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Pengaturan kelahiran - Wikipedia bahasa Indonesia, ensiklopedia bebas
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[o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Masuk log</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Halaman penyunting yang telah keluar log <a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Pengantar" aria-label="Pelajari lebih lanjut tentang menyunting"><span>pelajari lebih lanjut</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Kontribusi_saya" title="Daftar suntingan yang dibuat dari alamat IP ini [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Kontribusi</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Pembicaraan_saya" title="Pembicaraan tentang suntingan dari alamat IP ini [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Pembicaraan</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"><!-- CentralNotice --></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Situs"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Daftar isi" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Daftar isi</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">pindah ke bilah sisi</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">sembunyikan</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Awal</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Metode" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Metode"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Metode</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Metode-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Gulingkan subbagian Metode</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Metode-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Hormonal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hormonal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Hormonal</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hormonal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Metode_barier" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Metode_barier"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Metode barier</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Metode_barier-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Alat_kontrasepsi_dalam_rahim" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Alat_kontrasepsi_dalam_rahim"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Alat kontrasepsi dalam rahim</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Alat_kontrasepsi_dalam_rahim-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sterilisasi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sterilisasi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Sterilisasi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sterilisasi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Perilaku" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Perilaku"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Perilaku</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Perilaku-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Pemahaman_fertilitas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pemahaman_fertilitas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5.1</span> <span>Pemahaman fertilitas</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pemahaman_fertilitas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sanggama_terputus" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sanggama_terputus"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5.2</span> <span>Sanggama terputus</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sanggama_terputus-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pantang" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pantang"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5.3</span> <span>Pantang</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pantang-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Laktasi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Laktasi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5.4</span> <span>Laktasi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Laktasi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Darurat" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Darurat"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6</span> <span>Darurat</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Darurat-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Perlindungan_Ganda" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Perlindungan_Ganda"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.7</span> <span>Perlindungan Ganda</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Perlindungan_Ganda-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Efek" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Efek"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Efek</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Efek-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Gulingkan subbagian Efek</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Efek-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Kesehatan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kesehatan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Kesehatan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kesehatan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pembiayaan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pembiayaan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Pembiayaan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pembiayaan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Prevalensi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prevalensi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Prevalensi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prevalensi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sejarah" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sejarah"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Sejarah</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sejarah-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Masyarakat_dan_budaya" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Masyarakat_dan_budaya"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Masyarakat dan budaya</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Masyarakat_dan_budaya-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Gulingkan subbagian Masyarakat dan budaya</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Masyarakat_dan_budaya-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Posisi_hukum" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Posisi_hukum"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Posisi hukum</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Posisi_hukum-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pandangan_religius" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pandangan_religius"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Pandangan religius</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pandangan_religius-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hari_Kontrasepsi_Dunia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hari_Kontrasepsi_Dunia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Hari Kontrasepsi Dunia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hari_Kontrasepsi_Dunia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kesalahpahaman" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kesalahpahaman"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Kesalahpahaman</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kesalahpahaman-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Penelitian" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Penelitian"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Penelitian</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Penelitian-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Gulingkan subbagian Penelitian</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Penelitian-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Wanita" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wanita"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Wanita</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Wanita-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pria" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pria"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Pria</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pria-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hewan_lain" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hewan_lain"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Hewan lain</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hewan_lain-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Referensi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Referensi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Referensi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Referensi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bacaan_lebih_lanjut" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bacaan_lebih_lanjut"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Bacaan lebih lanjut</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bacaan_lebih_lanjut-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pranala_luar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pranala_luar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Pranala luar</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pranala_luar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Daftar isi" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Gulingkan daftar isi" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Gulingkan daftar isi</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Pengaturan kelahiran</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Pergi ke artikel dalam bahasa lain. Terdapat 102 bahasa" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-102" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">102 bahasa</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A7" title="गर्भनिरोध – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="गर्भनिरोध" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अंगिका</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="artikel pilihan"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%AD%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D8%B3%D9%84" title="تحديد النسل – Arab" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="تحديد النسل" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arab" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%AD%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D8%B3%D9%84" title="تحديد النسل – Arab Mesir" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="تحديد النسل" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Arab Mesir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AE_%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A7%B0%E0%A6%A3" title="জন্ম নিয়ন্ত্ৰণ – Assam" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="জন্ম নিয়ন্ত্ৰণ" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A9todu_anticonceutivu" title="Métodu anticonceutivu – Asturia" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Métodu anticonceutivu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kontrasepsiya" title="Kontrasepsiya – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Kontrasepsiya" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%8D%D0%BF%D1%86%D1%8B%D1%8F" title="Кантрацэпцыя – Belarusia" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Кантрацэпцыя" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%8D%D0%BF%D1%86%D1%8B%D1%8F" title="Кантрацэпцыя – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Кантрацэпцыя" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%BF%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Контрацепция – Bulgaria" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Контрацепция" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgaria" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AE_%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%A3" title="জন্ম নিয়ন্ত্রণ – Bengali" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="জন্ম নিয়ন্ত্রণ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bengali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%A0%E0%BD%86%E0%BD%A2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A3%E0%BE%A1%E0%BD%93%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%96%E0%BD%B4%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%96%E0%BD%99%E0%BD%A0%E0%BC%8D" title="འཆར་ལྡན་བུ་བཙའ། – Tibet" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="འཆར་ལྡན་བུ་བཙའ།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibet" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kontrola_ra%C4%91anja" title="Kontrola rađanja – Bosnia" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Kontrola rađanja" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contracepci%C3%B3" title="Contracepció – Katalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Contracepció" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Katalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%DB%86%D9%86%D8%AA%DA%95%DB%86%D9%84%DB%8C_%DA%BE%DB%86%D8%B1%D9%85%DB%86%D9%86" title="کۆنتڕۆلی ھۆرمۆن – Kurdi Sorani" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="کۆنتڕۆلی ھۆرمۆن" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Kurdi Sorani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antikoncepce" title="Antikoncepce – Cheska" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Antikoncepce" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Cheska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pr%C3%A6vention" title="Prævention – Dansk" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Prævention" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Dansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empf%C3%A4ngnisverh%C3%BCtung" title="Empfängnisverhütung – Jerman" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Empfängnisverhütung" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="Jerman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%B9%CF%83%CF%8D%CE%BB%CE%BB%CE%B7%CF%88%CE%B7" title="Αντισύλληψη – Yunani" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Αντισύλληψη" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Yunani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="artikel bagus"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birth_control" title="Birth control – Inggris" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Birth control" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="Inggris" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kontra%C5%ADkoncipo" title="Kontraŭkoncipo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Kontraŭkoncipo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anticoncepci%C3%B3n" title="Anticoncepción – Spanyol" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Anticoncepción" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanyol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%BCndimuskontroll" title="Sündimuskontroll – Esti" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Sündimuskontroll" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Esti" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antisorgailu" title="Antisorgailu – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Antisorgailu" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%DB%8C%D8%B4%DA%AF%DB%8C%D8%B1%DB%8C_%D8%A7%D8%B2_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="پیشگیری از بارداری – Persia" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="پیشگیری از بارداری" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ehk%C3%A4isy" title="Ehkäisy – Suomi" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Ehkäisy" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Suomi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contraception" title="Contraception – Prancis" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Contraception" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="Prancis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="artikel bagus"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forheneringsmerel" title="Forheneringsmerel – Frisia Utara" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Forheneringsmerel" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Frisia Utara" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antykonsepsje" title="Antykonsepsje – Frisia Barat" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Antykonsepsje" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Frisia Barat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breithrial%C3%BA" title="Breithrialú – Irlandia" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Breithrialú" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irlandia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kontrol_di_s%C3%A9_n%C3%A9sans" title="Kontrol di sé nésans – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Kontrol di sé nésans" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contracepci%C3%B3n" title="Contracepción – Galisia" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Contracepción" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galisia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memby%27%E1%BB%B9r%C3%A3" title="Memby'ỹrã – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Memby'ỹrã" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%97%E0%AA%B0%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%AD%E0%AA%A8%E0%AA%BF%E0%AA%B0%E0%AB%8B%E0%AA%A7" title="ગર્ભનિરોધ – Gujarat" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="ગર્ભનિરોધ" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kulawar_haihuwa" title="Kulawar haihuwa – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Kulawar haihuwa" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%97_%D7%99%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%93%D7%94" title="פיקוח ילודה – Ibrani" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="פיקוח ילודה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Ibrani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A7" title="संततिनिरोध – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="संततिनिरोध" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="artikel pilihan"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kontracepcija" title="Kontracepcija – Kroasia" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Kontracepcija" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Kroasia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="artikel pilihan"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sz%C3%BClet%C3%A9sszab%C3%A1lyoz%C3%A1s" title="Születésszabályozás – Hungaria" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Születésszabályozás" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungaria" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B2%D5%A5%D5%B2%D5%B4%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%AD%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B4" title="Բեղմնականխում – Armenia" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Բեղմնականխում" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8D%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%B4%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%A2%D5%BB%D5%AB%D5%BB%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%B8%D6%82_%D4%B1%D5%B6%D6%81%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A3%D5%A5%D5%AC%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80_(%D4%B2%D5%A5%D5%B2%D5%B4%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%AD%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B4)" title="Սերմնաբջիջներու Անցարգելներ (Բեղմնականխում) – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Սերմնաբջիջներու Անցարգելներ (Բեղմնականխում)" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Արեւմտահայերէն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig mw-list-item"><a href="https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibelata_%E1%BB%8Bm%E1%BB%A5_%E1%BB%8Dt%E1%BB%A5t%E1%BB%A5_%E1%BB%A5m%E1%BB%A5" title="Ibelata ịmụ ọtụtụ ụmụ – Igbo" lang="ig" hreflang="ig" data-title="Ibelata ịmụ ọtụtụ ụmụ" data-language-autonym="Igbo" data-language-local-name="Igbo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Igbo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Getna%C3%B0arv%C3%B6rn" title="Getnaðarvörn – Islandia" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Getnaðarvörn" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Islandia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contraccezione" title="Contraccezione – Italia" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Contraccezione" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%81%BF%E5%A6%8A" title="避妊 – Jepang" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="避妊" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Jepang" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boert_kanchuol" title="Boert kanchuol – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Boert kanchuol" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%BF%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Контрацепция – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Контрацепция" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B8%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%A4%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%A8_%E0%B2%A8%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%AF%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%A4%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%A3" title="ಸಂತಾನ ನಿಯಂತ್ರಣ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಸಂತಾನ ನಿಯಂತ್ರಣ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%94%BC%EC%9E%84" title="피임 – Korea" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="피임" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korea" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kontrola_zay%C3%AEn%C3%AA" title="Kontrola zayînê – Kurdi" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Kontrola zayînê" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%BF%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Контрацепция – Kirgiz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Контрацепция" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kirgiz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verhiddungsm%C3%ABttel" title="Verhiddungsmëttel – Luksemburg" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Verhiddungsmëttel" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luksemburg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kontracepcija" title="Kontracepcija – Lituavi" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Kontracepcija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lituavi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kontracepcija" title="Kontracepcija – Latvi" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Kontracepcija" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mad mw-list-item"><a href="https://mad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atoran_r%C3%A8mbi%27" title="Atoran rèmbi' – Madura" lang="mad" hreflang="mad" data-title="Atoran rèmbi'" data-language-autonym="Madhurâ" data-language-local-name="Madura" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Madhurâ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fanabeazana_aizana" title="Fanabeazana aizana – Malagasi" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Fanabeazana aizana" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%BF%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Контрацепција – Makedonia" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Контрацепција" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Makedonia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%9C%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%A8_%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%A3%E0%B4%82" title="ജനന നിയന്ത്രണം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ജനന നിയന്ത്രണം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mnw mw-list-item"><a href="https://mnw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%92%E1%80%85%E1%80%B5%E1%80%AF%E1%80%92%E1%81%9E%E1%80%AC%E1%80%82%E1%80%97%E1%80%B9%E1%80%98" title="ဒစဵုဒၞာဂဗ္ဘ – Mon" lang="mnw" hreflang="mnw" data-title="ဒစဵုဒၞာဂဗ္ဘ" data-language-autonym="ဘာသာမန်" data-language-local-name="Mon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ဘာသာမန်</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A8" title="संततिनियमन – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="संततिनियमन" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kawalan_kelahiran" title="Kawalan kelahiran – Melayu" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Kawalan kelahiran" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Melayu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuntrolo_de_natalidade" title="Cuntrolo de natalidade – Miranda" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Cuntrolo de natalidade" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Miranda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Mirandés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%95%E1%80%8B%E1%80%AD%E1%80%9E%E1%80%94%E1%80%B9%E1%80%93%E1%80%B1_%E1%80%90%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B8%E1%80%86%E1%80%AE%E1%80%B8%E1%80%81%E1%80%BC%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8" title="ပဋိသန္ဓေ တားဆီးခြင်း – Burma" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ပဋိသန္ဓေ တားဆီးခြင်း" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burma" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anticonceptie" title="Anticonceptie – Belanda" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Anticonceptie" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Belanda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prevensjon" title="Prevensjon – Nynorsk Norwegia" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Prevensjon" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Nynorsk Norwegia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prevensjon_(svangerskapsforebyggelse)" title="Prevensjon (svangerskapsforebyggelse) – Bokmål Norwegia" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Prevensjon (svangerskapsforebyggelse)" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Bokmål Norwegia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contraception" title="Contraception – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Contraception" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nouormand</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ny mw-list-item"><a href="https://ny.wikipedia.org/wiki/Njira_zolera" title="Njira zolera – Nyanja" lang="ny" hreflang="ny" data-title="Njira zolera" data-language-autonym="Chi-Chewa" data-language-local-name="Nyanja" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Chi-Chewa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%9C%E0%AC%A8%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%AE_%E0%AC%A8%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%B0%E0%AD%8B%E0%AC%A7" title="ଜନ୍ମ ନିରୋଧ – Oriya" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ଜନ୍ମ ନିରୋଧ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Oriya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ଓଡ଼ିଆ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B8%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%A4%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%A8_%E0%A8%B8%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%9C%E0%A8%AE" title="ਸੰਤਾਨ ਸੰਜਮ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਸੰਤਾਨ ਸੰਜਮ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antykoncepcja" title="Antykoncepcja – Polski" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Antykoncepcja" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B9_%D8%AD%D9%85%D9%84" title="مانع حمل – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="مانع حمل" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contracep%C3%A7%C3%A3o" title="Contracepção – Portugis" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Contracepção" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portugis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contracep%C8%9Bie" title="Contracepție – Rumania" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Contracepție" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Rumania" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%BF%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Контрацепция – Rusia" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Контрацепция" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Rusia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuntrollu_d%C3%AE_n%C3%A0sciti" title="Cuntrollu dî nàsciti – Sisilia" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Cuntrollu dî nàsciti" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sisilia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kontrola_ra%C4%91anja" title="Kontrola rađanja – Serbo-Kroasia" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Kontrola rađanja" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Kroasia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%8B%E0%B6%B4%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%8A_%E0%B6%B4%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%BD%E0%B6%B1%E0%B6%BA" title="උපත් පාලනය – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="උපත් පාලනය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birth_control" title="Birth control – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Birth control" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antikoncepcia" title="Antikoncepcia – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Antikoncepcia" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nadzor_rojstev" title="Nadzor rojstev – Sloven" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Nadzor rojstev" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Sloven" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nzira_dzekudzivirira_nadzo_kubata_pamuviri" title="Nzira dzekudzivirira nadzo kubata pamuviri – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Nzira dzekudzivirira nadzo kubata pamuviri" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kontrolli_i_lindjeve" title="Kontrolli i lindjeve – Albania" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Kontrolli i lindjeve" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albania" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0_%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%92%D0%B0%D1%9A%D0%B0" title="Контрола рађања – Serbia" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Контрола рађања" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ss mw-list-item"><a href="https://ss.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kukhipha_sisu" title="Kukhipha sisu – Swati" lang="ss" hreflang="ss" data-title="Kukhipha sisu" data-language-autonym="SiSwati" data-language-local-name="Swati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>SiSwati</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-st mw-list-item"><a href="https://st.