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colspan="2">Topics in <a href="/wiki/Sangam_literature" title="Sangam literature">Sangam literature</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Sangam_literature" title="Sangam literature">Sangam literature</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Agattiyam" title="Agattiyam">Agattiyam</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tolk%C4%81ppiyam" title="Tolkāppiyam">Tolkāppiyam</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;background:#A8BDEC;"><b><a href="/wiki/Eighteen_Greater_Texts" title="Eighteen Greater Texts">Eighteen Greater Texts</a></b> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;background:#efefef;"><a href="/wiki/Eight_Anthologies" title="Eight Anthologies">Eight Anthologies</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Ai%E1%B9%85kurun%C5%AB%E1%B9%9Fu" class="mw-redirect" title="Aiṅkurunūṟu">Aiṅkurunūṟu</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Akan%C4%81%E1%B9%89%C5%AB%E1%B9%9Fu" class="mw-redirect" title="Akanāṉūṟu">Akanāṉūṟu</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Pu%E1%B9%9Fan%C4%81%E1%B9%89%C5%AB%E1%B9%9Fu" class="mw-redirect" title="Puṟanāṉūṟu">Puṟanāṉūṟu</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kalittokai" title="Kalittokai">Kalittokai</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Ku%E1%B9%9Funtokai" title="Kuṟuntokai">Kuṟuntokai</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Na%E1%B9%9F%E1%B9%9Fi%E1%B9%87ai" title="Naṟṟiṇai">Natṟiṇai</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Parip%C4%81%E1%B9%ADal" title="Paripāṭal">Paripāṭal</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pati%E1%B9%9F%E1%B9%9Fuppattu" title="Patiṟṟuppattu">Patiṟṟuppattu</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;background:#efefef"><a href="/wiki/Ten_Idylls" title="Ten Idylls">Ten Idylls</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Tirumuruk%C4%81%E1%B9%9F%E1%B9%9Fuppa%E1%B9%ADai" title="Tirumurukāṟṟuppaṭai">Tirumurukāṟṟuppaṭai</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ku%E1%B9%9Fi%C3%B1cipp%C4%81%E1%B9%AD%E1%B9%ADu" title="Kuṟiñcippāṭṭu">Kuṟiñcippāṭṭu</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Malaipa%E1%B9%ADuka%E1%B9%AD%C4%81m" title="Malaipaṭukaṭām">Malaipaṭukaṭām</a></td> <td><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Maturaikkāñci</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Mullaipp%C4%81%E1%B9%AD%E1%B9%ADu" title="Mullaippāṭṭu">Mullaippāṭṭu</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ne%E1%B9%ADunalv%C4%81%E1%B9%ADai" title="Neṭunalvāṭai">Neṭunalvāṭai</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Pa%E1%B9%AD%E1%B9%ADi%E1%B9%89app%C4%81lai" title="Paṭṭiṉappālai">Paṭṭiṉappālai</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Perump%C4%81%E1%B9%87%C4%81%E1%B9%9F%E1%B9%9Fuppa%E1%B9%ADai" title="Perumpāṇāṟṟuppaṭai">Perumpāṇāṟṟuppaṭai</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Poru%E1%B9%87ar%C4%81%E1%B9%9F%E1%B9%9Fuppa%E1%B9%ADai" title="Poruṇarāṟṟuppaṭai">Poruṇarāṟṟuppaṭai</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ci%E1%B9%9Fup%C4%81%E1%B9%87%C4%81%E1%B9%9F%E1%B9%9Fuppa%E1%B9%ADai" title="Ciṟupāṇāṟṟuppaṭai">Ciṟupāṇāṟṟuppaṭai</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;background:#A8BDEC;"><b>Related topics</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Tamil_Sangams" class="mw-redirect" title="Tamil Sangams">Sangam</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sangam_landscape" title="Sangam landscape">Sangam landscape</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Tamil_history_from_Sangam_literature" class="mw-redirect" title="Tamil history from Sangam literature">Tamil history from Sangam literature</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Tamil_music" title="Ancient Tamil music">Ancient Tamil music</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;background:#A8BDEC;"><b><a href="/wiki/Eighteen_Lesser_Texts" title="Eighteen Lesser Texts">Eighteen Lesser Texts</a></b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/N%C4%81la%E1%B9%ADiy%C4%81r" title="Nālaṭiyār">Nālaṭiyār</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/N%C4%81%E1%B9%89ma%E1%B9%87ikka%E1%B9%ADikai" title="Nāṉmaṇikkaṭikai">Nāṉmaṇikkaṭikai</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/I%E1%B9%89%E1%B9%89%C4%81_N%C4%81%E1%B9%9Fpatu" title="Iṉṉā Nāṟpatu">Iṉṉā Nāṟpatu</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/I%E1%B9%89iyavai_N%C4%81%E1%B9%9Fpatu" title="Iṉiyavai Nāṟpatu">Iṉiyavai Nāṟpatu</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/K%C4%81r_N%C4%81%E1%B9%9Fpatu" title="Kār Nāṟpatu">Kār Nāṟpatu</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ka%E1%B8%B7ava%E1%B8%BBi_N%C4%81%E1%B9%9Fpatu" title="Kaḷavaḻi Nāṟpatu">Kaḷavaḻi Nāṟpatu</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Ainti%E1%B9%87ai_Aimpatu" title="Aintiṇai Aimpatu">Aintiṇai Aimpatu</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ti%E1%B9%89aimo%E1%B8%BBi_Aimpatu" title="Tiṉaimoḻi Aimpatu">Tiṉaimoḻi Aimpatu</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Aintinai_E%E1%B8%BBupatu" title="Aintinai