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<div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Assemblage_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Assemblage (disambiguation)">Assemblage (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p> <b>Assemblage</b> refers to a text "built primarily and explicitly from existing texts to solve a writing or communication problem in a new context".<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The concept was first proposed by Johndan Johnson-Eilola (author of <i>Datacloud</i>) and Stuart Selber in the <a href="/wiki/Academic_journal" title="Academic journal">journal</a> <i>Computers & Composition</i> in 2007. The notion of assemblages builds on <a href="/wiki/Remix" title="Remix">remix</a> and remix practices, which blur distinctions between invented and borrowed <a href="/wiki/Literature" title="Literature">work</a>. This idea predates modernism, with the quote by <a href="/wiki/Edgar_Allan_Poe" title="Edgar Allan Poe">Edgar Allan Poe</a>, "There is no greater mistake than the supposition that a true originality is a mere matter of impulse or inspiration. To originate, is carefully, patiently, and understandingly to combine."<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_composition">In composition</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Assemblage_(composition)&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: In composition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Johnson-Eilola and Selber write that assemblage is influenced by <a href="/wiki/Intertextuality" title="Intertextuality">intertextuality</a> and <a href="/wiki/Postmodernism" title="Postmodernism">postmodernism</a>. The authors discuss the intertextual nature of writing and assert that participation in existing <a href="/wiki/Discourse" title="Discourse">discourse</a> necessarily means that <a href="/wiki/Composition_(language)" title="Composition (language)">composition</a> cannot occur separate from that discourse. They state that "productive participation involves appropriation and re-appropriation of the familiar" in a manner that conforms to existing discourse and audience expectations. In reference to intertextuality, Johnson-Eilola and Selber cite <i><a href="/wiki/The_Social_Life_of_Information" title="The Social Life of Information">The Social Life of Information</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/John_Seely_Brown" title="John Seely Brown">John Seely Brown</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Paul_Duguid&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Paul Duguid (page does not exist)">Paul Duguid</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In this book Brown and Duguid state that the meaning of and use for a text is directly influenced both by its source texts and the broader textual context in which it participates. Building upon this notion, Johnson-Eilola and Selber position assemblage as a style of composition situated within postmodernism. They state that "in a general sense, postmodern theories, and following them, <a href="/wiki/Cultural_studies" title="Cultural studies">cultural studies</a>, offer a useful way of understanding assemblages (and the related process of remixing) as simultaneously social and textual structures." Johnson-Eilola and Selber suggest that texts should always be treated as assemblages since composition is often highly intertextual. </p><p>Johnson-Eilola and Selber believe that composition should be undertaken as a problem solving activity rather than a demonstration of original ideas. They write that "writing situations are, at base, problem-solving situations in one way or another," and offer assemblage as a form of problem solving that can be used alongside the creation of original text. Michael J. Michaud writes that "assemblages are ubiquitous in contemporary workplaces" where problem solving is paramount because assemblage allows authors to "meet discursive needs and to get work done."<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He further argues that students with workplace experience often transfer assemblage writing into the composition classroom. Assemblage allows such authors to alter existing texts and combine them with original work in order to meet the demands of a writing situation or problem. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Assemblage_and_remix">Assemblage and remix</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Assemblage_(composition)&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Assemblage and remix"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The idea of assemblages is closely tied to the practice of remix. Remix, originally referring to a reworked song, has been extended to describe any significant alteration of media, most commonly film and literature. Johnson-Eilola and Selber claim that remix "can aid invention, leverage intellectual and physical resources, and dramatize the social dimensions of composing." However, they also recognize that "remixing as a form of composition inhabits a contested terrain of creativity, intellectual property, authorship, corporate ownership, and power." While the practice of remixing is often marked by <a href="/wiki/Copyright" title="Copyright">legal</a> issues, the authors acknowledge that remix is nevertheless becoming an increasingly common creative form. </p><p>While assemblage is closely tied to remix, there are distinctions between the two. In discussing models of writing, Liane Robertson, Kara Taczak, and Kathleen Blake Yancey describe remix models of writing as "prior knowledge revised synthetically to <i>incorporate</i> new concepts and practices into the prior model of writing."<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In contrast, they define assemblage models as “grafting...isolated ‘bits’ of learning onto [a] prior structure without either recognition of differences between prior and current writing conceptions and tasks or synthesis of them." While a remix is a <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/synthesis" class="extiw" title="wikt:synthesis">synthesis</a> or incorporation of elements, an assemblage is a combination in which there are recognizable boundaries between elements. </p><p>Assemblage and remix are also related to <a href="/wiki/Articulation_(sociology)" title="Articulation (sociology)">articulation</a>. The sociological practice of articulation, as described by <a href="/wiki/Antonio_Gramsci" title="Antonio Gramsci">Antonio Gramsci</a> and <a href="/wiki/Stuart_Hall_(cultural_theorist)" title="Stuart Hall (cultural theorist)">Stuart Hall</a>, among others, refers to the <a href="/wiki/Appropriation_(sociology)" title="Appropriation (sociology)">appropriation</a> of elements of culture by various social groups.