Sign In

<!DOCTYPE html>    <html class="">  <head><script type="text/javascript" src="/_static/js/bundle-playback.js?v=HxkREWBo" charset="utf-8"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="/_static/js/wombat.js?v=txqj7nKC" charset="utf-8"></script> <script>window.RufflePlayer=window.RufflePlayer||{};window.RufflePlayer.config={"autoplay":"on","unmuteOverlay":"hidden"};</script> <script type="text/javascript" src="/_static/js/ruffle/ruffle.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript"> __wm.init("https://web.archive.org/web"); __wm.wombat("https://hbr.org/sign-in","20180218105029","https://web.archive.org/","web","/_static/", "1518951029"); </script> <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="/_static/css/banner-styles.css?v=S1zqJCYt" /> <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="/_static/css/iconochive.css?v=3PDvdIFv" />  <meta charset="utf-8"/> <meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge"/> <meta name="msapplication-config" content="none"/> <title>Sign In</title> <meta name="description" content="Find new ideas and classic advice on strategy, innovation and leadership, for global leaders from the world's best business and management experts."/> <meta name="item-id" content="4b6ef9939962a3855f1f0c48b90626be"/> <meta name="viewport" content="initial-scale=1,width=device-width"/> <meta name="intromercial" content="protected"/> <meta name="uid" content="2C05B8883F37664C31E828AB64CE2043"/> <meta name="sid" content="056BACE37B7B24CF45C649A2F493AB35"/> <meta name="shopper-attributes" content="state:guest"/> <meta property="og:title" content="Sign In"/> <meta name="page-type" content="USER"/> <meta name="page-id" content="400"/> <meta name="ox-group" content="537063789"/> <meta name="rr-placements" content="home_page.red_strip_engage,home_page.mag_cover_engage,home_page.subscribe_now_footer_engage,home_page.topbar_subscribe_engage"/>  <link rel="icon" type="image/x-icon" href="/web/20180218105029im_/https://hbr.org/resources/images/favicon.ico"> <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="/web/20180218105029cs_/https://hbr.org/resources/css/style_3c53f2b20b605ca4.css"/> <script type="text/javascript"> if (document.cookie.match(/hbr_f=true/)) { window.document.documentElement.className += " fonts-loaded"; } </script> <script type="text/javascript"> window.digitalData = {"siteType":"Desktop","page":{"pageInfo":{"ipAddress":"207.241.226.232","pageName":"Sign In","pageType":"USER","pageDescription":"Find new ideas and classic advice on strategy, innovation and leadership, for global leaders from the world's best business and management experts.","onsiteSearchResults":0,"date":"02-18-2018","time":"05:50 AM"}},"users":[{"profile":{"quota":{"limit":3,"remaining":2},"userState":"Guest","sessionID":"056BACE37B7B24CF45C649A2F493AB35","secondsSinceLastVisit":23,"daysSinceLastVisit":0,"accountID":"2C05B8883F37664C31E828AB64CE2043","dateLastVisit":"2018-02-18"}}],"version":"2.2","siteID":"hbrprod","pageInstanceID":"Sign In:prod"}; if (window.digitalData && window.digitalData.page && window.digitalData.page.pageInfo) { if (!window.digitalData.page.pageInfo.deviceType) { !function (a) { var b = /iPhone/i, c = /iPod/i, d = /iPad/i, e = /(?=.*\bAndroid\b)(?=.*\bMobile\b)/i, f = /Android/i, g = /(?=.*\bAndroid\b)(?=.*\bSD4930UR\b)/i, h = /(?=.*\bAndroid\b)(?=.*\b(?:KFOT|KFTT|KFJWI|KFJWA|KFSOWI|KFTHWI|KFTHWA|KFAPWI|KFAPWA|KFARWI|KFASWI|KFSAWI|KFSAWA)\b)/i, i = /Windows Phone/i, j = /(?=.*\bWindows\b)(?=.*\bARM\b)/i, k = /BlackBerry/i, l = /BB10/i, m = /Opera Mini/i, n = /(CriOS|Chrome)(?=.*\bMobile\b)/i, o = /(?=.*\bFirefox\b)(?=.*\bMobile\b)/i, p = new RegExp("(?:Nexus 7|BNTV250|Kindle Fire|Silk|GT-P1000)", "i"), q = function (a, b) { return a.test(b) }, r = function (a) { var r = a || navigator.userAgent, s = r.split("[FBAN"); if ("undefined" != typeof s[1] && (r = s[0]), s = r.split("Twitter"), "undefined" != typeof s[1] && (r = s[0]), this.apple = { phone: q(b, r), ipod: q(c, r), tablet: !q(b, r) && q(d, r), device: q(b, r) || q(c, r) || q(d, r) }, this.amazon = { phone: q(g, r), tablet: !q(g, r) && q(h, r), device: q(g, r) || q(h, r) }, this.android = { phone: q(g, r) || q(e, r), tablet: !q(g, r) && !q(e, r) && (q(h, r) || q(f, r)), device: q(g, r) || q(h, r) || q(e, r) || q(f, r) }, this.windows = { phone: q(i, r), tablet: q(j, r), device: q(i, r) || q(j, r) }, this.other = { blackberry: q(k, r), blackberry10: q(l, r), opera: q(m, r), firefox: q(o, r), chrome: q(n, r), device: q(k, r) || q(l, r) || q(m, r) || q(o, r) || q(n, r) }, this.seven_inch = q(p, r), this.any = this.apple.device || this.android.device || this.windows.device || this.other.device || this.seven_inch, this.phone = this.apple.phone || this.android.phone || this.windows.phone, this.tablet = this.apple.tablet || this.android.tablet || this.windows.tablet, "undefined" == typeof window) { return this } }, s = function () { var a = new r; return a.Class = r, a }; "undefined" != typeof module && module.exports && "undefined" == typeof window ? module.exports = r : "undefined" != typeof module && module.exports && "undefined" != typeof window ? module.exports = s() : "function" == typeof define && define.amd ? define("isMobile", [], a.isMobile = s()) : a.isMobile = s() }(this); window.digitalData.page.pageInfo.sysEnv = "Desktop"; window.digitalData.page.pageInfo.deviceType = "Desktop"; if (isMobile.phone || isMobile.tablet) { window.digitalData.page.pageInfo.sysEnv = "Mobile"; if (isMobile.phone) { window.digitalData.page.pageInfo.deviceType = "Mobile"; } if (isMobile.tablet) { window.digitalData.page.pageInfo.deviceType = "Tablet"; } } window.digitalData.siteType = window.digitalData.page.pageInfo.deviceType; } window.digitalData.page.pageInfo.pageURL = window.location.origin + window.location.pathname; if (document.referrer) { window.digitalData.page.pageInfo.referringURL = document.referrer; } } </script> <script src="//web.archive.org/web/20180218105029js_/https://assets.adobedtm.com/9146204dcdccfe9dc3405fbec7e2354ec4405ec3/satelliteLib-71f6756d9ddcfd5530c44d483635a8363cb244a3.js"></script> <script src="//web.archive.org/web/20180218105029js_/https://media.richrelevance.com/rrserver/js/1.2/p13n.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="/web/20180218105029js_/https://hbr.org/resources/js/components/overlay-intromercial/intromercial_5b6829e2cd50ab2d.js"></script> </head> <body> <script type="text/javascript"> if (typeof generateIntromercial === 'function') { generateIntromercial(); } </script>  <div id="main" class="container"> <div id="" class="component" data-order="0" data-type="webscript" data-moveable="false" data-params="region=openx;location=leaderboard"> <section class="backdrop-darker"> <div class="row"> <div class="small-12 column text-center"> <div class="mvs ad-container"> <div id="DFP_pos1"><script type="text/javascript">googletag.cmd.push(function() { googletag.display('DFP_pos1'); });</script></div> </div> </div> </div> </section> </div> <div id="" class="component" data-order="1" data-type="webscript" data-moveable="false" data-params="region=persistent-banner"> <section class="persistent-banner clearfix hide-for-print"> <div class="row"> <div class="small-12 column text-center"> <span class="quota"> <strong><span class="quota-remaining" js-target="quota-remaining">2</span>/<span class="quota-limit" js-target="quota-limit">3</span></strong> <span class="hide-for-small is-transparent">Free Articles left</span><span class="hide-for-medium-up font-light is-transparent">Remaining</span> <i class="icon icon-caret-right baseline-shift-down"></i> </span> <span class="subscribe-now"> <a class="hide-for-registered " href="/web/20180218105029/https://hbr.org/register"> <strong>Register</strong> <span class="hide-for-small font-light is-transparent">for more</span> </a> <span class="mhs hide-for-registered is-transparent "> | </span> <personalization-placement class="personalization-placement is-inline-block" data-placement-id="red_strip_engage"> <a href="/web/20180218105029/https://hbr.org/subscribe"> <strong>Subscribe</strong><span class="hide-for-small font-light"><strong> + Save!</strong></span> </a> </personalization-placement> <i class="icon icon-shield-reverse is-transparent baseline-shift-down antialiased"></i> </span> </div> </div> </section> </div> <div id="" class="component" data-order="2" data-type="webscript" data-moveable="false" data-params="region=header"> <div class="sticky-top-header"> <header class="top-header hide-for-print" role="banner"> <div class="top-header--bar flex-row backdrop-transparent-white pls" js-target="header-bar"> <a class="link--black top-header--menu-link flex-row justify-center align-items-center" js-target="menu-toggle" href="#"> <svg class="size-24x24 top-header--menu-icon-open svg-ie svg-stroke-3"><use xlink:href="/web/20180218105029im_/https://hbr.org/resources/css/images/icons.svg#hamburger"></use></svg> <svg class="size-24x24 top-header--menu-icon-close svg-ie"><use xlink:href="/web/20180218105029im_/https://hbr.org/resources/css/images/icons.svg#x"></use></svg> <span