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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Persecution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Persecution</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Persecution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Deportations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Deportations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Deportations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Deportations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Indentured_labour_and_slavery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Indentured_labour_and_slavery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Indentured labour and slavery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Indentured_labour_and_slavery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Culture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Travel" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Travel"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Travel</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Travel-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Works_cited" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Works_cited"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Works cited</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Works_cited-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon 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.ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Romanichal" title="Special:EditPage/Romanichal">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Romanichal%22">"Romanichal"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Romanichal%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Romanichal%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Romanichal%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Romanichal%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Romanichal%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">October 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.infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">Romanichal</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Hicks_gypsy_girl.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Hicks_gypsy_girl.jpg/220px-Hicks_gypsy_girl.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="270" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Hicks_gypsy_girl.jpg/330px-Hicks_gypsy_girl.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Hicks_gypsy_girl.jpg/440px-Hicks_gypsy_girl.jpg 2x" data-file-width="814" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption"><i>A Gypsy Girl</i> by <a href="/wiki/George_Elgar_Hicks" title="George Elgar Hicks">George Elgar Hicks</a> (1899)</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Regions with significant populations</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></th><td class="infobox-data">No reliable numbers; UK census data gives fewer than 58,000, though this may be unreliable<sup id="cite_ref-cm201719_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cm201719-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></th><td class="infobox-data">164,000 (estimate)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/23px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/35px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/45px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a></th><td class="infobox-data">14,000 (estimate)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="640" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a></th><td class="infobox-data">6,600 (estimate)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a></th><td class="infobox-data">3,900 (estimate)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/23px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/35px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/46px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a></th><td class="infobox-data">1,500 (estimate)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Languages</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">English and <a href="/wiki/Angloromani_language" title="Angloromani language">Angloromani</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Religion</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><b>Majority</b>:<br /><a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a><br /><b>Minority</b>:<br /><a href="/wiki/Romani_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Romani mythology">Romani mythology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Irreligion" title="Irreligion">irreligion</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Related ethnic groups</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">English, other <a href="/wiki/Romani_people" title="Romani people">Roma</a><br />especially <a href="/wiki/Kale_(Welsh_Roma)" title="Kale (Welsh Roma)">Welsh Kale</a>, <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Romani_and_Itinerant_people_groups#Lowland_Scottish_Gypsies/Travellers" 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.sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle" style="padding-top:0.4em;">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Romani" title="Category:Romani">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="font-size:175%; line-height:1.0em; padding-bottom:0.4em;"><a href="/wiki/Romani_people" title="Romani people">Romani people</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image" style="border:none; padding:0.6em 0.4em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_Romani_people.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of the Romani people"><img alt="Flag of the Romani people" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Flag_of_the_Romani_people.svg/60px-Flag_of_the_Romani_people.svg.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Flag_of_the_Romani_people.svg/90px-Flag_of_the_Romani_people.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Flag_of_the_Romani_people.svg/120px-Flag_of_the_Romani_people.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above hlist" style="border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archaeology_of_the_Romani_people" title="Archaeology of the Romani people">Archaeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_cuisine" title="Romani cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_society_and_culture" title="Romani society and culture">Culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_dance" title="Romani dance">Dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_dress" title="Romani dress">Dress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_folklore" title="Romani folklore">Folklore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Romani_people" title="History of the Romani people">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_language" title="Romani language">Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_media" title="Romani media">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_music" title="Romani music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Names_of_the_Romani_people" title="Names of the Romani people">Names</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Romani_people" title="List of Romani people">People</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_people#Religion" title="Romani people">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Romani_settlements" title="List of Romani settlements">Settlements</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding:0.2em 0.4em 0; border-top:1px solid #aaa;"> <div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold; background:none;text-align:center;line-height:1.5em;"><div style="margin: 0 4em">Romani people by sub-group</div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0; font-weight:normal; text-align: center;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Afro-Romani" title="Afro-Romani">Afro-Romani</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Arlije" title="Arlije">Arlije</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Bergitka_Roma" title="Bergitka Roma">Bergitka Roma</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Burgenland_Roma" title="Burgenland Roma">Burgenland Roma</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Boyash" title="Boyash">Boyash</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Cascarots" title="Cascarots">Cascarots</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Crimean_Roma" title="Crimean Roma">Crimean Roma</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Gurbeti" title="Gurbeti">Gurbeti</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Jewish%E2%80%93Romani_relations#Romani_Jews" title="Jewish–Romani relations"> Judeo-Romani</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Kalderash" title="Kalderash">Kalderash</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Gitanos" title="Gitanos">Kale (Iberian Roma)</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Finnish_Kale" title="Finnish Kale">Kale (Finnish Roma)</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Kale_(Welsh_Roma)" title="Kale (Welsh Roma)">Kale (Welsh Roma)</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Lovari" title="Lovari">Lovari</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/L%C4%83utari" title="Lăutari">Lăutari</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Machvaya" class="mw-redirect" title="Machvaya">Machvaya</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_and_Swedish_Travellers" title="Norwegian and Swedish Travellers">Romanisæl</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Polska_Roma" title="Polska Roma">Polska Roma</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Romanichal</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Ruska_Roma" title="Ruska Roma">Ruska Roma</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Sepe%C4%8Dides_Romani" title="Sepečides Romani">Sepečides Romani</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Servitka_Roma" title="Servitka Roma">Servitka Roma</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Sinti" title="Sinti">Sinti</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Ursari" title="Ursari">Ursari</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Zargari_tribe" title="Zargari tribe">Zargari</a> </li></ul> </div></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding:0.2em 0.4em 0; border-top:1px solid #aaa;"> <div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold; background:none;text-align:center;line-height:1.5em;"><div style="margin: 0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Romani_diaspora" title="Romani diaspora">Romani diaspora</a> by country</div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0; font-weight:normal; text-align: center;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_Albania" title="Romani people in Albania">Albania</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_Argentina" title="Romani people in Argentina">Argentina</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_Australia" title="Romani people in Australia">Australia</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_Austria" title="Romani people in Austria">Austria</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_Belarus" title="Romani people in Belarus">Belarus</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_Belgium" title="Romani people in Belgium">Belgium</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Romani people in Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia-Herzegovina</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_Brazil" title="Romani people in Brazil">Brazil</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_Bulgaria" title="Romani people in Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_Colombia" title="Romani people in Colombia">Colombia</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_Croatia" title="Romani people in Croatia">Croatia</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_Cyprus" title="Romani people in Cyprus">Cyprus</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_the_Czech_Republic" title="Romani people in the Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_Czechoslovakia" title="Romani people in Czechoslovakia">Czechoslovakia</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_Denmark" title="Romani people in Denmark">Denmark</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_Estonia" title="Romani people in Estonia">Estonia</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_Finland" title="Romani people in Finland">Finland</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_France" title="Romani people in France">France</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_Georgia_(country)" title="Romani people in Georgia (country)">Georgia</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_Germany" title="Romani people in Germany">Germany</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_Greece" title="Romani people in Greece">Greece</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_Hungary" title="Romani people in Hungary">Hungary</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_Ireland" title="Romani people in Ireland">Ireland</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_Italy" title="Romani people in