/wiki/Golden_Gate_(Constantinople)" class="mw-redirect" title="Golden Gate (Constantinople)">Golden Gate</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Kyklobion" class="mw-redirect" title="Kyklobion">Kyklobion</a>, with thrust and counter-thrust". Then the Arabs departed and made for Cyzicus, which they captured and converted into a fortified camp to spend the winter. This set the pattern that continued throughout the siege: each spring, the Arabs crossed the Marmara and assaulted Constantinople, withdrawing to Cyzicus for the winter.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaldon199064_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaldon199064-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELilie197677–78_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELilie197677–78-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETreadgold1997325_15-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETreadgold1997325-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMangoScott1997493–494_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMangoScott1997493–494-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In fact, the "siege" of Constantinople was a series of engagements around the city, which may even be stretched to include Yazid's 669 attack.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMangoScott1997494_(note_#3)_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMangoScott1997494_(note_#3)-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Both Byzantine and Arab chroniclers record the siege as lasting for seven years instead of five. This can be reconciled either by including the opening campaigns of 672–673, or by counting the years until the final withdrawal of the Arab troops from their forward bases, in 680.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELilie197680_(note_#73)_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELilie197680_(note_#73)-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMangoScott1997494_(note_#3)_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMangoScott1997494_(note_#3)-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Greekfire-madridskylitzes1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Medieval miniature depicting a sailing vessel discharging fire on another boat through a tube" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Greekfire-madridskylitzes1.jpg/220px-Greekfire-madridskylitzes1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Greekfire-madridskylitzes1.jpg/330px-Greekfire-madridskylitzes1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Greekfire-madridskylitzes1.jpg/440px-Greekfire-madridskylitzes1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3013" data-file-height="1543" /></a><figcaption>Depiction of the use of <a href="/wiki/Greek_fire" title="Greek fire">Greek fire</a>, from the <i><a href="/wiki/Madrid_Skylitzes" title="Madrid Skylitzes">Madrid Skylitzes</a></i>. It was used for the first time during the first Arab siege of Constantinople, in 677 or 678.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaldon199064_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaldon199064-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>The details of the clashes around Constantinople are unclear, as Theophanes condenses the siege in his account of the first year, and the Arab chroniclers do not mention the siege at all but merely provide the names of leaders of unspecified expeditions into Byzantine territory.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrooks1898187–188_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrooks1898187–188-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELilie197678–79_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELilie197678–79-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMangoScott1997494_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMangoScott1997494-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thus from the Arab sources it is only known that Abdallah ibn Qays and Fadhala ibn 'Ubayd raided Crete and wintered there in 675, while in the same year Malik ibn Abdallah led a raid into Asia Minor. The Arab historians <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Wadih" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibn Wadih">Ibn Wadih</a> and <a href="/wiki/Al-Tabari" title="Al-Tabari">al-Tabari</a> report that Yazid was dispatched by Mu'awiya with reinforcements to Constantinople in 676, and record that Abdallah ibn Qays led a campaign in 677, the target of which is unknown.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELilie197679–80_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELilie197679–80-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETreadgold1997325_15-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETreadgold1997325-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMangoScott1997495_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMangoScott1997495-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At the same time, the preoccupation with the Arab threat had reduced Byzantium's ability to respond to threats elsewhere: in Italy, the <a href="/wiki/Lombards" title="Lombards">Lombards</a> used the opportunity to conquer most of <a href="/wiki/Calabria" title="Calabria">Calabria</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Taranto" title="Taranto">Tarentum</a> and <a href="/wiki/Brundisium" class="mw-redirect" title="Brundisium">Brundisium</a>, while in the Balkans, a coalition of Slavic tribes <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Thessalonica_(676%E2%80%93678)" title="Siege of Thessalonica (676–678)">attacked</a> the city of <a href="/wiki/Thessalonica" class="mw-redirect" title="Thessalonica">Thessalonica</a> and launched seaborne raids in the Aegean, even penetrating into the Sea of Marmara.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETreadgold1997326–327_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETreadgold1997326–327-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStratos197884–87_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStratos197884–87-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Finally, in late 677 or early 678 Constantine IV resolved to confront the Arab besiegers in a head-on engagement. His fleet, equipped with Greek fire, routed the Arab fleet. It is probable that the death of admiral Yazid ibn Shagara, reported by Arab chroniclers for 677/678, is related to this defeat. At about the same time, the Muslim army in Asia Minor, under the command of <a href="/wiki/Sufyan_ibn_Awf" title="Sufyan ibn Awf">Sufyan ibn 'Awf</a>, was defeated by the Byzantine army under the generals Phloros, Petron and Cyprian, losing 30,000 men according to Theophanes. These defeats forced the Arabs to abandon the siege in 678. On its way back to Syria, the Arab fleet was almost annihilated in a storm off <a href="/wiki/Syllaion" class="mw-redirect" title="Syllaion">Syllaion</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaldon199064_26-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaldon199064-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELilie197678–79_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELilie197678–79-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETreadgold1997326–327_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETreadgold1997326–327-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMangoScott1997494_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMangoScott1997494-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The essential outline of Theophanes' account may be corroborated by the only near-contemporary Byzantine reference to the siege, a celebratory poem by the otherwise unknown Theodosius Grammaticus, which was earlier believed to refer to the second Arab siege of 717–718. Theodosius' poem commemorates a decisive naval victory before the walls of the city—with the detail that the Arab fleet too possessed fire-throwing ships—and makes a reference to "the fear of their returning shadows", which may be interpreted as confirming the recurring Arab attacks each spring from their base in Cyzicus.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOlster199523–28_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOlster199523–28-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Importance_and_aftermath">Importance and aftermath</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Constantinople_(674%E2%80%93678)&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Importance and aftermath"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Constantinople was the nerve centre of the Byzantine state. Had it fallen, the empire's remaining provinces would have been unlikely to hold together and thus become easy prey for the Arabs.