class="mls font-size-small hide-medium-down">MENU</span> </a> <a href="/web/20180218105029/https://hbr.org/" class="link--black hide-large-up flex-row align-items-center phs"> <svg class="top-header--logo"><use xlink:href="/web/20180218105029im_/https://hbr.org/resources/css/images/icons.svg#hbr-logo"></use></svg> </a> <div class="flex-1 flex-row mls justify-start align-items-center"> <span class="header-article-title"></span> </div> <form action="/web/20180218105029/https://hbr.org/search" method="get" class="flex-row align-items-center mrs mlm hide-small width-search-input"> <button class="attached-search-button"> <svg class="size-32x32 svg-ie"><use xlink:href="/web/20180218105029im_/https://hbr.org/resources/css/images/icons.svg#search"></use></svg> </button> <div class="relative flex-1"> <input type="hidden" name="search_type" value="search-all"> <input type="search" autocomplete="off" name="term" class="mbn" data-type="search-input"> <div class="autosuggest-shift-left-34 backdrop-white mts width-100pct zindex-highest hide" data-purpose="search-auto-suggest"> <div class="font-sans-serif"> <ul class="no-bullet ptm mbs" data-container="results"> <li class="pbm pts line-height-tight font-size-large text-gray-dark"></li> <li class="pbm pts line-height-tight font-size-large text-gray-dark"></li> <li class="pbm pts line-height-tight font-size-large text-gray-dark"></li> <li class="pbm pts line-height-tight font-size-large text-gray-dark"></li> <li class="pbm pts line-height-tight font-size-large text-gray-dark"></li> <li class="pbl pts line-height-tight font-size-large text-gray-dark has-border-bottom"></li> <li class="ptl font-size-xsmall text-gray-light font-bold">SUGGESTED TOPICS</li> <li class="pbm pts line-height-tight font-size-large text-gray-dark no-bullet"></li> <li class="pbm pts line-height-tight font-size-large text-gray-dark no-bullet"></li> <li class="pbm pts line-height-tight font-size-large text-gray-dark no-bullet"></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </form> <a href="/web/20180218105029/https://hbr.org/search" class="link--black global-header-button flex-row justify-center align-items-center hide-medium-up mlm" js-target="global-header-menu-toggle" data-menu="search"> <svg class="size-32x32 svg-ie"><use xlink:href="/web/20180218105029im_/https://hbr.org/resources/css/images/icons.svg#search"></use></svg> </a> <a href="/web/20180218105029/https://hbr.org/shopping-cart" class="link--black global-header-button flex-row justify-center align-items-center mlm top-header--shopping-cart" js-target="global-header-menu-toggle" data-menu="cart"> <svg class="size-32x32 svg-ie relative top-8pct"><use xlink:href="/web/20180218105029im_/https://hbr.org/resources/css/images/icons.svg#cart"></use></svg> </a> <personalization-placement class="personalization-placement global-header-button font-size-small flex-row hide-small mlm pls" data-placement-id="topbar_subscribe_engage"> <a href="/web/20180218105029/https://hbr.org/subscribe" class="link--black justify-center align-items-center flex-row nowrap font-size-large font-heavy"><b class="top-header--subscribe">Subscribe</b></a> </personalization-placement> <a href="/web/20180218105029/https://hbr.org/my-library" class="link--black global-header-button flex-row justify-center align-items-center hide-for-unregistered mlm is-signed" js-target="global-header-menu-toggle" data-menu="user" data-help-box-target="my-library"> <span js-target="newfollowing-user-badge"> <img src="/web/20180218105029im_/https://hbr.org/resources/css/images/nav-user-filled.svg" class="size-24x24 svg-ie" style="margin-right:3px"/> </span> <span class="hide-small">Hi, <span js-target="header-first-name">Guest</span></span> </a> <a href="/web/20180218105029/https://hbr.org/sign-in" class="link--black global-header-button flex-row justify-center align-items-center hide-for-registered mlm" data-help-box-target="sign-in-benefits"> <img src="/web/20180218105029im_/https://hbr.org/resources/css/images/nav-user-unfilled.svg" class="size-24x24 svg-ie mrs hide-medium-up" js-target="sign-in-register"> <span class="font-size-large hide-small font-weight-light nowrap"> <span class="top-header--register" js-target="sign-in-register">Sign In</span> <span class="top-header--register" js-target="sign-in-register--register">Register</span> </span> </a> </div> <div class="header-menu absolute backdrop-off-white pam" js-target="global-header-menu" data-menu="cart"> <svg class="border-caret absolute bottom-100pct hide-for-small" width="24px" height="16px" js-target="global-header-menu-caret"><path stroke-width="4px" d="M 0 16 l 12 -14 l 12 14"/></svg> <div class="right"><a href="#" class="text-gray" js-target="global-header-menu-toggle" data-menu="cart"><i class="icon icon-times"></i></a></div> <h3 class="mtl subheader">Items added to cart</h3> <div class="cart-container" js-target="global-header-cart-contents"> <div class="message mbs mtm">Your Shopping Cart is empty.