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taolo_ya_Pelehi" title="Taolo ya Pelehi – Sotho Selatan" lang="st" hreflang="st" data-title="Taolo ya Pelehi" data-language-autonym="Sesotho" data-language-local-name="Sotho Selatan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sesotho</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preventivmedel" title="Preventivmedel – Swedia" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Preventivmedel" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Udhibiti_wa_uzazi" title="Udhibiti wa uzazi – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Udhibiti wa uzazi" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%88" title="கருத்தடை – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="கருத்தடை" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%97%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%AD%E0%B0%A8%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%AF%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%A4%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%A3" title="గర్భనియంత్రణ – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="గర్భనియంత్రణ" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B3%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%94" title="การคุมกำเนิด – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="การคุมกำเนิด" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kontrasepsiyon" title="Kontrasepsiyon – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Kontrasepsiyon" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Do%C4%9Fum_kontrol%C3%BC" title="Doğum kontrolü – Turki" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Doğum kontrolü" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tw mw-list-item"><a href="https://tw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Awo_ano_a_wosiw" title="Awo ano a wosiw – Twi" lang="tw" hreflang="tw" data-title="Awo ano a wosiw" data-language-autonym="Twi" data-language-local-name="Twi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Twi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%BF%D1%86%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Контрацепція – Ukraina" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Контрацепція" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukraina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B9_%D8%AD%D9%85%D9%84" title="مانع حمل – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="مانع حمل" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homiladorlikdan_saqlanish" title="Homiladorlikdan saqlanish – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Homiladorlikdan saqlanish" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bi%E1%BB%87n_ph%C3%A1p_tr%C3%A1nh_thai" title="Biện pháp tránh thai – Vietnam" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Biện pháp tránh thai" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E8%82%B2%E6%8E%A7%E5%88%B6" title="生育控制 – Wu Tionghoa" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="生育控制" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu Tionghoa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%92%D7%A2%D7%91%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%98_%D7%A7%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%98%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%9C" title="געבורט קאנטראל – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="געבורט קאנטראל" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E8%82%B2%E6%8E%A7%E5%88%B6" title="生育控制 – Tionghoa" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="生育控制" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Tionghoa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C4%AB-%C4%ABn" title="Pī-īn – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Pī-īn" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%81%BF%E5%AD%95" title="避孕 – Kanton" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="避孕" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Kanton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit 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href="/wiki/Istimewa:Pranala_balik/Pengaturan_kelahiran" title="Daftar semua halaman wiki yang memiliki pranala ke halaman ini [j]" accesskey="j"><span>Pranala balik</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Perubahan_terkait/Pengaturan_kelahiran" rel="nofollow" title="Perubahan terbaru halaman-halaman yang memiliki pranala ke halaman ini [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Perubahan terkait</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Halaman_istimewa" title="Daftar semua halaman istimewa [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Halaman istimewa</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pengaturan_kelahiran&oldid=25441722" title="Pranala permanen untuk revisi halaman ini"><span>Pranala permanen</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pengaturan_kelahiran&action=info" title="Informasi lanjut tentang halaman ini"><span>Informasi 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href="/w/index.php?title=Istimewa:Buku&bookcmd=book_creator&referer=Pengaturan+kelahiran"><span>Buat buku</span></a></li><li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Istimewa:DownloadAsPdf&page=Pengaturan_kelahiran&action=show-download-screen"><span>Unduh versi PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pengaturan_kelahiran&printable=yes" title="Versi cetak halaman ini [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Versi cetak</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Dalam proyek lain </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Contraception" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q122224" title="Pranala untuk menghubungkan butir pada ruang penyimpanan data [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Butir di Wikidata</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Peralatan halaman"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Tampilan"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tampilan</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">pindah ke bilah sisi</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">sembunyikan</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Dari Wikipedia bahasa Indonesia, ensiklopedia bebas</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="id" dir="ltr"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r22657712">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-header,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-subheader,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-above,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-title,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-image,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-below{text-align:center}</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background-color: lightblue">Pengaturan kelahiran</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><i>Intervensi</i></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Opened_Oral_Birth_Control.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Pil KB" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Opened_Oral_Birth_Control.jpg/280px-Opened_Oral_Birth_Control.jpg" decoding="async" width="280" height="182" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Opened_Oral_Birth_Control.jpg/420px-Opened_Oral_Birth_Control.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Opened_Oral_Birth_Control.jpg/560px-Opened_Oral_Birth_Control.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2024" data-file-height="1318" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption"><a href="/wiki/Pil_KB" title="Pil KB">Pil KB</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Sinonim" title="Sinonim">Sinonim</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Kontrasepsi, pengendalian kelahiran, pengaturan fertilitas</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Medical_Subject_Headings" title="Medical Subject Headings">MeSH</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="reflink plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://meshb.nlm.nih.gov/record/ui?ui=D003267">D003267</a></span></td></tr><tr class="noprint"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div style="text-align: right;">[<a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q122224" class="extiw" title="d:Q122224">sunting di Wikidata</a>]</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Pengaturan kelahiran</b>, yang dikenal pula sebagai <b>kontrasepsi</b> dan <b>pengaturan fertilitas</b>, merupakan metode atau alat yang digunakan untuk mencegah <a href="/wiki/Kehamilan" title="Kehamilan">kehamilan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Perencanaan, pembekalan, dan penggunaan kontrasepsi disebut <a href="/wiki/Keluarga_berencana" class="mw-redirect" title="Keluarga berencana">keluarga berencana</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-OED2012_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OED2012-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-WHO-health-topic_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WHO-health-topic-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Seks_aman" title="Seks aman">Seks aman</a>, seperti penggunaan <a href="/wiki/Kondom_wanita" class="mw-redirect" title="Kondom wanita">kondom wanita</a> atau pria, juga dapat membantu mencegah <a href="/wiki/Penyakit_menular_seksual" title="Penyakit menular seksual">infeksi menular seksual</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid22423463_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid22423463-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid22341164_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid22341164-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Metode pengaturan kelahiran telah digunakan sejak zaman dahulu, tetapi metode yang efektif dan aman baru tersedia pada abad ke 20.<sup id="cite_ref-Hopkins2010_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hopkins2010-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pada beberapa kebudayaan akses pada kontrasepsi dibatasi karena dianggap tidak sesuai baik secara moral maupun politik.<sup id="cite_ref-Hopkins2010_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hopkins2010-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Metode kontrasepsi yang paling efektif adalah <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sterilisasi_(kedokteran)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sterilisasi (kedokteran) (halaman belum tersedia)">sterilisasi</a> dengan <a href="/wiki/Vasektomi" title="Vasektomi">vasektomi</a> pada pria dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pengikatan_tuba&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pengikatan tuba (halaman belum tersedia)">pengikatan tuba</a>/saluran falopii pada wanita, <a href="/wiki/Alat_kontrasepsi_dalam_rahim" title="Alat kontrasepsi dalam rahim">alat kontrasepsi dalam rahim</a> (AKDR/IUD) dan <a href="/wiki/Kontrasepsi_implan" title="Kontrasepsi implan">kontrasepsi implan</a> (susuk KB). Ini disusul dengan sejumlah <a href="/wiki/Kontrasepsi_hormonal" title="Kontrasepsi hormonal">kontrasepsi hormonal</a> termasuk <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pil_kontrasepsi_oral_kombinasi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pil kontrasepsi oral kombinasi (halaman belum tersedia)">pil oral</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Koyo_kontrasepsi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Koyo kontrasepsi (halaman belum tersedia)">koyo</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cincin_vagina&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cincin vagina (halaman belum tersedia)">cincin vagina</a>, dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kontrasepsi_suntik&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kontrasepsi suntik (halaman belum tersedia)">suntik</a>. Metode yang kurang efektif termasuk <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kontrasepsi_dengan_metode_barier&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kontrasepsi dengan metode barier (halaman belum tersedia)">barier</a> seperti <a href="/wiki/Kondom" title="Kondom">kondom</a>, <a href="/wiki/Diafragma_(kontrasepsi)" title="Diafragma (kontrasepsi)">diafragma</a>, dan <a href="/wiki/Spons_kontrasepsi" class="mw-redirect" title="Spons kontrasepsi">spons kontrasepsi</a> serta <a href="/wiki/Metode_amenore_laktasi" title="Metode amenore laktasi">metode keluarga berencana alamiah</a>. Metode yang kurang efektif yaitu <a href="/wiki/Spermisida" title="Spermisida">spermisida</a> dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Metoda_sanggama_terputus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Metoda sanggama terputus (halaman belum tersedia)">sanggama terputus</a> oleh pria sebelum ejakulasi. Sterilisasi, walaupun sangat efektif, biasanya tidak reversibel; semua metode lain bersifat reversibel, sebagian besar segera setelah dihentikan.<sup id="cite_ref-WHO_FP2011_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WHO_FP2011-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Kontrasepsi_darurat" title="Kontrasepsi darurat">Kontrasepsi darurat</a> dapat mencegah kehamilan dalam beberapa hari setelah hubungan seks tanpa perlindungan. Ada yang menganggap <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pantang_berhubungan_seks&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pantang berhubungan seks (halaman belum tersedia)">pantang berhubungan seks</a> sebagai kontrasepsi, tetapi <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pendidikan_seks_yang_hanya_mengandalkan_pantang&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pendidikan seks yang hanya mengandalkan pantang (halaman belum tersedia)">pendidikan seks yang hanya mengandalkan pantang</a> dapat meningkatkan kehamilan di usia remaja jika tidak disertai pendidikan kontrasepsi.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid12065267_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid12065267-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid18923389_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid18923389-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Dalam <a href="/wiki/Kehamilan_remaja" title="Kehamilan remaja">remaja</a>, kehamilan mempunyai risiko lebih besar berakhir buruk. <a href="/wiki/Pendidikan_seks" class="mw-redirect" title="Pendidikan seks">Pendidikan seks</a> yang komprehensif dan akses pada kontrasepsi menurunkan tingkat kehamilan yang tidak diinginkan pada kelompok usia ini.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid22764559_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid22764559-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid22764557_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid22764557-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Walaupun semua bentuk kontrasepsi dapat digunakan oleh orang muda,<sup id="cite_ref-WHO_FP2011p260_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WHO_FP2011p260-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> metode <a href="/wiki/Kontrasepsi_reversibel_kerja_panjang" title="Kontrasepsi reversibel kerja panjang">kontrasepsi reversibel jangka panjang</a> seperti implan, AKDR/IUD, atau cincin vagina secara khusus bermanfaat dalam menurunkan tingkat kehamilan remaja.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid22764557_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid22764557-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Setelah melahirkan, wanita yang tidak menyusui secara eksklusif dapat hamil lagi dalam empat hingga enam minggu. Beberapa metode kontrasepsi dapat dimulai segera setelah melahirkan, tetapi yang lain perlu ditunda hingga enam bulan. Bagi yang menyusui secara eksklusif metode progestin lebih dipilih dibandingkan dengan kontrasepsi oral kombinasi. Bagi yang telah mencapai <a href="/wiki/Menopause" title="Menopause">menopause</a> disarankan untuk meneruskan kontrasepsi hingga setahun setelah menstruasi terakhir.<sup id="cite_ref-WHO_FP2011p260_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WHO_FP2011p260-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Terdapat sekitar 222 jutaan wanita yang ingin menghindari kehamilan di negara berkembang yang tidak menggunakan metode kontrasepsi modern.<sup id="cite_ref-Guttmacher2012_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Guttmacher2012-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid22784540_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid22784540-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Penggunaan kontrasepsi di <a href="/wiki/Negara_berkembang" title="Negara berkembang">negara berkembang</a> telah menurunkan angka <a href="/wiki/Kematian_ibu" class="mw-redirect" title="Kematian ibu">kematian ibu</a> sebesar 40% (sekitar 270.000 kematian pada 2008 dapat dicegah) dan dapat mencegah hingga 70% jika seluruh kebutuhan kontrasepsi terpenuhi.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid22784533_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid22784533-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid22784531_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid22784531-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dengan memperpanjang waktu antara kehamilan, kontrasepsi dapat meningkatkan keberhasilan proses melahirkan pada wanita dewasa serta kelangsungan hidup anak-anak mereka.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid22784533_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid22784533-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bagi wanita di negara berkembang, penghasilan, aset, <a href="/wiki/Indeks_massa_tubuh" title="Indeks massa tubuh">berat badan</a>, dan tingkat pendidikan serta kesehatan anak-anak mereka akan meningkat sejajar dengan peningkatan akses pada kontrasepsi.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid22784535_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid22784535-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kontrasepsi meningkatkan <a href="/wiki/Pertumbuhan_ekonomi" title="Pertumbuhan ekonomi">pertumbuhan ekonomi</a> karena lebih sedikit beban anak, lebih banyak wanita berpartisipasi sebagai <a href="/wiki/Tenaga_kerja" title="Tenaga kerja">tenaga kerja</a>, dan berkurangnya konsumsi sumber daya yang terbatas.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid22784535_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid22784535-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid22784542_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid22784542-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r14851226">.mw-parser-output .toclimit-2 .toclevel-1 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-3 .toclevel-2 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-4 .toclevel-3 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-5 .toclevel-4 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-6 .toclevel-5 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-7 .toclevel-6 ul{display:none}</style><div class="toclimit-3"><meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Metode">Metode</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pengaturan_kelahiran&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Sunting bagian: Metode" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pengaturan_kelahiran&action=edit&section=1" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Metode"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" style="float: right; margin-left:15px; text-align:center"> <caption>Kemungkinan kehamilan selama tahun pertama pemakaian:<sup id="cite_ref-Hopkins2010_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hopkins2010-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-CDC2013_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CDC2013-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Metode</th> <th>Penggunaan tidak tepat</th> <th>Penggunaan tepat </th></tr> <tr> <td>Tanpa kontrasepsi</td> <td>85%</td> <td>85% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Pil kombinasi</td> <td>8%</td> <td>0,3% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Pil progestin saja</td> <td>13%</td> <td>1,1% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Sterilisasi (wanita)</td> <td>0,5%</td> <td>0,5% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Sterilisasi (pria)</td> <td>0,15%</td> <td>0,10% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Kondom (wanita)</td> <td>21%</td> <td>5% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Kondom (pria)</td> <td>18%</td> <td>2% </td></tr> <tr> <td>IUD Tembaga</td> <td>0,8%</td> <td>0,6% </td></tr> <tr> <td>IUD Hormon</td> <td>0,2%</td> <td>0,2% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Koyo</td> <td>8%</td> <td>0,3% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Cincin Vagina</td> <td>9%</td> <td>0,3% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Depo Provera</td> <td>3-6%</td> <td>0,2% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Implan/susuk</td> <td>0,05%</td> <td>0,05% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Diafragma dan spermisida</td> <td>12%</td> <td>6% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Sanggama terputus</td> <td>27%</td> <td>4% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Metode pantang berkala/ sistem kalender</td> <td>~12-25%</td> <td>~1-9% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Metode amenorea laktasi</td> <td>0-7,5%<sup id="cite_ref-Vander2003_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vander2003-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td><2%<sup id="cite_ref-Blenning2005_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Blenning2005-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Metode kontrasepsi meliputi <a href="/w/index.php?title=Metode_barier&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Metode barier (halaman belum tersedia)">metode barier</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kontrasepsi_hormonal" title="Kontrasepsi hormonal">kontrasepsi hormonal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alat_kontrasepsi_dalam_rahim" title="Alat kontrasepsi dalam rahim">alat kontrasepsi dalam rahim</a> (AKDR), sterilisasi, dan metode perilaku. Metode ini digunakan sebelum atau selama berhubungan seks sedangkan <a href="/wiki/Kontrasepsi_darurat" title="Kontrasepsi darurat">kontrasepsi darurat</a> efektif hingga beberapa hari setelah berhubungan seks. Efektivitas biasanya dinyatakan sebagai persentase wanita yang hamil setelah menggunakan metode yang diberikan selama tahun pertamanya<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> dan kadang-kadang sebagai tingkat kegagalan seumur hidup di antara metode dengan efektivitas tinggi, seperti <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pengikatan_tuba/saluran_falopii&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pengikatan tuba/saluran falopii (halaman belum tersedia)">pengikatan tuba/saluran falopii</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Dew2012_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dew2012-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Metode yang paling efektif adalah yang tahan lama dan tidak memerlukan kunjungan perawatan kesehatan secara terus-menerus.<sup id="cite_ref-Will2012_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Will2012-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> kontrasepsi mantap, kontrasepsi implan, dan alat kontrasepsi dalam rahim (AKDR) memiliki tingkat kegagalan pada tahun pertama kurang dari 1%.<sup id="cite_ref-Will2012_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Will2012-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pil kontrasepsi hormonal, koyo atau cincin, dan metode amenore laktasi (MAL), bila digunakan dengan ketat, juga memiliki tingkat kegagalan pada tahun pertama (atau untuk MAL, enam bulan pertama) kurang dari 1%.<sup id="cite_ref-Will2012_24-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Will2012-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dengan penggunaan yang tidak tepat, tingkat kegagalan pada tahun pertama cukup tinggi, yaitu pada kisaran 3-9%.<sup id="cite_ref-Will2012_24-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Will2012-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Metode lain seperti pemahaman fertilitas (metode kalender), kondom, diafragma, dan spermisida memiliki tingkat kegagalan pada tahun pertama yang lebih tinggi, bahkan dengan penggunaan yang tepat.<sup id="cite_ref-Will2012_24-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Will2012-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Meskipun semua metode kontrasepsi memiliki kemungkinan efek yang tidak diinginkan, risikonya lebih kecil dibandingkan risiko <a href="/wiki/Kehamilan" title="Kehamilan">kehamilan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Will2012_24-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Will2012-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Setelah menghentikan atau mencabut berbagai metode kontrasepsi, termasuk kontrasepsi oral, AKDR, implan (susuk) dan suntikan, tingkat kehamilan pada tahun berikutnya sama dengan mereka yang tidak menggunakan kontrasepsi.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Bagi mereka yang memiliki masalah kesehatan, bentuk-bentuk kontrasepsi tertentu mungkin memerlukan pemeriksaan lebih lanjut.<sup id="cite_ref-WHO2009_10_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WHO2009_10-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sebaliknya, bagi wanita yang sehat, kebanyakan metode kontrasepsi tidak mewajibkan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pemeriksaan_medis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pemeriksaan medis (halaman belum tersedia)">pemeriksaan medis</a> termasuk pil kontrasepsi, suntik atau implan, dan kondom.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Secara khusus, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pemeriksaan_panggul&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pemeriksaan panggul (halaman belum tersedia)">pemeriksaan panggul</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pemeriksaan_payudara&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pemeriksaan payudara (halaman belum tersedia)">pemeriksaan payudara</a>, atau tes darah sebelum memulai pil kontrasepsi tampaknya tidak memengaruhi hasil, sehingga tidak diwajibkan.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-WHO_FP2011p10_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WHO_FP2011p10-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Organisasi_Kesehatan_Dunia" title="Organisasi Kesehatan Dunia">Organisasi Kesehatan Dunia</a> pada tahun 2009 mengeluarkan daftar terperinci mengenai kriteria kelayakan masing-masing jenis kontrasepsi.<sup id="cite_ref-WHO2009_10_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WHO2009_10-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hormonal">Hormonal</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pengaturan_kelahiran&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Sunting bagian: Hormonal" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pengaturan_kelahiran&action=edit&section=2" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Hormonal"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r18844875">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Artikel utama: <a href="/wiki/Kontrasepsi_hormonal" title="Kontrasepsi hormonal">Kontrasepsi hormonal</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Kontrasepsi_hormonal" title="Kontrasepsi hormonal">Kontrasepsi hormonal</a> bekerja dengan mencegah terjadi <a href="/wiki/Ovulasi" title="Ovulasi">ovulasi</a> dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fertilisasi_manusia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fertilisasi manusia (halaman belum tersedia)">fertilisasi</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Nelson_2011_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nelson_2011-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kontrasepsi hormonal tersedia dalam berbagai bentuk, termasuk <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kontrasepsi_oral&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kontrasepsi oral (halaman belum tersedia)">pil oral</a>, implan/susuk <a href="/w/index.php?title=Subdermis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Subdermis (halaman belum tersedia)">di bawah kulit</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kontrasepsi_suntikan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kontrasepsi suntikan (halaman belum tersedia)">suntikan</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kontrasepsi_koyo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kontrasepsi koyo (halaman belum tersedia)">koyo</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=AKDR_hormonal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="AKDR hormonal (halaman belum tersedia)">AKDR</a> dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cincin_vagina&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cincin vagina (halaman belum tersedia)">cincin vagina</a>. Saat ini kontrasepsi hormonal hanya tersedia untuk wanita. Ada dua jenis kontrasepsi oral, yaitu <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pil_kontrasepsi_oral_kombinasi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pil kontrasepsi oral kombinasi (halaman belum tersedia)">pil kontrasepsi oral kombinasi</a> dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pil_progestogen_saja&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pil progestogen saja (halaman belum tersedia)">pil progestogen saja</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Ammer_2009a_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ammer_2009a-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bila dilakukan selama kehamilan, kontrasepsi hormonal tidak meningkatkan risiko <a href="/wiki/Keguguran" class="mw-redirect" title="Keguguran">keguguran</a> dan maupun <a href="/wiki/Kelainan_bawaan" title="Kelainan bawaan">kelainan bawaan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-WHO_FP2011p10_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WHO_FP2011p10-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Kontrasepsi hormonal kombinasi diasosiasikan dengan sedikit peningkatan risiko <a href="/w/index.php?title=Trombosis_vena&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Trombosis vena (halaman belum tersedia)">vena</a> dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Trombosis_arteri&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Trombosis arteri (halaman belum tersedia)">gumpalan darah arteri</a>; akan tetapi, risikonya lebih kecil dibandingkan dengan risiko yang terkait dengan kehamilan.<sup id="cite_ref-Review2011_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Review2011-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Karena risiko ini, kontrasepsi hormonal kombinasi tidak disarankan bagi wanita berusia di atas 35 tahun yang masih merokok.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Efek pada gairah seksual bervariasi, dengan peningkatan atau penurunan gairah seksual pada beberapa orang, tapi mayoritas tidak mengalami efek tersebut.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kontrasepsi oral kombinasi menurunkan risiko <a href="/wiki/Kanker_ovarium" title="Kanker ovarium">kanker ovarium</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Kanker_endometrium" title="Kanker endometrium">kanker endometrium</a> dan tidak mengubah risiko <a href="/wiki/Kanker_payudara" title="Kanker payudara">kanker payudara</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Shulman2011_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shulman2011-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kontrasepsi ini sering kali mengurangi perdarahan haid dan <a href="/wiki/Dismenore" class="mw-redirect" title="Dismenore">nyeri haid</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-WHO_FP2011p10_29-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WHO_FP2011p10-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dosis estrogen yang lebih rendah pada cincin vagina dapat mengurangi risiko nyeri payudara, <a href="/wiki/Mual" title="Mual">mual</a>, dan sakit kepala yang diasosiasikan dengan produk-produk dengan dosis estrogen yang lebih tinggi.<sup id="cite_ref-Shulman2011_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shulman2011-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kontrasepsi_pil_progestin/minipil&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kontrasepsi pil progestin/minipil (halaman belum tersedia)">Kontrasepsi pil progestin/minipil</a>, suntikan, dan alat kontrasepsi dalam rahim tidak diasosiasikan dengan peningkatan risiko penggumpalan darah dan dapat digunakan oleh wanita yang sebelumnya memiliki gumpalan darah di pembuluh vena mereka.<sup id="cite_ref-Review2011_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Review2011-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pada mereka yang memiliki riwayat gumpalan darah arteri, kontrasepsi non-hormonal atau metode progestin saja selain versi suntik sebaiknya digunakan.<sup id="cite_ref-Review2011_32-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Review2011-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kontrasepsi pil progestin mungkin meringankan gejala haid dan dapat digunakan oleh wanita menyusui karena tidak mempengaruhi <a href="/wiki/Laktasi" class="mw-redirect" title="Laktasi">produksi ASI</a>.Perdarahan tak teratur mungkin terjadi pada metode progestin saja, di mana beberapa pengguna melaporkan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Amenore&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Amenore (halaman belum tersedia)">tidak mengalami haid</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid21961819_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid21961819-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Progestin <a href="/w/index.php?title=Drospirenon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Drospirenon (halaman belum tersedia)">drospirenon</a> dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Desogestrel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Desogestrel (halaman belum tersedia)">desogestrel</a> mengurangi efek samping <a href="/wiki/Androgen" title="Androgen">androgen</a> tetapi meningkatkan risiko gumpalan darah, sehingga tidak menjadi pilihan pertama.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tingkat kegagalan pada tahun pertama dari progestin suntik, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Depo-Provera&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Depo-Provera (halaman belum tersedia)">Depo-Provera</a>, masih diperdebatkan, dengan angka yang bervariasi mulai dari di bawah 1%<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> hingga 6%.<sup id="cite_ref-Will2012_24-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Will2012-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Metode_barier">Metode barier</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pengaturan_kelahiran&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Sunting bagian: Metode barier" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pengaturan_kelahiran&action=edit&section=3" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Metode barier"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Kondom.