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELilie197691_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELilie197691-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the same time, the failure of the Arab attack on Constantinople was a momentous event in itself. It marked the culmination of Mu'awiya's campaign of attrition, which had been pursued steadily since 661. Immense resources were poured into the undertaking, including the creation of a huge fleet. Its failure had similarly important repercussions and represented a major blow to the Caliph's prestige.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELilie197680–81,_89–91_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELilie197680–81,_89–91-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Conversely, Byzantine prestige reached new heights, especially in the West. Constantine IV received envoys from the <a href="/wiki/Pannonian_Avars" title="Pannonian Avars">Avars</a> and the Balkan Slavs, who bore gifts and congratulations and acknowledging Byzantine supremacy.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaldon199064_26-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaldon199064-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The subsequent peace also gave a much-needed respite from constant raiding to Asia Minor and allowed the Byzantine state to recover its balance and consolidate itself after the cataclysmic changes of the previous decades.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaldon199066_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaldon199066-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The failure of the Arabs before Constantinople coincided with the increased activity of the <a href="/wiki/Mardaites" title="Mardaites">Mardaites</a>, a Christian group living in the mountains of Syria that resisted Muslim control and raided the lowlands. Faced with the new threat and after the immense losses suffered against the Byzantines, Mu'awiya began negotiations for a truce, with embassies exchanged between the two courts. They were drawn out until 679, which gave the Arabs time for a last raid into Asia Minor under 'Amr ibn Murra, perhaps intended to put pressure on the Byzantines. The peace treaty, of a nominal 30-year duration, provided that the Caliph would pay an annual tribute of 3,000 gold pieces, 50 horses and 50 slaves. The Arab garrisons were withdrawn from their bases on the Byzantine coastlands, including Rhodes, in 679–680.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaldon199064_26-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaldon199064-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKaegi2008381–382_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKaegi2008381–382-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELilie197681–82_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELilie197681–82-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETreadgold1997327_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETreadgold1997327-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Soon after the Arab retreat from his capital, Constantine IV sent an expedition against the Slavs in the area of Thessalonica, curtailed their piracy, relieved the city and restored imperial control over the city's surroundings.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETreadgold1997327_44-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETreadgold1997327-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStratos197887–88_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStratos197887–88-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the conclusion of peace, he moved against the mounting <a href="/wiki/Bulgars" title="Bulgars">Bulgar</a> menace in the Balkans, but his huge army, comprising all the available forces of the empire, was <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ongal" title="Battle of Ongal">decisively beaten</a>, which opened the way for the establishment of a <a href="/wiki/First_Bulgarian_Empire" title="First Bulgarian Empire">Bulgar state</a> in the northeastern Balkans.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELilie197683_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELilie197683-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETreadgold1997328–329_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETreadgold1997328–329-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the Muslim world, after the death of Mu'awiya in 680, the various forces of opposition within the Caliphate manifested themselves. The Caliphate's division during the <a href="/wiki/Second_Fitna" title="Second Fitna">Second Muslim Civil War</a> allowed Byzantium to achieve not only peace but also a position of predominance on its eastern frontier. <a href="/wiki/Medieval_Armenia" title="Medieval Armenia">Armenia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Iberia" title="Principality of Iberia">Iberia</a> reverted for a time to Byzantine control, and Cyprus became a <a href="/wiki/Condominium_(international_law)" title="Condominium (international law)">condominium</a> between Byzantium and the Caliphate.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELilie197699–107_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELilie197699–107-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETreadgold1997330–332_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETreadgold1997330–332-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The peace lasted until Constantine IV's son and successor, <a href="/wiki/Justinian_II" title="Justinian II">Justinian II</a> (<span style="white-space:nowrap;"><abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 685–695, 705–711</span>), broke it in 692, with devastating consequences since the Byzantines were <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sebastopolis" title="Battle of Sebastopolis">defeated</a>, Justinian was deposed and a <a href="/wiki/Twenty_Years%27_Anarchy" title="Twenty Years' Anarchy">twenty-year period of anarchy</a> followed. Muslim incursions intensified, leading to a <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Constantinople_(717%E2%80%9318)" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Constantinople (717–18)">second Arab attempt</a> at conquering Constantinople in 717–718, which also proved unsuccessful.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKaegi2008382–385_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKaegi2008382–385-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELilie1976107–132_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELilie1976107–132-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETreadgold1997334–349_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETreadgold1997334–349-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cultural_impact">Cultural impact</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Constantinople_(674%E2%80%93678)&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Cultural impact"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Eyupsultan5.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Photo of old two-storey building covered in blue Iznik tiles, with a prostyle portico and windows on the upper storey" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Eyupsultan5.JPG/220px-Eyupsultan5.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Eyupsultan5.JPG/330px-Eyupsultan5.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Eyupsultan5.JPG/440px-Eyupsultan5.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>Building that houses the tomb of Abu Ayyub at <a href="/wiki/Ey%C3%BCp_Sultan_Mosque" title="Eyüp Sultan Mosque">Eyüp Sultan Mosque</a> complex</figcaption></figure> <p>Later Arab sources dwell extensively on the events of Yazid's 669 expedition and supposed attack on Constantinople, including various mythical anecdotes, which are taken by modern scholarship to refer to the events of the 674–678 siege. Several important personalities of early Islam are mentioned as taking part, such as <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Abbas" title="Ibn Abbas">Ibn Abbas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Abd_Allah_ibn_Umar_ibn_al-Khattab" title="Abd Allah ibn Umar ibn al-Khattab">Ibn Umar</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ibn_al-Zubayr" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibn al-Zubayr">Ibn al-Zubayr</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECanard192670–71_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECanard192670–71-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEl-Cheikh200462_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEl-Cheikh200462-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The most prominent among them in later tradition is <a href="/wiki/Abu_Ayyub_al-Ansari" title="Abu Ayyub al-Ansari">Abu Ayyub al-Ansari</a>, one of the early companions (<i><a href="/wiki/Ansar_(Islam)" title="Ansar (Islam)">Anṣār</a></i>) and <a href="/wiki/Standard-bearer" title="Standard-bearer">standard-bearer</a> of <a href="/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad">Muhammad</a>, who died of illness before the <a