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Johnson-Eilola and Selber connect assemblage, remix, and articulation as examples of meaning being situated in a specific material and social context. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Assemblage_and_plagiarism">Assemblage and plagiarism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Assemblage_(composition)&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Assemblage and plagiarism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A central characteristic of assemblages is the challenge to established notions of <a href="/wiki/Originality" title="Originality">originality</a>. Johnson-Eilola and Selber claim that the traditional distinction between original and <a href="/wiki/Plagiarism" title="Plagiarism">plagiarized</a> work is that original work is superior in terms of creative effort and is not <a href="/wiki/Derivative_work" title="Derivative work">derivative.</a> They further assert that such a distinction is based upon outdated notions of "the lone genius" and is no longer practical in an academic setting. While they concede that "teachers no longer evaluate writing completely as an isolated, decontextualized artifact," Johnson-Eilola and Selber maintain "at least one set of social forces suggests to students that using citations and quotations from source materials will be valued less than their own original text, a situation that may encourage them to conceal their sources." While the current system of academic evaluation allows, and actually calls, for citation of source materials, Johnson-Eilola and Selber find that the placement of value on original work encourages students to hide sources in an attempt to demonstrate original thought. The emphasis on original work, according to Johnson-Eilola and Selber, may actually contribute to plagiarism. The authors believe that the emphasis on original work is unnecessary because "rhetorical purposes can be addressed in context by either original or borrowed/quoted texts without a hierarchy of distinction between the two." </p><p>Johnson-Eilola and Selber assert that despite shifting attitudes in academia, work produced by students at the scholastic and collegiate level is still evaluated in terms of its originality. They find fault with the current evaluative process for two reasons. First, the authors find that evaluating students for their originality is "increasingly unrealistic in our postmodern age" as this method is based on antiquated ideas of creativity. Second, they treat the idea of isolating a student's unique composition from the inspiring source materials as unrealistic and futile. For Johnson-Eilola and Selber, the ability to effectively contribute to academic or social discourse is what makes an assemblage valuable, not its "originality." Rather than claiming originality is not to be valued, the authors see it as fundamentally problematic and misleading as an evaluative concept. They suggest that academic evaluation be reconsidered with a new emphasis on affect: "What if the 'final' product a student produces—a text—is not concerned with original words or images on a page or screen but concerned primarily with assemblages of parts? Importantly, in this reconception, the assemblages do not distinguish primarily between which parts are supposed to be original and which have been found and gathered from someplace else; assemblages are interested in what works, what has social effects." In this model, the role of intertextuality is recognized as central to the composition of "new" material. </p><p>In support for their argument against the traditional view of plagiarism, Johnson-Eilola and Selber cite current critiques from other scholars. They refer to Price, who argued that plagiarism cannot be defined as a single concept, but is dependent upon the cultural practice and conventions in a given situation.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They also acknowledge a presentation given by James Porter in 2006 at <a href="/wiki/Conference_on_College_Composition_and_Communication" title="Conference on College Composition and Communication">CCCC</a>. In his presentation Porter described how plagiarism is sometimes encouraged in the academic community, offering examples of "ways teachers plagiarize all the time—among them, sharing syllabi (with plagiarized plagiarism statements!), using <a href="/wiki/Boilerplate_(text)" class="mw-redirect" title="Boilerplate (text)">boilerplate</a> text for administrative documents, and failing to acknowledge the <a href="/wiki/Bibliography" title="Bibliography">bibliographic</a> work of others."<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Johnson-Eilola and Selber also refer to a 1993 article by Rebecca Moore Howard on "<b>patchwriting</b>," which describes a technique used by new authors. Patchwriting "involves copying from a source text then deleting some words, altering grammatical structures, or plugging in one-to-one synonym-substitutes."<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This technique can traditionally be viewed as a form of plagiarism, but it is also considered useful for learning how to communicate within expert discourse. Johnson-Eilola and Selber reference patchwriting in an attempt to demonstrate the practical uses of otherwise "plagiaristic" practices, not to establish a connection between patchwriting and assemblage. While patchwriting can be a useful learning tool, it is completely distinct from assemblage. Assemblage is more than the systematic replacement of like terms and is closer to the artistic style of <a href="/wiki/Collage" title="Collage">collage</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Examples">Examples</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Assemblage_(composition)&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Examples"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Paradox_(assemblage)" class="mw-redirect" title="Paradox (assemblage)">Paradox</a>, a cut up collage assembled from words and phrases cut from magazines and glued together to form a picture of Abraham Lincoln being assassinated at Ford's Theater. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Assemblage_(composition)&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Remix" title="Remix">Remix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Remix_(book)" title="Remix (book)">Remix (book)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collage" title="Collage">Collage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sampling_(music)" title="Sampling (music)">Sampling (music)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Appropriation_(art)" title="Appropriation (art)">Appropriation (art)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cut-up_technique" title="Cut-up technique">Cut-up technique</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Assemblage_(composition)&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Selber and Johnson-Eilola, Plagiarism, Originality, Assemblage, Computers and Composition, Vol. 24, No. 4. (2007), pp. 375–403</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.eapoe.org/works/harrison/jah14e05.htm">"Edgar Allan Poe Society of Baltimore - Works - Editions - the Complete Works of Edgar Allan Poe - Vol. XIV: Essays and Miscellanies (Peter Snook)"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Edgar+Allan+Poe+Society+of+Baltimore+-+Works+-+Editions+-+the+Complete+Works+of+Edgar+Allan+Poe+-+Vol.+XIV%3A+Essays+and+Miscellanies+%28Peter+Snook%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.eapoe.org%2Fworks%2Fharrison%2Fjah14e05.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAssemblage+%28composition%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Brown, John Seely, & Duguid, Paul. (2000). The social life of information. Boston, MA: Harvard Business School Press.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Michaud, Michael J, The 'Reverse Commute: Adult Students and the Transition from Professional to Academic Literacy, Teaching English in the Two Year College, Vol. 38, No. 4. (2011), pp. 244–257.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Robertson, Liane, Kara Taczak, and Kathleen Blake Yancey, Notes Towards a Theory of Prior Knowledge and Its Role in College Composers' Transfer of Knowledge and Practice, Composition Forum, Vol. 26. (2012), np. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://compositionforum.com/issue/26/prior-knowledge-transfer.php">http://compositionforum.com/issue/26/prior-knowledge-transfer.php</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hall, Stuart. (1986). On postmodernism and articulation: An interview with Stuart Hall (Lawrence Grossberg, Ed.) Journal of Communication Inquiry, 5, 35–60. Rpt. in Stuart Hall: Critical dialogues in cultural studies. (1996). David Morley & Kuan-Hsing Chen (Eds.). London: Routledge.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Price, Margaret. (2002). Beyond ‘gotcha!’: Situating plagiarism in policy and pedagogy. College Composition and Communication, 54, 88–115.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Porter, James E. (2006). Forget plagiarism, teach filesharing and fair use. Paper presented at the convention of the Conference on College Composition and Communication, Chicago, IL.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Howard, Rebecca Moore. (2000). Sexuality, textuality: The cultural work of plagiarism. College English, 62, 37–55</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output 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li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Appropriation_in_the_arts" title="Template:Appropriation in the arts"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Appropriation_in_the_arts" title="Template talk:Appropriation in the arts"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Appropriation_in_the_arts" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Appropriation in the arts"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Appropriation_in_the_arts" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Appropriation_(art)" title="Appropriation (art)">Appropriation</a> in the arts</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFCC99;;width:1%">By field</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFCC99; font-weight:normal;;width:10.5em">Music</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bootleg_recording" title="Bootleg recording">Bootleg recording</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chopped_and_screwed" title="Chopped and screwed">Chopped and screwed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contrafact" title="Contrafact">Contrafact</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_jazz_contrafacts" title="List of jazz contrafacts">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contrafactum" title="Contrafactum">Contrafactum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cover_version" title="Cover version">Cover version</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DJ_mix" title="DJ mix">DJ mix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interpolation_(popular_music)" title="Interpolation (popular music)">Interpolation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medley_(music)" title="Medley (music)">Medley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mashup_(music)" title="Mashup (music)">Music mashup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_plagiarism" title="Music plagiarism">Music plagiarism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musical_quotation" title="Musical quotation">Musical quotation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nightcore" title="Nightcore">Nightcore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parody_music" title="Parody music">Parody music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pasticcio" title="Pasticcio">Pasticcio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plunderphonics" title="Plunderphonics">Plunderphonics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potpourri_(music)" title="Potpourri (music)">Potpourri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quodlibet" title="Quodlibet">Quodlibet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Remix" title="Remix">Remix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riddim" title="Riddim">Riddim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sampling_(music)" title="Sampling (music)">Sampling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sound_collage" title="Sound