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Kondom.jpg/220px-Kondom.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/04/Kondom.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="275" data-file-height="220" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Kondom" title="Kondom">Kondom</a> gulung pria</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kontrasepsi_barier&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kontrasepsi barier (halaman belum tersedia)">Kontrasepsi barier</a> adalah perangkat yang berupaya mencegah <a href="/wiki/Kehamilan" title="Kehamilan">kehamilan</a> dengan cara menghalangi <a href="/wiki/Sperma" class="mw-redirect" title="Sperma">sperma</a> agar tidak memasuki <a href="/wiki/Rahim" title="Rahim">rahim</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Neinstein2008_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Neinstein2008-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kontrasepsi barier meliputi <a href="/wiki/Kondom" title="Kondom">kondom</a> pria, <a href="/wiki/Kondom_wanita" class="mw-redirect" title="Kondom wanita">kondom wanita</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sungkup_servik&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sungkup servik (halaman belum tersedia)">sungkup servik</a>, <a href="/wiki/Diafragma_(kontrasepsi)" title="Diafragma (kontrasepsi)">diafragma</a>, dan <a href="/wiki/Spons_kontrasepsi" class="mw-redirect" title="Spons kontrasepsi">spons kontrasepsi</a> dengan <a href="/wiki/Spermisida" title="Spermisida">spermisida</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Neinstein2008_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Neinstein2008-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Kondom adalah metode kontrasepsi yang paling umum digunakan di seluruh dunia.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kondom_pria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kondom pria (halaman belum tersedia)">Kondom pria</a> dikenakan di <a href="/wiki/Penis_manusia" title="Penis manusia">penis</a> pria yang sedang ereksi dan secara fisik menghalangi sperma yang diejakulasi agar tidak memasuki tubuh pasangan seksual.<sup id="cite_ref-Hamil2012_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hamil2012-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kondom modern sering kali terbuat dari <a href="/wiki/Lateks" title="Lateks">lateks</a>, tetapi beberapa di antaranya juga terbuat dari bahan lain seperti <a href="/wiki/Poliuretan" class="mw-redirect" title="Poliuretan">poliuretan</a>, atau usus domba.<sup id="cite_ref-Hamil2012_43-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hamil2012-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Kondom_wanita" class="mw-redirect" title="Kondom wanita">Kondom wanita</a> juga tersedia, sering kali terbuat dari <a href="/wiki/Karet_nitril" title="Karet nitril">nitril</a>, lateks atau poliuretan.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Keuntungan kondom pria adalah harganya yang murah, mudah digunakan, dan hanya memiliki sedikit efek samping.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Di Jepang, sekitar 80% pasangan yang menggunakan kontrasepsi memakai kondom, sementara di Jerman persentasenya sekitar 25%,<sup id="cite_ref-Ebe2010_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ebe2010-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> dan di Amerika Serikat 18%.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Kondom pria dan diafragma dengan spermisida, dengan penggunaan yang tidak tepat memiliki tingkat kegagalan pada tahun pertama yang serupa, yakni masing-masing 15% dan 16%.<sup id="cite_ref-Hopkins2010_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hopkins2010-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dengan penggunaan yang tepat, kondom lebih efektif dengan tingkat kegagalan pada tahun pertama sebesar 2%, dibandingkan 6% pada diafragma.<sup id="cite_ref-Hopkins2010_6-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hopkins2010-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kondom memiliki manfaat lain yakni membantu mencegah penyebaran infeksi yang menular seksual seperti <a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS" class="mw-redirect" title="HIV/AIDS">HIV/AIDS</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-WHO_FP2011_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WHO_FP2011-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Spons kontrasepsi menggabungkan barier dengan spermisida.<sup id="cite_ref-Will2012_24-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Will2012-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Seperti diafragma, spons dimasukkan melalui vagina sebelum berhubungan seksual dan harus ditempatkan di atas <a href="/wiki/Serviks" title="Serviks">serviks</a> agar efektif.<sup id="cite_ref-Will2012_24-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Will2012-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tingkat kegagalan dengan penggunaan yang tidak tepat pada tahun pertama tergantung pada apakah wanita tersebut sudah pernah melahirkan atau belum, yakni 24% pada mereka yang pernah melahirkan dan 12% pada mereka yang belum pernah melahirkan.<sup id="cite_ref-Will2012_24-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Will2012-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Spons dapat dimasukkan hingga 24 jam sebelum berhubungan seksual dan harus dibiarkan pada tempatnya selama minimal enam jam sesudahnya.<sup id="cite_ref-Will2012_24-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Will2012-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Reaksi alergi<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> dan efek samping yang lebih berat seperti <a href="/wiki/Toxic_shock_syndrome" class="mw-redirect" title="Toxic shock syndrome">Toxic shock syndrome</a> pernah dilaporkan.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Alat_kontrasepsi_dalam_rahim">Alat kontrasepsi dalam rahim</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pengaturan_kelahiran&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Sunting bagian: Alat kontrasepsi dalam rahim" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pengaturan_kelahiran&action=edit&section=4" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Alat kontrasepsi dalam rahim"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Alat_kontrasepsi_dalam_rahim" title="Alat kontrasepsi dalam rahim">Alat kontrasepsi dalam rahim</a> (AKDR) yang ada saat ini biasanya merupakan perangkat kecil berbentuk 'T', yang mengandung tembaga atau levonorgestrel, yang dimasukkan ke dalam rahim.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> AKDR adalah bentuk <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kontrasepsi_reversibel_jangka_panjang&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kontrasepsi reversibel jangka panjang (halaman belum tersedia)">kontrasepsi reversibel jangka panjang</a>. Tingkat kegagalan pada tahun pertama dengan AKDR tembaga adalah sekitar 0,8% sementara AKDR levonorgestrel memiliki tingkat kegagalan tahun pertama sebesar 0,2%.<sup id="cite_ref-Hopkins2010_6-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hopkins2010-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Di antara berbagai metode kontrasepsi, AKDR, bersama dengan kontrasepsi implan/susuk, memberikan kepuasan terbesar di antara pengguna.<sup id="cite_ref-Comm2012_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Comm2012-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Bukti ilmiah menunjukkan efektivitas dan keamanan AKDR pada remaja<sup id="cite_ref-Comm2012_51-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Comm2012-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> dan mereka yang belum pernah memiliki anak.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> AKDR tidak memengaruhi <a href="/w/index.php?title=Proses_menyusui&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Proses menyusui (halaman belum tersedia)">proses menyusui</a> dan dapat dimasukkan langsung setelah persalinan.<sup id="cite_ref-Gabbe2012_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gabbe2012-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> AKDR juga dapat digunakan langsung setelah <a href="/wiki/Aborsi" class="mw-redirect" title="Aborsi">aborsi</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Setelah AKDR dikeluarkan, bahkan setelah penggunaan dalam jangka waktu lama, fertilitas segera kembali menjadi normal.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> AKDR tembaga mungkin meningkatkan perdarahan haid dan menyebabkan kram perut yang lebih sakit,<sup id="cite_ref-Grimes2007_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grimes2007-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> sementara AKDR hormon mungkin mengurangi perdarahan menstruasi atau menghentikan menstruasi.<sup id="cite_ref-Gabbe2012_53-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gabbe2012-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kemungkinan komplikasi lainnya mencakup ekspulsi (2–5%) dan, yang jarang terjadi, perforasi rahim (kurang dari 0,7%).<sup id="cite_ref-Gabbe2012_53-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gabbe2012-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Marnach2013_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Marnach2013-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kram perut dapat diobati dengan <a href="/wiki/OAINS" class="mw-redirect" title="OAINS">OAINS</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Marnach2013_57-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Marnach2013-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Per tahun 2007, AKDR adalah bentuk kontrasepsi reversibel yang paling banyak digunakan, dengan lebih dari 180 juta pengguna di seluruh dunia.<sup id="cite_ref-Darney2010_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Darney2010-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Darroch2013_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Darroch2013-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Model alat kontrasepsi dalam rahim sebelumnya (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pelindung_Dalkon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pelindung Dalkon (halaman belum tersedia)">pelindung Dalkon</a>) diasosiasikan dengan meningkatnya risiko <a href="/w/index.php?title=Penyakit_radang_panggul&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Penyakit radang panggul (halaman belum tersedia)">penyakit radang panggul</a>; akan tetapi, risiko tersebut tidak terpengaruh oleh model saat ini pada mereka yang tidak memiliki infeksi yang menular secara seksual pada saat perangkat dimasukkan.<sup id="cite_ref-guttmacher2007_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-guttmacher2007-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sterilisasi">Sterilisasi</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pengaturan_kelahiran&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Sunting bagian: Sterilisasi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pengaturan_kelahiran&action=edit&section=5" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Sterilisasi"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sterilisasi_(kedokteran)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sterilisasi (kedokteran) (halaman belum tersedia)">Bedah sterilisasi</a> tersedia dalam bentuk <a href="/wiki/Tubektomi" title="Tubektomi">tubektomi</a> untuk wanita dan <a href="/wiki/Vasektomi" title="Vasektomi">vasektomi</a> untuk pria.<sup id="cite_ref-Hopkins2010_6-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hopkins2010-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tidak ada efek samping jangka panjang yang signifikan, dan tubektomi mengurangi risiko <a href="/wiki/Kanker_ovarium" title="Kanker ovarium">kanker ovarium</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Hopkins2010_6-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hopkins2010-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kemungkinan komplikasi jangka pendek pada vasektomi dua puluh kali lebih kecil dibandingkan tubektomi.<sup id="cite_ref-Hopkins2010_6-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hopkins2010-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Setelah vasektomi dilakukan, mungkin terdapat pembengkakan dan nyeri pada skrotum yang biasanya sembuh dalam waktu satu atau dua minggu.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pada tubektomi, komplikasi terjadi pada 1 sampai 2 persen prosedur di mana komplikasi serius biasanya diakibatkan oleh <a href="/wiki/Anestesi" class="mw-redirect" title="Anestesi">anestesi</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kedua metode tersebut tidak memberikan perlindungan terhadap infeksi menular seksual.<sup id="cite_ref-Hopkins2010_6-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hopkins2010-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Beberapa wanita menyesali keputusannya: sekitar 5% berusia di atas 30 tahun, dan sekitar 20% berusia di bawah 30 tahun.<sup id="cite_ref-Hopkins2010_6-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hopkins2010-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pria lebih kecil kemungkinannya untuk menyesali sterilisasi (<5%); usia yang lebih muda, memiliki anak yang masih kecil atau belum memiliki anak, dan pernikahan yang tidak stabil meningkatkan risiko tersebut.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pada sebuah survei yang diadakan pada orang-orang yang telah memiliki anak, 9% menyatakan bahwa mereka akan memilih untuk tidak memiliki anak jika mereka dapat mengulanginya lagi.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Meskipun sterilisasi dianggap sebagai prosedur permanen,<sup id="cite_ref-Deff2011_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Deff2011-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ada kemungkinan untuk mencoba <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pembalikan_ligasi_tuba&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pembalikan ligasi tuba (halaman belum tersedia)">pembalikan ligasi tuba</a> untuk menghubungkan kembali <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tuba_Fallopi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tuba Fallopi (halaman belum tersedia)">tuba Fallopi</a> atau <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pembalikan_vasektomi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pembalikan vasektomi (halaman belum tersedia)">pembalikan vasektomi</a> untuk menghubungkan kembali <a href="/wiki/Vas_deferens" title="Vas deferens">vas deferens</a>. Pada wanita, keinginan pembalikan sering kali diasosiasikan dengan pergantian pasangan.<sup id="cite_ref-Deff2011_66-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Deff2011-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tingkat keberhasilan kehamilan setelah pembalikan ligasi tuba adalah antara 31 sampai 88%, dengan komplikasi yang meliputi meningkatnya risiko <a href="/wiki/Kehamilan_ektopik" title="Kehamilan ektopik">kehamilan ektopik</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Deff2011_66-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Deff2011-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Persentase pria yang meminta pembalikan adalah antara 2 sampai 6%.<sup id="cite_ref-Shri2010_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shri2010-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tingkat keberhasilan memperoleh anak setelah pembalikan berkisar antara 38 sampai 84%; di mana keberhasilan menjadi semakin kecil seiring dengan bertambahnya selang waktu antara prosedur semula dan pembalikan.<sup id="cite_ref-Shri2010_67-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shri2010-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ekstraksi_sperma&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ekstraksi sperma (halaman belum tersedia)">Ekstraksi sperma</a> yang diikuti dengan <a href="/wiki/Fertilisasi_in_vitro" class="mw-redirect" title="Fertilisasi in vitro">fertilisasi in vitro</a> juga dapat menjadi pilihan bagi pria.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Perilaku">Perilaku</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pengaturan_kelahiran&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Sunting bagian: Perilaku" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pengaturan_kelahiran&action=edit&section=6" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Perilaku"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Metode perilaku mencakup <a href="/w/index.php?title=Metode_kontrasepsi_berdasarkan_kalender&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Metode kontrasepsi berdasarkan kalender (halaman belum tersedia)">pengaturan waktu</a> atau cara berhubungan seksual untuk mencegah masuknya sperma ke dalam saluran reproduksi wanita, baik secara keseluruhan atau ketika terdapat sel telur.<sup id="cite_ref-Grim2004_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grim2004-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bila digunakan dengan tepat, tingkat kegagalan pada tahun pertama mungkin sekitar 3,4%, tetapi bila digunakan dengan tidak tepat, tingkat kegagalan pada tahun pertama dapat mencapai 85%.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Pemahaman_fertilitas">Pemahaman fertilitas</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pengaturan_kelahiran&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Sunting bagian: Pemahaman fertilitas" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pengaturan_kelahiran&action=edit&section=7" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Pemahaman fertilitas"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/w/index.php?title=Metode_pemahaman_fertilitas&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Metode pemahaman fertilitas (halaman belum tersedia)">Metode pemahaman fertilitas</a> melibatkan penentuan hari paling subur pada <a href="/wiki/Siklus_haid" class="mw-redirect" title="Siklus haid">siklus haid</a> dan mencegah hubungan seksual yang tidak diproteksi.<sup id="cite_ref-Grim2004_69-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grim2004-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Teknik untuk menentukan fertilitas meliputi pemantauan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Suhu_tubuh_basal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Suhu tubuh basal (halaman belum tersedia)">suhu tubuh basal</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sekresi_serviks&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sekresi serviks (halaman belum tersedia)">sekresi serviks</a>, atau hari pada siklus.<sup id="cite_ref-Grim2004_69-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grim2004-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Metode ini biasanya memiliki tingkat kegagalan pada tahun pertama pada penggunaan yang tidak tepat berkisar antara 12% sampai 25%; pada penggunaan tepat, tingkat kegagalan pada tahun pertama bergantung pada sistem yang digunakan dan biasanya berkisar antara 1% sampai 9%.<sup id="cite_ref-Hopkins2010_6-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hopkins2010-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Akan tetapi, bukti yang mendasari perkiraan ini lemah karena sebagian besar orang yang mengikuti uji coba menghentikan penggunaan metode ini secara dini.<sup id="cite_ref-Grim2004_69-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grim2004-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Secara global, metode ini digunakan oleh sekitar 3,6% pasangan.<sup id="cite_ref-Sivin2010_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sivin2010-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Bila didasarkan pada suhu tubuh basal dan gejala primer lainnya, metode ini disebut simtotermal. Tingkat kehamilan yang tidak direncanakan dilaporkan berkisar antara 1% sampai 20% bagi pengguna yang tidak tepat metode simtotermal ini.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Sanggama_terputus">Sanggama terputus</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pengaturan_kelahiran&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Sunting bagian: Sanggama terputus" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pengaturan_kelahiran&action=edit&section=8" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Sanggama terputus"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/w/index.php?title=Metode_sanggama_terputus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Metode sanggama terputus (halaman belum tersedia)">Metode sanggama terputus</a> (juga dikenal dengan sebutan coitus interruptus), adalah praktik menghentikan hubungan seksual ("menarik keluar") sebelum ejakulasi.<sup id="cite_ref-WHO2009_100_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WHO2009_100-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Risiko utama metode penarikan adalah sang pria mungkin tidak melakukan manuver dengan benar atau tepat waktu.<sup id="cite_ref-WHO2009_100_73-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WHO2009_100-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tingkat kegagalan pada tahun pertama bervariasi dari 4% pada penggunaan tepat sampai 27% pada penggunaan yang tidak tepat.<sup id="cite_ref-WHO2009_10_26-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WHO2009_10-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Beberapa profesional medis tidak menganggap metode ini sebagai kontrasepsi.<sup id="cite_ref-Will2012_24-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Will2012-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Hanya sedikit bukti terkait kandungan sperma pada <a href="/wiki/Cairan_pra-ejakulasi" class="mw-redirect" title="Cairan pra-ejakulasi">cairan pra-ejakulasi</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Jones2009_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jones2009-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Meskipun beberapa penelitian tentatif tidak menemukan sperma,<sup id="cite_ref-Jones2009_74-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jones2009-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> sebuah uji coba menemukan sperma pada 10 orang dari 27 peserta uji coba.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Metode penarikan digunakan sebagai kontrasepsi oleh sekitar 3% pasangan.<sup id="cite_ref-Sivin2010_71-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sivin2010-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Pantang">Pantang</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pengaturan_kelahiran&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Sunting bagian: Pantang" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pengaturan_kelahiran&action=edit&section=9" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Pantang"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Meskipun beberapa kelompok telah menganjurkan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pantang_seksual&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pantang seksual (halaman belum tersedia)">pantang seksual</a> secara total, yang berarti menghindari segala aktivitas seksual, dalam konteks kontrasepsi istilah tersebut biasanya berarti pantang melakukan hubungan seksual melalui vagina.<sup id="cite_ref-ppabst_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ppabst-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pantang seksual memang 100% efektif dalam menghindari kehamilan; akan tetapi, tidak semua orang yang ingin pantang dapat menahan diri dari segala aktivitas seksual, dan dalam banyak populasi, terdapat risiko kehamilan yang signifikan dari <a href="/w/index.php?title=Seks_nonkonsensual&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Seks nonkonsensual (halaman belum tersedia)">seks nonkonsensual</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pendidikan_pantang_seks_saja&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pendidikan pantang seks saja (halaman belum tersedia)">Pendidikan pantang seks saja</a> tidak mengurangi <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kehamilan_pada_remaja&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kehamilan pada remaja (halaman belum tersedia)">kehamilan pada remaja</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid22341164_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid22341164-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Ott2007_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ott2007-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tingkat kehamilan pada remaja lebih tinggi pada pelajar yang diberikan pendidikan pantang seks saja, dibandingkan mereka yang diberikan pendidikan seks secara menyeluruh.<sup id="cite_ref-Ott2007_80-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ott2007-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Beberapa otoritas menyarankan agar mereka yang menggunakan pantang sebagai metode utama juga memiliki metode cadangan (seperti kondom atau pil kontrasepsi darurat).<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Seks_non-penetrasi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Seks non-penetrasi (halaman belum tersedia)">Seks non-penetrasi</a> seks tanpa keterlibatan vagina dan <a href="/wiki/Seks_oral" title="Seks oral">seks oral</a> seks tanpa keterlibatan vagina juga terkadang dianggap sebagai kontrasepsi.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Meskipun biasanya mencegah kehamilan, kehamilan masih dapat terjadi pada <a href="/wiki/Seks_interkrural" title="Seks interkrural">seks interkrural</a> dan bentuk seks lain di mana penis berada dekat dengan vagina (seperti menggosok alat kelamin, dan penis yang keluar dari <a href="/wiki/Seks_anal" title="Seks anal">seks anal</a>) karena sperma bisa terkumpul di dekat vagina dan berjalan di sepanjang cairan pelicin vagina.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Laktasi">Laktasi</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pengaturan_kelahiran&veaction=edit&section=10" title="Sunting bagian: Laktasi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pengaturan_kelahiran&action=edit&section=10" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Laktasi"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Metode_amenore_laktasi" title="Metode amenore laktasi">Metode amenorea laktasi</a> melibatkan kondisi <a href="/w/index.php?title=Infertilitas_pospartum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Infertilitas pospartum (halaman belum tersedia)">infertilitas pospartum</a> alami wanita yang terjadi setelah persalinan dan dapat diperpanjang dengan <a href="/wiki/Menyusui" title="Menyusui">menyusui</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Blackburn2007_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Blackburn2007-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ini biasanya memerlukan ketiadaan <a href="/wiki/Menstruasi" title="Menstruasi">haid</a>, memberikan ASI eksklusif kepada bayi, dan anak di bawah enam bulan.<sup id="cite_ref-Blenning2005_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Blenning2005-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Badan_Kesehatan_Dunia" class="mw-redirect" title="Badan Kesehatan Dunia">Badan Kesehatan Dunia</a> menyatakan bahwa bila ASI menjadi satu-satunya sumber nutrisi pada bayi, tingkat kegagalan metode ini adalah 2% dalam enam bulan setelah persalinan.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Uji coba telah menemukan tingkat kegagalan antara 0% sampai 7,5%.<sup id="cite_ref-Vander2003_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vander2003-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tingkat kegagalan naik menjadi 4-7% pada usia anak satu tahun dan 13% pada usia dua tahun.<sup id="cite_ref-Fritz2012_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fritz2012-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Memberikan susu formula, memompa alih-alih menyusui secara langsung, penggunaan <a href="/wiki/Empeng" class="mw-redirect" title="Empeng">empeng</a>, dan memberikan makanan padat menaikkan tingkat kegagalan.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pada mereka yang memberikan ASI eksklusif, sekitar 10% mulai mengalami haid sebelum tiga bulan dan 20% sebelum enam bulan.<sup id="cite_ref-Fritz2012_88-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fritz2012-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pada mereka yang tidak menyusui, fertilitas mungkin kembali normal dalam waktu empat minggu setelah persalinan.<sup id="cite_ref-Fritz2012_88-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fritz2012-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Darurat">Darurat</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pengaturan_kelahiran&veaction=edit&section=11" title="Sunting bagian: Darurat" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pengaturan_kelahiran&action=edit&section=11" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Darurat"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Metode <a href="/wiki/Kontrasepsi_darurat" title="Kontrasepsi darurat">kontrasepsi darurat</a> adalah obat (morning-after pill) atau perangkat yang digunakan setelah hubungan seksual yang tidak diproteksi, dengan harapan dapat mencegah kehamilan.<sup id="cite_ref-Gizzo2012_90-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gizzo2012-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cara kerjanya terutama dengan mencegah ovulasi atau fertilisasi.<sup id="cite_ref-Hopkin2012_91-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hopkin2012-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ada berbagai pilihan, termasuk <a href="/w/index.php?title=Yuzpe_regimen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yuzpe regimen (halaman belum tersedia)">pil kontrasepsi dosis tinggi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Levonorgestrel" title="Levonorgestrel">levonorgestrel</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mifepristone&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mifepristone (halaman belum tersedia)">mifepristone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ulipristal" class="mw-redirect" title="Ulipristal">ulipristal</a> dan AKDR.<sup id="cite_ref-CochEmerg2012_92-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CochEmerg2012-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pil <a href="/wiki/Levonorgestrel" title="Levonorgestrel">levonorgestrel</a> mengurangi kemungkinan hamil sebesar 70% (tingkat kehamilan 2,2%) ketika digunakan dalam waktu 3 hari setelah seks yang tidak diproteksi atau kegagalan kondom.<sup id="cite_ref-Gizzo2012_90-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gizzo2012-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Ulipristal" class="mw-redirect" title="Ulipristal">Ulipristal</a> mengurangi kemungkinan hamil sebesar 85% (tingkat kehamilan 1,4%) hingga 5 hari dan mungkin sedikit lebih efektif dibandingkan levonorgestrel.<sup id="cite_ref-Gizzo2012_90-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gizzo2012-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-CochEmerg2012_92-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CochEmerg2012-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mifepristone&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mifepristone (halaman belum tersedia)">Mifepristone</a> juga lebih efektif dibandingkan levonorgestrel, sedangkan AKDR tembaga adalah metode yang paling efektif.<sup id="cite_ref-CochEmerg2012_92-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CochEmerg2012-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> AKDR dapat dimasukkan maksimal 5 hari setelah hubungan seksual dan mencegah sekitar 99% kehamilan (tingkat kehamilan 0,1 sampai 0,2%).<sup id="cite_ref-Hopkin2012_91-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hopkin2012-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ini menjadikan AKDR sebagai bentuk kontrasepsi yang paling efektif.<sup id="cite_ref-Cleland2012_95-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cleland2012-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Memberikan morning-after pill kepada wanita di muka tidak memengaruhi tingkat infeksi menular seksual, penggunaan kondom, tingkat kehamilan, atau perilaku seksual yang berisiko.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid17894132_96-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid17894132-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid21923590_97-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid21923590-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Semua metode memiliki efek samping yang minimum.<sup id="cite_ref-CochEmerg2012_92-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CochEmerg2012-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Perlindungan_Ganda">Perlindungan Ganda</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pengaturan_kelahiran&veaction=edit&section=12" title="Sunting bagian: Perlindungan Ganda" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pengaturan_kelahiran&action=edit&section=12" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Perlindungan Ganda"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Perlindungan Ganda adalah metode yang digunakan untuk mencegah infeksi yang ditularkan secara seksual dan juga kehamilan.