Italy">Italy</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_Kosovo" title="Romani people in Kosovo">Kosovo</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_Latvia" title="Romani people in Latvia">Latvia</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_Lithuania" title="Romani people in Lithuania">Lithuania</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_Mexico" class="mw-redirect" title="Romani people in Mexico">Mexico</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_Montenegro" title="Romani people in Montenegro">Montenegro</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_New_Zealand" class="mw-redirect" title="Romani people in New Zealand">New Zealand</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_North_Macedonia" title="Romani people in North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_Moldova" title="Romani people in Moldova">Moldova</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_the_Netherlands" title="Romani people in the Netherlands">Netherlands</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_Norway" title="Romani people in Norway">Norway</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_Poland" title="Romani people in Poland">Poland</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_Portugal" title="Romani people in Portugal">Portugal</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_Romania" title="Romani people in Romania">Romania</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_Russia" title="Romani people in Russia">Russia</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_Serbia" title="Romani people in Serbia">Serbia</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_Slovakia" title="Romani people in Slovakia">Slovakia</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_Slovenia" title="Romani people in Slovenia">Slovenia</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Gitanos" title="Gitanos">Spain</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_Sweden" title="Romani people in Sweden">Sweden</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_Switzerland" title="Romani people in Switzerland">Switzerland</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_Turkey" title="Romani people in Turkey">Turkey</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_Ukraine" title="Romani people in Ukraine">Ukraine</a> (<a href="/wiki/Crimean_Roma" title="Crimean Roma">Crimea</a>) </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Romani people in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> (<a href="/wiki/Gypsy,_Roma_and_Traveller_people_(UK)" title="Gypsy, Roma and Traveller people (UK)">term</a>, <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Gypsy_and_Traveller_groups" class="mw-redirect" title="Scottish Gypsy and Traveller groups">Scotland</a>) </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Romani_Americans" title="Romani Americans">United States</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Slovak_Gypsies_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Hungarian Slovak Gypsies in the United States">Hungarian-Slovak</a>) </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_Uruguay" title="Romani people in Uruguay">Uruguay</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_Venezuela" class="mw-redirect" title="Romani people in Venezuela">Venezuela</a> </li></ul> </div></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below plainlist" style="border-top:none; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa; border-top: 1px solid #aaa;"> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="WikiProject"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/16px-People_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/24px-People_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/32px-People_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="100" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Romani_people" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Romani people">WikiProject</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar" style="padding-top:0;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Romani_people" title="Template:Romani people"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Romani_people" title="Template talk:Romani people"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Romani_people" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Romani people"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Romanichal</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small"><a href="/wiki/British_English" title="British English">UK</a>: </span><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'r' in 'rye'">r</span><span title="/ɒ/: 'o' in 'body'">ɒ</span><span title="'m' in 'my'">m</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span><span title="/ɪ/: 'i' in 'kit'">ɪ</span><span title="/tʃ/: 'ch' in 'China'">tʃ</span><span title="/æ/: 'a' in 'bad'">æ</span><span title="'l' in 'lie'">l</span></span>/</a></span></span> <span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991"><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small"><a href="/wiki/American_English" title="American English">US</a>: </span><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/-<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span><span title="/i/: 'y' in 'happy'">i</span></span>-/</a></span></span>; more commonly known as <b>English Gypsies</b>) are a <a href="/wiki/Romani_people" title="Romani people">Romani</a> subgroup within the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> and other parts of the English-speaking world. Most Romanichal speak <a href="/wiki/Angloromani" class="mw-redirect" title="Angloromani">Angloromani</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Mixed_language" title="Mixed language">mixed language</a> that blends <a href="/wiki/Romani_language" title="Romani language">Romani</a> vocabulary with English syntax. Romanichal residing in England, Scotland, and Wales are part of the <a href="/wiki/Gypsy,_Roma_and_Traveller_people_(UK)" title="Gypsy, Roma and Traveller people (UK)">Gypsy, Roma, and Traveller community</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-radical_stats_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-radical_stats-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Genetic, cultural and linguistic findings indicate that the Romani people can trace their origins to <a href="/wiki/North_India" title="North India">Northern India</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarinov202031_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarinov202031-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESilverman201249_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESilverman201249-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESnodgrass2016260_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESnodgrass2016260-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Romanichal&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The word "Romanichal" is derived from <i>Romani chal</i>, where <i>chal</i> is <a href="/wiki/Angloromani_language" title="Angloromani language">Angloromani</a> for "fellow".<sup id="cite_ref-auto_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBorrow200785_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBorrow200785-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Distribution">Distribution</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Romanichal&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Distribution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Nearly all Romanichal in Great Britain live in England, with smaller communities in South Wales, Northeast Wales, and the Scottish Borders.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Romani_diaspora" title="Romani diaspora">Romanichal diaspora</a> emigrated from Great Britain to other parts of the <a href="/wiki/English-speaking_world" title="English-speaking world">English-speaking world</a>. Based on some estimates, there are now more people of Romanichal descent in the United States than in Britain.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Great Britain, there is a sharp north–south divide among Romanichal. Southern Romanichal live in the Southeast, Southwest, Midlands, East Anglia, and South Wales; Northern Romanichal live in the Northwest, Yorkshire, Scottish Borders, and Northeast of Wales. The two groups' dialects differ in accent and vocabulary.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Language">Language</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Romanichal&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Language"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Angloromani_language" title="Angloromani language">Angloromani language</a></div> <p>The Romani people in England are thought to have spoken the Romani language until the 19th century, when it was largely replaced by English and Angloromani, a <a href="/wiki/Creole_language" title="Creole language">creole language</a> that combines the <a href="/wiki/Syntax" title="Syntax">syntax</a> and <a href="/wiki/Grammar" title="Grammar">grammar</a> of English with the Romani lexicon.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Today, most Romanichal speak both English and Angloromani, with only a small minority believed to speak the traditional Romani language.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There are two dialects of Angloromani: Southern Angloromani (spoken in the Southeast, Southwest, Midlands, East Anglia, and South Wales) and Northern Angloromani (spoken in the Northeast, Northwest, Yorkshire, Scottish Borders, and Northeast of Wales). These two dialects, along with the accents that accompany them, have led to two regional Romanichal identities forming, these being the Southern Romanichal identity and the Northern Romanichal identity.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Many Angloromani words have been incorporated into English, particularly in the form of <a href="/wiki/British_slang" title="British slang">British slang</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Ayto2006_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ayto2006-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Romanichal&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Romani_people" title="History of the Romani people">History of the Romani people</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Movimiento_gitano.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Movimiento_gitano.jpg/220px-Movimiento_gitano.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="182" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Movimiento_gitano.jpg/330px-Movimiento_gitano.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Movimiento_gitano.jpg/440px-Movimiento_gitano.jpg 2x" data-file-width="647" data-file-height="536" /></a><figcaption>The migration of the Romani through the <a href="/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle East</a> and <a href="/wiki/Northern_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern Africa">Northern Africa</a> to Europe</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gipsy_Essex_QE1_142.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Gipsy_Essex_QE1_142.jpg/220px-Gipsy_Essex_QE1_142.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Gipsy_Essex_QE1_142.jpg/330px-Gipsy_Essex_QE1_142.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Gipsy_Essex_QE1_142.jpg/440px-Gipsy_Essex_QE1_142.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3289" data-file-height="2318" /></a><figcaption>A Romanichal encampment in Essex, England (c. 1898)</figcaption></figure> <p>The Romani have origins in northwestern <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>, specifically <a href="/wiki/Rajasthan" title="Rajasthan">Rajasthan</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Silverman2012_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Silverman2012-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and are believed to have begun migrating westwards sometime between the 6th and 11th centuries.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Travelling through <a href="/wiki/West_Asia" title="West Asia">Western Asia</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Balkans" title="Balkans">Balkans</a>, they migrated through regions such as <a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a>, before reaching modern-day <a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia">Serbia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a> in the 14th century. Due to conflicts in the region, particularly during the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman</a> conquest of <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Europe" title="Southeast Europe">Southeastern Europe</a>, they continued their migration farther north and west, arriving in England by the early 16th century.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are also records of Romani people who migrated from <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a> to Scotland before arriving in England in 1512.<sup id="cite_ref-English_Gypsies_1875_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-English_Gypsies_1875-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Romanichal_family.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Romanichal_family.jpg/220px-Romanichal_family.