Eḻupatu">Aintinai Eḻupatu</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ti%E1%B9%87aim%C4%81lai_N%C5%AB%E1%B9%9F%E1%B9%9Faimpatu" title="Tiṇaimālai Nūṟṟaimpatu">Tiṇaimālai Nūṟṟaimpatu</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Tirukku%E1%B9%9Fa%E1%B8%B7" class="mw-redirect" title="Tirukkuṟaḷ">Tirukkuṟaḷ</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tirika%E1%B9%ADukam" title="Tirikaṭukam">Tirikaṭukam</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/%C4%80c%C4%81rakk%C5%8Dvai" title="Ācārakkōvai">Ācārakkōvai</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pa%E1%B8%BBamo%E1%B8%BBi_N%C4%81%E1%B9%89%C5%AB%E1%B9%9Fu" title="Paḻamoḻi Nāṉūṟu">Paḻamoḻi Nāṉūṟu</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Ci%E1%B9%9Fupa%C3%B1cam%C5%ABlam" title="Ciṟupañcamūlam">Ciṟupañcamūlam</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mutumo%E1%B8%BBikk%C4%81nci" title="Mutumoḻikkānci">Mutumoḻikkānci</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/El%C4%81ti" title="Elāti">Elāti</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kainnilai" title="Kainnilai">Kainnilai</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;background:#A8BDEC"><b>Bhakti Literature</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Naalayira_Divya_Prabandham" title="Naalayira Divya Prabandham">Naalayira Divya Prabandham</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ramavataram" title="Ramavataram">Ramavataram</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Tevaram" title="Tevaram">Tevaram</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tirumurai" title="Tirumurai">Tirumuṟai</a></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:right;padding: 0 5px 0 5px"><small class="editlink noprint plainlinksneverexpand"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Sangam_literature&action=edit">edit </a></small> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p> <i><b>Maduraikanchi</b></i> (<a href="/wiki/Tamil_language" title="Tamil language">Tamil</a>: <span lang="ta">மதுரைக் காஞ்சி</span>), <sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJV_Chelliah1946221_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJV_Chelliah1946221-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is an ancient <a href="/wiki/Tamil_language" title="Tamil language">Tamil</a> poem in the <a href="/wiki/Sangam_literature" title="Sangam literature">Sangam literature</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKamil_Zvelebil197460–61_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKamil_Zvelebil197460–61-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is a didactic poem and its title connotes the "poetic counsel addressed to the king of Madurai".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKamil_Zvelebil197358–59_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKamil_Zvelebil197358–59-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Composed by <a href="/wiki/Mangudi_Marudhanar" title="Mangudi Marudhanar">Mankuti Marutanar</a> – probably the chief court poet of the <a href="/wiki/Pandya" class="mw-redirect" title="Pandya">Pandya</a> king <a href="/wiki/Nedunjeliyan_II" title="Nedunjeliyan II">Nedunjeliyan II</a>, the <i>Maduraikkāñci</i> is the sixth poem in the <i><a href="/wiki/Pattupp%C4%81%E1%B9%AD%E1%B9%ADu" class="mw-redirect" title="Pattuppāṭṭu">Pattuppāṭṭu</a></i> anthology.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKamil_Zvelebil197329,_58_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKamil_Zvelebil197329,_58-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The poem is generally dated to the late classical period (2nd to 4th century CE).<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i>Maduraikkanci</i> is the longest poem in the <i>Pattuppāṭṭu</i> collection with 782 lines of poetry. Many of the verses are in <i>akaval</i> meter and others in <i>vanci</i> meter.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKamil_Zvelebil197460–61_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKamil_Zvelebil197460–61-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is a detailed description of life and bustle in the ancient city of <a href="/wiki/Madurai" title="Madurai">Madurai</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKamil_Zvelebil197460–61_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKamil_Zvelebil197460–61-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The poem praises the king for all his accomplishments and strengths. Embedded indirectly within the poem is the poet's counsel to the king on justice, the impermanence of everything in life, and the proper rule of the kingdom.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJV_Chelliah1946221–225_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJV_Chelliah1946221–225-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In addition to Madurai, the poem is another source of historic information about the Tamil region. It mentions seaports in the <i>neithal</i> coastline, the prosperous <i>marutham</i> farms, the hilly <i>kurinchi</i> region, the <i>palai</i> arid area.