</div> <a href="/web/20180218105029/https://hbr.org/store" class="button expand mbn mtm">Visit our store</a> </div> </div> <div class="header-menu absolute backdrop-off-white pam hide-medium-up" js-target="global-header-menu" data-menu="search"> <form action="/web/20180218105029/https://hbr.org/search" method="get" class="flex-row mtl"> <button class="attached-search-button"> <svg class="size-32x32 svg-ie"><use xlink:href="/web/20180218105029im_/https://hbr.org/resources/css/images/icons.svg#search"></use></svg> </button> <input type="hidden" name="search_type" value="search-all"> <input type="search" autocomplete="on" name="term" class="mbn flex-1"> </form> </div> <div class="header-menu absolute backdrop-dark pam" js-target="global-header-menu" data-menu="user"> <svg class="border-caret-dark absolute bottom-100pct hide-for-small" width="24px" height="16px" js-target="global-header-menu-caret"><path stroke-width="4px" d="M 0 16 l 12 -14 l 12 14"/></svg> <div class="right"><a href="#" class="link--white" js-target="global-header-menu-toggle" data-menu="user"><i class="icon icon-times"></i></a></div> <h3 class="white mvl" js-target="user-menu-name">Guest User</h3> <a href="/web/20180218105029/https://hbr.org/my-library/library" class="is-block link--white pvm has-border-top-light">MY LIBRARY</a> <a href="/web/20180218105029/https://hbr.org/my-library/topics" class="is-block link--white pvm has-border-top-light" js-target="global-topic-feeds-anchor">TOPIC FEEDS</a> <a href="/web/20180218105029/https://hbr.org/my-library/purchases" class="is-block link--white pvm has-border-top-light">PURCHASES</a> <a href="/web/20180218105029/https://hbr.org/my-library/activity" class="is-block link--white pvm has-border-top-light">ACTIVITY</a> <a href="/web/20180218105029/https://hbr.org/my-library/settings" class="is-block link--white pvm has-border-top-light">ACCOUNT SETTINGS</a> <a href="/web/20180218105029/https://hbr.org/my-library/preferences" class="is-block link--white pvm has-border-top-light">EMAIL PREFERENCES</a> <a href="/web/20180218105029/https://hbr.org/logout" class="is-block link--aqua ptm has-border-top-light">LOG OUT</a> </div> <div class="absolute backdrop-white width-100pct hide-small pbm hide" data-purpose="search-auto-suggest"> <div class="font-sans-serif"> <ul class="no-bullet ptm mbs invisible" data-container="dimensions"> <li class="pbm pts line-height-tight font-size-large text-gray-dark"></li> <li class="pbm pts line-height-tight font-size-large text-gray-dark"></li> <li class="pbm pts line-height-tight font-size-large text-gray-dark"></li> <li class="pbm pts line-height-tight font-size-large text-gray-dark"></li> <li class="pbm pts line-height-tight font-size-large text-gray-dark"></li> <li class="pbl pts line-height-tight font-size-large text-gray-dark has-border-bottom"></li> <li class="ptl font-size-xsmall text-gray-light font-bold">SUGGESTED TOPICS</li> <li class="pbm pts line-height-tight font-size-large text-gray-dark no-bullet"></li> <li class="pbm pts line-height-tight font-size-large text-gray-dark no-bullet"></li> <li class="pbm pts line-height-tight font-size-large text-gray-dark no-bullet"></li> </ul> </div> </div> </header> </div> <section class="site-logo"> <div class="brand"> <a href="/web/20180218105029/https://hbr.org/"> <img src="/web/20180218105029im_/https://hbr.org/resources/css/images/HBR_logo_gray.svg" alt="Harvard Business Review" class="logo"> </a> </div> </section>  </div> <div id="" class="component" data-order="3" data-type="webscript" data-moveable="false" data-params="region=sign-in"> <section class="backdrop-lightest clearfix"> <div class="row"> <div class="content-area column"> <div class="row"> <div class="small-12 medium-9 medium-centered columns mt-large3"> <h2 class="normal-hed font-light subheader mbl text-center text-gray spacing-narrow"><strong>Sign in</strong> to read more articles and subscribe to newsletters</h2> <h5 class="font-weight-normal text-center pbl mbn">Don't have an account yet? Registration is free!<a href="/web/20180218105029/https://hbr.org/register" class="primary-color font-bold"> Register here.