href="/wiki/Walls_of_Constantinople" title="Walls of Constantinople">city walls</a> during the siege and was buried there. According to Muslim tradition, Constantine IV threatened to destroy his tomb, but the Caliph warned that if he did so, the Christians under Muslim rule would suffer. Thus the tomb was left in peace, and even became a site of veneration by the Byzantines, who prayed there in times of drought. The tomb was "rediscovered" after the <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Constantinople" title="Fall of Constantinople">Fall of Constantinople</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Turks" title="Ottoman Turks">Ottoman Turks</a> in 1453 by the <a href="/wiki/Dervish" title="Dervish">dervish</a> Sheikh <a href="/wiki/Ak_Shams_al-Din" class="mw-redirect" title="Ak Shams al-Din">Ak Shams al-Din</a>, and Sultan <a href="/wiki/Mehmed_II" title="Mehmed II">Mehmed II</a> (<span style="white-space:nowrap;"><abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 1444–1446, 1451–1481</span>) ordered the construction of a marble tomb and a <a href="/wiki/Ey%C3%BCp_Sultan_Mosque" title="Eyüp Sultan Mosque">mosque</a> adjacent to it. It became a tradition that Ottoman sultans were girt with the <a href="/wiki/Sword_of_Osman" title="Sword of Osman">Sword of Osman</a> at the Eyüp mosque upon their accession. Today it remains one of the holiest Muslim shrines in <a href="/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul">Istanbul</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECanard192671–77_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECanard192671–77-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEl-Cheikh200462–63_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEl-Cheikh200462–63-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETurnbull200448_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETurnbull200448-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This siege <a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/s:%E6%96%B0%E5%94%90%E6%9B%B8/%E5%8D%B7221%E4%B8%8B" class="extiw" title="zh:s:新唐書/卷221下">is even mentioned</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Twenty-four_Histories" class="mw-redirect" title="Twenty-four Histories">Chinese dynastic histories</a> of the <i><a href="/wiki/Old_Book_of_Tang" title="Old Book of Tang">Old Book of Tang</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/New_Book_of_Tang" title="New Book of Tang">New Book of Tang</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-halsall_2000_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-halsall_2000-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They record that the large, well-fortified capital city of <a href="/wiki/Sino-Roman_relations" title="Sino-Roman relations"><i>Fu lin</i></a> (拂菻, i.e. Byzantium) was besieged by the <i>Da shi</i> (大食, i.e. the Umayyad Arabs) and their commander "Mo-yi" (<a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a>: 摩拽伐之, <a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">Pinyin</a>: <i>Mó zhuāi fá zhī</i>), who <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Hirth" title="Friedrich Hirth">Friedrich Hirth</a> has identified as Mu'awiya.<sup id="cite_ref-halsall_2000_58-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-halsall_2000-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Chinese histories then explain that the Arabs forced the Byzantines to pay tribute afterwards as part of a peace settlement.<sup id="cite_ref-halsall_2000_58-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-halsall_2000-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In these Chinese sources, <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">Fu lin</i></span> was directly related to the earlier <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Daqin" title="Daqin">Daqin</a></i></span>,<sup id="cite_ref-halsall_2000_58-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-halsall_2000-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which is now considered by modern <a href="/wiki/Sinology" title="Sinology">sinologists</a> as the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJenkins200864–68_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJenkins200864–68-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFoster19393_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFoster19393-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Henry_Yule" title="Henry Yule">Henry Yule</a> remarked with some surprise the accuracy of the account in Chinese sources, which even named the negotiator of the peace settlement as 'Yenyo', or <a href="/wiki/Ioannes_Pitzigaudes" class="mw-redirect" title="Ioannes Pitzigaudes">Ioannes Pitzigaudes</a>, the unnamed envoy sent to <a href="/wiki/Damascus" title="Damascus">Damascus</a> in <a href="/wiki/Edward_Gibbon" title="Edward Gibbon">Edward Gibbon</a>'s account in which he mentions an augmentation of tributary payments a few years later due to the Umayyads facing some financial troubles.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYule191548–49_(esp._note_#1)_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYule191548–49_(esp._note_#1)-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Modern_reassessment_of_events">Modern reassessment of events</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Constantinople_(674%E2%80%93678)&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Modern reassessment of events"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The narrative of the siege accepted by modern historians relies largely on Theophanes' account, while the Arab and <a href="/wiki/Syriac_language" title="Syriac language">Syriac</a> sources do not mention any siege but rather individual campaigns, only a few of which reached as far as Constantinople. Thus the capture of an island named Arwad "in the sea of <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">Kustantiniyya</i></span>" is recorded for 673/674, but it is unclear if it refers to the Sea of Marmara or the Aegean, and Yazid's 676 expedition is also said to have reached Constantinople. The Syriac chroniclers also disagree with Theophanes in placing the decisive battle and destruction of the Arab fleet by Greek fire in 674 during an Arab expedition against the coasts of Lycia and Cilicia, rather than Constantinople. That was followed by the landing of Byzantine forces in Syria in 677/678, which began the Mardaite uprising that threatened the Caliphate's grip on Syria enough to result in the peace agreement of 678/679.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrooks1898186–188_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrooks1898186–188-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoward-Johnston2010302–303,_492–495_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoward-Johnston2010302–303,_492–495-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStratos198390–95_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStratos198390–95-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Constantin_Zuckerman" title="Constantin Zuckerman">Constantin Zuckerman</a> believes that an obscure passage in <a href="/wiki/Cosmas_of_Jerusalem" class="mw-redirect" title="Cosmas of Jerusalem">Cosmas of Jerusalem</a>'s commentary on <a href="/wiki/Gregory_of_Nazianzus" title="Gregory of Nazianzus">Gregory of Nazianzus</a>, written in the early eighth century, must refer to the Arab blockade of Constantinople. It mentions how Constantine IV had ships driven (probably on wheels) across the <a href="/wiki/Thracian_Chersonese" class="mw-redirect" title="Thracian Chersonese">Thracian Chersonese</a> from the Aegean to the Sea of Marmara, a major undertaking for imperial navy ships that makes sense only if the <a href="/wiki/Dardanelles" title="Dardanelles">Dardanelles</a> was blocked by the Arabs at Cyzicus.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZuckerman1995_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZuckerman1995-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Based on a re-evaluation of the original sources used by the medieval historians, the Oxford scholar <a href="/wiki/James_Howard-Johnston" title="James Howard-Johnston">James Howard-Johnston</a>, in his 2010 book <i>Witnesses to a World Crisis: Historians and Histories of the Middle East in the Seventh Century</i>, rejects the traditional interpretation of events, based on Theophanes, in favour of the Syriac chroniclers' version. Howard-Johnston asserts that no siege actually took place because of not only its absence in the eastern sources but also the logistical impossibility of such an undertaking for the duration reported. Instead, he believes that the reference to a siege was a later interpolation, influenced by the events of the second Arab siege of 717–718, by an anonymous source that was later used by Theophanes. According to Howard-Johnston, "The blockade of Constantinople in the 670s is a myth which has been allowed to mask the very real success achieved by the Byzantines in the last decade of Mu'awiya's caliphate, first by sea off Lycia and then on land, through an insurgency which, before long, aroused deep anxiety among the Arabs, conscious as they were that they had merely coated the Middle East with their power".