<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hal ini dapat dilakukan dengan menggunakan kondom saja atau digabungkan dengan alat KB lain atau dengan menghindari <a href="/wiki/Hubungan_seks" class="mw-redirect" title="Hubungan seks">seks penetratif</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Cates2002_99-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cates2002-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jika kehamilan menjadi kekhawatiran utama, penggunaan kedua metode dalam waktu yang bersamaan masih dapat diterima,<sup id="cite_ref-Cates2002_99-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cates2002-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> dan dua jenis alat KB yang direkomendasikan bagi yang mengonsumsi obat anti-<a href="/wiki/Jerawat" title="Jerawat">jerawat</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Isotretinoin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Isotretinoin (halaman belum tersedia)">isotretinoin</a>, karena obat tersebut memiliki risiko tinggi terjadinya <a href="/wiki/Cacat_lahir" class="mw-redirect" title="Cacat lahir">cacat lahir</a> bila digunakan selama masa kehamilan.<sup id="cite_ref-Gupta2011_101-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gupta2011-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <center><ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional" style="max-width: 815px;"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Condom_unrolled_durex.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Sebuah kondom lateks untuk laki-laki tidak tergulung"><img alt="kondom yang tidak tergulung" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Condom_unrolled_durex.jpg/120px-Condom_unrolled_durex.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Condom_unrolled_durex.jpg/180px-Condom_unrolled_durex.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Condom_unrolled_durex.jpg/240px-Condom_unrolled_durex.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1876" data-file-height="606" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Sebuah <a href="/wiki/Kondom" title="Kondom">kondom</a> <a href="/wiki/Lateks" title="Lateks">lateks</a> untuk laki-laki tidak tergulung</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Pr%C3%A9servatif_f%C3%A9minin.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Kondom perempuan poliuretan"><img alt="kondom untuk perempuan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Pr%C3%A9servatif_f%C3%A9minin.jpg/120px-Pr%C3%A9servatif_f%C3%A9minin.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="54" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Pr%C3%A9servatif_f%C3%A9minin.jpg/180px-Pr%C3%A9servatif_f%C3%A9minin.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Pr%C3%A9servatif_f%C3%A9minin.jpg/240px-Pr%C3%A9servatif_f%C3%A9minin.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2534" data-file-height="1141" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"> <a href="/wiki/Kondom_perempuan" title="Kondom perempuan">Kondom perempuan</a> poliuretan </div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Contraceptive_diaphragm.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A diafragma vaginal-servikal barier, dalam kotaknya dan sebuah koin quarter A.S."><img alt="sebuah diafragma" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Contraceptive_diaphragm.jpg/103px-Contraceptive_diaphragm.jpg" decoding="async" width="103" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Contraceptive_diaphragm.jpg/154px-Contraceptive_diaphragm.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Contraceptive_diaphragm.jpg/206px-Contraceptive_diaphragm.jpg 2x" data-file-width="482" data-file-height="562" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A <a href="/w/index.php?title=Diafragma_(kontraseptif)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Diafragma (kontraseptif) (halaman belum tersedia)">diafragma</a> vaginal-servikal <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kontrasepsi_barier&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kontrasepsi barier (halaman belum tersedia)">barier</a>, dalam kotaknya dan sebuah <a href="/w/index.php?title=Quarter_(Koin_Amerika_Serikat)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Quarter (Koin Amerika Serikat) (halaman belum tersedia)">koin quarter A.S.</a> </div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:%C3%89ponge_spermicide.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A spons kontrasepsi di dalam kemasannya yang sudah dibuka"><img alt="a contraceptive sponge" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/%C3%89ponge_spermicide.jpg/120px-%C3%89ponge_spermicide.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="119" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/%C3%89ponge_spermicide.jpg/180px-%C3%89ponge_spermicide.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/%C3%89ponge_spermicide.jpg/240px-%C3%89ponge_spermicide.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1204" data-file-height="1192" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A <a href="/wiki/Spons_kontrasepsi" class="mw-redirect" title="Spons kontrasepsi">spons kontrasepsi</a> di dalam kemasannya yang sudah dibuka</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Plaquettes_de_pilule.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Tiga varian pil kontrasepsi dengan kemasan berkalender"><img alt="kemasan pil kontrasepsi" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Plaquettes_de_pilule.jpg/120px-Plaquettes_de_pilule.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="94" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Plaquettes_de_pilule.jpg/180px-Plaquettes_de_pilule.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Plaquettes_de_pilule.jpg/240px-Plaquettes_de_pilule.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1274" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Tiga varian <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kombinasi_pil_kontrasepsi_oral&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kombinasi pil kontrasepsi oral (halaman belum tersedia)">pil kontrasepsi</a> dengan kemasan berkalender</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:BirthControlPatch.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Sebuah koyo kontrasepsi transdermal"><img alt="sebuah koyo kontrasepsi" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/BirthControlPatch.JPG/69px-BirthControlPatch.JPG" decoding="async" width="69" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/BirthControlPatch.JPG/104px-BirthControlPatch.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/BirthControlPatch.JPG/138px-BirthControlPatch.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2205" data-file-height="3825" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Sebuah <a href="/w/index.php?title=Koyo_kontrasepsi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Koyo kontrasepsi (halaman belum tersedia)">koyo kontrasepsi</a> transdermal</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:NuvaRing_in_hand.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Sebuah NuvaRing cincin vagina"><img alt="sebuah cincin vagina" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/NuvaRing_in_hand.jpg/120px-NuvaRing_in_hand.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="104" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/NuvaRing_in_hand.jpg/180px-NuvaRing_in_hand.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/NuvaRing_in_hand.jpg/240px-NuvaRing_in_hand.jpg 2x" data-file-width="288" data-file-height="250" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Sebuah <a href="/w/index.php?title=NuvaRing&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="NuvaRing (halaman belum tersedia)">NuvaRing</a> cincin vagina</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Mirena_IntraUterine_System.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="alat kontrasepsi dalam rahim (AKDR) hormonal dengan latar belakang penempatannya di dalam rahim"><img alt="suatu alat kontrasepsi dalam rahim hormonal" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Mirena_IntraUterine_System.jpg/110px-Mirena_IntraUterine_System.jpg" decoding="async" width="110" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Mirena_IntraUterine_System.jpg/165px-Mirena_IntraUterine_System.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Mirena_IntraUterine_System.jpg/220px-Mirena_IntraUterine_System.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1410" data-file-height="1538" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"> <a href="/wiki/Alat_kontrasepsi_dalam_rahim" title="Alat kontrasepsi dalam rahim">alat kontrasepsi dalam rahim</a> (AKDR) hormonal dengan latar belakang penempatannya di dalam <a href="/wiki/Rahim" title="Rahim">rahim</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Emergency_contraceptive.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Suatu dosis pil terbagi dari dua sebagai kontrasepsi darurat (kebanyakan morning after pill sekarang ini hanya membutuhkan satu satu saja)"><img alt="pil kontrasepsi darurat" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Emergency_contraceptive.jpg/120px-Emergency_contraceptive.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Emergency_contraceptive.jpg/180px-Emergency_contraceptive.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Emergency_contraceptive.jpg/240px-Emergency_contraceptive.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="750" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Suatu dosis pil terbagi dari dua sebagai <a href="/wiki/Kontrasepsi_darurat" title="Kontrasepsi darurat">kontrasepsi darurat</a> (kebanyakan morning after pill sekarang ini hanya membutuhkan satu satu saja)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Geburtenkontrollkette.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="CycleBeads, digunakan untuk memperkirakan masa subur berdasarkan jumlah hari sesudah menstruasi"><img alt="sebuah kalung rantai kalender kontrasepsi" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Geburtenkontrollkette.jpg/120px-Geburtenkontrollkette.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Geburtenkontrollkette.jpg/180px-Geburtenkontrollkette.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Geburtenkontrollkette.jpg/240px-Geburtenkontrollkette.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1920" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/w/index.php?title=CycleBeads&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="CycleBeads (halaman belum tersedia)">CycleBeads</a>, digunakan untuk memperkirakan masa subur berdasarkan jumlah hari sesudah menstruasi</div> </li> </ul></center> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Efek">Efek</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pengaturan_kelahiran&veaction=edit&section=13" title="Sunting bagian: Efek" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pengaturan_kelahiran&action=edit&section=13" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Efek"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kesehatan">Kesehatan</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pengaturan_kelahiran&veaction=edit&section=14" title="Sunting bagian: Kesehatan" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pengaturan_kelahiran&action=edit&section=14" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Kesehatan"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Maternal_mortality_rate_worldwide.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="peta angka kematian ibu" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Maternal_mortality_rate_worldwide.jpg/220px-Maternal_mortality_rate_worldwide.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Maternal_mortality_rate_worldwide.jpg/330px-Maternal_mortality_rate_worldwide.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Maternal_mortality_rate_worldwide.jpg/440px-Maternal_mortality_rate_worldwide.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="820" /></a><figcaption>Angka kematian ibu per tahun 2010<sup id="cite_ref-CIA2010_102-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CIA2010-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Penggunaan kontrasepsi di <a href="/wiki/Negara_berkembang" title="Negara berkembang">negara berkembang</a> diperkirakan telah menurunkan jumlah <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kematian_ibu_melahirkan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kematian ibu melahirkan (halaman belum tersedia)">kematian ibu melahirkan</a> sampai denga 40% (kurang lebih 270,000 kematian yang dapat dicegah pada tahun 2008) dan dapat mencegah 70% kematian bila tuntutan untuk pengontrolan kelahiran dapat dipenuhi.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid22784533_15-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid22784533-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid22784531_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid22784531-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Keuntungan yang dapat dicapai adalah dengan menurunkan kehamilan yang tidak terencana yang diikuti dengan aborsi tidak aman dan dengan mencegah kehamilan pada ibu-ibu dengan risiko tinggi.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid22784533_15-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid22784533-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Pengontrolan kehamilan juga memperbaiki kelangsungan hidup anak di negara berkembang dengan memperpanjang jarak waktu di antara kehamilan.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid22784533_15-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid22784533-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pada populasi ini keluaran kondisi akan lebih buruk ketika seorang ibu hamil kembali delapan belas bulan setelah melahirkan.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid22784533_15-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid22784533-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Shol2010_103-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shol2010-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Menunda kehamilan kembali setelah <a href="/wiki/Keguguran" class="mw-redirect" title="Keguguran">keguguran</a> ternyata tidak mengubah risiko dan para ibu disarankan untuk hamil kembali bila mereka sudah siap.<sup id="cite_ref-Shol2010_103-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shol2010-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kehamilan_pada_remaja&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kehamilan pada remaja (halaman belum tersedia)">Kehamilan pada remaja</a>, terutama di antara remaja muda, memiliki risiko terbesar termasuk di antaranya <a href="/wiki/Kelahiran_prematur" title="Kelahiran prematur">kelahiran sebelum waktunya</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Berat_lahir_rendah&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Berat lahir rendah (halaman belum tersedia)">berat lahir rendah</a>, dan <a href="/wiki/Kematian_bayi" title="Kematian bayi">kematian pada bayi</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid22764559_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid22764559-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Di Amerika Serikat 82% kehamilan pada mereka yang berusia di antara 15 dan 19 tahun merupakan kehamilan di luar rencana.<sup id="cite_ref-Marnach2013_57-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Marnach2013-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Pendidikan_seks" class="mw-redirect" title="Pendidikan seks">Pendidikan seks</a> yang komprehensif dan akses terhadap alat kontrasepsi efektif menurunkan angka kehamilan pada kelompok usia ini.<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pembiayaan">Pembiayaan</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pengaturan_kelahiran&veaction=edit&section=15" title="Sunting bagian: Pembiayaan" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pengaturan_kelahiran&action=edit&section=15" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Pembiayaan"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Countriesbyfertilityrate.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="fertility rate map" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Countriesbyfertilityrate.svg/220px-Countriesbyfertilityrate.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Countriesbyfertilityrate.svg/330px-Countriesbyfertilityrate.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Countriesbyfertilityrate.svg/440px-Countriesbyfertilityrate.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="863" data-file-height="443" /></a><figcaption>Daftar negara berdasarkan <a href="/wiki/Tingkat_kesuburan" class="mw-redirect" title="Tingkat kesuburan">tingkat kesuburan</a> per tahun 2012. <div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"></p><table class="multicol" role="presentation" style="border-collapse: collapse; padding: 0; border: 0; background:transparent; width:100%;"> <tbody><tr> <td width="" align="left" valign="top" style="padding-left:;"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r19202607">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#AE23AE; color:white;"> </span> 7–8 Children</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r19202607"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#FF00FF; color:black;"> </span> 6–7 Children</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r19202607"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#FF0000; color:black;"> </span> 5–6 Children</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r19202607"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#FF6600; color:black;"> </span> 4–5 Children</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"></p> </td> <td width="" align="left" valign="top" style="padding-left:;"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r19202607"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#FFFF00; color:black;"> </span> 3–4 Children</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r19202607"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#00FF00; color:black;"> </span> 2–3 Children</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r19202607"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#35B0E3; color:black;"> </span> 1–2 Children</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r19202607"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#3555E3; color:white;"> </span> 0–1 Children</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"></p> </td></tr></tbody></table></div></figcaption></figure> <p>Di negara berkembang, pengendalian kelahiran meningkatkan <a href="/wiki/Pertumbuhan_ekonomi" title="Pertumbuhan ekonomi">pertumbuhan ekonomi</a> karena berkurangnya anak sebagai tanggungan dan meningkatnya keterlibatan perempuan dalam <a href="/wiki/Angkatan_kerja" title="Angkatan kerja">angkatan kerja</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid22784535_17-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid22784535-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pendapatan, kekayaan, <a href="/wiki/Indeks_massa_tubuh" title="Indeks massa tubuh">indeks massa tubuh</a> pada perempuan and sekolah anak-anak serta indeks massa tubuh mereka semua mengalami kenaikan dengan meningkatnya kemudahan mengakses alat KB.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid22784535_17-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid22784535-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Keluarga_berencana" class="mw-redirect" title="Keluarga berencana">Keluarga berencana</a> melalui penggunaan kontrasepsi modern adalah salah satu intervensi bidang kesehatan yang paling <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hemat_biaya&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hemat biaya (halaman belum tersedia)">hemat biaya</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Tsui2010_105-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tsui2010-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Untuk setiap dolar yang dibelanjakan, PBB memperkirakan telah terjadi penghematan dua sampai enam dolar.<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Penghematan biaya ini berhubungan dengan pencegahan kehamilan tanpa rencana dan menurunkan penularan penyakit menular seksual.<sup id="cite_ref-Tsui2010_105-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tsui2010-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Walaupun semua metode yang digunakan sangat bermanfaat secara finansial, penggunaan AKDR tembaga menunjukkan penghematan yang paling banyak.<sup id="cite_ref-Tsui2010_105-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tsui2010-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Total biaya kesehatan untuk kehamilan, melahirkan dan perawatan bayi yang baru lahir di Amerika Serikat pada tahun 2012 secara rata-rata adalah $21.000 untuk proses melahirkan normal dan $31.000 untuk <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bedah_kaisar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bedah kaisar (halaman belum tersedia)">bedah kaisar</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-NYT2013_107-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT2013-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Untuk sebagian besar negara lain biayanya kurang dari setengahnya.<sup id="cite_ref-NYT2013_107-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT2013-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Untuk setiap anak yang lahir pada tahun 2011, keluarga AS rata-rata akan mengeluarkan $235.000 selama periode 17 tahun untuk membesarkannya.<sup id="cite_ref-USDAChildExpense_108-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USDAChildExpense-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Prevalensi">Prevalensi</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pengaturan_kelahiran&veaction=edit&section=16" title="Sunting bagian: Prevalensi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pengaturan_kelahiran&action=edit&section=16" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Prevalensi"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:SOWM2010_modern_contraception.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="peta prevalensi kontrasepsi modern" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/SOWM2010_modern_contraception.svg/220px-SOWM2010_modern_contraception.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="112" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/SOWM2010_modern_contraception.svg/330px-SOWM2010_modern_contraception.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/SOWM2010_modern_contraception.svg/440px-SOWM2010_modern_contraception.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="854" data-file-height="433" /></a><figcaption>Persentasi perempuan yang menggunakan alat kontrasepsi modern per tahun 2010. <div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"></p><table class="multicol" role="presentation" style="border-collapse: collapse; padding: 0; border: 0; background:transparent; width:100%;"> <tbody><tr> <td width="" align="left" valign="top" style="padding-left:;"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r19202607"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#000000; color:white;"> </span> 6%</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r19202607"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#550000; color:white;"> </span> 12%</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r19202607"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#aa0000; color:white;"> </span> 18%</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r19202607"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#ff0000; color:black;"> </span> 24%</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r19202607"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#ff5500; color:black;"> </span> 30%</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r19202607"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#dddd00; color:black;"> </span> 36%</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"></p> </td> <td width="" align="left" valign="top" style="padding-left:;"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r19202607"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#55aa00; color:black;"> </span> 42%</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r19202607"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#00ff00; color:black;"> </span> 48%</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r19202607"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#00aa55; color:black;"> </span> 54%</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r19202607"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#0055aa; color:white;"> </span> 60%</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r19202607"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#0000ff; color:white;"> </span> 66%</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r19202607"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#7700ff; color:white;"> </span> 72%</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"></p> </td> <td width="" align="left" valign="top" style="padding-left:;"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r19202607"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#aa00ff; color:white;"> </span> 78%</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r19202607"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#ff00ff; color:black;"> </span> 84%</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r19202607"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#ff77ff; color:black;"> </span> 86%</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r19202607"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#b9b9b9; color:black;"> </span> No data</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"></p> </td></tr></tbody></table></div></figcaption></figure> <p>Secara global, pada tahun 2009, sekitar 60% jumlah pasangan yang menikah dan mampu mempunyai anak menggunakan kontrasepsi.<sup id="cite_ref-Darroch2013_59-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Darroch2013-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Berbagai metode yang digunakan sangat bervariasi di antara negara.<sup id="cite_ref-Darroch2013_59-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Darroch2013-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Metode yang paling banyak digunakan di negara maju adalah kondom dan kontrasepsi oral, sedangkan di Afrika adalah kontrasepsi oral dan di Amerika Latin serta Asia sterilisasi.<sup id="cite_ref-Darroch2013_59-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Darroch2013-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Di negara berkembang secara keseluruhan, 35% kontrasepsi menggunakan metode sterilisasi pada perempuan, 30% menggunakan AKDR, 12% dengan kontrasepsi oral, 11% dengan kondom, dan 4% dengan sterilisasi pada laki-laki.<sup id="cite_ref-Darroch2013_59-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Darroch2013-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Walaupun lebih jarang digunakan di negara maju dibandingkan dengan di negara berkembang, jumlah perempuan yang menggunakan AKDR sampai dengan tahun 2007, mencapai kurang lebih 180 juta.<sup id="cite_ref-Darney2010_58-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Darney2010-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Menghindari hubungan seks saat masa subur digunakan oleh sekitar 3,6% perempuan dalam usia subur, dengan pengguna yang terbanyak 20% berada di wilayan Amerika Selatan.<sup id="cite_ref-Dar2010p315_109-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dar2010p315-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sampai dengan tahun 2005, terdapat 12% pasangan yang menggunakan kontrasepsi pada laki-laki (kondom ataupun vasektomi) dengan tingkat yang lebih tinggi di negara maju.<sup id="cite_ref-Naz2009_110-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Naz2009-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Penggunaan kontrasepsi untuk laki-laki menurun pada rentang waktu tahun 1985 dan 2009.<sup id="cite_ref-Darroch2013_59-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Darroch2013-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Penggunaan kontrasepsi di antara perempuan di <a href="/wiki/Afrika_Sub-Sahara" title="Afrika Sub-Sahara">Afrika Sub-Sahara</a> meningkat dari 5% pada tahun 1991 menjadi sekitar 30% pada tahun 2006.<sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Per tahun 2012, 57% perempuan usia subur ingin melakukan pencegahan kehamilan (867 dari 1520 juta).<sup id="cite_ref-Dar2013_112-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dar2013-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sekitar 222 juta perempuan mengalami kesulitan untuk mengakses alat kontrasepsi, 53 juta di antaranya berada di Afrika sub-Sahara dan 97 jutanya berada di Asia.<sup id="cite_ref-Dar2013_112-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dar2013-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Keadaan ini menyebabkan terjadinya 54 juta kehamilan tanpa rencana dan kematian ibu hamil mencapai hampir 80.000 orang dalam satu tahun.<sup id="cite_ref-Darroch2013_59-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Darroch2013-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sebagian alasan adanya perempuan yang tidak dapat memperoleh alat kontrasepsi adalah karena banyak negara mencegah hal ini dengan alasan agama atau politis,<sup id="cite_ref-Hopkins2010_6-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hopkins2010-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> sedangkan hal lain yang menyumbangkan keadaan ini adalah <a href="/wiki/Kemiskinan" title="Kemiskinan">kemiskinan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Rasch2011_113-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rasch2011-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dengan adanya hukum yang ketat mengenai <a href="/wiki/Aborsi" class="mw-redirect" title="Aborsi">aborsi</a> di Afrika Sub-Sahara, banyak perempuan menjadi pelaku aborsi tanpa izin untuk <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kehamilan_yang_tidak_diinginkan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kehamilan yang tidak diinginkan (halaman belum tersedia)">kehamilan yang tidak diinginkan</a>, sehingga menyebabkan terjadinya sekitar 2-4% <a href="/w/index.php?title=Aborsi_yang_tidak_aman&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aborsi yang tidak aman (halaman belum tersedia)">aborsi yang tidak aman</a> setiap tahun.<sup id="cite_ref-Rasch2011_113-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rasch2011-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sejarah">Sejarah</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pengaturan_kelahiran&veaction=edit&section=17" title="Sunting bagian: Sejarah" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pengaturan_kelahiran&action=edit&section=17" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Sejarah"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Silphium.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="koin kuno bergambar tanaman silfium" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1c/Silphium.jpg" decoding="async" width="179" height="164" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="179" data-file-height="164" /></a><figcaption>Koin perak kuno dari<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cyrene,_Libya&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cyrene, Libya (halaman belum tersedia)">Cyrene</a> menunjukkan gambar batang <a href="/w/index.php?title=Silfium&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Silfium (halaman belum tersedia)">silfium</a></figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/w/index.php?title=Papirus_Eber&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Papirus Eber (halaman belum tersedia)">Papirus Eber</a> dari 1550 SM dan <a href="/wiki/Papirus_Kahun" title="Papirus Kahun">Papirus Kahun</a> dari 1850 SM yang berasal dari Mesir mengandung tulisan paling awal yang mendeskripsikan tentang pengendalian kelahiran, menggunakan madu, daun <a href="/wiki/Akasia" title="Akasia">akasia</a> dan serat yang diletakkan di vagina untuk menghalangi sperma.<sup id="cite_ref-History2010_114-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-History2010-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Lipsey2005_115-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lipsey2005-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lukisan Mesir kuno juga menunjukkan penggunaan kondom.