</a> </h5> </div> </div> <sign-in class="sign-in"> <div class=""> <div class="sign-in-error-box sign-in-page is-hidden panel medium-8 is-centered faint-box-shadow"> <i class="icon icon-alert icon-lg warning-color mbm"></i> <div class="message"> You have entered an invalid email and password combination. Please try again or <a href="#" js-target="forgot-password-flyout">reset your password</a>. </div> </div> <form> <div class="row mbm"> <div class="small-12 medium-9 medium-centered columns"> <div class="field-container"> <input id="login-email" type="email" placeholder="EMAIL" class="mbs" js-target="username-input"> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row mbm"> <div class="small-12 medium-9 medium-centered columns"> <div class="field-container"> <input id="login-password" type="password" placeholder="PASSWORD" class="mbs" js-target="password-input"> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <aside class="login-form-pending pvm medium-9 is-centered"> <div class="button--gray expand mbs">Signing In <div class="loading--dark mts is-centered"> <div class="pie rotation"></div> <div class="pie filler"></div> <div class="mask"></div> </div> </div> </aside> <div class="small-12 medium-9 medium-centered columns mbn"> <button class="button expand" js-target="submit-sign-in">SIGN IN</button> </div> </div> </form> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="small-12 medium-9 medium-centered columns mtn"> <a href="#" js-target="forgot-password-flyout" class="message dark-gray">I FORGOT MY ACCOUNT INFO</a> </div> </div> </sign-in> </div> </div> </section> </div> <div id="" class="component" data-order="4" data-type="static-content" data-moveable="false" data-params="document=chat-with-cs"> <section class="section backdrop-lightest ptl hide-for-print"> <div class="row"> <div class="content-area column"> <div class="row mvl"> <div class="small-12 columns mtm mbl text-center"> <div class="darker-gray"><strong>Need help?</strong></div> <a href="#" onclick="zE.activate();return false;">Chat with a customer service agent</a> or Call 800-988-0886 (U.S./Canada), 617-783-7500 (International). </div> </div> </div> </div> </section> <script type="text/JavaScript"> window.zESettings = { webWidget: { helpCenter: { filter: { category: '201648867-Harvard-Business-Review-Group-HBRG-Frequently-Asked-Questions-' }, title: { '*': 'FAQ' }, searchPlaceholder: { '*': 'Search the FAQ' } } } }; </script>  <script>window.zEmbed||function(e,t){var n,o,d,i,s,a=[],r=document.createElement("iframe");window.zEmbed=function(){a.push(arguments)},window.zE=window.zE||window.zEmbed,r.src="javascript:false",r.title="",r.role="presentation",(r.frameElement||r).style.cssText="display: none",d=document.getElementsByTagName("script"),d=d[d.length-1],d.parentNode.insertBefore(r,d),i=r.contentWindow,s=i.document;try{o=s}catch(e){n=document.domain,r.src='javascript:var d=document.open();d.domain="'+n+'";void(0);',o=s}o.open()._l=function(){var e=this.createElement("script");n&&(this.domain=n),e.id="js-iframe-async",e.src="https://web.archive.org/web/20180218105029/https://assets.zendesk.com/embeddable_framework/main.js",this.t=+new Date,this.zendeskHost="hbphelp.zendesk.com",this.zEQueue=a,this.body.appendChild(e)},o.write('<body onload="document._l();">'),o.close()}(); </script> <script> zE(function() { zE.setLocale('en'); if(window.localStorage.getItem("user") && document.getElementsByTagName("nav")[0].getAttribute("data-state")) { var userInfo = JSON.parse(window.localStorage.getItem("user")); zE.identify({ name: userInfo.displayName, email: userInfo.emailAddress }); } else { $zopim(function() { $zopim.livechat.clearAll(); }); } }); </script>  </div> <div id="" class="component" data-order="98" data-type="webscript" data-moveable="false" data-params="region=global-nav">  <nav class="global-nav backdrop-off-white flex-col justify-between ptm hide-for-print" data-state="" data-page="sign-in"> <div class="phl"> <a href="/web/20180218105029/https://hbr.org/" class="is-block mtm mbs hide-medium-down"><img src="/web/20180218105029im_/https://hbr.org/resources/css/images/HBR_logo_black.svg" alt="Harvard Business Review"></a> <a href="/web/20180218105029/https://hbr.org/the-latest" class="flex-row align-items-center link--black has-border-bottom tap-target-height" track-target="global-nav-link--the-latest">THE LATEST</a> <a href="/web/20180218105029/https://hbr.org/most-popular" class="flex-row align-items-center link--black has-border-bottom