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoward-Johnston2010303–304_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoward-Johnston2010303–304-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On the other hand, the historian Marek Jankowiak argues that a major Arab siege occurred but that Theophanes (writing about 140 years after the events, based on an anonymous source, which was itself written about 50 years after the events) misdated and garbled the events and that the proper dating of the siege should be 667–669, with the major attack in early 668.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJankowiak2013237–320_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJankowiak2013237–320-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Constantinople_(674%E2%80%93678)&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKaegi2008369ff.-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKaegi2008369ff._1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKaegi2008">Kaegi 2008</a>, pp. 369ff..</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELilie197660–68-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELilie197660–68_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLilie1976">Lilie 1976</a>, pp. 60–68.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETreadgold1997303–307,_310,_312–313-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETreadgold1997303–307,_310,_312–313_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTreadgold1997">Treadgold 1997</a>, pp. 303–307, 310, 312–313.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKaegi2008372-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKaegi2008372_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKaegi2008">Kaegi 2008</a>, p. 372.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELilie197664–68-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELilie197664–68_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLilie1976">Lilie 1976</a>, pp. 64–68.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETreadgold1997312–313-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETreadgold1997312–313_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTreadgold1997">Treadgold 1997</a>, pp. 312–313.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELilie197668-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELilie197668_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLilie1976">Lilie 1976</a>, p. 68.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELilie197669-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELilie197669_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLilie1976">Lilie 1976</a>, p. 69.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETreadgold1997318-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETreadgold1997318_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTreadgold1997">Treadgold 1997</a>, p. 318.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKaegi2008373,_375-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKaegi2008373,_375_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKaegi2008">Kaegi 2008</a>, pp. 373, 375.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELilie197669–71-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELilie197669–71_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLilie1976">Lilie 1976</a>, pp. 69–71.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETreadgold1997320-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETreadgold1997320_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETreadgold1997320_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTreadgold1997">Treadgold 1997</a>, p. 320.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELilie197671–72-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELilie197671–72_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLilie1976">Lilie 1976</a>, pp. 71–72.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELilie197672–74,_90-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELilie197672–74,_90_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLilie1976">Lilie 1976</a>, pp. 72–74, 90.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETreadgold1997325-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETreadgold1997325_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETreadgold1997325_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETreadgold1997325_15-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETreadgold1997325_15-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETreadgold1997325_15-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETreadgold1997325_15-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTreadgold1997">Treadgold 1997</a>, p. 325.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELilie197673–74-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELilie197673–74_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLilie1976">Lilie 1976</a>, pp. 73–74.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELilie197675-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELilie197675_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLilie1976">Lilie 1976</a>, p. 75.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMangoScott1997492-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMangoScott1997492_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMangoScott1997">Mango & Scott 1997</a>, p. 492.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELilie197676_(note_#61)-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELilie197676_(note_#61)_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLilie1976">Lilie 1976</a>, p. 76 (note #61).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaldon199063-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaldon199063_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHaldon1990">Haldon 1990</a>, p. 63.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELilie197690–91-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELilie197690–91_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLilie1976">Lilie 1976</a>, pp. 90–91.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELilie197675,_90–91-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELilie197675,_90–91_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLilie1976">Lilie 1976</a>, pp. 75, 90–91.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMangoScott1997493-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMangoScott1997493_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMangoScott1997">Mango & Scott 1997</a>, p. 493.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELilie197676–77-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELilie197676–77_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLilie1976">Lilie 1976</a>, pp. 76–77.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELilie197674–76-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELilie197674–76_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLilie1976">Lilie 1976</a>, pp. 74–76.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaldon199064-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaldon199064_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaldon199064_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaldon199064_26-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaldon199064_26-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaldon199064_26-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHaldon1990">Haldon 1990</a>, p. 64.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELilie197677–78-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELilie197677–78_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLilie1976">Lilie 1976</a>, pp. 77–78.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMangoScott1997493–494-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMangoScott1997493–494_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMangoScott1997">Mango & Scott 1997</a>, pp. 493–494.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMangoScott1997494_(note_#3)-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMangoScott1997494_(note_#3)_29-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMangoScott1997494_(note_#3)_29-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMangoScott1997">Mango & Scott 1997</a>, p. 494 (note #3).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELilie197680_(note_#73)-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELilie197680_(note_#73)_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLilie1976">Lilie 1976</a>, p. 80 (note #73).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrooks1898187–188-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrooks1898187–188_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrooks1898">Brooks 1898</a>, pp. 187–188.