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJV_Chelliah1946221–225_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJV_Chelliah1946221–225-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Madurai is described as the capital city with fortified gates, broad streets, mansions and big markets. The <i>Maduraikkanci</i> presents the social and economic life of the city in five sections, under the following subheadings: morning, evening, dusk, night, and dawn.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJV_Chelliah1946221–225_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJV_Chelliah1946221–225-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The morning market is described as busy with throngs of people of various creed, race and languages. Elephant- and horse-pulled chariots carry the elite and the soldiers through the streets.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJV_Chelliah1946221–225_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJV_Chelliah1946221–225-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The city has many temples, families buy and carry votive offerings to the gods in these temples, and inside these temples are musicians playing various styles of music, according to <i>Maduraikkanci</i>. Newly married women pray inside the temple, light lamps and make offerings to the goddesses, to be blessed with children.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJV_Chelliah1946221–225_6-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJV_Chelliah1946221–225-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Women wear flowers in their hair and jewelry when they visit the temples and markets. The temples are officiated by priestesses. Men dance inside <a href="/wiki/Murugan" class="mw-redirect" title="Murugan">Murugan</a> temples. The Brahmins chant the <a href="/wiki/Veda" class="mw-redirect" title="Veda">Vedas</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJV_Chelliah1946221–225_6-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJV_Chelliah1946221–225-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The bards sing in the street about wars and victories, people listen and make donations. Mahouts host elephants and feed them fodder. The shopkeepers stock their shops and clean their floors, then smear them with a coating of cow dung.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJV_Chelliah1946221–225_6-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJV_Chelliah1946221–225-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Watchmen announce the hour. The city has a zoo, while from the trees the birds sing and invite their mates.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJV_Chelliah1946224–226_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJV_Chelliah1946224–226-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Women participate in agricultural and economic activity.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <i>Maduraikkanci</i> describes a well-structured administration in Madurai. The king had ministers, officials and judges, who wore turbans. Patrolmen and soldiers watched the streets, collected tolls and protected the traders from acts of theft.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJV_Chelliah1946224–226_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJV_Chelliah1946224–226-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Jaishankar2019_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jaishankar2019-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The city is described largely in terms of its markets and temples. Lines 497 to 511 allude to gods and goddesses in these temples with iconographic items of Hinduism. <a href="/wiki/Vishnu" title="Vishnu">Vishnu</a> is called the ruler of the three worlds and it identifies <a href="/wiki/Rama" title="Rama">Rama</a> and <a href="/wiki/Krishna" title="Krishna">Krishna</a> as his incarnations, <a href="/wiki/Shiva" title="Shiva">Shiva</a> (Rudra) is alluded to with "god who wields the battle-ax", while Vishnu is alluded to with "god who protects the world". City gates had symbols of <a href="/wiki/Lakshmi" title="Lakshmi">Lakshmi</a>, the goddess of wealth and Vishnu's wife.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJV_Chelliah1946226–227_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJV_Chelliah1946226–227-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A bathing festival with ritual dip in the waters to "cleanse their sins" is mentioned in the poem. Chanting of the Vedas is mentioned in lines 512–518,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJV_Chelliah1946226–227_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJV_Chelliah1946226–227-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as is the presence of Jain monks and Buddhist monasteries alluded to in lines 519–528 and elsewhere in the poem.