tap-target-height" track-target="global-nav-link--most-popular">MOST POPULAR</a> <a href="/web/20180218105029/https://hbr.org/topics" class="flex-row align-items-center link--black has-border-bottom tap-target-height" track-target="global-nav-link--topics">ALL TOPICS</a> <a href="/web/20180218105029/https://hbr.org/video" class="flex-row align-items-center link--black has-border-bottom tap-target-height" track-target="global-nav-link--video">VIDEO</a> <a href="/web/20180218105029/https://hbr.org/magazine" class="flex-row align-items-center link--black has-border-bottom tap-target-height" track-target="global-nav-link--magazine">MAGAZINE ARCHIVE</a> <a href="/web/20180218105029/https://hbr.org/store" class="flex-row align-items-center link--black has-border-bottom tap-target-height" track-target="global-nav-link--store">BUY HBR PRODUCTS</a> <a href="/web/20180218105029/https://hbr.org/visual-library" class="flex-row align-items-center link--black has-border-bottom tap-target-height" track-target="global-nav-link--visual-library" data-sign-in="true">SUBSCRIBER EXCLUSIVES</a> <a href="/web/20180218105029/https://hbr.org/my-library" class="flex-row align-items-center link--black tap-target-height" track-target="global-nav-link--my-library" data-sign-in="true">MY LIBRARY</a> </div> <personalization-placement class="personalization-placement" data-placement-id="mag_cover_engage"> <div class="flex-row justify-center hide-small"> <a href="/web/20180218105029/https://hbr.org/subscribe" target="_blank"><img class="nav-magazine-cover" src="/web/20180218105029im_/https://hbr.org/resources/images/covers/latest.png" alt="Subscribe"/></a> </div> <a href="/web/20180218105029/https://hbr.org/subscribe" target="_blank" class="is-block text-center slug--small light-gray inverted font-tight line-height-tight pvm phl">Subscribe + Save!</a> </personalization-placement> </nav> </div> <div id="" class="component" data-order="99" data-type="static-content" data-moveable="false" data-params="document=footer">  <footer class="footer hide-for-print flex-row justify-center"> <div class="has-border-top footer-container"> <div class="backdrop-white hide-for-print mbs"> <div class="footer-container--top mt-large2 mb-large2"> <span class="footer-logo"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180218105029/http://hbr.org/"><img src="/web/20180218105029im_/https://hbr.org/resources/css/images/hbr_logo.svg" alt="Harvard Business Review" class="logo"></a> </span> <div class="panel-container"> <div class="panel-inner-container"> <span class="panel nowrap flex-col text-center justify-center"> <personalization-placement class="personalization-placement is-inline-block no" data-placement-id="subscribe_now_footer_engage"> </personalization-placement> </span> <span class="placeholder"> </span> </div> </div> </div> <footer-menu> <div class="footer-content--container flex-row-wrap justify-between flex-direction--row"> <div js-target="footer-item" class="footer-content--list flex-col"> <div class="flex-row justify-between"> <h6>EXPLORE HBR</h6> <span class="footer-item--arrow icon icon-caret-right font-size-medium mbm mtm"></span> </div> <ul class="no-bullet tidy-list hide-for-small--list mbn"> <li><a href="/web/20180218105029/https://hbr.org/the-latest">The Latest</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180218105029/https://hbr.org/most-popular">Most Popular</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180218105029/https://hbr.org/topics">All Topics</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180218105029/https://hbr.org/magazine">Magazine Archive</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180218105029/https://hbr.org/video">Video</a></li> <li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180218105029/https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/hbr-ideacast/id152022135?mt=2">Audio</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180218105029/https://hbr.org/webinars">Webinars</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180218105029/https://hbr.org/visual-library">Subscriber Exclusives</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180218105029/https://hbr.org/my-library">My Library</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180218105029/https://hbr.org/email-newsletters">Newsletters</a></li> <li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180218105029/https://www.hbrascend.in/">HBR Ascend</a></li> </ul> </div> <div js-target="footer-item" class="footer-content--list flex-col"> <div class="flex-row justify-between"> <h6>HBR STORE</h6> <span