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELilie197678–79-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELilie197678–79_32-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELilie197678–79_32-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLilie1976">Lilie 1976</a>, pp. 78–79.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMangoScott1997494-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMangoScott1997494_33-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMangoScott1997494_33-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMangoScott1997">Mango & Scott 1997</a>, p. 494.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELilie197679–80-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELilie197679–80_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLilie1976">Lilie 1976</a>, pp. 79–80.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMangoScott1997495-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMangoScott1997495_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMangoScott1997">Mango & Scott 1997</a>, p. 495.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETreadgold1997326–327-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETreadgold1997326–327_36-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETreadgold1997326–327_36-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTreadgold1997">Treadgold 1997</a>, pp. 326–327.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStratos197884–87-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStratos197884–87_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStratos1978">Stratos 1978</a>, pp. 84–87.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOlster199523–28-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOlster199523–28_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOlster1995">Olster 1995</a>, pp. 23–28.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELilie197691-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELilie197691_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLilie1976">Lilie 1976</a>, p. 91.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELilie197680–81,_89–91-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELilie197680–81,_89–91_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLilie1976">Lilie 1976</a>, pp. 80–81, 89–91.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaldon199066-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaldon199066_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHaldon1990">Haldon 1990</a>, p. 66.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKaegi2008381–382-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKaegi2008381–382_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKaegi2008">Kaegi 2008</a>, pp. 381–382.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELilie197681–82-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELilie197681–82_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLilie1976">Lilie 1976</a>, pp. 81–82.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETreadgold1997327-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETreadgold1997327_44-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETreadgold1997327_44-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTreadgold1997">Treadgold 1997</a>, p. 327.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStratos197887–88-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStratos197887–88_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStratos1978">Stratos 1978</a>, pp. 87–88.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELilie197683-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELilie197683_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLilie1976">Lilie 1976</a>, p. 83.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETreadgold1997328–329-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETreadgold1997328–329_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTreadgold1997">Treadgold 1997</a>, pp. 328–329.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELilie197699–107-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELilie197699–107_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLilie1976">Lilie 1976</a>, pp. 99–107.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETreadgold1997330–332-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETreadgold1997330–332_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTreadgold1997">Treadgold 1997</a>, pp. 330–332.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKaegi2008382–385-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKaegi2008382–385_50-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKaegi2008">Kaegi 2008</a>, pp. 382–385.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELilie1976107–132-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELilie1976107–132_51-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLilie1976">Lilie 1976</a>, pp. 107–132.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETreadgold1997334–349-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETreadgold1997334–349_52-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTreadgold1997">Treadgold 1997</a>, pp. 334–349.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECanard192670–71-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECanard192670–71_53-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCanard1926">Canard 1926</a>, pp. 70–71.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEl-Cheikh200462-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEl-Cheikh200462_54-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEl-Cheikh2004">El-Cheikh 2004</a>, p. 62.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECanard192671–77-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECanard192671–77_55-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCanard1926">Canard 1926</a>, pp. 71–77.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEl-Cheikh200462–63-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEl-Cheikh200462–63_56-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEl-Cheikh2004">El-Cheikh 2004</a>, pp. 62–63.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETurnbull200448-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETurnbull200448_57-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTurnbull2004">Turnbull 2004</a>, p. 48.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-halsall_2000-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-halsall_2000_58-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-halsall_2000_58-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-halsall_2000_58-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-halsall_2000_58-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFPaul_Halsall2000" class="citation web cs1">Paul Halsall (2000) [1998]. Jerome S. Arkenberg (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/eastasia/romchin1.html">"East Asian History Sourcebook: Chinese Accounts of Rome, Byzantium and the Middle East, c. 91 B.C.E. – 1643 C.E."</a> <i>Fordham.edu</i>. <a href="/wiki/Fordham_University" title="Fordham University">Fordham University</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140910050947/http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/eastasia/romchin1.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2014-09-10<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-09-10</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Fordham.edu&rft.atitle=East+Asian+History+Sourcebook%3A+Chinese+Accounts+of+Rome%2C+Byzantium+and+the+Middle+East%2C+c.+91+B.C.E.+%E2%80%93+1643+C.E.&rft.date=2000&rft.au=Paul+Halsall&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fordham.edu%2Fhalsall%2Feastasia%2Fromchin1.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiege+of+Constantinople+%28674%E2%80%93678%29" class="Z3988"></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJenkins200864–68-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJenkins200864–68_59-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJenkins2008">Jenkins 2008</a>, pp. 64–68.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFoster19393-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFoster19393_60-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFoster1939">Foster 1939</a>, p. 3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEYule191548–49_(esp._note_#1)-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYule191548–49_(esp._note_#1)_61-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFYule1915">Yule 1915</a>, pp. 48–49 (esp. note #1).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrooks1898186–188-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrooks1898186–188_62-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrooks1898">Brooks 1898</a>, pp. 186–188.