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKamil_Zvelebil197460–61_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKamil_Zvelebil197460–61-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJV_Chelliah1946259_with_footnote_2_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJV_Chelliah1946259_with_footnote_2-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The lines related to the Vedas, states Chelliah, alludes to the <a href="/wiki/Jivanmukta" title="Jivanmukta">jivanmukta</a> ideology found in Hinduism.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJV_Chelliah1946226–227,_p._259_"They_feel_they_are_one_with_the_Universe,_and_reach_for_high_heaven_while_yet_they_are_on_earth,_they_never_depart_from_virtue,_love_all_life,_and_live_a_saintly_life_of_joy_supreme."_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJV_Chelliah1946226–227,_p._259_"They_feel_they_are_one_with_the_Universe,_and_reach_for_high_heaven_while_yet_they_are_on_earth,_they_never_depart_from_virtue,_love_all_life,_and_live_a_saintly_life_of_joy_supreme."-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maturaikk%C4%81%C3%B1ci&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ten_Idylls" title="Ten Idylls">Ten Idylls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eighteen_Greater_Texts" title="Eighteen Greater Texts">Eighteen Greater Texts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sangam_literature" title="Sangam literature">Sangam literature</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maturaikk%C4%81%C3%B1ci&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJV_Chelliah1946221-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJV_Chelliah1946221_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJV_Chelliah1946">JV Chelliah 1946</a>, p. 221.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKamil_Zvelebil197460–61-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKamil_Zvelebil197460–61_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKamil_Zvelebil197460–61_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKamil_Zvelebil197460–61_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKamil_Zvelebil197460–61_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKamil_Zvelebil1974">Kamil Zvelebil 1974</a>, pp. 60–61.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKamil_Zvelebil197358–59-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKamil_Zvelebil197358–59_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKamil_Zvelebil1973">Kamil Zvelebil 1973</a>, pp. 58–59.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKamil_Zvelebil197329,_58-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKamil_Zvelebil197329,_58_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKamil_Zvelebil1973">Kamil Zvelebil 1973</a>, pp. 29, 58.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFZvelebil1973" class="citation book cs1">Zvelebil, Kamil (1973). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=degUAAAAIAAJ&dq=info:3mNeiVqlnhoJ:scholar.google.com/&pg=PR9"><i>The Smile of Murugan: On Tamil Literature of South India</i></a>. BRILL. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-03591-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-03591-1"><bdi>978-90-04-03591-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Smile+of+Murugan%3A+On+Tamil+Literature+of+South+India&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=1973&rft.isbn=978-90-04-03591-1&rft.aulast=Zvelebil&rft.aufirst=Kamil&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DdegUAAAAIAAJ%26dq%3Dinfo%3A3mNeiVqlnhoJ%3Ascholar.google.com%2F%26pg%3DPR9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaturaikk%C4%81%C3%B1ci" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJV_Chelliah1946221–225-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJV_Chelliah1946221–225_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJV_Chelliah1946221–225_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJV_Chelliah1946221–225_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJV_Chelliah1946221–225_6-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJV_Chelliah1946221–225_6-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJV_Chelliah1946221–225_6-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJV_Chelliah1946221–225_6-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJV_Chelliah1946">JV Chelliah 1946</a>, pp. 221–225.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJV_Chelliah1946224–226-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJV_Chelliah1946224–226_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJV_Chelliah1946224–226_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJV_Chelliah1946">JV Chelliah 1946</a>, pp. 224–226.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRamaswamy1989" class="citation journal cs1">Ramaswamy, Vijaya (1989). "Aspects of women and work in early South India". <i>The Indian Economic & Social History Review</i>. <b>26</b> (1). SAGE Publications: 81–99. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F001946468902600104">10.1177/001946468902600104</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143766297">143766297</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Indian+Economic+%26+Social+History+Review&rft.atitle=Aspects+of+women+and+work+in+early+South+India&rft.volume=26&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=81-99&rft.date=1989&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F001946468902600104&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A143766297%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Ramaswamy&rft.aufirst=Vijaya&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaturaikk%C4%81%C3%B1ci" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jaishankar2019-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Jaishankar2019_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFP_Madhava_Soma_SundaramK_JaishankarE_Enanalap_Periyar2019" class="citation book cs1">P Madhava Soma Sundaram; K Jaishankar; E Enanalap Periyar (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=27qmDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT177">"11. Crime and Justice in Ancient South India (Sangam Age)"</a>. In K. Jaishankar (ed.). <i>Routledge Handbook of South Asian Criminology</i>. Taylor & Francis. pp. 175–181. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-00-030088-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-00-030088-8"><bdi>978-1-00-030088-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=11.+Crime+and+Justice+in+Ancient+South+India+%28Sangam+Age%29&rft.btitle=Routledge+Handbook+of+South+Asian+Criminology&rft.pages=175-181&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-1-00-030088-8&rft.au=P+Madhava+Soma+Sundaram&rft.au=K+Jaishankar&rft.au=E+Enanalap+Periyar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D27qmDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT177&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaturaikk%C4%81%C3%B1ci" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJV_Chelliah1946226–227-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJV_Chelliah1946226–227_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJV_Chelliah1946226–227_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJV_Chelliah1946">JV Chelliah 1946</a>, pp. 226–227.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJV_Chelliah1946259_with_footnote_2-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJV_Chelliah1946259_with_footnote_2_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJV_Chelliah1946">JV Chelliah 1946</a>, p. 259 with footnote 2.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJV_Chelliah1946226–227,_p._259_"They_feel_they_are_one_with_the_Universe,_and_reach_for_high_heaven_while_yet_they_are_on_earth,_they_never_depart_from_virtue,_love_all_life,_and_live_a_saintly_life_of_joy_supreme."-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJV_Chelliah1946226–227,_p._259_"They_feel_they_are_one_with_the_Universe,_and_reach_for_high_heaven_while_yet_they_are_on_earth,_they_never_depart_from_virtue,_love_all_life,_and_live_a_saintly_life_of_joy_supreme."_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJV_Chelliah1946">JV Chelliah 1946</a>, pp. 226–227, p. 259 "They feel they are one with the Universe, and reach for high heaven while yet they are on earth, they never depart from virtue, love all life, and live a saintly life of joy supreme.".</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maturaikk%C4%81%C3%B1ci&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJV_Chelliah1946" class="citation book cs1">JV Chelliah (1946). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/PattupattuTenTamilIdylls_20180715/page/n1"><i>Pattupattu - Ten Tamil Idylls (Tamil Verses with Englilsh Translation)</i></a>. Tamil University (1985 print).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pattupattu+-+Ten+Tamil+Idylls+%28Tamil+Verses+with+Englilsh+Translation%29&rft.pub=Tamil+University+%281985+print%29&rft.date=1946&rft.au=JV+Chelliah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FPattupattuTenTamilIdylls_20180715%2Fpage%2Fn1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaturaikk%C4%81%C3%B1ci" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEdward_Jewitt_Robinson2001" class="citation book cs1">Edward Jewitt Robinson (2001). <i>Tamil Wisdom: Traditions Concerning Hindu Sages and Selections from Their Writings</i>. New Delhi: Asian Educational Services.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tamil+Wisdom%3A+Traditions+Concerning+Hindu+Sages+and+Selections+from+Their+Writings&rft.place=New+Delhi&rft.pub=Asian+Educational+Services&rft.date=2001&rft.au=Edward+Jewitt+Robinson&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaturaikk%C4%81%C3%B1ci" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Mudaliyar, Singaravelu A., Apithana Cintamani, An encyclopaedia of Tamil Literature, (1931) - Reprinted by Asian Educational Services, New Delhi (1983)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPillai1994" class="citation book cs1">Pillai, M. S. Purnalingam (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QIeqvcai5XQC&pg=PA115"><i>Tamil Literature</i></a>. Asian Educational Services. p. 115. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-206-0955-7" title="Special:BookSources/81-206-0955-7"><bdi>81-206-0955-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tamil+Literature&rft.pages=115&rft.pub=Asian+Educational+Services&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=81-206-0955-7&rft.aulast=Pillai&rft.aufirst=M.