<sup id="cite_ref-Ebe2010_46-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ebe2010-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Kitab_Kejadian" title="Kitab Kejadian">Kitab Kejadian</a> mereferensikan sanggama terputus, atau <a href="/w/index.php?title=Koitus_interuptus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Koitus interuptus (halaman belum tersedia)">koitus interuptus</a>, sebagai suatu metode pengendalian kelahiran ketika <a href="/wiki/Onan" title="Onan">Onan</a> "menumpahkan benih" (ejakulasi) di tanah sehingga mencegah kehamilan pada <a href="/w/index.php?title=Janda_yang_diwariskan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Janda yang diwariskan (halaman belum tersedia)">istri saudara laki-lakinya yang meninggal</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tamar_(Genesis)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tamar (Genesis) (halaman belum tersedia)">Tamar</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-History2010_114-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-History2010-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dalam kepercayaan <a href="/wiki/Bangsa_Yunani_kuno" class="mw-redirect" title="Bangsa Yunani kuno">Bangsa Yunani kuno</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Silfium&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Silfium (halaman belum tersedia)">silfium</a> digunakan untuk pengendalian kelahiran/kontrasepsi, yang karena efektif dan disukai, sering dimanfaatkan hingga akhirnya punah.<sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pada abad pertengahan di Eropa, semua usaha untuk mencegah kehamilan dianggap tidak bermoral oleh <a href="/wiki/Gereja_Katolik" class="mw-redirect" title="Gereja Katolik">Gereja Katolik</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-History2010_114-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-History2010-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Diperkirakan para perempuan di masa itu menggunakan berbagai cara untuk mencegah kehamilan seperti sanggama terputus dan memasukkan akar tanaman lili dan inggu ke dalam vagina (dan, selain itu juga membunuh bayi setelah lahir).<sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Casanova" class="mw-redirect" title="Casanova">Casanova</a> (1725-1798), selama <a href="/w/index.php?title=Italian_Renaissance&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Italian Renaissance (halaman belum tersedia)">Italian Renaissance</a> menggambarkan penggunaan penutup kulit domba untuk mencegah kehamilan; namun demikian,ketersediaan kondom secara umum tidak terjadi hingga abad ke-20.<sup id="cite_ref-History2010_114-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-History2010-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pada tahun 1909, Richard Richter mengembangkanalat kontrasepsi dalam rahim pertama dari isi perut ulat sutra, yang selanjutnya dikembangkan dan dipasarkan di Jerman oleh <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ernst_Gr%C3%A4fenberg&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ernst Gräfenberg (halaman belum tersedia)">Ernst Gräfenberg</a> di akhir tahun 1920an.<sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pada tahun 1916 <a href="/w/index.php?title=Margaret_Sanger&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Margaret Sanger (halaman belum tersedia)">Margaret Sangermembuka</a> klinik pengendalian kelahiran/kontrasepsi pertama di Amerika Serikat yang menyebabkan dia ditahan.<sup id="cite_ref-History2010_114-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-History2010-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Diikuti dengan dibukanya klinik lain pada tahun 1921 di Inggris, oleh <a href="/w/index.php?title=Marie_Stopes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Marie Stopes (halaman belum tersedia)">Marie Stopes</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-History2010_114-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-History2010-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Gregory_Pincus" title="Gregory Pincus">Gregory Pincus</a> dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Rock_(PenelitiAmerika)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John Rock (PenelitiAmerika) (halaman belum tersedia)">John Rockdengan</a> mendapat bantuan dari <a href="/w/index.php?title=Planned_Parenthood_Federation_of_America&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Planned Parenthood Federation of America (halaman belum tersedia)">Planned Parenthood Federation of America</a> mengembangkan pil anti hamil pada tahun 1950an yang kemudian tersedia secara meluas sekitar tahun 1960an.<sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Aborsi_medis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aborsi medis (halaman belum tersedia)">Aborsi medis</a> menjadi alternatif disamping aborsi melalui tindakan operasi dengan tersedianya <a href="/w/index.php?title=Analog_prostaglandin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Analog prostaglandin (halaman belum tersedia)">analog prostaglandin</a> pada tahun 1970an dan tersedianya <a href="/wiki/Mifepriston" title="Mifepriston">mifepriston</a> pada tahun 1980an.<sup id="cite_ref-120" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Masyarakat_dan_budaya">Masyarakat dan budaya</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pengaturan_kelahiran&veaction=edit&section=18" title="Sunting bagian: Masyarakat dan budaya" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pengaturan_kelahiran&action=edit&section=18" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Masyarakat dan budaya"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Posisi_hukum">Posisi hukum</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pengaturan_kelahiran&veaction=edit&section=19" title="Sunting bagian: Posisi hukum" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pengaturan_kelahiran&action=edit&section=19" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Posisi hukum"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Perjanjian <a href="/wiki/Hak_asasi_manusia" title="Hak asasi manusia">hak asasi manusia</a> mewajibkan sebagian besar pemerintah untuk menyediakan informasi serta layanan keluarga berencana dan kontrasepsi. Ini mencakup kewajiban membuat rencana nasional untuk layanan keluarga berencana, menghapus aturan dan undang-undang yang membatasi akses ke keluarga berencana, memastikan tersedianya berbagai metode kontrasepsi yang aman dan efektif termasuk kontrasepsi darurat, memastikan adanya tenaga perawatan kesehatan yang terlatih serta fasilitas dengan harga yang terjangkau, dan membuat proses untuk meninjau program yang telah dilaksanakan. Bila pemerintah gagal untuk melakukan hal-hal di atas, mereka bisa dianggap melanggar kewajiban perjanjian internasional.<sup id="cite_ref-hrintlaw_121-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hrintlaw-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>PBB meluncurkan gerakan <i>Every Woman Every Child</i> untuk menilai kemajuan dalam memenuhi kebutuhan kontrasepsi wanita. Prakarsa tersebut bertujuan meningkatkan jumlah pengguna kontrasepsi modern sebanyak 120 juta wanita di 69 negara termiskin di dunia pada tahun 2020. Selain itu, mereka ingin menghapus diskriminasi terhadap anak perempuan dan perempuan muda yang mencari kontrasepsi.<sup id="cite_ref-Gutt2012_122-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gutt2012-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pandangan_religius">Pandangan religius</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pengaturan_kelahiran&veaction=edit&section=20" title="Sunting bagian: Pandangan religius" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pengaturan_kelahiran&action=edit&section=20" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Pandangan religius"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r18844875"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Artikel utama: <a href="/wiki/Agama_dan_pengaturan_kelahiran" title="Agama dan pengaturan kelahiran">Agama dan pengaturan kelahiran</a></div> <p>Setiap agama mungkin memiliki pandangan yang berbeda-beda tentang <a href="/wiki/Etika" title="Etika">etika</a> kontrasepsi.<sup id="cite_ref-Srikanthan2008_123-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Srikanthan2008-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Gereja_Katolik_Roma" title="Gereja Katolik Roma">Gereja Katolik Roma</a> secara resmi hanya menyetujui <a href="/wiki/Keluarga_berencana_alami" title="Keluarga berencana alami">keluarga berencana alami</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-pope1_124-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pope1-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> meskipun demikian banyak umat Katolik di <a href="/wiki/Negara_maju" title="Negara maju">negara maju</a> yang menerima dan menggunakan metode kontrasepsi modern.<sup id="cite_ref-125" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-126" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-127" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ada beragam pandangan di antara kalangan <a href="/wiki/Protestan" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestan">Protestan</a>, mulai dari yang <a href="/wiki/Quiverfull" title="Quiverfull">tidak mendukung sama sekali</a> hingga yang memperbolehkan semua metode kontrasepsi.<sup id="cite_ref-128" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pandangan dalam <a href="/wiki/Agama_Yahudi" class="mw-redirect" title="Agama Yahudi">agama Yahudi</a> juga beragam, mulai dari kalangan <a href="/wiki/Yahudi_Ortodoks" title="Yahudi Ortodoks">Ortodoks</a> yang lebih ketat hingga kalangan <a href="/wiki/Yahudi_Reformasi" title="Yahudi Reformasi">Reformasi</a> yang lebih liberal.<sup id="cite_ref-jew_BC_129-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jew_BC-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Umat <a href="/wiki/Agama_Hindu" title="Agama Hindu">Hindu</a> boleh menggunakan kontrasepsi alami maupun buatan.<sup id="cite_ref-hindu_BC_130-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hindu_BC-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Agama_Budha" class="mw-redirect" title="Agama Budha">Umat Budha</a> umumnya dapat menerima pencegahan pembuahan, tetapi tidak memperbolehkan intervensi setelah terjadinya pembuahan.<sup id="cite_ref-buddhist_BC_131-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-buddhist_BC-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Dalam agama <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a>, kontrasepsi diperbolehkan bila tidak membahayakan kesehatan, meskipun penggunaannya tidak dianjurkan oleh sebagian kalangan Muslim.<sup id="cite_ref-132" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Al-Quran" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Quran">Al-Quran</a> tidak memberikan pernyataan eksplisit mengenai moralitas kontrasepsi, tetapi berisi pernyataan yang menganjurkan untuk <a href="/wiki/Reproduksi" title="Reproduksi">memiliki anak</a>. Nabi <a href="/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad">Muhammad</a> juga dilaporkan pernah mengatakan untuk "menikah dan menghasilkan keturunan".<sup id="cite_ref-133" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hari_Kontrasepsi_Dunia">Hari Kontrasepsi Dunia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pengaturan_kelahiran&veaction=edit&section=21" title="Sunting bagian: Hari Kontrasepsi Dunia" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pengaturan_kelahiran&action=edit&section=21" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Hari Kontrasepsi Dunia"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>26 September adalah Hari Kontrasepsi Dunia, yang didedikasikan untuk meningkatkan kesadaran dan edukasi tentang kesehatan seksual dan reproduksi, dengan visi <i>sebuah dunia di mana setiap kehamilan diinginkan.</i><sup id="cite_ref-WorldContraceptionDay_134-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WorldContraceptionDay-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hari Kontrasepsi Dunia didukung oleh sekelompok pemerintah dan LSM internasional, termasuk Asian Pacific Council on Contraception, Centro Latinamericano Salud y Mujer, European Society of Contraception and Reproductive Health, <a href="/w/index.php?title=German_Foundation_for_World_Population&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="German Foundation for World Population (halaman belum tersedia)">German Foundation for World Population</a>, International Federation of Pediatric and Adolescent Gynecology, <a href="/w/index.php?title=International_Planned_Parenthood_Federation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="International Planned Parenthood Federation (halaman belum tersedia)">International Planned Parenthood Federation</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Marie_Stopes_International&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Marie Stopes International (halaman belum tersedia)">Marie Stopes International</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Population_Services_International&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Population Services International (halaman belum tersedia)">Population Services International</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Population_Council&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Population Council (halaman belum tersedia)">Population Council</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States_Agency_for_International_Development" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Agency for International Development">United States Agency for International Development</a> (USAID), dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Women_Deliver&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Women Deliver (halaman belum tersedia)">Women Deliver</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-WorldContraceptionDay_134-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WorldContraceptionDay-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kesalahpahaman">Kesalahpahaman</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pengaturan_kelahiran&veaction=edit&section=22" title="Sunting bagian: Kesalahpahaman" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pengaturan_kelahiran&action=edit&section=22" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Kesalahpahaman"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ada beberapa <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kesalahpahaman_umum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kesalahpahaman umum (halaman belum tersedia)">kesalahpahaman umum</a> terkait seks dan kehamilan.<sup id="cite_ref-135" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Douche" title="Douche">Membilas vagina</a> setelah berhubungan seksual bukan merupakan metode kontrasepsi yang efektif.<sup id="cite_ref-136" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Selain itu, tindakan ini diasosiasikan dengan sejumlah masalah kesehatan, sehingga tidak disarankan.<sup id="cite_ref-137" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Wanita bisa hamil saat mereka pertama kali melakukan hubungan seksual <sup id="cite_ref-138" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-138"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> dan dengan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Posisi_hubunganseksual&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Posisi hubunganseksual (halaman belum tersedia)">posisi hubunganseksual</a> apa pun.<sup id="cite_ref-139" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-139"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>139<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ada kemungkinan, walaupun sangat kecil, untuk hamil selama haid.<sup id="cite_ref-140" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-140"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>140<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Penelitian">Penelitian</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pengaturan_kelahiran&veaction=edit&section=23" title="Sunting bagian: Penelitian" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pengaturan_kelahiran&action=edit&section=23" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Penelitian"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Wanita">Wanita</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pengaturan_kelahiran&veaction=edit&section=24" title="Sunting bagian: Wanita" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pengaturan_kelahiran&action=edit&section=24" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Wanita"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Peningkatan metode kontrasepsi yang ada sangat diperlukan, karena sekitar lima puluh persen wanita yang hamil tanpa direncanakan sedang menggunakan kontrasepsi pada saat itu.<sup id="cite_ref-Will2012_24-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Will2012-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sejumlah perubahan pada metode kontrasepsi yang ada sedang dipelajari, termasuk kondom wanita yang lebih baik, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Diafragma_SILCS&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Diafragma SILCS (halaman belum tersedia)">diafragma</a> yang lebih baik, koyo yang hanya mengandung progestin, dan cincin vagina yang mengandung progesteron yang tahan lama.<sup id="cite_ref-Jensen2011_141-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jensen2011-141"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>141<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cincin vagina ini tampaknya efektif selama tiga atau empat bulan dan saat ini tersedia di beberapa area di dunia.<sup id="cite_ref-Jensen2011_141-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jensen2011-141"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>141<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sejumlah cara untuk melakukan sterilisasi melalui serviks sedang diteliti. Salah satunya adalah penempatan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kuinakrina&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kuinakrina (halaman belum tersedia)">kuinakrina</a> di rahim yang menyebabkan luka parut dan infertilitas. Meskipun prosedur tersebut tidak mahal dan tidak membutuhkan keahlian bedah, ada kekhawatiran mengenai efek samping jangka panjang.<sup id="cite_ref-Cast2010_142-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cast2010-142"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>142<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Zat lain, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Polidokanol&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Polidokanol (halaman belum tersedia)">polidokanol</a>, yang bekerja dengan cara yang sama juga sedang diteliti.<sup id="cite_ref-Jensen2011_141-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jensen2011-141"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>141<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Perangkat bernama <a href="/w/index.php?title=Essure&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Essure (halaman belum tersedia)">Essure</a>, yang mengembang ketika diletakkan di tuba fallopi dan menjadi penghalang, sudah disetujui di Amerika Serikat pada tahun 2002.<sup id="cite_ref-Cast2010_142-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cast2010-142"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>142<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pria">Pria</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pengaturan_kelahiran&veaction=edit&section=25" title="Sunting bagian: Pria" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pengaturan_kelahiran&action=edit&section=25" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Pria"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Metode kontrasepsi pria meliputi kondom, vasektomi, dan sanggama terputus.<sup id="cite_ref-Glasier2010_143-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Glasier2010-143"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>143<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 25% sampai 75% pria yang aktif secara seksual akan menggunakan kontrasepsi hormonal seandainya tersedia bagi mereka.<sup id="cite_ref-Naz2009_110-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Naz2009-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Glasier2010_143-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Glasier2010-143"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>143<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sejumlah metode hormonal dan non-hormonal sedang diuji coba,<sup id="cite_ref-Naz2009_110-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Naz2009-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> dan beberapa penelitian sedang mempelajari kemungkinan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Vaksin_kontrasepsi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vaksin kontrasepsi (halaman belum tersedia)">vaksin kontrasepsi</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-144" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-144"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>144<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Metode bedah reversibel yang sedang diteliti adalah <a href="/w/index.php?title=Penghalangan_sperma_reversibel_dengan_panduan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Penghalangan sperma reversibel dengan panduan (halaman belum tersedia)">penghalangan sperma reversibel dengan panduan</a> (RISUG) yang meliputi penyuntikan sebuah gel polimer, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Stirena_maleat_anhidrida&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Stirena maleat anhidrida (halaman belum tersedia)">stirena maleat anhidrida</a> pada <a href="/wiki/Dimetil_sulfoksida" title="Dimetil sulfoksida">dimetil sulfoksida</a>, ke dalam <a href="/wiki/Vas_deferens" title="Vas deferens">vas deferens</a>. Suntikan dengan natrium bikarbonat membersihkan zat tersebut dan mengembalikan fertilitas. Metode lainnya adalah <a href="/w/index.php?title=Perangkat_intravas&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Perangkat intravas (halaman belum tersedia)">perangkat intravas</a> yang melibatkan penempatan sumbat <a href="/wiki/Poliuretan" class="mw-redirect" title="Poliuretan">uretana</a> ke dalam <a href="/wiki/Vas_deferens" title="Vas deferens">vas deferens</a> untuk menghalanginya. Kombinasi <a href="/wiki/Androgen" title="Androgen">androgen</a> dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Progestin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Progestin (halaman belum tersedia)">progestin</a> terlihat menjanjikan, begitu juga dengan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Modulator_reseptor_androgen_selektif&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Modulator reseptor androgen selektif (halaman belum tersedia)">modulator reseptor androgen selektif</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Naz2009_110-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Naz2009-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Ultrasonik" class="mw-redirect" title="Ultrasonik">Ultrasonik</a> dan metode untuk memanaskan testikel sedang diteliti dalam tahap awal.<sup id="cite_ref-145" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-145"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>145<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Hewan_lain">Hewan lain</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pengaturan_kelahiran&veaction=edit&section=26" title="Sunting bagian: Hewan lain" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pengaturan_kelahiran&action=edit&section=26" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Hewan lain"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/w/index.php?title=Penetralan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Penetralan (halaman belum tersedia)">Penetralan</a> atau pemandulan, yang melibatkan pengangkatan sejumlah organ reproduksi, sering dilakukan sebagai metode kontrasepsi pada hewan peliharaan di rumah. Banyak <a href="/wiki/Tempat_perlindungan_hewan" title="Tempat perlindungan hewan">tempat perlindungan hewan</a> yang mewajibkan prosedur ini sebagai bagian dari perjanjian adopsi.<sup id="cite_ref-146" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-146"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>146<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pada hewan-hewan besar, tindakan bedahnya dikenal dengan nama <a href="/wiki/Kastrasi" class="mw-redirect" title="Kastrasi">kastrasi</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-147" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-147"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>147<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kontrasepsi juga sedang dipertimbangkan sebagai alternatif dari perburuan untuk mengendalikan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kelebihan_populasi_hewan_liar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kelebihan populasi hewan liar (halaman belum tersedia)">kelebihan populasi hewan liar</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Boyle_2009_148-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Boyle_2009-148"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>148<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Vaksin_kontrasepsi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vaksin kontrasepsi (halaman belum tersedia)">Vaksin kontrasepsi</a> ditemukan efektif pada sejumlah populasi hewan yang berbeda.<sup id="cite_ref-149" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-149"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>149<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-150" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-150"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>150<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Referensi">Referensi</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pengaturan_kelahiran&veaction=edit&section=27" title="Sunting bagian: Referensi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pengaturan_kelahiran&action=edit&section=27" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Referensi"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r18833634">.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120806234913/http://www.medterms.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=53351">"Definition of Birth control"</a>. <i>MedicineNet</i>. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.medterms.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=53351">versi asli</a> tanggal 2012-08-06<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">9 August</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=MedicineNet&rft.atitle=Definition+of+Birth+control&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.medterms.com%2Fscript%2Fmain%2Fart.asp%3Farticlekey%3D53351&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3APengaturan+kelahiran" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-OED2012-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-OED2012_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oed.com/view/Entry/19395"><i>Oxford English Dictionary</i></a>. Oxford University Press. June 2012 (online).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Oxford+English+Dictionary&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oed.com%2Fview%2FEntry%2F19395&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3APengaturan+kelahiran" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Periksa nilai tanggal di: <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|year=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#bad_date" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-WHO-health-topic-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-WHO-health-topic_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">World Health Organization (WHO). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.who.int/topics/family_planning/en/">"Family planning"</a>. <i>Health topics</i>. World Health Organization (WHO).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Health+topics&rft.atitle=Family+planning&rft.au=World+Health+Organization+%28WHO%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.who.int%2Ftopics%2Ffamily_planning%2Fen%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3APengaturan+kelahiran" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid22423463-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pmid22423463_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Taliaferro, L. A.; Sieving, R.; Brady, S. S.; Bearinger, L. H. (2011). "We have the evidence to enhance adolescent sexual and reproductive health--do we have the will?". <i>Adolescent medicine: state of the art reviews</i>. <b>22</b> (3): 521–543, xii. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22423463">22423463</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Adolescent+medicine%3A+state+of+the+art+reviews&rft.atitle=We+have+the+evidence+to+enhance+adolescent+sexual+and+reproductive+health--do+we+have+the+will%3F&rft.volume=22&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=521-543%2C+xii&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F22423463&rft.aulast=Taliaferro&rft.aufirst=L.+A.&rft.au=Sieving%2C+R.&rft.au=Brady%2C+S.+S.&rft.au=Bearinger%2C+L.+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3APengaturan+kelahiran" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid22341164-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-pmid22341164_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid22341164_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Chin, H. B.; Sipe, T. A.; Elder, R.; Mercer, S. L.; Chattopadhyay, S. K.; Jacob, V.; Wethington, H. R.; Kirby, D.; Elliston, D. B. (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200102180246/https://www.ajpmonline.org/article/S0749-3797(11)00906-8/abstract">"The Effectiveness of Group-Based Comprehensive Risk-Reduction and Abstinence Education Interventions to Prevent or Reduce the Risk of Adolescent Pregnancy, Human Immunodeficiency Virus, and Sexually Transmitted Infections"</a>. <i>American Journal of Preventive Medicine</i>. <b>42</b> (3): 272–294. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.amepre.2011.11.006">10.1016/j.amepre.2011.11.006</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22341164">22341164</a>. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ajpmonline.org/article/S0749-3797(11)00906-8/abstract">versi asli</a> tanggal 2020-01-02<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">2014-01-11</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Journal+of+Preventive+Medicine&rft.atitle=The+Effectiveness+of+Group-Based+Comprehensive+Risk-Reduction+and+Abstinence+Education+Interventions+to+Prevent+or+Reduce+the+Risk+of+Adolescent+Pregnancy%2C+Human+Immunodeficiency+Virus%2C+and+Sexually+Transmitted+Infections&rft.volume=42&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=272-294&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.amepre.2011.11.006&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F22341164&rft.aulast=Chin&rft.aufirst=H.+B.&rft.au=Sipe%2C+T.+A.&rft.au=Elder%2C+R.&rft.au=Mercer%2C+S.+L.&rft.au=Chattopadhyay%2C+S.+K.&rft.au=Jacob%2C+V.&rft.au=Wethington%2C+H.+R.&rft.au=Kirby%2C+D.&rft.au=Elliston%2C+D.+B.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ajpmonline.org%2Farticle%2FS0749-3797%2811%2900906-8%2Fabstract&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3APengaturan+kelahiran" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hopkins2010-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hopkins2010_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hopkins2010_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hopkins2010_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hopkins2010_6-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hopkins2010_6-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hopkins2010_6-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hopkins2010_6-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hopkins2010_6-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hopkins2010_6-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hopkins2010_6-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hopkins2010_6-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hopkins2010_6-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hopkins2010_6-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Hurt, K. Joseph, <i>et al.</i>(eds.) (2012-03-28). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.ca/books?id=4Sg5sXyiBvkC&pg=PR232"><i>The Johns Hopkins manual of gynecology and obstetrics</i></a> (edisi ke-4th). Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer Health/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. hlm. 232. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/978-1-60547-433-5" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/978-1-60547-433-5">978-1-60547-433-5</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Johns+Hopkins+manual+of+gynecology+and+obstetrics.&rft.place=Philadelphia&rft.pages=232&rft.edition=4th&rft.pub=Wolters+Kluwer+Health%2FLippincott+Williams+%26+Wilkins&rft.date=2012-03-28&rft.isbn=978-1-60547-433-5&rft.aulast=Hurt&rft.aufirst=K.+Joseph%2C+%27%27et+al.%27%27%28eds.