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoward-Johnston2010302–303,_492–495-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoward-Johnston2010302–303,_492–495_63-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHoward-Johnston2010">Howard-Johnston 2010</a>, pp. 302–303, 492–495.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStratos198390–95-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStratos198390–95_64-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStratos1983">Stratos 1983</a>, pp. 90–95.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEZuckerman1995-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZuckerman1995_65-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFZuckerman1995">Zuckerman 1995</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoward-Johnston2010303–304-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoward-Johnston2010303–304_66-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHoward-Johnston2010">Howard-Johnston 2010</a>, pp. 303–304.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJankowiak2013237–320-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJankowiak2013237–320_67-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJankowiak2013">Jankowiak 2013</a>, pp. 237–320.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Constantinople_(674%E2%80%93678)&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrooks1898" class="citation journal cs1">Brooks, E.W. (1898). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zenodo.org/record/1449906">"The Arabs in Asia Minor (641–750), from Arabic Sources"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Journal_of_Hellenic_Studies" title="The Journal of Hellenic Studies">The Journal of Hellenic Studies</a></i>. <b>XVIII</b>. The Society for the Promotion of Hellenic Studies: 182–208. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F623724">10.2307/623724</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/623724">623724</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:162316850">162316850</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Hellenic+Studies&rft.atitle=The+Arabs+in+Asia+Minor+%28641%E2%80%93750%29%2C+from+Arabic+Sources&rft.volume=XVIII&rft.pages=182-208&rft.date=1898&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A162316850%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F623724%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F623724&rft.aulast=Brooks&rft.aufirst=E.W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fzenodo.org%2Frecord%2F1449906&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiege+of+Constantinople+%28674%E2%80%93678%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCanard1926" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Marius_Canard" title="Marius Canard">Canard, Marius</a> (1926). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k933084/f65">"Les expéditions des Arabes contre Constantinople dans l'histoire et dans la légende"</a> [The Expeditions of the Arabs Against Constantinople in History and Legend]. <i><a href="/wiki/Journal_Asiatique" class="mw-redirect" title="Journal Asiatique">Journal Asiatique</a></i> (in French) (208): 61–121. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0021-762X">0021-762X</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+Asiatique&rft.atitle=Les+exp%C3%A9ditions+des+Arabes+contre+Constantinople+dans+l%27histoire+et+dans+la+l%C3%A9gende&rft.issue=208&rft.pages=61-121&rft.date=1926&rft.issn=0021-762X&rft.aulast=Canard&rft.aufirst=Marius&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgallica.bnf.fr%2Fark%3A%2F12148%2Fbpt6k933084%2Ff65&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiege+of+Constantinople+%28674%E2%80%93678%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEl-Cheikh2004" class="citation book cs1">El-Cheikh, Nadia Maria (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QC03pKNpfaoC"><i>Byzantium Viewed by the Arabs</i></a>. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard Center for Middle Eastern Studies. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-932885-30-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-932885-30-2"><bdi>978-0-932885-30-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Byzantium+Viewed+by+the+Arabs&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+Massachusetts&rft.pub=Harvard+Center+for+Middle+Eastern+Studies&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-932885-30-2&rft.aulast=El-Cheikh&rft.aufirst=Nadia+Maria&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQC03pKNpfaoC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiege+of+Constantinople+%28674%E2%80%93678%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFoster1939" class="citation book cs1">Foster, John (1939). <i>The Church of the T'ang Dynasty</i>. London: Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/3790642">3790642</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Church+of+the+T%27ang+Dynasty&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Society+for+Promoting+Christian+Knowledge&rft.date=1939&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F3790642&rft.aulast=Foster&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiege+of+Constantinople+%28674%E2%80%93678%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaldon1990" class="citation book cs1">Haldon, John F. (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pSHmT1G_5T0C"><i>Byzantium in the Seventh Century: The Transformation of a Culture. Revised Edition</i></a>. Cambridge, United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0521319171" title="Special:BookSources/978-0521319171"><bdi>978-0521319171</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Byzantium+in+the+Seventh+Century%3A+The+Transformation+of+a+Culture.+Revised+Edition&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+United+Kingdom&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0521319171&rft.aulast=Haldon&rft.aufirst=John+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DpSHmT1G_5T0C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiege+of+Constantinople+%28674%E2%80%93678%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoward-Johnston2010" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/James_Howard-Johnston" title="James Howard-Johnston">Howard-Johnston, James</a> (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hNdbtwAACAAJ"><i>Witnesses to a World Crisis: Historians and Histories of the Middle East in the Seventh Century</i></a>. Oxford: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-920859-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-920859-3"><bdi>978-0-19-920859-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Witnesses+to+a+World+Crisis%3A+Historians+and+Histories+of+the+Middle+East+in+the+Seventh+Century&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-19-920859-3&rft.aulast=Howard-Johnston&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhNdbtwAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiege+of+Constantinople+%28674%E2%80%93678%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJankowiak2013" class="citation book cs1">Jankowiak, Marek (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/7091574">"The First Arab Siege of Constantinople"</a>. In Zuckerman, Constantin (ed.). <i>Travaux et mémoires, Vol. 17: Constructing the Seventh Century</i>. Paris: Association des Amis du Centre d’Histoire et Civilisation de Byzance. pp. 237–320.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+First+Arab+Siege+of+Constantinople&rft.btitle=Travaux+et+m%C3%A9moires%2C+Vol.+17%3A+Constructing+the+Seventh+Century&rft.place=Paris&rft.pages=237-320&rft.pub=Association+des+Amis+du+Centre+d%E2%80%99Histoire+et+Civilisation+de+Byzance&rft.date=2013&rft.aulast=Jankowiak&rft.aufirst=Marek&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F7091574&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiege+of+Constantinople+%28674%E2%80%93678%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJenkins2008" class="citation book cs1">Jenkins, Philip (2008). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/losthistoryofchr00jenk"><i>The Lost History of Christianity: the Thousand-Year Golden Age of the Church in the Middle East, Africa, and Asia – and How It Died</i></a></span>. New York: Harper Collins. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-06-147280-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-06-147280-0"><bdi>978-0-06-147280-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Lost+History+of+Christianity%3A+the+Thousand-Year+Golden+Age+of+the+Church+in+the+Middle+East%2C+Africa%2C+and+Asia+%E2%80%93+and+How+It+Died&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Harper+Collins&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-06-147280-0&rft.aulast=Jenkins&rft.aufirst=Philip&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Flosthistoryofchr00jenk&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiege+of+Constantinople+%28674%E2%80%93678%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKaegi2008" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Walter_Kaegi" title="Walter Kaegi">Kaegi, Walter E.