collage">Sound collage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standard_(music)" title="Standard (music)">Standard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tribute_act" title="Tribute act">Tribute act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trope_(music)" title="Trope (music)">Trope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Variation_(music)" title="Variation (music)">Variation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaporwave" title="Vaporwave">Vaporwave</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFCC99; font-weight:normal;;width:10.5em">Literature / theatre</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Assemblage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cut-up_technique" title="Cut-up technique">Cut-up technique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flarf_poetry" title="Flarf poetry">Flarf poetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Found_poetry" title="Found poetry">Found poetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jukebox_musical" title="Jukebox musical">Jukebox musical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trope_(literature)" title="Trope (literature)">Trope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verbatim_theatre" class="mw-redirect" title="Verbatim theatre">Verbatim theatre</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFCC99; font-weight:normal;;width:10.5em"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Visual arts</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Collage" title="Collage">Collage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combine_painting" title="Combine painting">Combine painting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photographic_mosaic" title="Photographic mosaic">Photographic mosaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Readymades_of_Marcel_Duchamp" title="Readymades of Marcel Duchamp">Readymades of Marcel Duchamp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swipe_(comics)" title="Swipe (comics)">Swipe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.5em;background:#FFCC99; font-weight:normal;">By source material</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Mona_Lisa_replicas_and_reinterpretations" title="Mona Lisa replicas and reinterpretations">Mona Lisa</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Replicas_of_Michelangelo%27s_David" title="Replicas of Michelangelo's David">Michelangelo's <i>David</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Replicas_of_Michelangelo%27s_Piet%C3%A0" title="Replicas of Michelangelo's Pietà">Michelangelo's <i>Pietà</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Replicas_of_the_Statue_of_Liberty" title="Replicas of the Statue of Liberty">Statue of Liberty</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFCC99; font-weight:normal;;width:10.5em">Cinema / television / video</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abridged_series" class="mw-redirect" title="Abridged series">Abridged series</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anime_music_video" title="Anime music video">Anime music video</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collage_film" title="Collage film">Collage film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Found_footage_(appropriation)" title="Found footage (appropriation)">Found footage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literal_music_video" title="Literal music video">Literal music video</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parody_film" title="Parody film">Parody film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Re-cut_trailer" title="Re-cut trailer">Re-cut trailer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Remake" title="Remake">Remake</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shot-for-shot" title="Shot-for-shot">Shot-for-shot</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supercut" title="Supercut">Supercut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TV_format" title="TV format">TV format</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vidding" title="Vidding">Vidding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mashup_(video)" title="Mashup (video)">Video mashup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/YouTube_poop" title="YouTube poop">YouTube poop</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFCC99; font-weight:normal;;width:10.5em">Other arts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/In-joke" title="In-joke">In-joke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_meme" title="Internet meme">Internet meme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joke_theft" title="Joke theft">Joke theft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parody_advertisement" title="Parody advertisement">Parody advertisement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revivalism_(architecture)" title="Revivalism (architecture)">Revivalism (architecture)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_game_modding" title="Video game modding">Video game modding</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFCC99;;width:1%">General <br />concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFCC99; font-weight:normal;;width:10.5em"><a href="/wiki/Intertextuality" title="Intertextuality">Intertextual figures</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allusion" title="Allusion">Allusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calque" title="Calque">Calque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parody" title="Parody">Parody</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pastiche" title="Pastiche">Pastiche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plagiarism" title="Plagiarism">Plagiarism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quotation" title="Quotation">Quotation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Translation" title="Translation">Translation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFCC99; font-weight:normal;;width:10.5em"><a href="/wiki/Adaptation_(arts)" title="Adaptation (arts)">Adaptation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Film_adaptation" title="Film adaptation">Film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literary_adaptation" title="Literary adaptation">Literary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theatrical_adaptation" title="Theatrical