%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.ca%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4Sg5sXyiBvkC%26pg%3DPR232&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3APengaturan+kelahiran" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|coauthors=</code> yang tidak diketahui mengabaikan (<code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|author=</code> yang disarankan) (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored_suggest" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span><span class="citation-comment" style="display:none; color:#33aa33; margin-left:0.3em">Pemeliharaan CS1: Teks tambahan: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Kategori:Pemeliharaan_CS1:_Teks_tambahan:_authors_list" title="Kategori:Pemeliharaan CS1: Teks tambahan: authors list">link</a>) </span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-WHO_FP2011-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-WHO_FP2011_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-WHO_FP2011_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fphandbook.org/sites/default/files/hb_english_2012.pdf"><i>Family planning : a global handbook for providers : evidence-based guidance developed through worldwide collaboration</i></a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span> (edisi ke-Rev. and Updated ed.). Geneva, Switzerland: WHO and Center for Communication Programs. 2011. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/978-0-9788563-7-3" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/978-0-9788563-7-3">978-0-9788563-7-3</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Family+planning+%3A+a+global+handbook+for+providers+%3A+evidence-based+guidance+developed+through+worldwide+collaboration.&rft.place=Geneva%2C+Switzerland&rft.edition=Rev.+and+Updated+ed.&rft.pub=WHO+and+Center+for+Communication+Programs&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-9788563-7-3&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fphandbook.org%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Fhb_english_2012.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3APengaturan+kelahiran" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|first1=</code> tanpa <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|last1=</code> di Authors list (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#first_missing_last" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span><span class="citation-comment" style="display:none; color:#33aa33; margin-left:0.3em">Pemeliharaan CS1: Teks tambahan (<a href="/wiki/Kategori:Pemeliharaan_CS1:_Teks_tambahan" title="Kategori:Pemeliharaan CS1: Teks tambahan">link</a>) </span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid12065267-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pmid12065267_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">DiCenso A, Guyatt G, Willan A, Griffith L (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC115855">"Interventions to reduce unintended pregnancies among adolescents: systematic review of randomised controlled trials"</a>. <i>BMJ</i>. <b>324</b> (7351): 1426. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a> <span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC115855">115855</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Dapat diakses gratis"><img alt="alt=Dapat diakses gratis" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" /></span></span></span>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12065267">12065267</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BMJ&rft.atitle=Interventions+to+reduce+unintended+pregnancies+among+adolescents%3A+systematic+review+of+randomised+controlled+trials&rft.volume=324&rft.issue=7351&rft.pages=1426&rft.date=2002&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC115855&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F12065267&rft.au=DiCenso+A%2C+Guyatt+G%2C+Willan+A%2C+Griffith+L&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC115855&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3APengaturan+kelahiran" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|month=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span><span class="citation-comment" style="display:none; color:#33aa33; margin-left:0.3em">Pemeliharaan CS1: Banyak nama: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Kategori:Pemeliharaan_CS1:_Banyak_nama:_authors_list" title="Kategori:Pemeliharaan CS1: Banyak nama: authors list">link</a>) </span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid18923389-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pmid18923389_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Duffy, K.; Lynch, D. A. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nature.com/clpt/journal/v84/n6/full/clpt2008188a.html">"Government Support for Abstinence-Only-Until-Marriage Education"</a>. <i>Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics</i>. <b>84</b> (6): 746–748. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fclpt.2008.188">10.1038/clpt.2008.188</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18923389">18923389</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Clinical+Pharmacology+%26%2338%3B+Therapeutics&rft.atitle=Government+Support+for+Abstinence-Only-Until-Marriage+Education&rft.volume=84&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=746-748&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fclpt.2008.188&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18923389&rft.aulast=Duffy&rft.aufirst=K.&rft.au=Lynch%2C+D.+A.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nature.com%2Fclpt%2Fjournal%2Fv84%2Fn6%2Ffull%2Fclpt2008188a.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3APengaturan+kelahiran" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|last3ame=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>); </span><span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|first3=</code> tanpa <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|last3=</code> di Authors list (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#first_missing_last" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid22764559-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-pmid22764559_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid22764559_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Black, A. Y.; Fleming, N. A.; Rome, E. S. (2012). "Pregnancy in adolescents". <i>Adolescent medicine: state of the art reviews</i>. <b>23</b> (1): 123–138, xi. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22764559">22764559</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Adolescent+medicine%3A+state+of+the+art+reviews&rft.atitle=Pregnancy+in+adolescents&rft.volume=23&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=123-138%2C+xi&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F22764559&rft.aulast=Black&rft.aufirst=A.+Y.&rft.au=Fleming%2C+N.+A.&rft.au=Rome%2C+E.+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3APengaturan+kelahiran" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid22764557-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-pmid22764557_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid22764557_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Rowan, S. P.; Someshwar, J.; Murray, P. (2012). "Contraception for primary care providers". <i>Adolescent medicine: state of the art reviews</i>. <b>23</b> (1): 95–110, x–xi. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22764557">22764557</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Adolescent+medicine%3A+state+of+the+art+reviews&rft.atitle=Contraception+for+primary+care+providers&rft.volume=23&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=95-110%2C+x-xi&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F22764557&rft.aulast=Rowan&rft.aufirst=S.+P.&rft.au=Someshwar%2C+J.&rft.au=Murray%2C+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3APengaturan+kelahiran" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-WHO_FP2011p260-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-WHO_FP2011p260_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-WHO_FP2011p260_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fphandbook.org/sites/default/files/hb_english_2012.pdf"><i>Family planning : a global handbook for providers : evidence-based guidance developed through worldwide collaboration</i></a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span> (edisi ke-Rev. and Updated ed.). Geneva, Switzerland: WHO and Center for Communication Programs. 2011. hlm. 260–300. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/978-0-9788563-7-3" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/978-0-9788563-7-3">978-0-9788563-7-3</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Family+planning+%3A+a+global+handbook+for+providers+%3A+evidence-based+guidance+developed+through+worldwide+collaboration.&rft.place=Geneva%2C+Switzerland&rft.pages=260-300&rft.edition=Rev.+and+Updated+ed.&rft.pub=WHO+and+Center+for+Communication+Programs&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-9788563-7-3&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fphandbook.org%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Fhb_english_2012.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3APengaturan+kelahiran" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|first1=</code> tanpa <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|last1=</code> di Authors list (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#first_missing_last" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span><span class="citation-comment" style="display:none; color:#33aa33; margin-left:0.3em">Pemeliharaan CS1: Teks tambahan (<a href="/wiki/Kategori:Pemeliharaan_CS1:_Teks_tambahan" title="Kategori:Pemeliharaan CS1: Teks tambahan">link</a>) </span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Guttmacher2012-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Guttmacher2012_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.guttmacher.org/pubs/AIU-2012-estimates.pdf">"Costs and Benefits of Contraceptive Services: Estimates for 2012"</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(pdf)</span>. <i>United Nations Population Fund</i>. June 2012. hlm. 1.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=United+Nations+Population+Fund&rft.atitle=Costs+and+Benefits+of+Contraceptive+Services%3A+Estimates+for+2012&rft.pages=1&rft.date=2012-06&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.guttmacher.org%2Fpubs%2FAIU-2012-estimates.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3APengaturan+kelahiran" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid22784540-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pmid22784540_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Carr, B.; Gates, M. F.; Mitchell, A.; Shah, R. (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130510203702/http://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(12)60905-2/fulltext">"Giving women the power to plan their families"</a>. <i>The Lancet</i>. <b>380</b> (9837): 80–82. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0140-6736%2812%2960905-2">10.1016/S0140-6736(12)60905-2</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22784540">22784540</a>. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(12)60905-2/fulltext">versi asli</a> tanggal 2013-05-10<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">2014-01-11</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Lancet&rft.atitle=Giving+women+the+power+to+plan+their+families&rft.volume=380&rft.issue=9837&rft.pages=80-82&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0140-6736%2812%2960905-2&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F22784540&rft.aulast=Carr&rft.aufirst=B.&rft.au=Gates%2C+M.+F.&rft.au=Mitchell%2C+A.&rft.au=Shah%2C+R.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thelancet.com%2Fjournals%2Flancet%2Farticle%2FPIIS0140-6736%2812%2960905-2%2Ffulltext&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3APengaturan+kelahiran" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid22784533-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-pmid22784533_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid22784533_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid22784533_15-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid22784533_15-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid22784533_15-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid22784533_15-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Cleland, J (2012 Jul 14). "Contraception and health". <i>Lancet</i>. <b>380</b> (9837): 149–56. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22784533">22784533</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Lancet&rft.atitle=Contraception+and+health.&rft.chron=2012+Jul+14&rft.volume=380&rft.issue=9837&rft.pages=149-56&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F22784533&rft.aulast=Cleland&rft.aufirst=J&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3APengaturan+kelahiran" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|coauthors=</code> yang tidak diketahui mengabaikan (<code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|author=</code> yang disarankan) (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored_suggest" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>); </span><span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Periksa nilai tanggal di: <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|date=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#bad_date" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid22784531-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-pmid22784531_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid22784531_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Ahmed, S.; Li, Q.; Liu, L.; Tsui, A. O. (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130510214305/http://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(12)60478-4/fulltext">"Maternal deaths averted by contraceptive use: An analysis of 172 countries"</a>. <i>The Lancet</i>. <b>380</b> (9837): 111–125. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0140-6736%2812%2960478-4">10.1016/S0140-6736(12)60478-4</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22784531">22784531</a>. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(12)60478-4/fulltext">versi asli</a> tanggal 2013-05-10<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">2014-01-11</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Lancet&rft.atitle=Maternal+deaths+averted+by+contraceptive+use%3A+An+analysis+of+172+countries&rft.volume=380&rft.issue=9837&rft.pages=111-125&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0140-6736%2812%2960478-4&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F22784531&rft.aulast=Ahmed&rft.aufirst=S.&rft.au=Li%2C+Q.&rft.au=Liu%2C+L.&rft.au=Tsui%2C+A.+O.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thelancet.com%2Fjournals%2Flancet%2Farticle%2FPIIS0140-6736%2812%2960478-4%2Ffulltext&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3APengaturan+kelahiran" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid22784535-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-pmid22784535_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid22784535_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid22784535_17-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid22784535_17-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Canning, D.; Schultz, T. P. (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130602231028/http://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(12)60827-7/fulltext">"The economic consequences of reproductive health and family planning"</a>. <i>The Lancet</i>. <b>380</b> (9837): 165–171. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0140-6736%2812%2960827-7">10.1016/S0140-6736(12)60827-7</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22784535">22784535</a>. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(12)60827-7/fulltext">versi asli</a> tanggal 2013-06-02<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">2014-01-11</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Lancet&rft.atitle=The+economic+consequences+of+reproductive+health+and+family+planning&rft.volume=380&rft.issue=9837&rft.pages=165-171&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0140-6736%2812%2960827-7&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F22784535&rft.aulast=Canning&rft.aufirst=D.&rft.au=Schultz%2C+T.+P.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thelancet.com%2Fjournals%2Flancet%2Farticle%2FPIIS0140-6736%2812%2960827-7%2Ffulltext&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3APengaturan+kelahiran" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid22784542-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pmid22784542_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Van Braeckel, D.; Temmerman, M.; Roelens, K.; Degomme, O. (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130510213023/http://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(12)60902-7/fulltext">"Slowing population growth for wellbeing and development"</a>. <i>The Lancet</i>. <b>380</b> (9837): 84–85. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0140-6736%2812%2960902-7">10.1016/S0140-6736(12)60902-7</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22784542">22784542</a>. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(12)60902-7/fulltext">versi asli</a> tanggal 2013-05-10<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">2014-01-11</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Lancet&rft.atitle=Slowing+population+growth+for+wellbeing+and+development&rft.volume=380&rft.issue=9837&rft.pages=84-85&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0140-6736%2812%2960902-7&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F22784542&rft.aulast=Van+Braeckel&rft.aufirst=D.&rft.au=Temmerman%2C+M.&rft.au=Roelens%2C+K.&rft.au=Degomme%2C+O.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thelancet.com%2Fjournals%2Flancet%2Farticle%2FPIIS0140-6736%2812%2960902-7%2Ffulltext&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3APengaturan+kelahiran" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CDC2013-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-CDC2013_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Division of Reproductive Health, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health, Promotion (2013 Jun 21). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/rr6205a1.htm?s_cid=rr6205a1_w">"U.s. Selected practice recommendations for contraceptive use, 2013: adapted from the world health organization selected practice recommendations for contraceptive use, 2nd edition."</a> <i>MMWR. Recommendations and reports : Morbidity and mortality weekly report. Recommendations and reports / Centers for Disease Control</i>. <b>62</b> (RR-05): 1–60. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23784109">23784109</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=MMWR.+Recommendations+and+reports+%3A+Morbidity+and+mortality+weekly+report.+Recommendations+and+reports+%2F+Centers+for+Disease+Control&rft.atitle=U.s.+Selected+practice+recommendations+for+contraceptive+use%2C+2013%3A+adapted+from+the+world+health+organization+selected+practice+recommendations+for+contraceptive+use%2C+2nd+edition.&rft.chron=2013+Jun+21&rft.volume=62&rft.issue=RR-05&rft.pages=1-60&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F23784109&rft.aulast=Division+of+Reproductive+Health%2C+National+Center+for+Chronic+Disease+Prevention+and+Health&rft.aufirst=Promotion&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cdc.gov%2Fmmwr%2Fpreview%2Fmmwrhtml%2Frr6205a1.htm%3Fs_cid%3Drr6205a1_w&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3APengaturan+kelahiran" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Periksa nilai tanggal di: <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|date=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#bad_date" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Vander2003-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Vander2003_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Vander2003_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Van der Wijden, C (2003). "Lactational amenorrhea for family planning". <i>Cochrane database of systematic reviews (Online)</i> (4): CD001329. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14583931">14583931</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cochrane+database+of+systematic+reviews+%28Online%29&rft.atitle=Lactational+amenorrhea+for+family+planning.&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=CD001329&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F14583931&rft.aulast=Van+der+Wijden&rft.aufirst=C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3APengaturan+kelahiran" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|coauthors=</code> yang tidak diketahui mengabaikan (<code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|author=</code> yang disarankan) (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored_suggest" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Blenning2005-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Blenning2005_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Blenning2005_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Blenning, CE (2005 Dec 15). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sim_american-family-physician_2005-12-15_72_12/page/2491">"An approach to the postpartum office visit"</a>. <i>American family physician</i>. <b>72</b> (12): 2491–6. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16370405">16370405</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+family+physician&rft.atitle=An+approach+to+the+postpartum+office+visit.&rft.chron=2005+Dec+15&rft.volume=72&rft.issue=12&rft.pages=2491-6&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16370405&rft.aulast=Blenning&rft.aufirst=CE&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsim_american-family-physician_2005-12-15_72_12%2Fpage%2F2491&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3APengaturan+kelahiran" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|coauthors=</code> yang tidak diketahui mengabaikan (<code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|author=</code> yang disarankan) (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored_suggest" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>); </span><span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Periksa nilai tanggal di: <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|date=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#bad_date" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Brown, Gordon Edlin, Eric Golanty, Kelli McCormack (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.ca/books?id=_0H4iyS_DFwC&pg=PA162"><i>Essentials for health and wellness</i></a> (edisi ke-2nd ed.). Sudbury, Mass.: Jones and Bartlett. hlm. 161. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/9780763709099" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/9780763709099">9780763709099</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Essentials+for+health+and+wellness&rft.place=Sudbury%2C+Mass.&rft.pages=161&rft.edition=2nd+ed.&rft.pub=Jones+and+Bartlett&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=9780763709099&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=Gordon+Edlin%2C+Eric+Golanty%2C+Kelli+McCormack&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.ca%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_0H4iyS_DFwC%26pg%3DPA162&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3APengaturan+kelahiran" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><span class="citation-comment" style="display:none; color:#33aa33; margin-left:0.3em">Pemeliharaan CS1: Teks tambahan (<a href="/wiki/Kategori:Pemeliharaan_CS1:_Teks_tambahan" title="Kategori:Pemeliharaan CS1: Teks tambahan">link</a>) </span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dew2012-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Dew2012_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Edmonds, edited by D. Keith (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.ca/books?id=HfakBRceodcC&pg=PA508"><i>Dewhurst's textbook of obstetrics & gynaecology</i></a> (edisi ke-8th ed.). Chichester, West Sussex: Wiley-Blackwell. hlm. 508. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/9780470654576" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/9780470654576">9780470654576</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dewhurst%27s+textbook+of+obstetrics+%26+gynaecology&rft.place=Chichester%2C+West+Sussex&rft.pages=508&rft.edition=8th+ed.&rft.pub=Wiley-Blackwell&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=9780470654576&rft.aulast=Edmonds&rft.aufirst=edited+by+D.+Keith&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.ca%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHfakBRceodcC%26pg%3DPA508&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3APengaturan+kelahiran" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><span class="citation-comment" style="display:none; color:#33aa33; margin-left:0.3em">Pemeliharaan CS1: Teks tambahan: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Kategori:Pemeliharaan_CS1:_Teks_tambahan:_authors_list" title="Kategori:Pemeliharaan CS1: Teks tambahan: authors list">link</a>) Pemeliharaan CS1: Teks tambahan (<a href="/wiki/Kategori:Pemeliharaan_CS1:_Teks_tambahan" title="Kategori:Pemeliharaan CS1: Teks tambahan">link</a>) </span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Will2012-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Will2012_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Will2012_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Will2012_24-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Will2012_24-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Will2012_24-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Will2012_24-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Will2012_24-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Will2012_24-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Will2012_24-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Will2012_24-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Will2012_24-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Will2012_24-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Will2012_24-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Hoffman, Barbara (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/williamsgynecolo0000unse"><i>Williams gynecology</i></a> (edisi ke-2nd ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill Medical. hlm. Chapter 5. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/978-0071716727" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/978-0071716727">978-0071716727</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Williams+gynecology&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=Chapter+5&rft.edition=2nd+ed.&rft.pub=McGraw-Hill+Medical&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0071716727&rft.aulast=Hoffman&rft.aufirst=Barbara&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fwilliamsgynecolo0000unse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3APengaturan+kelahiran" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><span class="citation-comment" style="display:none; color:#33aa33; margin-left:0.3em">Pemeliharaan CS1: Teks tambahan (<a href="/wiki/Kategori:Pemeliharaan_CS1:_Teks_tambahan" title="Kategori:Pemeliharaan CS1: Teks tambahan">link</a>) </span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFMansour" class="citation journal">Mansour, D (2011 Nov). "Fertility after discontinuation of contraception: a comprehensive review of the literature". <i>Contraception</i>. <b>84</b> (5): 465–77. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.contraception.2011.04.002">10.1016/j.contraception.2011.04.002</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22018120">22018120</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Contraception&rft.atitle=Fertility+after+discontinuation+of+contraception%3A+a+comprehensive+review+of+the+literature&rft.chron=2011+Nov&rft.volume=84&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=465-77&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.contraception.2011.04.002&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F22018120&rft.aulast=Mansour&rft.aufirst=D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3APengaturan+kelahiran" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|coauthors=</code> yang tidak diketahui mengabaikan (<code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|author=</code> yang disarankan) (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored_suggest" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>); </span><span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Periksa nilai tanggal di: <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|date=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#bad_date" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-WHO2009_10-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-WHO2009_10_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-WHO2009_10_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-WHO2009_10_26-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Organization, World Health (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://whqlibdoc.who.int/publications/2010/9789241563888_eng.pdf"><i>Medical eligibility criteria for contraceptive use</i></a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span> (edisi ke-4th ed.). Geneva: Reproductive Health and Research, World Health Organization. hlm. 1-10. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/9789241563888" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/9789241563888">9789241563888</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Medical+eligibility+criteria+for+contraceptive+use&rft.place=Geneva&rft.pages=1-10&rft.edition=4th+ed.&rft.pub=Reproductive+Health+and+Research%2C+World+Health+Organization&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=9789241563888&rft.aulast=Organization&rft.aufirst=World+Health&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwhqlibdoc.who.int%2Fpublications%2F2010%2F9789241563888_eng.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3APengaturan+kelahiran" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><span class="citation-comment" style="display:none; color:#33aa33; margin-left:0.3em">Pemeliharaan CS1: Teks tambahan (<a href="/wiki/Kategori:Pemeliharaan_CS1:_Teks_tambahan" title="Kategori:Pemeliharaan CS1: Teks tambahan">link</a>) </span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Department of Reproductive Health and Research, Family and Community (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://whqlibdoc.who.int/publications/2004/9241562846.pdf"><i>Selected practice recommendations for contraceptive use</i></a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span> (edisi ke-2 ed.). Geneva: World Health Organization. hlm. Chapter 31. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/9241562846" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/9241562846">9241562846</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Selected+practice+recommendations+for+contraceptive+use.&rft.place=Geneva&rft.pages=Chapter+31&rft.edition=2+ed.&rft.pub=World+Health+Organization&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=9241562846&rft.au=Department+of+Reproductive+Health+and+Research%2C+Family+and+Community&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwhqlibdoc.who.int%2Fpublications%2F2004%2F9241562846.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3APengaturan+kelahiran" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><span class="citation-comment" style="display:none; color:#33aa33; margin-left:0.3em">Pemeliharaan CS1: Teks tambahan (<a href="/wiki/Kategori:Pemeliharaan_CS1:_Teks_tambahan" title="Kategori:Pemeliharaan CS1: Teks tambahan">link</a>) </span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Tepper, NK (2013 May). "Physical examination prior to initiating hormonal contraception: a systematic review". <i>Contraception</i>. <b>87</b> (5): 650–4. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23121820">23121820</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Contraception&rft.atitle=Physical+examination+prior+to+initiating+hormonal+contraception%3A+a+systematic+review.&rft.chron=2013+May&rft.volume=87&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=650-4&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F23121820&rft.aulast=Tepper&rft.aufirst=NK&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3APengaturan+kelahiran" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|coauthors=</code> yang tidak diketahui mengabaikan (<code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|author=</code> yang disarankan) (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored_suggest" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>); </span><span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Periksa nilai tanggal di: <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|date=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#bad_date" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-WHO_FP2011p10-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-WHO_FP2011p10_29-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-WHO_FP2011p10_29-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-WHO_FP2011p10_29-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fphandbook.org/sites/default/files/hb_english_2012.pdf"><i>Family planning : a global handbook for providers : evidence-based guidance developed through worldwide collaboration</i></a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span> (edisi ke-Rev. and Updated ed.). Geneva, Switzerland: WHO and Center for Communication Programs. 