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Romanichal_family.jpg/330px-Romanichal_family.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Romanichal_family.jpg/440px-Romanichal_family.jpg 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="544" /></a><figcaption>A Romanichal family in Derby, England (1910)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gypsy_family_with_varda_wagon_on_Epsom_Downs_1938.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Gypsy_family_with_varda_wagon_on_Epsom_Downs_1938.JPG/220px-Gypsy_family_with_varda_wagon_on_Epsom_Downs_1938.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="136" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Gypsy_family_with_varda_wagon_on_Epsom_Downs_1938.JPG/330px-Gypsy_family_with_varda_wagon_on_Epsom_Downs_1938.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Gypsy_family_with_varda_wagon_on_Epsom_Downs_1938.JPG/440px-Gypsy_family_with_varda_wagon_on_Epsom_Downs_1938.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1037" data-file-height="640" /></a><figcaption>A Romanichal family in Epsom Downs, photographed with their horse (1938)</figcaption></figure> <p>During the reign of <a href="/wiki/Henry_VIII_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry VIII of England">Henry VIII</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Egyptians_Act_1530" title="Egyptians Act 1530">Egyptians Act 1530</a> banned Romani from entering the country and required those already living there to leave within sixteen days. Failure to do so could result in confiscation of property, imprisonment, and deportation. During the reign of <a href="/wiki/Mary_I_of_England" title="Mary I of England">Mary I</a>, the Act was amended by the <a href="/wiki/Egyptians_Act_1554" title="Egyptians Act 1554">Egyptians Act 1554</a>, which removed the threat of punishment if Romani people abandoned their "naughty, idle and ungodly life and company" and adopted a sedentary lifestyle, but increased the penalty for non-compliance to death.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1562, a new law offered Romani born in <a href="/wiki/England_and_Wales" title="England and Wales">England and Wales</a> the possibility of becoming English subjects if they assimilated into the local population. Despite this new option, the Romani were forced into a marginal lifestyle and subjected to discrimination by the authorities and by many non-Romani. In 1596, 106 men and women were condemned to death at <a href="/wiki/York" title="York">York</a> for being Romani, and nine were executed.<sup id="cite_ref-Timbers2016_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Timbers2016-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Rid" title="Samuel Rid">Samuel Rid</a> wrote two books about them in the early 17th century.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>From the 1780s onwards, the anti-Romani laws were gradually repealed. The identity of the Romanichal was formed between 1660 and 1800, as a Romani group living in Britain.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Persecution">Persecution</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Romanichal&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Persecution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Anti-Romani_sentiment" title="Anti-Romani sentiment">Anti-Romani sentiment</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Anti-Romani_sentiment" title="Anti-Romani sentiment">Hostility and discrimination against Romani people</a> is still present in the UK.<sup id="cite_ref-independent.co.uk_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-independent.co.uk-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-cm201719_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cm201719-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2008, it was reported that the Romani experienced a higher degree of racism than any other group in the United Kingdom, including asylum-seekers, and a Mori poll indicated that a third of UK residents admitted to being prejudiced against Romani.<sup id="cite_ref-independent.co.uk_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-independent.co.uk-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Deportations">Deportations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Romanichal&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Deportations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The authorities began to deport Romanichal, principally to <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Norway" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Norway">Norway</a>, as early as 1544.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The process was continued and encouraged by <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_I" title="Elizabeth I">Elizabeth I</a> and <a href="/wiki/James_I_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="James I of England">James I</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-MacRitchie,_David_1894_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MacRitchie,_David_1894-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Finnish_Kale" title="Finnish Kale">Finnish Kale</a>, a Romani group in Finland, maintain that their ancestors were originally a Romani group who travelled from <a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> supporting the idea that they and some of the Scandinavian Travellers/Romani are distantly related to Scottish Romani and English Romanichal.<sup id="cite_ref-Fraser_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fraser-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the years following the <a href="/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War" title="American Revolutionary War">American War of Independence</a>, <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a> was the preferred destination for penal transportation of Romanichal. The exact number of Romanichal deported to Australia is unknown. It has been suggested that three Romanichal were carried by the <a href="/wiki/First_Fleet" title="First Fleet">First Fleet</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-identity_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-identity-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> one of whom is thought to have been <a href="/wiki/James_Squire" title="James Squire">James Squire</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-identity_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-identity-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> who founded Australia's first commercial brewery in 1798, and whose grandson, <a href="/wiki/James_Farnell" title="James Farnell">James Farnell</a>, became the first native-born premier of <a href="/wiki/New_South_Wales" title="New South Wales">New South Wales</a> in 1877. The total Romani population of Australia seems to have been extremely low, reflecting the fact that British Romani people probably made up just 0.01 per cent of the original convict population of 162,000.<sup id="cite_ref-identity_32-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-identity-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, it has been suggested that Romanichal were discriminated against under the transportation laws and may well have been undercounted.<sup id="cite_ref-Donohoe_1988_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Donohoe_1988-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fragmentary records suggest that at least fifty British Romani may have been transported to Australia.<sup id="cite_ref-identity_32-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-identity-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It has been suggested that transportation was particularly harsh for Romanies: </p> <blockquote><p>For Romani convicts, transportation meant social and psychological death; exiled, they had little hope of returning to England to re-establish family ties, cultural roots, continuous expression, and validation that would have revived their Romani identity in the convict era.<sup id="cite_ref-identity_32-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-identity-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>At least one Romani returned from Australia to England: Henry Lavello (or Lovell) was repatriated with a full pardon and was accompanied to England by a son born to an <a href="/wiki/Aboriginal_Australians" title="Aboriginal Australians">Aboriginal</a> woman.<sup id="cite_ref-identity_32-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-identity-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Donohoe_1988_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Donohoe_1988-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Indentured_labour_and_slavery">Indentured labour and slavery</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Romanichal&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Indentured labour and slavery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the 17th century, <a href="/wiki/Oliver_Cromwell" title="Oliver Cromwell">Oliver Cromwell</a>'s government shipped Romanichals as <a href="/wiki/Indentured_servitude" title="Indentured servitude">indentured labourers</a> to <a href="/wiki/Plantation" title="Plantation">plantations</a> in North America.<sup id="cite_ref-The_Pariah_Syndrome_1987_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Pariah_Syndrome_1987-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From a later period, there is documentation of English Romanichal being enslaved by <a href="/wiki/Free_person_of_color" class="mw-redirect" title="Free person of color">freed blacks</a> in <a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Jamaica" title="Colony of Jamaica">Jamaica</a>, <a href="/wiki/Barbados" title="Barbados">Barbados</a>, <a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Cuba" title="Captaincy General of Cuba">Cuba</a> and <a href="/wiki/Louisiana_(New_France)" title="Louisiana (New France)">Louisiana</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-MacRitchie,_David_1894_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MacRitchie,_David_1894-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-The_Pariah_Syndrome_1987_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Pariah_Syndrome_1987-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Romanichal&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Great_Dorset_Steam_Fair_2007_-_1331363507.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Great_Dorset_Steam_Fair_2007_-_1331363507.jpg/220px-Great_Dorset_Steam_Fair_2007_-_1331363507.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Great_Dorset_Steam_Fair_2007_-_1331363507.jpg/330px-Great_Dorset_Steam_Fair_2007_-_1331363507.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Great_Dorset_Steam_Fair_2007_-_1331363507.jpg/440px-Great_Dorset_Steam_Fair_2007_-_1331363507.jpg 2x" data-file-width="683" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption>Traditional Romanichal vardo and artwork at the Great Dorset Steam Fair (2007)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Music_at_Appleby_Fair.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Music_at_Appleby_Fair.jpg/220px-Music_at_Appleby_Fair.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Music_at_Appleby_Fair.jpg/330px-Music_at_Appleby_Fair.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Music_at_Appleby_Fair.jpg/440px-Music_at_Appleby_Fair.jpg 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="720" /></a><figcaption>Romanichal performers at <a href="/wiki/Appleby_Horse_Fair" title="Appleby Horse Fair">Appleby Horse Fair</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Romanichal belong to the wider community of <a href="/wiki/Romani_people" title="Romani people">Romani people</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Important cultural celebrations include <a href="/wiki/International_Romani_Day" title="International Romani Day">International Romani Day</a>, commemorating the inaugural World Roma Congress, held in London in 1971.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Romanichal in the United Kingdom have a distinct ethnic and cultural identity apart from the non-Romani population, whom they refer to as <i>Gorjas</i>, or <i>country people</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Prominent features of Romanichal culture include emphasis on the importance of family and extended family, adherence to traditional gender roles, birth and death rituals, emphasis on hygiene and household cleanliness, respect towards their older generations (including by referring to older members of the community as 'aunts' and 'uncles', a common tradition in many <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Asia" title="Culture of Asia">Asian cultures</a>), and a traditionally <a href="/wiki/Nomad" title="Nomad">nomadic</a> lifestyle (although many Romanichal are now settled).<sup id="cite_ref-:2_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Romanichal social customs have traditionally been influenced by the concept of <a href="/wiki/Marime" title="Marime">marimé</a>, or <i>mochadi</i> (ritual impurity).<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The majority of Romanichal in the UK are Christian, with religion often playing an integral role in their culture and celebrations.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 71.8% of Romani in England and Wales identified as Christian in the 2021 census.