+S.+Purnalingam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQIeqvcai5XQC%26pg%3DPA115&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaturaikk%C4%81%C3%B1ci" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRay2003" class="citation book cs1">Ray, Himanshu Prabha (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=iHHzP4uVpn4C"><i>The archaeology of seafaring in ancient South Asia</i></a>. Cambridge: Press Syndicate of the University of Cambridge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521011099" title="Special:BookSources/9780521011099"><bdi>9780521011099</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+archaeology+of+seafaring+in+ancient+South+Asia&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Press+Syndicate+of+the+University+of+Cambridge&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=9780521011099&rft.aulast=Ray&rft.aufirst=Himanshu+Prabha&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DiHHzP4uVpn4C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaturaikk%C4%81%C3%B1ci" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Selby, Martha Ann (2011) Tamil Love Poetry: The Five Hundred Short Poems of the Aiṅkuṟunūṟu, an Early Third-Century Anthology. Columbia University Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780231150651" title="Special:BookSources/9780231150651">9780231150651</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTakanobu_Takahashi1995" class="citation book cs1">Takanobu Takahashi (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wgCHuVGyZoEC"><i>Tamil Love Poetry and Poetics</i></a>. BRILL Academic. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-04-10042-3" title="Special:BookSources/90-04-10042-3"><bdi>90-04-10042-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tamil+Love+Poetry+and+Poetics&rft.pub=BRILL+Academic&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=90-04-10042-3&rft.au=Takanobu+Takahashi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DwgCHuVGyZoEC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaturaikk%C4%81%C3%B1ci" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKamil_Zvelebil1973" class="citation book cs1">Kamil Zvelebil (1973). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=degUAAAAIAAJ"><i>The Smile of Murugan: On Tamil Literature of South India</i></a>. BRILL. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-04-03591-5" title="Special:BookSources/90-04-03591-5"><bdi>90-04-03591-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Smile+of+Murugan%3A+On+Tamil+Literature+of+South+India&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=1973&rft.isbn=90-04-03591-5&rft.au=Kamil+Zvelebil&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DdegUAAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaturaikk%C4%81%C3%B1ci" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKamil_Zvelebil1974" class="citation book cs1">Kamil Zvelebil (1974). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OQ33i496MsIC"><i>Tamil Literature</i></a>. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-447-01582-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-447-01582-0"><bdi>978-3-447-01582-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tamil+Literature&rft.pub=Otto+Harrassowitz+Verlag&rft.date=1974&rft.isbn=978-3-447-01582-0&rft.au=Kamil+Zvelebil&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOQ33i496MsIC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaturaikk%C4%81%C3%B1ci" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZvelebil1992" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Kamil_Zvelebil" title="Kamil Zvelebil">Zvelebil, Kamil</a> (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qAPtq49DZfoC"><i>Companion studies to the history of Tamil literature</i></a>. BRILL. p. 73. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-04-09365-6" title="Special:BookSources/90-04-09365-6"><bdi>90-04-09365-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Companion+studies+to+the+history+of+Tamil+literature&rft.pages=73&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=90-04-09365-6&rft.aulast=Zvelebil&rft.aufirst=Kamil&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqAPtq49DZfoC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaturaikk%C4%81%C3%B1ci" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <p><br /> </p> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output 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class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Indian</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bangalore_Tamil_dialects" title="Bangalore Tamil dialects">Bangalore Tamil dialects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Tamil_dialect" title="Central Tamil dialect">Central Tamil dialect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kongu_Tamil" title="Kongu Tamil">Kongu Tamil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madras_Bashai" title="Madras Bashai">Madras