2011. hlm. 1–10. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/978-0-9788563-7-3" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/978-0-9788563-7-3">978-0-9788563-7-3</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Family+planning+%3A+a+global+handbook+for+providers+%3A+evidence-based+guidance+developed+through+worldwide+collaboration.&rft.place=Geneva%2C+Switzerland&rft.pages=1-10&rft.edition=Rev.+and+Updated+ed.&rft.pub=WHO+and+Center+for+Communication+Programs&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-9788563-7-3&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fphandbook.org%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Fhb_english_2012.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3APengaturan+kelahiran" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|first1=</code> tanpa <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|last1=</code> di Authors list (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#first_missing_last" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span><span class="citation-comment" style="display:none; color:#33aa33; margin-left:0.3em">Pemeliharaan CS1: Teks tambahan (<a href="/wiki/Kategori:Pemeliharaan_CS1:_Teks_tambahan" title="Kategori:Pemeliharaan CS1: Teks tambahan">link</a>) </span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nelson_2011-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Nelson_2011_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Nelson, Anita L.; Cwiak, Carrie (2011). "Combined oral contraceptives (COCs)". Dalam Hatcher, Robert A.; Trussell, James; Nelson, Anita L.; Cates, Willard Jr.; Kowal, Deborah; Policar, Michael S. (eds.). <i>Contraceptive technology</i> (edisi ke-20th revised). New York: Ardent Media. hlm. 249–341. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/978-1-59708-004-0" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/978-1-59708-004-0">978-1-59708-004-0</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/0091-9721">0091-9721</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/oclc/781956734">781956734</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Combined+oral+contraceptives+%28COCs%29&rft.btitle=Contraceptive+technology&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=249-341&rft.edition=20th+revised&rft.pub=Ardent+Media&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F781956734&rft.issn=0091-9721&rft.isbn=978-1-59708-004-0&rft.aulast=Nelson&rft.aufirst=Anita+L.&rft.au=Cwiak%2C+Carrie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3APengaturan+kelahiran" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><span class="citation-comment" style="display:none; color:#33aa33; margin-left:0.3em">Pemeliharaan CS1: Teks tambahan: editors list (<a href="/wiki/Kategori:Pemeliharaan_CS1:_Teks_tambahan:_editors_list" title="Kategori:Pemeliharaan CS1: Teks tambahan: editors list">link</a>) </span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ammer_2009a-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ammer_2009a_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Ammer, Christine (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=_MRDimrELCIC&pg=PA312&vq=oral+contraceptive">"oral contraceptive"</a>. <i>The encyclopedia of women's health</i> (edisi ke-6th). New York: Facts On File. hlm. 312–315. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/978-0-8160-7407-5" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/978-0-8160-7407-5">978-0-8160-7407-5</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=oral+contraceptive&rft.btitle=The+encyclopedia+of+women%27s+health&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=312-315&rft.edition=6th&rft.pub=Facts+On+File&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-8160-7407-5&rft.aulast=Ammer&rft.aufirst=Christine&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_MRDimrELCIC%26pg%3DPA312%26vq%3Doral%2Bcontraceptive&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3APengaturan+kelahiran" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Review2011-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Review2011_32-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Review2011_32-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Review2011_32-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFBrito" class="citation journal">Brito, MB (2011 Apr). "Hormonal contraception and cardiovascular system". <i>Arquivos brasileiros de cardiologia</i>. <b>96</b> (4): e81–9. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1590%2FS0066-782X2011005000022">10.1590/S0066-782X2011005000022</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21359483">21359483</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Arquivos+brasileiros+de+cardiologia&rft.atitle=Hormonal+contraception+and+cardiovascular+system&rft.chron=2011+Apr&rft.volume=96&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=e81-9&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1590%2FS0066-782X2011005000022&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F21359483&rft.aulast=Brito&rft.aufirst=MB&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3APengaturan+kelahiran" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|coauthors=</code> yang tidak diketahui mengabaikan (<code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|author=</code> yang disarankan) (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored_suggest" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>); </span><span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Periksa nilai tanggal di: <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|date=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#bad_date" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Kurver, MJ (2012). "[Summary of the Dutch College of General Practitioners' practice guideline 'Contraception']". <i>Nederlands tijdschrift voor geneeskunde</i> (dalam bahasa Ducth). <b>156</b> (41): A5083. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23062257">23062257</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nederlands+tijdschrift+voor+geneeskunde&rft.atitle=%5BSummary+of+the+Dutch+College+of+General+Practitioners%27+practice+guideline+%27Contraception%27%5D.&rft.volume=156&rft.issue=41&rft.pages=A5083&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F23062257&rft.aulast=Kurver&rft.aufirst=MJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3APengaturan+kelahiran" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|coauthors=</code> yang tidak diketahui mengabaikan (<code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|author=</code> yang disarankan) (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored_suggest" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span><span class="citation-comment" style="display:none; color:#33aa33; margin-left:0.3em">Pemeliharaan CS1: Bahasa yang tidak diketahui (<a href="/wiki/Kategori:Pemeliharaan_CS1:_Bahasa_yang_tidak_diketahui" title="Kategori:Pemeliharaan CS1: Bahasa yang tidak diketahui">link</a>) </span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Burrows, LJ (2012 Sep). "The effects of hormonal contraceptives on female sexuality: a review". <i>The journal of sexual medicine</i>. <b>9</b> (9): 2213–23. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22788250">22788250</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+journal+of+sexual+medicine&rft.atitle=The+effects+of+hormonal+contraceptives+on+female+sexuality%3A+a+review.&rft.chron=2012+Sep&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=9&rft.pages=2213-23&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F22788250&rft.aulast=Burrows&rft.aufirst=LJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3APengaturan+kelahiran" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|coauthors=</code> yang tidak diketahui mengabaikan (<code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|author=</code> yang disarankan) (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored_suggest" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>); </span><span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Periksa nilai tanggal di: <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|date=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#bad_date" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Shulman2011-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Shulman2011_35-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Shulman2011_35-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Shulman, LP (2011 Oct). "The state of hormonal contraception today: benefits and risks of hormonal contraceptives: combined estrogen and progestin contraceptives". <i>American journal of obstetrics and gynecology</i>. <b>205</b> (4 Suppl): S9–13. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21961825">21961825</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+journal+of+obstetrics+and+gynecology&rft.atitle=The+state+of+hormonal+contraception+today%3A+benefits+and+risks+of+hormonal+contraceptives%3A+combined+estrogen+and+progestin+contraceptives.&rft.chron=2011+Oct&rft.volume=205&rft.issue=4+Suppl&rft.pages=S9-13&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F21961825&rft.aulast=Shulman&rft.aufirst=LP&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3APengaturan+kelahiran" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Periksa nilai tanggal di: <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|date=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#bad_date" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Havrilesky, LJ (2013 Jul). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sim_obstetrics-and-gynecology_2013-07_122_1/page/139">"Oral Contraceptive Pills as Primary Prevention for Ovarian Cancer: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis"</a>. <i>Obstetrics and gynecology</i>. <b>122</b> (1): 139–147. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23743450">23743450</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Obstetrics+and+gynecology&rft.atitle=Oral+Contraceptive+Pills+as+Primary+Prevention+for+Ovarian+Cancer%3A+A+Systematic+Review+and+Meta-analysis.&rft.chron=2013+Jul&rft.volume=122&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=139-147&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F23743450&rft.aulast=Havrilesky&rft.aufirst=LJ&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsim_obstetrics-and-gynecology_2013-07_122_1%2Fpage%2F139&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3APengaturan+kelahiran" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|coauthors=</code> yang tidak diketahui mengabaikan (<code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|author=</code> yang disarankan) (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored_suggest" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>); </span><span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Periksa nilai tanggal di: <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|date=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#bad_date" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFMantha2012" class="citation journal">Mantha, S. (7 August 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3413580">"Assessing the risk of venous thromboembolic events in women taking progestin-only contraception: a meta-analysis"</a>. <i>BMJ</i>. <b>345</b> (aug07 2): e4944–e4944. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1136%2Fbmj.e4944">10.1136/bmj.e4944</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a> <span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3413580">3413580</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Dapat diakses gratis"><img alt="alt=Dapat diakses gratis" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" /></span></span></span>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22872710">22872710</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BMJ&rft.atitle=Assessing+the+risk+of+venous+thromboembolic+events+in+women+taking+progestin-only+contraception%3A+a+meta-analysis&rft.volume=345&rft.issue=aug07+2&rft.pages=e4944-e4944&rft.date=2012-08-07&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3413580&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F22872710&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1136%2Fbmj.e4944&rft.aulast=Mantha&rft.aufirst=S.&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3413580&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3APengaturan+kelahiran" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|coauthors=</code> yang tidak diketahui mengabaikan (<code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|author=</code> yang disarankan) (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored_suggest" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid21961819-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pmid21961819_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Burke, AE (2011 Oct). "The state of hormonal contraception today: benefits and risks of hormonal contraceptives: progestin-only contraceptives". <i>American journal of obstetrics and gynecology</i>. <b>205</b> (4 Suppl): S14–7. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21961819">21961819</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+journal+of+obstetrics+and+gynecology&rft.atitle=The+state+of+hormonal+contraception+today%3A+benefits+and+risks+of+hormonal+contraceptives%3A+progestin-only+contraceptives.&rft.chron=2011+Oct&rft.volume=205&rft.issue=4+Suppl&rft.pages=S14-7&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F21961819&rft.aulast=Burke&rft.aufirst=AE&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3APengaturan+kelahiran" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Periksa nilai tanggal di: <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|date=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#bad_date" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Rott, H (2012 Aug). "Thrombotic risks of oral contraceptives". <i>Current opinion in obstetrics & gynecology</i>. <b>24</b> (4): 235–40. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22729096">22729096</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Current+opinion+in+obstetrics+%26+gynecology&rft.atitle=Thrombotic+risks+of+oral+contraceptives.&rft.chron=2012+Aug&rft.volume=24&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=235-40&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F22729096&rft.aulast=Rott&rft.aufirst=H&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3APengaturan+kelahiran" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Periksa nilai tanggal di: <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|date=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#bad_date" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a href="/wiki/Food_and_Drug_Administration" class="mw-redirect" title="Food and Drug Administration">FDA</a> (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fda.gov/cder/foi/label/2005/020246s013lbl.pdf">"Depo-Provera U.S. Prescribing Information"</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070615203907/http://www.fda.gov/cder/foi/label/2005/020246s013lbl.pdf">Diarsipkan</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span> dari versi asli tanggal 2007-06-15<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">2007-06-12</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Depo-Provera+U.S.+Prescribing+Information&rft.date=2005&rft.au=FDA&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fda.gov%2Fcder%2Ffoi%2Flabel%2F2005%2F020246s013lbl.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3APengaturan+kelahiran" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Neinstein2008-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Neinstein2008_41-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Neinstein2008_41-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Neinstein, Lawrence (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.ca/books?id=XIzo5uo3XIQC&pg=PA624"><i>Adolescent health care : a practical guide</i></a> (edisi ke-5th ed.). Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. hlm. 624. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/9780781792561" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/9780781792561">9780781792561</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Adolescent+health+care+%3A+a+practical+guide&rft.place=Philadelphia&rft.pages=624&rft.edition=5th+ed.&rft.pub=Lippincott+Williams+%26+Wilkins&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9780781792561&rft.aulast=Neinstein&rft.aufirst=Lawrence&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.ca%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXIzo5uo3XIQC%26pg%3DPA624&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3APengaturan+kelahiran" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><span class="citation-comment" style="display:none; color:#33aa33; margin-left:0.3em">Pemeliharaan CS1: Teks tambahan (<a href="/wiki/Kategori:Pemeliharaan_CS1:_Teks_tambahan" title="Kategori:Pemeliharaan CS1: Teks tambahan">link</a>) </span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Chaudhuri (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.ca/books?id=pzanxKlcU74C&pg=PA88"><i>Practice Of Fertility Control: A Comprehensive Manual</i></a> (edisi ke-7th). Elsevier India. hlm. 88. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/9788131211502" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/9788131211502">9788131211502</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Practice+Of+Fertility+Control%3A+A+Comprehensive+Manual&rft.pages=88&rft.edition=7th&rft.pub=Elsevier+India&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9788131211502&rft.au=Chaudhuri&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.ca%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DpzanxKlcU74C%26pg%3DPA88&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3APengaturan+kelahiran" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hamil2012-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hamil2012_43-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hamil2012_43-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Hamilton, Richard (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.ca/books?id=_4SwO2dHcAIC&pg=PA799"><i>Pharmacology for nursing care</i></a> (edisi ke-8th ed.). St. Louis, Mo.: Elsevier/Saunders. hlm. 799. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/9781437735826" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/9781437735826">9781437735826</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pharmacology+for+nursing+care&rft.place=St.+Louis%2C+Mo.&rft.pages=799&rft.edition=8th+ed.&rft.pub=Elsevier%2FSaunders&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=9781437735826&rft.aulast=Hamilton&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.ca%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_4SwO2dHcAIC%26pg%3DPA799&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3APengaturan+kelahiran" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><span class="citation-comment" style="display:none; color:#33aa33; margin-left:0.3em">Pemeliharaan CS1: Teks tambahan (<a href="/wiki/Kategori:Pemeliharaan_CS1:_Teks_tambahan" title="Kategori:Pemeliharaan CS1: Teks tambahan">link</a>) </span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.ca/books?id=GAFgWda-2NMC&pg=PA141"><i>Facts for life</i></a> (edisi ke-4th ed.). New York: United Nations Children's Fund. 2010. hlm. 141. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/9789280644661" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/9789280644661">9789280644661</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Facts+for+life&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=141&rft.edition=4th+ed.&rft.pub=United+Nations+Children%27s+Fund&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9789280644661&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.ca%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGAFgWda-2NMC%26pg%3DPA141&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3APengaturan+kelahiran" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><span class="citation-comment" style="display:none; color:#33aa33; margin-left:0.3em">Pemeliharaan CS1: Teks tambahan (<a href="/wiki/Kategori:Pemeliharaan_CS1:_Teks_tambahan" title="Kategori:Pemeliharaan CS1: Teks tambahan">link</a>) </span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Pray, Walter Steven (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.ca/books?id=XU1sMK1djVAC&pg=PA414"><i>Nonprescription product therapeutics</i></a> (edisi ke-2nd ed.). Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. hlm. 414. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/9780781734981" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/9780781734981">9780781734981</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nonprescription+product+therapeutics&rft.place=Philadelphia&rft.pages=414&rft.edition=2nd+ed.&rft.pub=Lippincott+Williams+%26+Wilkins&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=9780781734981&rft.aulast=Pray&rft.aufirst=Walter+Steven&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.ca%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXU1sMK1djVAC%26pg%3DPA414&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3APengaturan+kelahiran" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><span class="citation-comment" style="display:none; color:#33aa33; margin-left:0.3em">Pemeliharaan CS1: Teks tambahan (<a href="/wiki/Kategori:Pemeliharaan_CS1:_Teks_tambahan" title="Kategori:Pemeliharaan CS1: Teks tambahan">link</a>) </span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ebe2010-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ebe2010_46-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ebe2010_46-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Eberhard, Nieschlag, (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.ca/books?id=mEgckDNkonUC&pg=PA563"><i>Andrology Male Reproductive Health and Dysfunction</i></a> (edisi ke-3rd ed.). [S.l.]: Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg. hlm. 563. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/9783540783558" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/9783540783558">9783540783558</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Andrology+Male+Reproductive+Health+and+Dysfunction&rft.place=%5BS.l.%5D&rft.pages=563&rft.edition=3rd+ed.&rft.pub=Springer-Verlag+Berlin+Heidelberg&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9783540783558&rft.aulast=Eberhard&rft.aufirst=Nieschlag%2C&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.ca%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DmEgckDNkonUC%26pg%3DPA563&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3APengaturan+kelahiran" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><span class="citation-comment" style="display:none; color:#33aa33; margin-left:0.3em">Pemeliharaan CS1: Teks tambahan (<a href="/wiki/Kategori:Pemeliharaan_CS1:_Teks_tambahan" title="Kategori:Pemeliharaan CS1: Teks tambahan">link</a>) </span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Barbieri, Jerome F. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.ca/books?id=NudwnhxY8kYC&pg=PA873"><i>Yen and Jaffe's reproductive endocrinology : physiology, pathophysiology, and clinical management</i></a> (edisi ke-6th ed.). Philadelphia, PA: Saunders/Elsevier. hlm. 873. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/9781416049074" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/9781416049074">9781416049074</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Yen+and+Jaffe%27s+reproductive+endocrinology+%3A+physiology%2C+pathophysiology%2C+and+clinical+management&rft.place=Philadelphia%2C+PA&rft.pages=873&rft.edition=6th+ed.&rft.pub=Saunders%2FElsevier&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=9781416049074&rft.aulast=Barbieri&rft.aufirst=Jerome+F.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.ca%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNudwnhxY8kYC%26pg%3DPA873&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3APengaturan+kelahiran" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><span class="citation-comment" style="display:none; color:#33aa33; margin-left:0.3em">Pemeliharaan CS1: Teks tambahan (<a href="/wiki/Kategori:Pemeliharaan_CS1:_Teks_tambahan" title="Kategori:Pemeliharaan CS1: Teks tambahan">link</a>) </span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Kuyoh, MA (2003 Jan). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sim_contraception_2003-01_67_1/page/15">"Sponge versus diaphragm for contraception: a Cochrane review"</a>. <i>Contraception</i>. <b>67</b> (1): 15–8. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12521652">12521652</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Contraception&rft.atitle=Sponge+versus+diaphragm+for+contraception%3A+a+Cochrane+review.&rft.chron=2003+Jan&rft.volume=67&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=15-8&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F12521652&rft.aulast=Kuyoh&rft.aufirst=MA&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsim_contraception_2003-01_67_1%2Fpage%2F15&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3APengaturan+kelahiran" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|coauthors=</code> yang tidak diketahui mengabaikan (<code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|author=</code> yang disarankan) (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored_suggest" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>); </span><span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Periksa nilai tanggal di: <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|date=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#bad_date" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Organization, World Health (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.ca/books?id=pouTfH33wF8C&pg=PA88"><i>Medical eligibility criteria for contraceptive use</i></a> (edisi ke-4th ed.). Geneva: Reproductive Health and Research, World Health Organization. hlm. 88. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/9789241563888" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/9789241563888">9789241563888</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Medical+eligibility+criteria+for+contraceptive+use&rft.place=Geneva&rft.pages=88&rft.edition=4th+ed.&rft.pub=Reproductive+Health+and+Research%2C+World+Health+Organization&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=9789241563888&rft.aulast=Organization&rft.aufirst=World+Health&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.ca%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DpouTfH33wF8C%26pg%3DPA88&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3APengaturan+kelahiran" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><span class="citation-comment" style="display:none; color:#33aa33; margin-left:0.3em">Pemeliharaan CS1: Teks tambahan (<a href="/wiki/Kategori:Pemeliharaan_CS1:_Teks_tambahan" title="Kategori:Pemeliharaan CS1: Teks tambahan">link</a>) </span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Chaudhuri (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.ca/books?id=pzanxKlcU74C&pg=PA95"><i>Practice Of Fertility Control: A Comprehensive Manual (7Th Edition)</i></a>. Elsevier India. hlm. 95. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/9788131211502" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/9788131211502">9788131211502</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Practice+Of+Fertility+Control%3A+A+Comprehensive+Manual+%287Th+Edition%29&rft.pages=95&rft.pub=Elsevier+India&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9788131211502&rft.au=Chaudhuri&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.ca%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DpzanxKlcU74C%26pg%3DPA95&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3APengaturan+kelahiran" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Comm2012-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Comm2012_51-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Comm2012_51-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Committee on Adolescent Health Care Long-Acting Reversible Contraception Working Group, The American College of Obstetricians and, Gynecologists (2012 Oct). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sim_obstetrics-and-gynecology_2012-10_120_4/page/983">"Committee opinion no. 539: adolescents and long-acting reversible contraception: implants and intrauterine devices"</a>. <i>Obstetrics and gynecology</i>. <b>120</b> (4): 983–8. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22996129">22996129</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Obstetrics+and+gynecology&rft.atitle=Committee+opinion+no.+539%3A+adolescents+and+long-acting+reversible+contraception%3A+implants+and+intrauterine+devices.&rft.chron=2012+Oct&rft.volume=120&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=983-8&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F22996129&rft.aulast=Committee+on+Adolescent+Health+Care+Long-Acting+Reversible+Contraception+Working+Group%2C+The+American+College+of+Obstetricians+and&rft.aufirst=Gynecologists&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsim_obstetrics-and-gynecology_2012-10_120_4%2Fpage%2F983&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3APengaturan+kelahiran" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Periksa nilai tanggal di: <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|date=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#bad_date" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Black, K (2012 Oct). "A review of barriers and myths preventing the more widespread use of intrauterine contraception in nulliparous women". <i>The European journal of contraception & reproductive health care : the official journal of the European Society of Contraception</i>. <b>17</b> (5): 340–50. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22834648">22834648</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+European+journal+of+contraception+%26+reproductive+health+care+%3A+the+official+journal+of+the+European+Society+of+Contraception&rft.atitle=A+review+of+barriers+and+myths+preventing+the+more+widespread+use+of+intrauterine+contraception+in+nulliparous+women.&rft.chron=2012+Oct&rft.volume=17&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=340-50&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F22834648&rft.aulast=Black&rft.aufirst=K&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3APengaturan+kelahiran" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|coauthors=</code> yang tidak diketahui mengabaikan (<code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|author=</code> yang disarankan) (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored_suggest" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>); </span><span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Periksa nilai tanggal di: <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|date=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#bad_date" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gabbe2012-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Gabbe2012_53-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gabbe2012_53-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gabbe2012_53-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Gabbe, Steven (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.ca/books?id=x3mJpT2PkEUC&pg=PA527"><i>Obstetrics: Normal and Problem Pregnancies</i></a>. Elsevier Health Sciences. hlm. 527. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/9781455733958" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/9781455733958">9781455733958</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Obstetrics%3A+Normal+and+Problem+Pregnancies&rft.pages=527&rft.pub=Elsevier+Health+Sciences&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=9781455733958&rft.aulast=Gabbe&rft.aufirst=Steven&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.ca%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dx3mJpT2PkEUC%26pg%3DPA527&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3APengaturan+kelahiran" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Steenland, MW (2011 Nov). "Intrauterine contraceptive insertion postabortion: a systematic review". <i>Contraception</i>. <b>84</b> (5): 447–64. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22018119">22018119</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Contraception&rft.atitle=Intrauterine+contraceptive+insertion+postabortion%3A+a+systematic+review.