adaptation">Theatre</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFCC99; font-weight:normal;;width:10.5em">Other concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/After_(art)" title="After (art)">After (art)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assemblage_(art)" title="Assemblage (art)">Assemblage (art)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bricolage" title="Bricolage">Bricolage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citation" title="Citation">Citation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%A9tournement" title="Détournement">Détournement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Found_object" title="Found object">Found object</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homage_(arts)" title="Homage (arts)">Homage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imitation_(art)" title="Imitation (art)">Imitation in art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mashup_(culture)" title="Mashup (culture)">Mashup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reprise" title="Reprise">Reprise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satire" title="Satire">Satire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Source_criticism#Source_criticism_in_the_arts" title="Source criticism">Source criticism in the arts</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFCC99;;width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Related artistic<br />concepts</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aesthetic_interpretation" title="Aesthetic interpretation">Aesthetic interpretation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-art" title="Anti-art">Anti-art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archetypal_literary_criticism" title="Archetypal literary criticism">Archetypal literary criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artistic_inspiration" title="Artistic inspiration">Artistic inspiration</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Death_of_the_Author" title="The Death of the Author">The Death of the Author</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divine_inspiration" title="Divine inspiration">Divine inspiration</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Afflatus" title="Afflatus">Afflatus</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genius_(literature)" title="Genius (literature)">Genius (literature)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muses" title="Muses">Muses</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fan_labor" title="Fan labor">Fan labor</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fan_fiction" title="Fan fiction">Fan fiction</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genre" title="Genre">Genre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genre_studies" title="Genre studies">Genre studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Originality" title="Originality">Originality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simulacrum" title="Simulacrum">Simulacrum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_canon" title="Western canon">Western canon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFCC99;;width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Standard blocks<br />and forms</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archetype" title="Archetype">Archetype</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Formula_fiction" title="Formula fiction">Formula fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genre_fiction" title="Genre fiction">Genre fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jazz_standard" title="Jazz standard">Jazz standard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plot_device" title="Plot device">Plot device</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stock_character" title="Stock character">Stock character</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Story_structure" title="Story structure">Story structure</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFCC99;;width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Epoch-marking<br />works</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/L.H.O.O.Q." title="L.H.O.O.Q.">L.H.O.O.Q.</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1919)</span></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Pierre_Menard,_Author_of_the_Quixote" title="Pierre Menard, Author of the Quixote">Pierre Menard, Author of the <i>Quixote</i></a>" <span style="font-size:85%;">(1939)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Reality_Hunger" title="Reality Hunger">Reality Hunger: A Manifesto</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2010)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFCC99;;width:1%">Theorization</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dada" title="Dada">Dada</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Copia:_Foundations_of_the_Abundant_Style" title="Copia: Foundations of the Abundant Style">De Copia Rerum</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diegesis" title="Diegesis">Diegesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dionysian_imitatio" title="Dionysian imitatio">Dionysian <i>imitatio</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mimesis" title="Mimesis">Mimesis</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Johann_Joachim_Winckelmann#Critical_response_and_influence" title="Johann Joachim Winckelmann">Nachahmung</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Palimpsests:_Literature_in_the_Second_Degree" title="Palimpsests: Literature in the Second Degree">Palimpsests: Literature in the Second Degree</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Pictures_Generation" title="The Pictures Generation">The Pictures Generation</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pop_art" title="Pop art">Pop art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postmodernism" title="Postmodernism">Postmodernism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_formalism" title="Russian formalism">Russian formalism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFCC99;;width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Related non-<br />artistic concepts</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Academic_dishonesty" title="Academic dishonesty">Academic dishonesty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Appropriation_(sociology)" title="Appropriation (sociology)">Appropriation in sociology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Articulation_(sociology)" title="Articulation (sociology)">Articulation in sociology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_appropriation" title="Cultural appropriation">Cultural appropriation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_printing" title="History of printing">History of printing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_society" title="Information society">Information society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intellectual_property" title="Intellectual property">Intellectual property</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_infringement" title="Copyright infringement">Copyright infringement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Derivative_work" title="Derivative work">Derivative work</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fair_use" title="Fair use">Fair use</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meme" title="Meme">Meme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_source" title="Open source">Open source</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Participatory_culture" title="Participatory culture">Participatory culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pirate_Party" title="Pirate Party">Pirate politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recontextualisation" title="Recontextualisation">Recontextualisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Remix_culture" title="Remix culture">Remix culture</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Literary_composition" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Literary_composition" title="Template:Literary composition"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Literary_composition" title="Template talk:Literary composition"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Literary_composition" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Literary composition"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Literary_composition" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Composition_(language)" title="Composition (language)">Literary composition</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Characterization" title="Characterization">Characterization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Description" title="Description">Description</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exposition_(narrative)" title="Exposition (narrative)">Exposition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiction_writing" title="Fiction writing">Fiction writing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literature" title="Literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Writer" title="Writer">Writer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Writer%27s_block" title="Writer's block">Writer's block</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_narrative_techniques" title="List of narrative techniques">Techniques</a> / devices</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Contrast_(linguistics)" title="Contrast (linguistics)">Linguistic contrast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contrast_(literary)" title="Contrast (literary)">Literary contrast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clich%C3%A9" title="Cliché">Cliché</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idiom" title="Idiom">Idiom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trope_(literature)" title="Trope (literature)">Trope</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Methods</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Writing_process" title="Writing process">Writing process</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prewriting" title="Prewriting">Prewriting</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Assemblage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cut-up_technique" title="Cut-up technique">Cut-up technique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diegesis" title="Diegesis">Diegesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mimesis" title="Mimesis">Mimesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pastiche" title="Pastiche">Pastiche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plagiarism" title="Plagiarism">Plagiarism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Features</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Writing_style" title="Writing style">Writing style</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Writer%27s_voice" class="mw-redirect" title="Writer's voice">Writer's voice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grammatical_mood" title="Grammatical mood">Grammatical mood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Register_(sociolinguistics)" title="Register (sociolinguistics)">Register</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhetorical_modes" title="Rhetorical modes">Rhetorical modes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stylistics" title="Stylistics">Stylistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tone_(literature)" title="Tone (literature)">Tone</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Forms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Creative_nonfiction" title="Creative nonfiction">Creative nonfiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Essay" title="Essay">Essay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joke" title="Joke">Joke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novel" title="Novel">Novel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poetry" title="Poetry">Poetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Screenplay" title="Screenplay">Screenplay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Short_story" title="Short story">Short story</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Beyond the arts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Articulation_(sociology)" title="Articulation (sociology)">Articulation (sociological)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Composition_studies" title="Composition studies">Composition studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technical_writing" title="Technical writing">Technical writing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img 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