class="footer-item--arrow icon icon-caret-right font-size-medium mbm mtm"></span> </div> <ul class="no-bullet tidy-list hide-for-small--list mbn"> <li><a href="/web/20180218105029/https://hbr.org/store/articles">Article Reprints</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180218105029/https://hbr.org/store/books">Books</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180218105029/https://hbr.org/store/case-studies">Cases</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180218105029/https://hbr.org/store/collections">Collections</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180218105029/https://hbr.org/store/magazine-issues">Magazine Issues</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180218105029/https://hbr.org/store/landing/guides">HBR Guide Series</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180218105029/https://hbr.org/store/landing/20-minute-managers">HBR 20-Minute Managers</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180218105029/https://hbr.org/store/landing/mustreads">HBR Must Reads</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180218105029/https://hbr.org/store/tools">Tools</a></li> </ul> </div> <div js-target="footer-item" class="footer-content--list flex-col"> <div class="flex-row justify-between"> <h6>ABOUT HBR</h6> <span class="footer-item--arrow icon icon-caret-right font-size-medium mbm mtm"></span> </div> <ul class="no-bullet tidy-list hide-for-small--list mbn"> <li><a href="/web/20180218105029/https://hbr.org/contact-us">Contact Us</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180218105029/https://hbr.org/hbr-advertising-sales">Advertise with Us</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180218105029/https://hbr.org/subscribe">Subscribe</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180218105029/https://hbr.org/booksellers-retailers">Information for Booksellers/Retailers</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180218105029/https://hbr.org/about-hbr">Masthead</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180218105029/https://hbr.org/global-editions">Global Editions</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180218105029/https://hbr.org/media-inquiries">Media Inquiries</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180218105029/https://hbr.org/guidelines-for-authors-web">Guidelines for Authors</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180218105029/https://hbr.org/hbr-analytic-services">HBR Analytic Services</a></li> </ul> </div> <div js-target="footer-item" class="footer-content--list flex-col"> <div class="flex-row justify-between"> <h6>HBR SUBSCRIBER ASSISTANCE</h6> <span class="footer-item--arrow icon icon-caret-right font-size-medium mbm mtm"></span> </div> <ul class="no-bullet tidy-list hide-for-small--list mbn"> <li class="text-overflow">U.S./Canada:<br/> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180218105029/tel:+18002743214">800.274.3214</a> <br/> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180218105029/mailto:harvard@cdsfulfillment.com">harvard@cdsfulfillment.com</a> <br/> <a href="/web/20180218105029/https://hbr.org/subscriberservices">hbr.org/subscriberservices</a></li> <li class="text-overflow">International:<br/> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180218105029/tel:+441858438412">+44.1858.438.412</a> <br/> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180218105029/tel:+61282965401">(Asia Pacific: +612.8296.5401)</a> <br/> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180218105029/mailto:hbr@subscription.co.uk">hbr@subscription.co.uk</a> <br/> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180218105029/https://www.subscription.co.uk/hbr/help">subscription.co.uk/hbr/help</a></li> </ul> </div> <div js-target="footer-item" class="footer-content--list flex-col"> <div class="flex-row justify-between"> <h6>HBR.ORG CUSTOMER ASSISTANCE</h6> <span class="footer-item--arrow icon icon-caret-right font-size-medium mbm mtm"></span> </div> <ul class="no-bullet tidy-list hide-for-small--list mbn">  <li class="text-overflow">U.S./Canada:<br/> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180218105029/tel:+18009880886">800.988.0886</a></li> <li> <li class="text-overflow">International:<br/> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180218105029/tel:+16177837500">617.783.7500</a></li> <li class="text-overflow">Email:<br/> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180218105029/mailto:customerservice@harvardbusiness.org">customerservice@harvardbusiness.org</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180218105029/https://hbr.org/help-customer-service-home">Customer