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Historically, Romanichal earned a living doing agricultural work and would move to the edges of towns for the winter months. There was casual work available on farms throughout the spring, summer, and autumn months. Spring would start with seed sowing and planting potatoes and fruit trees, early summer with weeding, and summer to late autumn with the harvesting of crops. Of particular significance was the <a href="/wiki/Hops" title="Hops">hop</a> industry, which employed thousands of Romanichal both in spring for <a href="/wiki/Vine_training" title="Vine training">vine training</a> and for the harvest in early autumn. Winter months were often spent doing casual labour in towns or selling goods or services door to door.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Traditional economic activities include gardening,<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> fortune telling, hawking, selling, and collecting scrap.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They have also produced notable boxers such as <a href="/wiki/Henry_Wharton_(boxer)" title="Henry Wharton (boxer)">Henry Wharton</a> and <a href="/wiki/Billy_Joe_Saunders" title="Billy Joe Saunders">Billy Joe Saunders</a>, as well as some notable footballers like <a href="/wiki/Freddy_Eastwood" title="Freddy Eastwood">Freddy Eastwood</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Acton_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Acton-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mass industrialisation of agriculture in the 1960s led to the disappearance of many of the casual farm jobs Romanichal had traditionally carried out.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i><b>Didicoy</b></i> (<a href="/wiki/Angloromani_language" title="Angloromani language">Angloromani</a>; didikai, also <i>diddicoy</i>, <i>diddykai</i>) is a term sometimes used to refer to a person of mixed Romani and <a href="/wiki/Gorger" class="mw-redirect" title="Gorger">Gorger</a> (non-Romanichal) blood but is often considered offensive.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Travel">Travel</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Romanichal&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Travel"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Vardo_(Romani_wagon)" title="Vardo (Romani wagon)">Vardo (Romani wagon)</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Romanichal" title="Special:EditPage/Romanichal">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Romanichal%22">"Romanichal"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Romanichal%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Romanichal%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Romanichal%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Romanichal%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Romanichal%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">May 2021</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Romanichal_Vardo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Romanichal_Vardo.jpg/220px-Romanichal_Vardo.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="274" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Romanichal_Vardo.jpg/330px-Romanichal_Vardo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Romanichal_Vardo.jpg/440px-Romanichal_Vardo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="933" /></a><figcaption>A British Romanichal family living in a vardo (1926)</figcaption></figure> <p>Originally, Romanichal would travel on foot or with light, horse-drawn carts, and would build <a href="/wiki/Bender_tent" title="Bender tent">bender tents</a> where they settled for a time, as is typical of other Romani groups. A bender is a type of tent constructed from a frame of bent hazel branches (hazel is chosen for its straightness and flexibility), covered with canvas or tarpaulin. </p><p>Around the mid- to late-19th century, the Romanichal began using wagons that incorporated living spaces on the inside. These they called "vardos" and were often brightly and colorfully decorated on the inside and outside. In the present day, Romanichal are more likely to live in houses or <a href="/wiki/Travel_trailer" class="mw-redirect" title="Travel trailer">caravans</a>. </p><p>Over 60% of 21st-century Romanichal families live in houses of bricks and mortar, whilst the remaining 40% still live in mobile homes such as caravans, static caravans, or trailers (with a small minority still living in <a href="/wiki/Vardo_(Romani_wagon)" title="Vardo (Romani wagon)">vardos</a>). </p><p>According to the Regional Spatial Strategy caravan count for 2008, there were 13,386 caravans owned by Romani in the <a href="/wiki/West_Midlands_(region)" title="West Midlands (region)">West Midlands</a> region of England, whilst a further 16,000 lived in bricks and mortar. Of the 13,386 caravans, 1,300 were parked on unauthorised sites (that is, on land where Romani were not given permission to park). Over 90% of Britain's travelling Romanichal live on authorised sites, where they pay full rates (<a href="/wiki/Council_tax" class="mw-redirect" title="Council tax">council tax</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-auto_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Romanichal_wash_day.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Romanichal_wash_day.jpg/220px-Romanichal_wash_day.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Romanichal_wash_day.jpg/330px-Romanichal_wash_day.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Romanichal_wash_day.jpg/440px-Romanichal_wash_day.jpg 2x" data-file-width="743" data-file-height="553" /></a><figcaption>Romanichal in Warwickshire, England (1905)</figcaption></figure> <p>On most Romanichal traveller sites, there are usually no toilets or showers inside caravans because in Romanichal culture, this is considered unclean, or <i>mochadi</i>. Most sites have separate utility blocks with toilets, sinks, and electric showers. Many Romanichal will not do their laundry inside, especially not underwear, and subsequently many utility blocks also have washing machines. In the days of horse-drawn wagons and vardos, Romanichal women would do their laundry in a river, being careful to wash upper-body garments further upstream from underwear and lower-body garments, and personal bathing would take place much further downstream. In some modern trailers, a double wall separates the living areas from the toilet and shower.<sup id="cite_ref-Acton_48-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Acton-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Due to the <a href="/wiki/Caravan_Sites_Act_1968" title="Caravan Sites Act 1968">Caravan Sites Act 1968</a>, which greatly reduced the number of caravans allowed to be pitched on authorised sites, many Romanichals cannot find legal places on sites with the rest of their families.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Today, most Romanichal travel within the same areas that were established generations ago. Most people can trace back their presence in an area over a hundred or two hundred years. Many traditional stopping places were taken over by local governments or by settled individuals decades ago and have subsequently changed hands numerous times. However, Romanichal travellers have long historical connections to such places and do not always willingly give them up. Most families are identifiable by their traditional wintering base, where they will stop travelling for the winter, and this place will be technically where a family is "from".<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Romanichal&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Romani_Studies" class="mw-redirect" title="Romani Studies">Romani Studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gordon_Boswell_Romany_Museum" title="Gordon Boswell Romany Museum">Gordon Boswell Romany Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jumping_the_broom_(Romani_people)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jumping the broom (Romani people)">Jumping the broom (Romani people)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Romanichals" title="List of Romanichals">List of Romanichals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Romanichal-related_depictions_and_documentaries" title="List of Romanichal-related depictions and documentaries">List of Romanichal-related depictions and documentaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gypsy_horse" title="Gypsy horse">Gypsy Cob</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gypsy_Lore_Society" title="Gypsy Lore Society">Gypsy Lore Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_Romani" class="mw-redirect" title="Welsh Romani">Welsh Romani language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angloromani_language" title="Angloromani language">Angloromani language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_language" title="Romani language">Romani language</a></li></ul> <p><b>Groups:</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Romani_people" title="Romani people">Romani people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Romani people in the United Kingdom">Romani people in the United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kale_(Welsh_Romanies)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kale (Welsh Romanies)">Welsh Kale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_Kale" title="Finnish Kale">Finnish Kale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_and_Swedish_Travellers" title="Norwegian and Swedish Travellers">Norwegian and Swedish Travellers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Gypsy_and_Traveller_groups" class="mw-redirect" title="Scottish Gypsy and Traveller groups">Scottish Gypsy and Traveller groups</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Travellers" title="Irish Travellers">Irish Travellers</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Romanichal&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-cm201719-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-cm201719_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cm201719_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output 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.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 January</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=University+of+Salford&rft.atitle=Migrant+Roma+in+the+United+Kingdom%3A+population+size+and+experiences+of+local+authorities+and+partners&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.salford.ac.uk%2F__data%2Fassets%2Fpdf_file%2F0003%2F1155666%2FMigrant_Roma_in_the_UK_final_report_October_2013.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomanichal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUniversity_of_Manchester_Romani_Project" class="citation web cs1">University of Manchester Romani Project. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20070218153756/http://www.llc.manchester.ac.uk/Research/Projects/romani/files/21_angloromani.shtml">"The Anglo-Romani project"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.llc.manchester.ac.uk/Research/Projects/romani/files/21_angloromani.shtml">the original</a> on 18 February 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Anglo-Romani+project&rft.au=University+of+Manchester+Romani+Project&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.llc.manchester.ac.uk%2FResearch%2FProjects%2Fromani%2Ffiles%2F21_angloromani.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomanichal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/voices/multilingual/romani.shtml">"Voices – Multilingual Nation – Romani"</a>. <i>BBC</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Oxford University Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/moversshakerschr0000ayto/page/232">232</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-861452-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-861452-4"><bdi>978-0-19-861452-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Movers+and+Shakers%3A+A+Chronology+of+Words+that+Shaped+Our+Age&rft.pages=232&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-19-861452-4&rft.au=John+Ayto&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmoversshakerschr0000ayto&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomanichal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Silverman2012-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Silverman2012_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarol_Silverman2012" class="citation book cs1">Carol Silverman (14 February 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6rTEBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA259"><i>Romani Routes: Cultural Politics and Balkan Music in Diaspora</i></a>. Oxford University Press. p. 259. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-991022-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-991022-9"><bdi>978-0-19-991022-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Romani+Routes%3A+Cultural+Politics+and+Balkan+Music+in+Diaspora&rft.pages=259&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2012-02-14&rft.isbn=978-0-19-991022-9&rft.au=Carol+Silverman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6rTEBgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA259&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomanichal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPappas2012" class="citation web cs1">Pappas, Stephanie (6 December 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nbcnews.com/news/amp/wbna50107632">"Origin of the Romani people pinned down – it's India"</a>. <i>NBC News</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NBC+News&rft.atitle=Origin+of+the+Romani+people+pinned+down+%E2%80%93+it%E2%80%99s+India&rft.date=2012-12-06&rft.aulast=Pappas&rft.aufirst=Stephanie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nbcnews.com%2Fnews%2Famp%2Fwbna50107632&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomanichal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:0_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://media.nationalgeographic.org/assets/file/romani_MIG.pdf">"Migrations of the Romani People"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>The National Geographic Society</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Covent Garden: Asher & Company.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Dialect+of+the+English+Gypsies&rft.place=Covent+Garden&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Asher+%26+Company&rft.date=1875&rft.aulast=Smart&rft.aufirst=B+C&rft.au=Crofton%2C+H+T&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdialectenglishg01crofgoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomanichal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gypsy-traveller.org/resource/historical-laws-affecting-travellers/#:~:text=The%20historical%20relationship%20between%20Gypsies,the%20country%20within%20sixteen%20days">"Historical Laws affecting Gypsies and Travellers – Friends, Families and Travellers"</a>. <i>gypsy-traveller.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Eleventh (287). London: George Bell: 326. 28 April 1855.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Notes+and+Queries&rft.atitle=Gypsies+in+England&rft.volume=Eleventh&rft.issue=287&rft.pages=326&rft.date=1855-04-28&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomanichal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200810051352/http://www.romaniarts.co.uk/gypsy-travellers-in-britain-history-timeline-2/">"Gypsy and Travellers in Britain – History Timeline | Romani Cultural & Arts Company"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.romaniarts.co.uk/gypsy-travellers-in-britain-history-timeline-2/">the original</a> on 10 August 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 August</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Gypsy+and+Travellers+in+Britain+%E2%80%93+History+Timeline+%7C+Romani+Cultural+%26+Arts+Company&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.romaniarts.co.uk%2Fgypsy-travellers-in-britain-history-timeline-2%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomanichal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-independent.co.uk-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-independent.co.uk_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-independent.co.uk_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShields2008" class="citation news cs1">Shields, Rachel (6 July 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/no-blacks-no-dogsno-gypsies-860873.html">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"No Blacks, No Dogs, No Gypsies"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>The Independent</i>. London.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Independent&rft.atitle=%22No+Blacks%2C+No+Dogs%2C+No+Gypsies%22&rft.date=2008-07-06&rft.aulast=Shields&rft.aufirst=Rachel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fuk%2Fhome-news%2Fno-blacks-no-dogsno-gypsies-860873.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomanichal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeyrauch2001" class="citation book cs1">Weyrauch, Walter Otto (2001). <i>Gypsy Law: Romani Legal Traditions and Culture</i>. 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Stockholm : Prisma.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Slang+och+hemliga+spr%C3%A5k&rft.pub=Stockholm+%3A+Prisma&rft.date=1964&rft.aulast=Bergman&rft.aufirst=Nils+G%C3%B6sta&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomanichal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MacRitchie,_David_1894-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-MacRitchie,_David_1894_28-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MacRitchie,_David_1894_28-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMacRitchie1894" class="citation book cs1">MacRitchie, David (1894). <i>Scottish Gypsies under the Stewarts</i>. Edinburgh: David Douglas. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/2027%2Fmdp.39015027038119">2027/mdp.39015027038119</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0766175839" title="Special:BookSources/0766175839"><bdi>0766175839</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1083268040">1083268040</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Scottish+Gypsies+under+the+Stewarts&rft.place=Edinburgh&rft.pub=David+Douglas&rft.date=1894&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F2027%2Fmdp.39015027038119&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1083268040&rft.isbn=0766175839&rft.aulast=MacRitchie&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomanichal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ethnologue.com/language/rmf">"Romani, Kalo Finnish"</a>. <i>Ethnologue</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ethnologue&rft.atitle=Romani%2C+Kalo+Finnish&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ethnologue.com%2Flanguage%2Frmf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomanichal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fraser-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Fraser_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFraser1995" class="citation book cs1">Fraser, Angus M (1995). <i>The Gypsies</i>. Mazal Holocaust Collection. (2nd ed.). Oxford, UK: Blackwell. p. 120. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0631196056" title="Special:BookSources/0631196056"><bdi>0631196056</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/32128826">32128826</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Gypsies&rft.place=Oxford%2C+UK&rft.pages=120&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Blackwell&rft.date=1995&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F32128826&rft.isbn=0631196056&rft.aulast=Fraser&rft.aufirst=Angus+M&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomanichal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAllan_Etzler1944" class="citation book cs1">Allan Etzler (1944). <i>Zigenarna och deras avkomlingar i Sverige: Historia och språk</i>. H. Geber.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Zigenarna+och+deras+avkomlingar+i+Sverige%3A+Historia+och+spr%C3%A5k&rft.pub=H.+Geber&rft.date=1944&rft.au=Allan+Etzler&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomanichal" class="Z3988"></span> cited in: Fraser (1995)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-identity-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-identity_32-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-identity_32-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-identity_32-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-identity_32-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-identity_32-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-identity_32-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFActonMundy1997" class="citation book cs1">Acton, Thomas Alan; Mundy, Gary (1997). <i>Romani Culture and Gypsy Identity</i>. Hatfield, Hertfordshire: University of Hertfordshire Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0900458763" title="Special:BookSources/0900458763"><bdi>0900458763</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/37396992">37396992</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Romani+Culture+and+Gypsy+Identity&rft.place=Hatfield%2C+Hertfordshire&rft.pub=University+of+Hertfordshire+Press&rft.date=1997&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F37396992&rft.isbn=0900458763&rft.aulast=Acton&rft.aufirst=Thomas+Alan&rft.au=Mundy%2C+Gary&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomanichal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Donohoe_1988-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Donohoe_1988_33-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Donohoe_1988_33-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDonohoe1991" class="citation book cs1">Donohoe, James Hugh (1991). <i>The Forgotten Australians: The Non Anglo or Celtic Convicts and Exiles</i>. North Sydney: J.H. Donohoe. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0731651294" title="Special:BookSources/0731651294"><bdi>0731651294</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/29430393">29430393</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Forgotten+Australians%3A+The+Non+Anglo+or+Celtic+Convicts+and+Exiles&rft.place=North+Sydney&rft.pub=J.H.+Donohoe&rft.date=1991&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F29430393&rft.isbn=0731651294&rft.aulast=Donohoe&rft.aufirst=James+Hugh&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomanichal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-The_Pariah_Syndrome_1987-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-The_Pariah_Syndrome_1987_34-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-The_Pariah_Syndrome_1987_34-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHancock1988" class="citation book cs1">Hancock, Ian F (1988). <i>The Pariah Syndrome: An Account of Gypsy Slavery and Persecution</i> (2nd rev. ed.). Ann Arbor: Karoma Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0897200799" title="Special:BookSources/0897200799"><bdi>0897200799</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/16071858">16071858</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Pariah+Syndrome%3A+An+Account+of+Gypsy+Slavery+and+Persecution&rft.place=Ann+Arbor&rft.edition=2nd+rev.&rft.pub=Karoma+Publishers&rft.date=1988&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F16071858&rft.isbn=0897200799&rft.aulast=Hancock&rft.aufirst=Ian+F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomanichal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChambers1858" class="citation book cs1">Chambers, Robert (1858). <i>Domestic Annals of Scotland from the Reformation to the Revolution</i>. Vol. II. Edinburgh: W. & R. Chambers. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/2027%2Fmdp.39015011674614">2027/mdp.39015011674614</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Domestic+Annals+of+Scotland+from+the+Reformation+to+the+Revolution.&rft.place=Edinburgh&rft.pub=W.+%26+R.+Chambers&rft.date=1858&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F2027%2Fmdp.39015011674614&rft.aulast=Chambers&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomanichal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gypsy-traveller.org/about-us/frequently-asked-questions/">"Frequently Asked Questions"</a>. <i>Friends, Families and Travellers</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 May</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Friends%2C+Families+and+Travellers&rft.atitle=Frequently+Asked+Questions&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gypsy-traveller.org%2Fabout-us%2Ffrequently-asked-questions%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomanichal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://worldromacongress.org/index.php/archive/about-us">"World Roma Congress – About Us"</a>. <i>worldromacongress.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 May</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=worldromacongress.org&rft.atitle=World+Roma+Congress+%E2%80%93+About+Us&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fworldromacongress.org%2Findex.php%2Farchive%2Fabout-us&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomanichal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_38-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_38-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ehq-production-europe.s3.eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/67bf260e5bd537b7aedff1996396dd245cb30d83/original/1706094158/1d97bf6ceee0f6590fefd74897581f4f_GRT_Briefing_Note_7_Cultural_Considerations.pdf?X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Credential=AKIA4KKNQAKICO37GBEP%2F20240518%2Feu-west-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Date=20240518T114345Z&X-Amz-Expires=300&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&X-Amz-Signature=d6a7edea62f34802b098f1e09ff38fb79a6276e4a64845e1954e1a0aca5429a2">"Gypsy, Roma & Travellers in Cornwall 2023 Cultural Considerations"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Cornwall Council</i>. 2023. pp. 2–4<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 May</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Cornwall+Council&rft.atitle=Gypsy%2C+Roma+%26+Travellers+in+Cornwall+2023+Cultural+Considerations&rft.pages=2-4&rft.date=2023&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fehq-production-europe.s3.eu-west-1.amazonaws.com%2F67bf260e5bd537b7aedff1996396dd245cb30d83%2Foriginal%2F1706094158%2F1d97bf6ceee0f6590fefd74897581f4f_GRT_Briefing_Note_7_Cultural_Considerations.pdf%3FX-Amz-Algorithm%3DAWS4-HMAC-SHA256%26X-Amz-Credential%3DAKIA4KKNQAKICO37GBEP%252F20240518%252Feu-west-1%252Fs3%252Faws4_request%26X-Amz-Date%3D20240518T114345Z%26X-Amz-Expires%3D300%26X-Amz-SignedHeaders%3Dhost%26X-Amz-Signature%3Dd6a7edea62f34802b098f1e09ff38fb79a6276e4a64845e1954e1a0aca5429a2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomanichal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bristol.gov.uk/files/documents/3592-myth-busting-booklet-on-gypsies-and-travellers/file">"Gypsies and Travellers: Frequently Asked Questions, Myths and the Facts"</a>. <i>Bristol City Council</i>. 