Bashai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madurai_Tamil" title="Madurai Tamil">Madurai Tamil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nellai_Tamil" class="mw-redirect" title="Nellai Tamil">Nellai Tamil</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_Tamil_dialects" title="Sri Lankan Tamil dialects">Sri Lankan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Negombo_Tamil_dialect" title="Negombo Tamil dialect">Negombo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batticaloa_Tamil_dialect" title="Batticaloa Tamil dialect">Batticaloa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaffna_Tamil_dialect" title="Jaffna Tamil dialect">Jaffna</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Southeast Asian</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_Tamil" title="Malaysian Tamil">Malaysian Tamil</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Sociolects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brahmin_Tamil" title="Brahmin Tamil">Brahmin Tamil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arwi" title="Arwi">Arwi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Global organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/World_Tamil_Conference" title="World Tamil Conference">World Tamil Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Classical_Tamil_Conference_2010" title="World Classical Tamil Conference 2010">World Classical Tamil Conference 2010</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Literature</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Classics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sangam_literature" title="Sangam literature">Sangam literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_books_of_Law" title="Tamil books of Law">Tamil books of Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Five_Great_Epics_of_Tamil_Literature" class="mw-redirect" title="The Five Great Epics of Tamil Literature">Five Great Epics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ponniyin_Selvan" title="Ponniyin Selvan">Ponniyin Selvan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Sangam_poets" title="List of Sangam poets">List of Sangam poets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commentaries_in_Tamil_literary_tradition" title="Commentaries in Tamil literary tradition">Commentaries in Tamil literary tradition</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Devotional<br />literature</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Umaru_Pulavar#Literary_works" title="Umaru Pulavar">Cīrappurānam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramavataram" title="Ramavataram">Kampa Irāmāyaṉam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naalayira_Divya_Prabhandham" class="mw-redirect" title="Naalayira Divya Prabhandham">Nālāyira Tivviya Pirapantam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thembavani" title="Thembavani">Tēmpāvaṉi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tirumurai" title="Tirumurai">Tirumurai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tirumuruk%C4%81%E1%B9%9F%E1%B9%9Fuppa%E1%B9%ADai" title="Tirumurukāṟṟuppaṭai">Tirumurukāṟṟuppaṭai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thiruppugal" class="mw-redirect" title="Thiruppugal">Thiruppugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thiruvilaiyadal_Puranam" title="Thiruvilaiyadal Puranam">Thiruvilaiyadal Puranam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vinayagar_Agaval" title="Vinayagar Agaval">Vinayagar Agaval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Tamil_literature_works_about_Ganesha" title="List of Tamil literature works about Ganesha">Tamil Ganaptya texts</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Poetry</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kural_(poetic_form)" title="Kural (poetic form)">Kural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venpa" title="Venpa">Venpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraichchi" class="mw-redirect" title="Iraichchi">Iraichchi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akam_(poetry)" title="Akam (poetry)">Akam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puram_(poetry)" class="mw-redirect" title="Puram (poetry)">Puram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thinai" class="mw-redirect" title="Thinai">Thinai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ullurai" title="Ullurai">Ullurai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ula_(poetry)" title="Ula (poetry)">Ulā</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Grammars and<br />dictionaries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agattiyam" title="Agattiyam">Agattiyam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nann%C5%ABl" class="mw-redirect" title="Nannūl">Nannūl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purapporul_Venbamaalai" title="Purapporul Venbamaalai">Purapporul Venbamaalai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolk%C4%81ppiyam" title="Tolkāppiyam">Tolkāppiyam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_literature#Vijayanagar_and_Nayak_period" title="Tamil