</a> (2008). "Confronting Islam: Emperors versus Caliphs (641–c. 850)". In Shepard, Jonathan (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ehh6hiqpaDsC"><i>The Cambridge History of the Byzantine Empire c. 500–1492</i></a>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 365–394. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-52-183231-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-52-183231-1"><bdi>978-0-52-183231-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Confronting+Islam%3A+Emperors+versus+Caliphs+%28641%E2%80%93c.+850%29&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+History+of+the+Byzantine+Empire+c.+500%E2%80%931492&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=365-394&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-52-183231-1&rft.aulast=Kaegi&rft.aufirst=Walter+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dehh6hiqpaDsC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiege+of+Constantinople+%28674%E2%80%93678%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLilie1976" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Ralph-Johannes_Lilie" title="Ralph-Johannes Lilie">Lilie, Ralph-Johannes</a> (1976). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7mUbAAAAYAAJ"><i>Die byzantinische Reaktion auf die Ausbreitung der Araber. Studien zur Strukturwandlung des byzantinischen Staates im 7. und 8. Jhd</i></a> [<i>Byzantine Reaction to the Expansion of the Arabs. Studies on the Structural Change of the Byzantine State in the 7th and 8th Cent.</i>] (in German). Munich: Institut für Byzantinistik und Neugriechische Philologie der Universität München. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/797598069">797598069</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Die+byzantinische+Reaktion+auf+die+Ausbreitung+der+Araber.+Studien+zur+Strukturwandlung+des+byzantinischen+Staates+im+7.+und+8.+Jhd.&rft.place=Munich&rft.pub=Institut+f%C3%BCr+Byzantinistik+und+Neugriechische+Philologie+der+Universit%C3%A4t+M%C3%BCnchen&rft.date=1976&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F797598069&rft.aulast=Lilie&rft.aufirst=Ralph-Johannes&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7mUbAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiege+of+Constantinople+%28674%E2%80%93678%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMangoScott1997" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Cyril_Mango" title="Cyril Mango">Mango, Cyril</a>; Scott, Roger (1997). <i>The Chronicle of Theophanes Confessor. Byzantine and Near Eastern History, AD 284–813</i>. Oxford: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-822568-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-822568-3"><bdi>978-0-19-822568-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Chronicle+of+Theophanes+Confessor.+Byzantine+and+Near+Eastern+History%2C+AD+284%E2%80%93813&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-19-822568-3&rft.aulast=Mango&rft.aufirst=Cyril&rft.au=Scott%2C+Roger&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiege+of+Constantinople+%28674%E2%80%93678%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOlster1995" class="citation journal cs1">Olster, David (1995). "Theodosius Grammaticus and the Arab Siege of 674–78". <i>Byzantinoslavica</i>. <b>56</b> (1): 23–28. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0007-7712">0007-7712</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Byzantinoslavica&rft.atitle=Theodosius+Grammaticus+and+the+Arab+Siege+of+674%E2%80%9378&rft.volume=56&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=23-28&rft.date=1995&rft.issn=0007-7712&rft.aulast=Olster&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiege+of+Constantinople+%28674%E2%80%93678%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStratos1978" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Andreas_Stratos" title="Andreas Stratos">Stratos, Andreas N.</a> (1978). <i>Byzantium in the Seventh Century, Volume IV: 668–685</i>. Amsterdam: Adolf M. Hakkert. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789025606657" title="Special:BookSources/9789025606657"><bdi>9789025606657</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Byzantium+in+the+Seventh+Century%2C+Volume+IV%3A+668%E2%80%93685&rft.place=Amsterdam&rft.pub=Adolf+M.+Hakkert&rft.date=1978&rft.isbn=9789025606657&rft.aulast=Stratos&rft.aufirst=Andreas+N.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiege+of+Constantinople+%28674%E2%80%93678%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStratos1983" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Andreas_Stratos" title="Andreas Stratos">Stratos, Andreas N.</a> (1983). "Siège ou blocus de Constantinople sous Constantin IV" [Siege or Blockade of Constantinople under Constantine IV]. <i>Jahrbuch der österreichischen Byzantinistik</i> (in French). <b>33</b>. Vienna: Verlag der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften: 89–107. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0378-8660">0378-8660</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Jahrbuch+der+%C3%B6sterreichischen+Byzantinistik&rft.atitle=Si%C3%A8ge+ou+blocus+de+Constantinople+sous+Constantin+IV&rft.volume=33&rft.pages=89-107&rft.date=1983&rft.issn=0378-8660&rft.aulast=Stratos&rft.aufirst=Andreas+N.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiege+of+Constantinople+%28674%E2%80%93678%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTreadgold1997" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Warren_Treadgold" title="Warren Treadgold">Treadgold, Warren</a> (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nYbnr5XVbzUC"><i>A History of the Byzantine State and Society</i></a>. Stanford, California: <a href="/wiki/Stanford_University_Press" title="Stanford University Press">Stanford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8047-2630-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-8047-2630-2"><bdi>0-8047-2630-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+the+Byzantine+State+and+Society&rft.place=Stanford%2C+California&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=0-8047-2630-2&rft.aulast=Treadgold&rft.aufirst=Warren&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnYbnr5XVbzUC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiege+of+Constantinople+%28674%E2%80%93678%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTurnbull2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Turnbull_(historian)" title="Stephen Turnbull (historian)">Turnbull, Stephen</a> (2004). <i>The Walls of Constantinople, AD 324–1453</i>. Oxford: <a href="/wiki/Osprey_Publishing" title="Osprey Publishing">Osprey Publishing</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84176-759-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84176-759-8"><bdi>978-1-84176-759-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Walls+of+Constantinople%2C+AD+324%E2%80%931453&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Osprey+Publishing&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-84176-759-8&rft.aulast=Turnbull&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiege+of+Constantinople+%28674%E2%80%93678%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYule1915" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Henry_Yule" title="Henry Yule">Yule, Henry</a> (1915). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/cathaywaythither01yule#page/n3/mode/2up"><i>Cathay and the Way Thither: Being a Collection of Medieval Notices of China, Vol I: Preliminary Essay on the Intercourse Between China and the Western Nations Previous to the Discovery of the Cape Route</i></a>. London: Hakluyt Society.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cathay+and+the+Way+Thither%3A+Being+a+Collection+of+Medieval+Notices+of+China%2C+Vol+I%3A+Preliminary+Essay+on+the+Intercourse+Between+China+and+the+Western+Nations+Previous+to+the+Discovery+of+the+Cape+Route&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Hakluyt+Society&rft.date=1915&rft.aulast=Yule&rft.aufirst=Henry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Fcathaywaythither01yule%23page%2Fn3%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiege+of+Constantinople+%28674%E2%80%93678%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZuckerman1995" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Constantin_Zuckerman" title="Constantin Zuckerman">Zuckerman, Constantin</a> (1995). "A Gothia in the Hellespont in the Early Eighth Century". <i>Byzantine and Modern Greek Studies</i>. <b>19</b> (1): 234–241. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1179%2F030701395790836649">10.1179/030701395790836649</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:162205022">162205022</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Byzantine+and+Modern+Greek+Studies&rft.atitle=A+Gothia+in+the+Hellespont+in+the+Early+Eighth+Century&rft.volume=19&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=234-241&rft.date=1995&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1179%2F030701395790836649&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A162205022%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Zuckerman&rft.aufirst=Constantin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiege+of+Constantinople+%28674%E2%80%93678%29" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Constantinople_(674%E2%80%93678)&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRadic2008" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Radic, Radivoj (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ehw.gr/l.aspx?id=12407">"Two Arabian sieges of Constantinople (674–678; 717/718)"</a>. <i>Encyclopedia of the Hellenic World, Constantinople</i>. Foundation of the Hellenic World<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 July</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Two+Arabian+sieges+of+Constantinople+%28674%E2%80%93678%3B+717%2F718%29&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+the+Hellenic+World%2C+Constantinople&rft.pub=Foundation+of+the+Hellenic+World&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Radic&rft.aufirst=Radivoj&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ehw.gr%2Fl.aspx%3Fid%3D12407&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiege+of+Constantinople+%28674%E2%80%93678%29" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Umayyad_Caliphate_topics" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks plainlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Umayyad_Caliphate_topics" title="Template:Umayyad Caliphate topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Umayyad_Caliphate_topics" title="Template talk:Umayyad Caliphate topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Umayyad_Caliphate_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Umayyad Caliphate topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Umayyad_Caliphate_topics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Umayyad_Caliphate" title="Umayyad Caliphate">Umayyad Caliphate</a> topics</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Caliphs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mu%27awiya_I" title="Mu'awiya I">Mu'awiya I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yazid_I" title="Yazid I">Yazid I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mu%27awiya_II" title="Mu'awiya II">Mu'awiya II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marwan_I" title="Marwan I">Marwan I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abd_al-Malik_ibn_Marwan" title="Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan">Abd al-Malik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Walid_I" title="Al-Walid I">Al-Walid I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulayman_ibn_Abd_al-Malik" title="Sulayman ibn Abd al-Malik">Sulayman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umar_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Umar II">Umar II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yazid_II" title="Yazid II">Yazid II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hisham_ibn_Abd_al-Malik" title="Hisham ibn Abd al-Malik">Hisham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Walid_II" title="Al-Walid II">Al-Walid II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yazid_III" title="Yazid III">Yazid III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibrahim_ibn_al-Walid" title="Ibrahim ibn al-Walid">Ibrahim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marwan_II" title="Marwan II">Marwan II</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Uthman" title="Uthman">Uthman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Fitna" title="First Fitna">First Fitna</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">First siege of Constantinople</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Fitna" title="Second Fitna">Second Fitna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_conquest_of_the_Maghreb" title="Muslim conquest of the Maghreb">Muslim conquest of the Maghreb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abd_al-Rahman_ibn_Muhammad_ibn_al-Ash%27ath" class="mw-redirect" title="Abd al-Rahman ibn Muhammad ibn al-Ash'ath">Revolt of Ibn al-Ash'ath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umayyad_conquest_of_Hispania" class="mw-redirect" title="Umayyad conquest of Hispania">Umayyad conquest of Hispania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_conquest_of_Transoxiana" title="Muslim conquest of Transoxiana">Muslim conquest of Transoxiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umayyad_campaigns_in_India" title="Umayyad campaigns in India">Umayyad campaigns in India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Constantinople_(717%E2%80%93718)" title="Siege of Constantinople (717–718)">Second siege of Constantinople</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umayyad_invasion_of_Gaul" title="Umayyad invasion of Gaul">Umayyad invasion of Gaul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab%E2%80%93Khazar_wars#Second_War" title="Arab–Khazar wars">Second Arab–Khazar War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yazid_ibn_al-Muhallab" title="Yazid ibn al-Muhallab">Revolt of Yazid b. al-Muhallab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Harith_ibn_Surayj" title="Al-Harith ibn Surayj">Revolt of Harith b. Surayj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolt_of_Zayd_ibn_Ali" title="Revolt of Zayd ibn Ali">Revolt of Zayd b. Ali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berber_Revolt" title="Berber Revolt">Berber Revolt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Fitna" title="Third Fitna">Third Fitna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abbasid_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Abbasid Revolution">Abbasid Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umayyad_rule_in_North_Africa" title="Umayyad rule in North Africa">Umayyad rule in North Africa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Government</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caliph" class="mw-redirect" title="Caliph">Caliph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umayyad_dynasty" title="Umayyad dynasty">Umayyad dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Governors_of_the_Umayyad_Caliphate" title="Category:Governors of the Umayyad Caliphate">Governors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divan" title="Divan">Diwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barid" title="Barid">Barid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shurta" title="Shurta">Shurta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Haras" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Haras">al-Haras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qays%E2%80%93Yaman_rivalry" title="Qays–Yaman rivalry">Qays–Yaman rivalry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mawla" title="Mawla">Mawali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Hajjaj_ibn_Yusuf" title="Al-Hajjaj ibn Yusuf">al-Hajjaj ibn Yusuf</a></li> <li>Umayyad coinage <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gold_dinar" title="Gold dinar">Gold dinar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dirham" title="Dirham">Dirham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab%E2%80%93Sasanian_coinage" title="Arab–Sasanian coinage">Arab–Sasanian coinage</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_the_Umayyad_Caliphate" title="Culture of the Umayyad Caliphate">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Umayyad_architecture" title="Umayyad architecture">Umayyad architecture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Desert_castles" title="Desert castles">Desert castles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Mosque_of_Aleppo" title="Great Mosque of Aleppo">Great Mosque of Aleppo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umayyad_Mosque" title="Umayyad Mosque">Great Mosque of Damascus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dome_of_the_Rock" title="Dome of the Rock">Dome of the Rock</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umayyad_art" class="mw-redirect" title="Umayyad art">Umayyad art</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Painting_of_the_Six_Kings" title="Painting of the Six Kings">Painting of the Six Kings</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Umayyad_Caliphate" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Umayyad Caliphate">Media</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <p><span class="geo-inline-hidden noexcerpt"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Siege_of_Constantinople_(674%E2%80%93678)&params=41.0122_N_28.976_E_"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">41°00′44″N</span> <span class="longitude">28°58′34″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">41.0122°N 28.9760°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">41.0122; 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