2006. p. 9<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 May</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Bristol+City+Council&rft.atitle=Gypsies+and+Travellers%3A+Frequently+Asked+Questions%2C+Myths+and+the+Facts&rft.pages=9&rft.date=2006&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bristol.gov.uk%2Ffiles%2Fdocuments%2F3592-myth-busting-booklet-on-gypsies-and-travellers%2Ffile&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomanichal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoswell2018" class="citation web cs1">Boswell, Lisa (12 July 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://folklorethursday.com/folklife/real-gypsy-life-belief-and-customs/">"Real Romany Gypsy Life, Beliefs and Customs"</a>. <i>Folklore Thursday</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 June</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Folklore+Thursday&rft.atitle=Real+Romany+Gypsy+Life%2C+Beliefs+and+Customs&rft.date=2018-07-12&rft.aulast=Boswell&rft.aufirst=Lisa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffolklorethursday.com%2Ffolklife%2Freal-gypsy-life-belief-and-customs%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomanichal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVan_Cleemput2007" class="citation web cs1">Van Cleemput, Patrick (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/3634/2/487635_vol1.pdf">"Gypsies and Travellers accessing primary health care"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>White Rose University Consortium</i>. p. 79<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 June</span> 2024</span>. <q>Marime is the word for pollution and is an overarching term for important social rules concerning cleanliness and purity. See detailed descriptions in Sutherland and Okely and also a contemporary description of rules about Mochadi (the more usual term used among English Gypsies)</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=White+Rose+University+Consortium&rft.atitle=Gypsies+and+Travellers+accessing+primary+health+care&rft.pages=79&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Van+Cleemput&rft.aufirst=Patrick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fetheses.whiterose.ac.uk%2F3634%2F2%2F487635_vol1.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomanichal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.christiantoday.com/article/towards-a-gypsy-roma-and-traveller-theology/138867.htm">"Towards a Gypsy, Roma and Traveller theology"</a>. <i>Christian Today</i>. 8 July 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 April</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Christian+Today&rft.atitle=Towards+a+Gypsy%2C+Roma+and+Traveller+theology&rft.date=2022-07-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.christiantoday.com%2Farticle%2Ftowards-a-gypsy-roma-and-traveller-theology%2F138867.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomanichal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHorne2022" class="citation book cs1">Horne, Steven (2022). <i>Gypsies and Jesus: a traveller theology</i>. London: Darton, Longman & Todd. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-913657-94-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-913657-94-9"><bdi>978-1-913657-94-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gypsies+and+Jesus%3A+a+traveller+theology&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Darton%2C+Longman+%26+Todd&rft.date=2022&rft.isbn=978-1-913657-94-9&rft.aulast=Horne&rft.aufirst=Steven&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomanichal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ons.gov.uk/datasets/RM031/editions/2021/versions/1/filter-outputs/217f1401-dab4-43d3-aa77-6c9382220c0c#summary">"Ethnic group by religion – Office for National Statistics"</a>. <i>ons.gov.uk</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 April</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ons.gov.uk&rft.atitle=Ethnic+group+by+religion+%E2%80%93+Office+for+National+Statistics&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ons.gov.uk%2Fdatasets%2FRM031%2Feditions%2F2021%2Fversions%2F1%2Ffilter-outputs%2F217f1401-dab4-43d3-aa77-6c9382220c0c%23summary&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomanichal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://weareallrelated.info/Mike%27s%20Maternal%20Ancestors/b10890.htm">"Twelfth Generation"</a>. <i>weareallrelated.info</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 August</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=weareallrelated.info&rft.atitle=Twelfth+Generation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fweareallrelated.info%2FMike%2527s%2520Maternal%2520Ancestors%2Fb10890.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomanichal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thestoppingplace.eastsussex.gov.uk/professionals/traditions">"The Stopping Place: Traditions"</a>. <i>East Sussex County Council</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 June</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=East+Sussex+County+Council&rft.atitle=The+Stopping+Place%3A+Traditions&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthestoppingplace.eastsussex.gov.uk%2Fprofessionals%2Ftraditions&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomanichal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.birmingham.ac.uk/Documents/college-social-sciences/social-policy/iris/2014/Experts-by-Experience--JRTF-Report-Oct-2014.pdf">"Gypsy, Traveller and Roma: Experts by Experience"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Birmingham.ac.uk</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 May</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Birmingham.ac.uk&rft.atitle=Gypsy%2C+Traveller+and+Roma%3A+Experts+by+Experience&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.birmingham.ac.uk%2FDocuments%2Fcollege-social-sciences%2Fsocial-policy%2Firis%2F2014%2FExperts-by-Experience--JRTF-Report-Oct-2014.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomanichal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Acton-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Acton_48-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Acton_48-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThomas_Alan_ActonDavid_Gallant2008" class="citation book cs1">Thomas Alan Acton; David Gallant (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=c6HFPgAACAAJ"><i>Romanichal Gypsies</i></a>. Wayland. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7502-5578-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7502-5578-3"><bdi>978-0-7502-5578-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Romanichal+Gypsies&rft.pub=Wayland&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-7502-5578-3&rft.au=Thomas+Alan+Acton&rft.au=David+Gallant&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dc6HFPgAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomanichal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBBC_Kent_Romany_Roots2014" class="citation web cs1">BBC Kent Romany Roots (28 October 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/kent/romany_roots/history/index.shtml">"Romany History"</a>. <i>www.bbc.co.uk</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 April</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.bbc.co.uk&rft.atitle=Romany+History&rft.date=2014-10-28&rft.au=BBC+Kent+Romany+Roots&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fkent%2Fromany_roots%2Fhistory%2Findex.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomanichal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thorne_slang.en-academic.com/1808/didicoi_%28diddicoy%2C_diddyguy%2C_did%29">"Contemporary Slang: Didicoi"</a>. <i>Academic Dictionaries and Encyclopedias</i>. 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 June</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Academic+Dictionaries+and+Encyclopedias&rft.atitle=Contemporary+Slang%3A+Didicoi&rft.date=2014&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthorne_slang.en-academic.com%2F1808%2Fdidicoi_%2528diddicoy%252C_diddyguy%252C_did%2529&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomanichal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oed.com/dictionary/didicoi_n?tl=true">"Didicoi"</a>. <i>Oxford English Dictionary</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Oxford+English+Dictionary&rft.atitle=Didicoi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oed.com%2Fdictionary%2Fdidicoi_n%3Ftl%3Dtrue&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomanichal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120118212743/http://www.irishtraveller.org.uk/images/providing_traveller_sites.pdf">"Providing Gypsy and Traveller Sites: Contentious Spaces"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.irishtraveller.org.uk/images/providing_traveller_sites.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 18 January 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 March</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Providing+Gypsy+and+Traveller+Sites%3A+Contentious+Spaces&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.irishtraveller.org.uk%2Fimages%2Fproviding_traveller_sites.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomanichal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gypsy-traveller.org/resource/historical-laws-affecting-travellers/">"Historical Laws affecting Gypsies and Travellers"</a>. <i>Friends, Families and Travellers</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 August</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Friends%2C+Families+and+Travellers&rft.atitle=Historical+Laws+affecting+Gypsies+and+Travellers&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gypsy-traveller.org%2Fresource%2Fhistorical-laws-affecting-travellers%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomanichal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gypsy-traveller.org/a_fft_grthm_2022_councils_brochure_digital/">Participation pack for local authorities</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nottinghamshire.gov.uk/business-community/gypsies-and-travellers/gypsies-and-travellers">"Gypsies and Travellers"</a>. <i>Nottinghamshire County Council</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 February</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Nottinghamshire+County+Council&rft.atitle=Gypsies+and+Travellers&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nottinghamshire.gov.uk%2Fbusiness-community%2Fgypsies-and-travellers%2Fgypsies-and-travellers&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomanichal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://newint.org/features/2021/12/07/ground-beneath-our-feet-roma-community">"The ground beneath our feet"</a>. <i>New Internationalist</i>. 8 February 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 February</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=New+Internationalist&rft.atitle=The+ground+beneath+our+feet&rft.date=2022-02-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnewint.org%2Ffeatures%2F2021%2F12%2F07%2Fground-beneath-our-feet-roma-community&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomanichal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200810051352/http://www.romaniarts.co.uk/gypsy-travellers-in-britain-history-timeline-2/">"Gypsy & Travellers in Britain – History timeline"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.romaniarts.co.uk/gypsy-travellers-in-britain-history-timeline-2/">the original</a> on 10 August 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 February</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Gypsy+%26+Travellers+in+Britain+%E2%80%93+History+timeline&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.romaniarts.co.uk%2Fgypsy-travellers-in-britain-history-timeline-2%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomanichal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Works_cited">Works cited</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Romanichal&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Works cited"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBorrow2007" class="citation book cs1">Borrow, George Henry (2007). <i>Romano Lavo-Lil</i>. BiblioBazaar. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1434679260" title="Special:BookSources/978-1434679260"><bdi>978-1434679260</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Romano+Lavo-Lil&rft.pub=BiblioBazaar&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1434679260&rft.aulast=Borrow&rft.aufirst=George+Henry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomanichal" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarinov2020" class="citation book cs1">Marinov, Aleksandar G. (2020). <i>Inward looking: the impact of migration on romanipe from the Romani perspective</i>. Romani studies. New York Oxford: Berghahn. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78920-362-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78920-362-2"><bdi>978-1-78920-362-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Inward+looking%3A+the+impact+of+migration+on+romanipe+from+the+Romani+perspective&rft.place=New+York+Oxford&rft.series=Romani+studies&rft.pub=Berghahn&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-1-78920-362-2&rft.aulast=Marinov&rft.aufirst=Aleksandar+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomanichal" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSilverman2012" class="citation book cs1">Silverman, Carol (2012). <i>Romani routes: cultural politics and Balkan music in diaspora / Carol Silverman</i>. New York: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-530094-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-530094-9"><bdi>978-0-19-530094-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Romani+routes%3A+cultural+politics+and+Balkan+music+in+diaspora+%2F+Carol+Silverman&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-19-530094-9&rft.aulast=Silverman&rft.aufirst=Carol&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomanichal" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSnodgrass2016" class="citation book cs1">Snodgrass, Mary Ellen (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DMGpDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA260"><i>The Encyclopedia of World Folk Dance</i></a>. Rowman & Littlefield. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4422-5749-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4422-5749-8"><bdi>978-1-4422-5749-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopedia+of+World+Folk+Dance&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-4422-5749-8&rft.aulast=Snodgrass&rft.aufirst=Mary+Ellen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDMGpDAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA260&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomanichal" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Romanichal&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://smithsonianeducation.org/migrations/gyp/nichel.html">'Gypsies' in the United States</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.valleystream.co.uk/romhome.htm">Romani Cymru Project (Wales UK) - An archival Initiative of Sipsi Cymreig, Welsh Gypsies</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHamilton2019" class="citation web cs1">Hamilton, Rachel Segal (8 July 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cnn.com/style/article/paul-wenham-clarke-urban-gypsies-photography-book/index.html">"The private world of London's Traveler community"</a>. CNN.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+private+world+of+London%27s+Traveler+community&rft.pub=CNN&rft.date=2019-07-08&rft.aulast=Hamilton&rft.aufirst=Rachel+Segal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnn.com%2Fstyle%2Farticle%2Fpaul-wenham-clarke-urban-gypsies-photography-book%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomanichal" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.goodreads.com/book/show/37791414-romanichal-gypsies"><i>Romanichal Gypsies</i> (Threatened Cultures) by Thomas Acton</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ourmigrationstory.org.uk/oms/romani-gypsies-in-16th-century-britain">Romani Gypsies in sixteenth-century Britain</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.romaniarts.co.uk/about-us/">Romani Cultural & Arts Company</a> website</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox 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href="/wiki/Template_talk:Romani_diaspora" title="Template talk:Romani diaspora"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Romani_diaspora" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Romani diaspora"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Romani_diaspora" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Romani_diaspora" title="Romani diaspora">Romani diaspora</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/List_of_Romani_settlements" title="List of Romani settlements">Settlements</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Subgroups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Uncontested</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arlije" title="Arlije">Arlije</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bergitka_Roma" title="Bergitka Roma">Bergitka Roma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boyash" title="Boyash">Boyash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burgenland_Roma" title="Burgenland Roma">Burgenland Roma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cascarots" title="Cascarots">Cascarots</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">English Romanichal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erromintxela" class="mw-redirect" title="Erromintxela">Erromintxela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_Kale" title="Finnish Kale">Finnish Kale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalderash" title="Kalderash">Kalderash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lovari" title="Lovari">Lovari</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Machvaya" class="mw-redirect" title="Machvaya">Machvaya</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manouche" title="Manouche">Manouche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_Roma" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim Roma">Muslim Roma</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zargari_tribe" title="Zargari tribe">Zargari</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polska_Roma" title="Polska Roma">Polska Roma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruska_Roma" title="Ruska Roma">Ruska Roma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_and_Swedish_Travellers" title="Norwegian and Swedish Travellers">Scandinavian Travellers (Tavinger, Romanisæl)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Romani_and_Itinerant_people_groups" class="mw-redirect" title="Scottish Romani and Itinerant people groups">Scottish Travellers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sepe%C4%8Dides_Romani" title="Sepečides Romani">Sepečides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Servitka_Roma" title="Servitka Roma">Servitka Roma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinti" title="Sinti">Sinti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ursari" title="Ursari">Ursari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kale_(Welsh_Romanies)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kale (Welsh Romanies)">Welsh Kale</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Contested</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ashkali_and_Balkan_Egyptians" title="Ashkali and Balkan Egyptians">Ashkali and Balkan Egyptians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dom_people" title="Dom people">Dom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Garachi" title="Garachi">Garachi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doms_in_Iraq" title="Doms in Iraq">Kawliya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nawar_people" title="Nawar people">Nawar</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lom_people" title="Lom people">Bosha/Lom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lori_people" title="Lori people">Lori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyuli" title="Lyuli">Lyuli</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By country</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_Albania" title="Romani people in Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_Algeria" title="Romani people in Algeria">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_Argentina" title="Romani people in Argentina">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_Australia" title="Romani people in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_Austria" title="Romani people in Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_Belarus" title="Romani people in Belarus">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_Belgium" title="Romani people in Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Romani people in Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_Brazil" title="Romani people in Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_Bulgaria" title="Romani people in Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_Canada" title="Romani people in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_Colombia" title="Romani people in Colombia">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_Croatia" title="Romani people in Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_Cyprus" title="Romani people in Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_the_Czech_Republic" title="Romani people in the Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_Czechoslovakia" title="Romani people in Czechoslovakia">Czechoslovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_Denmark" title="Romani people in Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Romani people in Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_Estonia" title="Romani people in Estonia">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_France" title="Romani people in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_Georgia_(country)" title="Romani people in Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_Germany" title="Romani people in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_Greece" title="Romani people in Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_Hungary" title="Romani people in Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_Iraq" class="mw-redirect" title="Romani people in Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_Ireland" title="Romani people in Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doms_in_Israel" title="Doms in Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_Italy" title="Romani people in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_Kosovo" title="Romani people in Kosovo">Kosovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_Latvia" title="Romani people in Latvia">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_Libya" class="mw-redirect" title="Romani people in Libya">Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_Lithuania" title="Romani people in Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_Mexico" class="mw-redirect" title="Romani people in Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_Moldova" title="Romani people in Moldova">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_Montenegro" title="Romani people in Montenegro">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_North_Macedonia" title="Romani people in North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_Norway" title="Romani people in Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_the_Netherlands" title="Romani people in the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_Poland" title="Romani people in Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_Portugal" title="Romani people in Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_Romania" title="Romani people in Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_Russia" title="Romani people in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_Serbia" title="Romani people in Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_Slovakia" title="Romani people in Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_Slovenia" title="Romani people in Slovenia">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gitanos" title="Gitanos">Spain</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_the_Basque_Country" class="mw-redirect" title="Romani people in the Basque Country">Basque Country</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ijitoak_Euskal_Herrian" class="extiw" title="eu:Ijitoak Euskal Herrian">eu</a>]</span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_Sudan" class="mw-redirect" title="Romani people in Sudan">Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_Sweden" title="Romani people in Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_Switzerland" title="Romani people in Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="Romani people in Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_Tunisia" class="mw-redirect" title="Romani people in Tunisia">Tunisia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_Turkey" title="Romani people in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_Ukraine" title="Romani people in Ukraine">Ukraine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crimean_Roma" title="Crimean Roma">Crimea</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_Americans" title="Romani Americans">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_Uruguay" title="Romani people in Uruguay">Uruguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Romani people in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="European_diasporas_in_the_United_Kingdom" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:EuropeansinUK" title="Template:EuropeansinUK"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:EuropeansinUK" title="Template talk:EuropeansinUK"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:EuropeansinUK" title="Special:EditPage/Template:EuropeansinUK"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="European_diasporas_in_the_United_Kingdom" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">European