literature">Caturakarāti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_Lexicon_dictionary" title="Tamil Lexicon dictionary">Tamil Lexicon dictionary</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yalpana_Vaipava_Malai" title="Yalpana Vaipava Malai">Yāḻpāna Vaipava Mālai</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Mathematics and<br />natural science</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asthana_Kolahalam" title="Asthana Kolahalam">Asthana Kolahalam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ka%E1%B9%87akkatik%C4%81ram" title="Kaṇakkatikāram">Kaṇakkatikāram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ka%E1%B9%87ita_T%C4%ABpikai" title="Kaṇita Tīpikai">Kaṇita Tīpikai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yerambam" title="Yerambam">Yerambam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Tamil and<br /> other languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_English_words_of_Tamil_origin" class="mw-redirect" title="List of English words of Tamil origin">English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Sinhala_words_of_Tamil_origin" title="List of Sinhala words of Tamil origin">Sinhala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Aryan_loanwords_in_Tamil" title="Indo-Aryan loanwords in Tamil">Indo-Aryan languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dravidian_languages" title="Dravidian languages">Dravidian languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_loanwords_in_Malay" title="List of loanwords in Malay">Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dravido-Korean_languages" title="Dravido-Korean languages">Korean</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Scripts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Megalithic_graffiti_symbols" title="Megalithic graffiti symbols">Megalithic graffiti symbols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil-Brahmi" title="Tamil-Brahmi">Tamil-Brahmi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kolezhuthu" class="mw-redirect" title="Kolezhuthu">Koleḻuttu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatteluttu_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Vatteluttu alphabet">Vatteluttu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pallava_grantha" class="mw-redirect" title="Pallava grantha">Pallava grantha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_script" title="Tamil script">Modern script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_Braille" title="Tamil Braille">Tamil Braille</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arwi" title="Arwi">Arwi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lexis and<br /> grammar</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_grammar" title="Tamil grammar">Tamil grammar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_honorifics" title="Tamil honorifics">Tamil honorifics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_numerals" title="Tamil numerals">Tamil numerals</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Phonology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_phonology" title="Tamil phonology">Tamil phonology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_onomatopoeia" title="Tamil onomatopoeia">Tamil onomatopoeia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_prosody" title="Tamil prosody">Tamil prosody</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Transliteration</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ISO_15919" title="ISO 15919">ISO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozhi_(transliteration)" title="Mozhi (transliteration)">Moḻi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Standardisation_of_Tamil_script" title="Standardisation of Tamil script">Standardisation of Tamil script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanittamil_Iyakkam" title="Tanittamil Iyakkam">Tanittamil Iyakkam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simplified_Tamil_script" title="Simplified Tamil script">Simplified Tamil script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Printing_in_Tamil_language" title="Printing in Tamil language">Printing in Tamil language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_Heritage_Foundation" title="Tamil Heritage Foundation">Ancient manuscript digitalisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Institute_of_Classical_Tamil" title="Central Institute of Classical Tamil">Formation of CICT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Madurai" title="Project Madurai">Project Madurai</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Maturaikkāñci&oldid=1253776353">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Maturaikkāñci&oldid=1253776353</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Tamil-language_literature" title="Category:Tamil-language literature">Tamil-language literature</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Sangam_literature" title="Category:Sangam literature">Sangam literature</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks 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