Service Help & FAQs</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180218105029/https://hbr.org/permissions">Copyright Permissions</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="footer-content--list footer-content--last-list flex-col"> <div class="flex-row justify-between"> <h6>FOLLOW HBR</h6> </div> <ul class="icon-ul tidy-list mbn"> <li><i class="icon-li icon icon-facebook"></i> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180218105029/http://www.facebook.com/HBR">Facebook</a></li> <li><i class="icon-li icon icon-twitter"></i> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180218105029/http://twitter.com/HarvardBiz">Twitter</a></li> <li><i class="icon-li icon icon-linkedin"></i> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180218105029/https://www.linkedin.com/company/harvard-business-review?trk=biz-companies-cym">LinkedIn</a></li> <li><i class="icon-li icon icon-google-plus"></i> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180218105029/https://plus.google.com/+harvardbusinessreview/posts">Google+</a></li> <li><i class="icon-li icon line-height-very-very-tight icon-newsreader"></i> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180218105029/http://feeds.hbr.org/harvardbusiness/">Your Newsreader</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </footer-menu> <div class="flex-row mbl mt-large2"> <div class="footer-logo hide-for-small"> <figure class="mts"> <img src="/web/20180218105029im_/https://hbr.org/resources/images/2014/Harvard-Business-Publishing-logo.png" alt="Harvard Business Publishing" class="medium-6"/> </figure> </div> <div class="flex-direction--row mbl hide-for-small--list copyright-block"> <ul class="piped-inline-list is-inline mbn pbn hide-for-small flex-row flex-direction--row copyright"> <li><a href="/web/20180218105029/https://hbr.org/corporate/about" class="copyright">About Us</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180218105029/https://hbr.org/corporate/careers" class="copyright">Careers</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180218105029/https://hbr.org/corporate/privacy-policy" class="copyright">Privacy Policy</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180218105029/https://hbr.org/corporate/copyright" class="copyright">Copyright Information</a></li> <li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180218105029/http://trademark.harvard.edu/pages/trademark-notice" class="copyright">Trademark Policy</a></li> </ul><br/> <div class="copyright is-inline mrs hide-for-small">Harvard Business Publishing:</div> <ul class="piped-inline-list is-inline copyright hide-for-small flex-row flex-direction--row"> <li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180218105029/http://hbsp.harvard.edu/" class="copyright">Higher Education</a></li> <li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180218105029/http://www.harvardbusiness.org/" class="copyright">Corporate Learning</a></li> <li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180218105029/http://hbr.org/" class="copyright">Harvard Business Review</a></li> </ul> <div class="copyright flex-row flex-direction--row">Copyright © 2018 Harvard Business School Publishing. All rights reserved. Harvard Business Publishing is an affiliate of Harvard Business School.</div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </footer>  </div> </div> <script src="//web.archive.org/web/20180218105029js_/https://cdns.gigya.com/js/gigya.js?apiKey=2_DGuCTo4P8ts08o-9k7vrnlREmzgK-D2xVOrYmspM4SPv9awRLJui0F50QEcF8BMI"></script> <script src="/web/20180218105029js_/https://hbr.org/resources/js/common_10093429f81d30bc.js"></script> <script src="/web/20180218105029js_/https://hbr.org/resources/js/pages/sign-in_19eb79f1b8c50f2e.js"></script>  <script> var _comscore = _comscore || []; _comscore.push({ c1: "2", c2: "14457509" }); (function() { var s = document.createElement("script"), el = document.getElementsByTagName("script")[0]; s.async = true; s.src = (document.location.protocol == "https:" ? "https://web.archive.org/web/20180218105029/https://sb" : "http://b") + ".scorecardresearch.com/beacon.js"; el.parentNode.insertBefore(s, el); })(); </script> <noscript> <img src="https://web.archive.org/web/20180218105029im_/http://b.scorecardresearch.com/p?c1=2&c2=14457509&cv=2.0&cj=1"/> </noscript>  <script type="text/javascript">_satellite.pageBottom();</script> </body> </html>

CINXE.COM

Sign In