diasporas in the United Kingdom</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Central Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Austrians_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Austrians in the United Kingdom">Austrians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czechs_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Czechs in the United Kingdom">Czechs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germans_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Germans in the United Kingdom">Germans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarians_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Hungarians in the United Kingdom">Hungarians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poles_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Poles in the United Kingdom">Poles</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Eastern Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armenians_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Armenians in the United Kingdom">Armenians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijanis_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Azerbaijanis in the United Kingdom">Azerbaijanis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belarusians_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Belarusians in the United Kingdom">Belarusians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russians_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Russians in the United Kingdom">Russians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainians_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Ukrainians in the United Kingdom">Ukrainians</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Northern Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baltic_people_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Baltic people in the United Kingdom">Baltic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Estonians_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Estonians in the United Kingdom">Estonians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latvians_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Latvians in the United Kingdom">Latvians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanians_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Lithuanians in the United Kingdom">Lithuanians</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nordic_and_Scandinavian_diaspora_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Nordic and Scandinavian diaspora in the United Kingdom">Nordic and Scandinavians</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Swedes_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Swedes in the United Kingdom">Swedes</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Southeast Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albanians_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Albanians in the United Kingdom">Albanians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarians_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Bulgarians in the United Kingdom">Bulgarians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Cypriots" title="British Cypriots">Cypriots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greeks_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Greeks in the United Kingdom">Greeks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosovans_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Kosovans in the United Kingdom">Kosovans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonians_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Macedonians in the United Kingdom">Macedonians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanians_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Romanians in the United Kingdom">Romanians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbs_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Serbs in the United Kingdom">Serbs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Turks" title="British Turks">Turks</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_community_of_London" title="Turkish community of London">London</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Southern Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gibraltarians_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Gibraltarians in the United Kingdom">Gibraltarians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italians_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Italians in the United Kingdom">Italians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maltese_people_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Maltese people in the United Kingdom">Maltese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Portuguese in the United Kingdom">Portuguese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spaniards_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Spaniards in the United Kingdom">Spaniards</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Marranos_in_England" title="History of the Marranos in England">Iberian Jews</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Western Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_migration_to_the_United_Kingdom" title="French migration to the United Kingdom">French</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Huguenots#Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="Huguenots">Huguenot</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_people_in_Great_Britain" title="Irish people in Great Britain">Irish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Travellers" title="Irish Travellers">Irish Travellers</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Asian_diasporas_in_the_United_Kingdom" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:AsiansinUK" title="Template:AsiansinUK"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:AsiansinUK" title="Template talk:AsiansinUK"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:AsiansinUK" title="Special:EditPage/Template:AsiansinUK"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Asian_diasporas_in_the_United_Kingdom" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Asian diasporas in the United Kingdom</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Central_Asians_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Central Asians in the United Kingdom">Central Asia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afghans_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Afghans in the United Kingdom">Afghan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_Pashtuns" title="British Pashtuns">Pashtun</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/East_Asians_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="East Asians in the United Kingdom">East Asia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_Chinese" title="British Chinese">Chinese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_community_in_London" title="Chinese community in London">London</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kongers_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Hong Kongers in the United Kingdom">Hong Kongers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Japanese in the United Kingdom">Japanese</a> (<a href="/wiki/Japanese_community_of_London" title="Japanese community of London">in London</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koreans_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Koreans in the United Kingdom">Koreans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolians_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Mongolians in the United Kingdom">Mongolians</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/South_Asians_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="South Asians in the United Kingdom">South Asia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_Bangladeshis" title="British Bangladeshis">Bangladeshis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Bhutanese" title="British Bhutanese">Bhutanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Indians" title="British Indians">Indians</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indian_community_of_London" title="Indian community of London">in London</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepalese_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Nepalese in the United Kingdom">Nepalese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Pakistanis" title="British Pakistanis">Pakistanis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pakistani_community_of_London" title="Pakistani community of London">in London</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Sri_Lankans" title="British Sri Lankans">Sri Lankans</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_Mirpuris" title="British Mirpuris">Mirpuris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Pashtuns" title="British Pashtuns">Pashtuns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Punjabis" title="British Punjabis">Punjabis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Romani people in the United Kingdom">Romani</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kale_(Welsh_Roma)" title="Kale (Welsh Roma)">Kale</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Romanichal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Romani_and_Itinerant_people_groups#Lowland_Scottish_Gypsies/Travellers" class="mw-redirect" title="Scottish Romani and Itinerant people groups">Scottish</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Sindhis" title="British Sindhis">Sindhis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Tamils" title="British Tamils">Tamils</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asians_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Southeast Asians in the United Kingdom">Southeast Asia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Burmese_people_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Burmese people in the United Kingdom">Burmese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filipinos_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Filipinos in the United Kingdom">Filipinos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesians_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Indonesians in the United Kingdom">Indonesians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysians_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Malaysians in the United Kingdom">Malaysians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singaporeans_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Singaporeans in the United Kingdom">Singaporeans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thais_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Thais in the United Kingdom">Thais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timorese_in_Northern_Ireland" title="Timorese in Northern Ireland">Timorese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_people_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Vietnamese people in the United Kingdom">Vietnamese</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">West Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_Arabs" title="British Arabs">Arabs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenians_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Armenians in the United Kingdom">Armenians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Assyrians" title="British Assyrians">Assyrians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijanis_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Azerbaijanis in the United Kingdom">Azerbaijanis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Cypriots" title="British Cypriots">Cypriots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emiratis_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Emiratis in the United Kingdom">Emiratis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranians_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Iranians in the United Kingdom">Iranians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrians_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Syrians in the United Kingdom">Syrians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Iraqis" title="British Iraqis">Iraqis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israelis_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Israelis in the United Kingdom">Israelis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurds_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Kurds in the United Kingdom">Kurds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebanese_people_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Lebanese people in the United Kingdom">Lebanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Palestinians" title="British Palestinians">Palestinians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Turks" title="British Turks">Turks</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_community_of_London" title="Turkish community of London">in London</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemenis_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Yemenis in the United Kingdom">Yemenis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" 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