&rft.chron=2011+Nov&rft.volume=84&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=447-64&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F22018119&rft.aulast=Steenland&rft.aufirst=MW&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3APengaturan+kelahiran" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|coauthors=</code> yang tidak diketahui mengabaikan (<code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|author=</code> yang disarankan) (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored_suggest" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>); </span><span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Periksa nilai tanggal di: <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|date=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#bad_date" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Hurd, [edited by] Tommaso Falcone, William W. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.ca/books?id=fOPtaEIKvcIC&pg=PA409"><i>Clinical reproductive medicine and surgery</i></a>. Philadelphia: Mosby. hlm. 409. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/9780323033091" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/9780323033091">9780323033091</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Clinical+reproductive+medicine+and+surgery&rft.place=Philadelphia&rft.pages=409&rft.pub=Mosby&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9780323033091&rft.aulast=Hurd&rft.aufirst=%5Bedited+by%5D+Tommaso+Falcone%2C+William+W.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.ca%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DfOPtaEIKvcIC%26pg%3DPA409&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3APengaturan+kelahiran" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><span class="citation-comment" style="display:none; color:#33aa33; margin-left:0.3em">Pemeliharaan CS1: Teks tambahan: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Kategori:Pemeliharaan_CS1:_Teks_tambahan:_authors_list" title="Kategori:Pemeliharaan CS1: Teks tambahan: authors list">link</a>) </span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Grimes2007-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Grimes2007_56-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Grimes, D.A., MD (2007). "<span style="padding-left:0.2em;">"</span>Intrauterine Devices (IUDs)" In:Hatcher, RA; Nelson, TJ; Guest, F; Kowal, D". <i>Contraceptive Technology 19th ed</i>. New York: Ardent Media.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Contraceptive+Technology+19th+ed.&rft.atitle=%22Intrauterine+Devices+%28IUDs%29%22+In%3AHatcher%2C+RA%3B+Nelson%2C+TJ%3B+Guest%2C+F%3B+Kowal%2C+D&rft.date=2007&rft.au=Grimes%2C+D.A.%2C+MD&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3APengaturan+kelahiran" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><span class="citation-comment" style="display:none; color:#33aa33; margin-left:0.3em">Pemeliharaan CS1: Banyak nama: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Kategori:Pemeliharaan_CS1:_Banyak_nama:_authors_list" title="Kategori:Pemeliharaan CS1: Banyak nama: authors list">link</a>) </span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Marnach2013-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Marnach2013_57-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Marnach2013_57-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Marnach2013_57-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Marnach, ML (2013 Mar). "Current issues in contraception". <i>Mayo Clinic proceedings. Mayo Clinic</i>. <b>88</b> (3): 295–9. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23489454">23489454</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Mayo+Clinic+proceedings.+Mayo+Clinic&rft.atitle=Current+issues+in+contraception.&rft.chron=2013+Mar&rft.volume=88&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=295-9&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F23489454&rft.aulast=Marnach&rft.aufirst=ML&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3APengaturan+kelahiran" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|coauthors=</code> yang tidak diketahui mengabaikan (<code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|author=</code> yang disarankan) (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored_suggest" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>); </span><span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Periksa nilai tanggal di: <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|date=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#bad_date" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Darney2010-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Darney2010_58-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Darney2010_58-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Darney, Leon Speroff, Philip D. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.ca/books?id=f5XJtYkiJ0YC&pg=PT425"><i>A clinical guide for contraception</i></a> (edisi ke-5th ed.). Philadelphia, Pa.: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. hlm. 242-243. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/9781608316106" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/9781608316106">9781608316106</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+clinical+guide+for+contraception&rft.place=Philadelphia%2C+Pa.&rft.pages=242-243&rft.edition=5th+ed.&rft.pub=Lippincott+Williams+%26+Wilkins&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9781608316106&rft.aulast=Darney&rft.aufirst=Leon+Speroff%2C+Philip+D.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.ca%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Df5XJtYkiJ0YC%26pg%3DPT425&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3APengaturan+kelahiran" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><span class="citation-comment" style="display:none; color:#33aa33; margin-left:0.3em">Pemeliharaan CS1: Teks tambahan (<a href="/wiki/Kategori:Pemeliharaan_CS1:_Teks_tambahan" title="Kategori:Pemeliharaan CS1: Teks tambahan">link</a>) </span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Darroch2013-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Darroch2013_59-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Darroch2013_59-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Darroch2013_59-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Darroch2013_59-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Darroch2013_59-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Darroch2013_59-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Darroch2013_59-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Darroch, JE (2013 Mar). "Trends in contraceptive use". <i>Contraception</i>. <b>87</b> (3): 259–63. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23040137">23040137</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Contraception&rft.atitle=Trends+in+contraceptive+use.&rft.chron=2013+Mar&rft.volume=87&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=259-63&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F23040137&rft.aulast=Darroch&rft.aufirst=JE&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3APengaturan+kelahiran" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Periksa nilai tanggal di: <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|date=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#bad_date" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-guttmacher2007-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-guttmacher2007_60-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.guttmacher.org/pubs/gpr/10/4/gpr100419.html">"Popularity Disparity: Attitudes About the IUD in Europe and the United States"</a>. Published by <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.guttmacher.org/archive/GPR.jsp">Guttmacher Policy Review</a> Published Fall 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">2010-04-27</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Popularity+Disparity%3A+Attitudes+About+the+IUD+in+Europe+and+the+United+States&rft.pub=Published+by+%5Bhttp%3A%2F%2Fwww.guttmacher.org%2Farchive%2FGPR.jsp+Guttmacher+Policy+Review%5D+Published+Fall+2007&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.guttmacher.org%2Fpubs%2Fgpr%2F10%2F4%2Fgpr100419.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3APengaturan+kelahiran" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <span style="font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Hapus pranala luar di parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|publisher=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#param_has_ext_link" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Adams CE, Wald M (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sim_urologic-clinics-of-north-america_2009-08_36_3/page/331">"Risks and complications of vasectomy"</a>. <i>Urol. Clin. North Am</i>. <b>36</b> (3): 331–6. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.ucl.2009.05.009">10.1016/j.ucl.2009.05.009</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19643235">19643235</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Urol.+Clin.+North+Am.&rft.atitle=Risks+and+complications+of+vasectomy&rft.volume=36&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=331-6&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.ucl.2009.05.009&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19643235&rft.au=Adams+CE%2C+Wald+M&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsim_urologic-clinics-of-north-america_2009-08_36_3%2Fpage%2F331&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3APengaturan+kelahiran" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|month=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Hillard, Paula Adams (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.ca/books?id=fOoFIQOdIhkC&pg=PA265"><i>The 5-minute obstetrics and gynecology consult</i></a>. Hagerstwon, MD: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. hlm. 265. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/0-7817-6942-6" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/0-7817-6942-6">0-7817-6942-6</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+5-minute+obstetrics+and+gynecology+consult&rft.place=Hagerstwon%2C+MD&rft.pages=265&rft.pub=Lippincott+Williams+%26+Wilkins&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=0-7817-6942-6&rft.au=Hillard%2C+Paula+Adams&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.ca%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DfOoFIQOdIhkC%26pg%3DPA265&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3APengaturan+kelahiran" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Hillard, Paula Adams (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.ca/books?id=fOoFIQOdIhkC&pg=PA549"><i>The 5-minute obstetrics and gynecology consult</i></a>. Hagerstwon, MD: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. hlm. 549. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/0-7817-6942-6" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/0-7817-6942-6">0-7817-6942-6</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+5-minute+obstetrics+and+gynecology+consult&rft.place=Hagerstwon%2C+MD&rft.pages=549&rft.pub=Lippincott+Williams+%26+Wilkins&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=0-7817-6942-6&rft.au=Hillard%2C+Paula+Adams&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.ca%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DfOoFIQOdIhkC%26pg%3DPA549&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3APengaturan+kelahiran" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Hatcher, Robert (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.ca/books?id=txh0LpjjhkoC&pg=PA390"><i>Contraceptive technology</i></a> (edisi ke-19th ed.). New York, N.Y.: Ardent Media. hlm. 390. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/9781597080019" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/9781597080019">9781597080019</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Contraceptive+technology&rft.place=New+York%2C+N.Y.&rft.pages=390&rft.edition=19th+ed.&rft.pub=Ardent+Media&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9781597080019&rft.aulast=Hatcher&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.ca%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dtxh0LpjjhkoC%26pg%3DPA390&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3APengaturan+kelahiran" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><span class="citation-comment" style="display:none; color:#33aa33; margin-left:0.3em">Pemeliharaan CS1: Teks tambahan (<a href="/wiki/Kategori:Pemeliharaan_CS1:_Teks_tambahan" title="Kategori:Pemeliharaan CS1: Teks tambahan">link</a>) </span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Moore, David S. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.ca/books?id=JOMQKI8zj_EC&pg=PR25"><i>The basic practice of statistics</i></a> (edisi ke-5th ed.). New York: Freeman. hlm. 25. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/9781429224260" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/9781429224260">9781429224260</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+basic+practice+of+statistics&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=25&rft.edition=5th+ed.&rft.pub=Freeman&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9781429224260&rft.aulast=Moore&rft.aufirst=David+S.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.ca%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJOMQKI8zj_EC%26pg%3DPR25&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3APengaturan+kelahiran" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><span class="citation-comment" style="display:none; color:#33aa33; margin-left:0.3em">Pemeliharaan CS1: Teks tambahan (<a href="/wiki/Kategori:Pemeliharaan_CS1:_Teks_tambahan" title="Kategori:Pemeliharaan CS1: Teks tambahan">link</a>) </span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Deff2011-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Deff2011_66-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Deff2011_66-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Deff2011_66-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Deffieux, X (2011 May). "Tubal anastomosis after tubal sterilization: a review". <i>Archives of gynecology and obstetrics</i>. <b>283</b> (5): 1149–58. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21331539">21331539</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Archives+of+gynecology+and+obstetrics&rft.atitle=Tubal+anastomosis+after+tubal+sterilization%3A+a+review.&rft.chron=2011+May&rft.volume=283&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=1149-58&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F21331539&rft.aulast=Deffieux&rft.aufirst=X&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3APengaturan+kelahiran" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|coauthors=</code> yang tidak diketahui mengabaikan (<code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|author=</code> yang disarankan) (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored_suggest" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>); </span><span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Periksa nilai tanggal di: <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|date=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#bad_date" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Shri2010-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Shri2010_67-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Shri2010_67-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Shridharani, A (2010 Nov). "Vasectomy reversal versus IVF with sperm retrieval: which is better?". <i>Current opinion in urology</i>. <b>20</b> (6): 503–9. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20852426">20852426</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Current+opinion+in+urology&rft.atitle=Vasectomy+reversal+versus+IVF+with+sperm+retrieval%3A+which+is+better%3F&rft.chron=2010+Nov&rft.volume=20&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=503-9&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F20852426&rft.aulast=Shridharani&rft.aufirst=A&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3APengaturan+kelahiran" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|coauthors=</code> yang tidak diketahui mengabaikan (<code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|author=</code> yang disarankan) (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored_suggest" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>); </span><span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Periksa nilai tanggal di: <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|date=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#bad_date" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Nagler, HM (2009 Aug). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sim_urologic-clinics-of-north-america_2009-08_36_3/page/383">"Factors predicting successful microsurgical vasectomy reversal"</a>. <i>The Urologic clinics of North America</i>. <b>36</b> (3): 383–90. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19643240">19643240</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Urologic+clinics+of+North+America&rft.atitle=Factors+predicting+successful+microsurgical+vasectomy+reversal.&rft.chron=2009+Aug&rft.volume=36&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=383-90&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19643240&rft.aulast=Nagler&rft.aufirst=HM&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsim_urologic-clinics-of-north-america_2009-08_36_3%2Fpage%2F383&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3APengaturan+kelahiran" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|coauthors=</code> yang tidak diketahui mengabaikan (<code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|author=</code> yang disarankan) (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored_suggest" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>); </span><span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Periksa nilai tanggal di: <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|date=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#bad_date" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Grim2004-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Grim2004_69-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Grim2004_69-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Grim2004_69-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Grim2004_69-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Grimes, DA (2004 Oct 18). "Fertility awareness-based methods for contraception". <i>Cochrane database of systematic reviews (Online)</i> (4): CD004860. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15495128">15495128</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cochrane+database+of+systematic+reviews+%28Online%29&rft.atitle=Fertility+awareness-based+methods+for+contraception.&rft.chron=2004+Oct+18&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=CD004860&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15495128&rft.aulast=Grimes&rft.aufirst=DA&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3APengaturan+kelahiran" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|coauthors=</code> yang tidak diketahui mengabaikan (<code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|author=</code> yang disarankan) (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored_suggest" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>); </span><span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Periksa nilai tanggal di: <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|date=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#bad_date" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Lawrence, Ruth (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.ca/books?id=jhQ2zHnKEKwC&pg=PA673"><i>Breastfeeding : a guide for the medical professional</i></a> (edisi ke-7th ed.). Philadelphia, Pa.: Saunders. hlm. 673. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/9781437707885" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/9781437707885">9781437707885</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Breastfeeding+%3A+a+guide+for+the+medical+professional.&rft.place=Philadelphia%2C+Pa.&rft.pages=673&rft.edition=7th+ed.&rft.pub=Saunders&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9781437707885&rft.aulast=Lawrence&rft.aufirst=Ruth&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.ca%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjhQ2zHnKEKwC%26pg%3DPA673&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3APengaturan+kelahiran" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><span class="citation-comment" style="display:none; color:#33aa33; margin-left:0.3em">Pemeliharaan CS1: Teks tambahan (<a href="/wiki/Kategori:Pemeliharaan_CS1:_Teks_tambahan" title="Kategori:Pemeliharaan CS1: Teks tambahan">link</a>) </span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sivin2010-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Sivin2010_71-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sivin2010_71-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Freundl, G (2010 Apr). "State-of-the-art of non-hormonal methods of contraception: IV. Natural family planning". <i>The European journal of contraception & reproductive health care : the official journal of the European Society of Contraception</i>. <b>15</b> (2): 113–23. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20141492">20141492</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+European+journal+of+contraception+%26+reproductive+health+care+%3A+the+official+journal+of+the+European+Society+of+Contraception&rft.atitle=State-of-the-art+of+non-hormonal+methods+of+contraception%3A+IV.+Natural+family+planning.&rft.chron=2010+Apr&rft.volume=15&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=113-23&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F20141492&rft.aulast=Freundl&rft.aufirst=G&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3APengaturan+kelahiran" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|coauthors=</code> yang tidak diketahui mengabaikan (<code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|author=</code> yang disarankan) (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored_suggest" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>); </span><span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Periksa nilai tanggal di: <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|date=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#bad_date" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Pallone, SR (2009 Mar-Apr). "Fertility awareness-based methods: another option for family planning". <i>Journal of the American Board of Family Medicine : JABFM</i>. <b>22</b> (2): 147–57. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19264938">19264938</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+American+Board+of+Family+Medicine+%3A+JABFM&rft.atitle=Fertility+awareness-based+methods%3A+another+option+for+family+planning.&rft.chron=2009+Mar-Apr&rft.volume=22&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=147-57&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19264938&rft.aulast=Pallone&rft.aufirst=SR&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3APengaturan+kelahiran" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|coauthors=</code> yang tidak diketahui mengabaikan (<code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|author=</code> yang disarankan) (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored_suggest" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>); </span><span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Periksa nilai tanggal di: <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|date=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#bad_date" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-WHO2009_100-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-WHO2009_100_73-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-WHO2009_100_73-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Organization, World Health (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://whqlibdoc.who.int/publications/2010/9789241563888_eng.pdf"><i>Medical eligibility criteria for contraceptive use</i></a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span> (edisi ke-4th ed.). Geneva: Reproductive Health and Research, World Health Organization. hlm. 91-100. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/9789241563888" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/9789241563888">9789241563888</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Medical+eligibility+criteria+for+contraceptive+use&rft.place=Geneva&rft.pages=91-100&rft.edition=4th+ed.&rft.pub=Reproductive+Health+and+Research%2C+World+Health+Organization&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=9789241563888&rft.aulast=Organization&rft.aufirst=World+Health&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwhqlibdoc.who.int%2Fpublications%2F2010%2F9789241563888_eng.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3APengaturan+kelahiran" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><span class="citation-comment" style="display:none; color:#33aa33; margin-left:0.3em">Pemeliharaan CS1: Teks tambahan (<a href="/wiki/Kategori:Pemeliharaan_CS1:_Teks_tambahan" title="Kategori:Pemeliharaan CS1: Teks tambahan">link</a>) </span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jones2009-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Jones2009_74-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jones2009_74-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Jones, RK (2009 Jun). "Better than nothing or savvy risk-reduction practice? The importance of withdrawal". <i>Contraception</i>. <b>79</b> (6): 407–10. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19442773">19442773</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Contraception&rft.atitle=Better+than+nothing+or+savvy+risk-reduction+practice%3F+The+importance+of+withdrawal.&rft.chron=2009+Jun&rft.volume=79&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=407-10&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19442773&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=RK&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3APengaturan+kelahiran" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|coauthors=</code> yang tidak diketahui mengabaikan (<code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|author=</code> yang disarankan) (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored_suggest" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>); </span><span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Periksa nilai tanggal di: <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|date=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#bad_date" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Killick, SR (2011 Mar). "Sperm content of pre-ejaculatory fluid". <i>Human fertility (Cambridge, England)</i>. <b>14</b> (1): 48–52. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21155689">21155689</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Human+fertility+%28Cambridge%2C+England%29&rft.atitle=Sperm+content+of+pre-ejaculatory+fluid.&rft.chron=2011+Mar&rft.volume=14&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=48-52&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F21155689&rft.aulast=Killick&rft.aufirst=SR&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3APengaturan+kelahiran" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|coauthors=</code> yang tidak diketahui mengabaikan (<code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|author=</code> yang disarankan) (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored_suggest" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>); </span><span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Periksa nilai tanggal di: <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|date=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#bad_date" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ppabst-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ppabst_76-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.plannedparenthood.org/health-topics/birth-control/abstinence-4215.htm">"Abstinence"</a>. <i>Planned Parenthood</i>. 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">2009-09-09</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Planned+Parenthood&rft.atitle=Abstinence&rft.date=2009&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.plannedparenthood.org%2Fhealth-topics%2Fbirth-control%2Fabstinence-4215.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3APengaturan+kelahiran" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Murthy, Amitasrigowri S; Harwood, Bryna (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.springerlink.com/content/xq0504lxw48250x1/"><i>Contraception Update</i></a> (edisi ke-2nd). New York: Springer. hlm. Abstract. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/978-0-387-32327-5" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/978-0-387-32327-5">978-0-387-32327-5</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Contraception+Update&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=Abstract&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-387-32327-5&rft.aulast=Murthy&rft.aufirst=Amitasrigowri+S&rft.au=Harwood%2C+Bryna&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fxq0504lxw48250x1%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3APengaturan+kelahiran" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Pranala_mati" title="Wikipedia:Pranala mati"><span title=" pranala nonaktif sejak Maret 2021">pranala nonaktif permanen</span></a></i>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFFortenberry2005" class="citation journal">Fortenberry, J. Dennis (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-adolescent-health_2005-04_36_4/page/269">"The limits of abstinence-only in preventing sexually transmitted infections"</a>. <i>Journal of Adolescent Health</i>. <b>36</b> (4): 269–70. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jadohealth.2005.02.001">10.1016/j.jadohealth.2005.02.001</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15780781">15780781</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Adolescent+Health&rft.atitle=The+limits+of+abstinence-only+in+preventing+sexually+transmitted+infections&rft.volume=36&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=269-70&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.jadohealth.2005.02.001&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15780781&rft.aulast=Fortenberry&rft.aufirst=J.+Dennis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsim_journal-of-adolescent-health_2005-04_36_4%2Fpage%2F269&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3APengaturan+kelahiran" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span>, which cites:<br /> <cite id="CITEREFBrücknerBearman2005" class="citation journal">Brückner, Hannah; Bearman, Peter (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-adolescent-health_2005-04_36_4/page/271">"After the promise: The STD consequences of adolescent virginity pledges"</a>. <i>Journal of Adolescent Health</i>. <b>36</b> (4): 271–8. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jadohealth.2005.01.005">10.1016/j.jadohealth.2005.01.005</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15780782">15780782</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Adolescent+Health&rft.atitle=After+the+promise%3A+The+STD+consequences+of+adolescent+virginity+pledges&rft.volume=36&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=271-8&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.jadohealth.2005.01.005&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15780782&rft.aulast=Br%C3%BCckner&rft.aufirst=Hannah&rft.au=Bearman%2C+Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsim_journal-of-adolescent-health_2005-04_36_4%2Fpage%2F271&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3APengaturan+kelahiran" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFKim_Best2005" class="citation journal">Kim Best (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fhi.org/en/RH/Pubs/Network/v23_4/nt2341.htm">"Nonconsensual Sex Undermines Sexual Health"</a>. <i>Network</i>. <b>23</b> (4).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Network&rft.atitle=Nonconsensual+Sex+Undermines+Sexual+Health&rft.volume=23&rft.issue=4&rft.date=2005&rft.au=Kim+Best&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fhi.org%2Fen%2FRH%2FPubs%2FNetwork%2Fv23_4%2Fnt2341.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3APengaturan+kelahiran" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ott2007-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ott2007_80-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ott2007_80-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFOtt" class="citation journal">Ott, MA (2007 Oct). "Abstinence and abstinence-only education". <i>Current opinion in obstetrics & gynecology</i>. <b>19</b> (5): 446–52. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1097%2FGCO.0b013e3282efdc0b">10.1097/GCO.0b013e3282efdc0b</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17885460">17885460</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Current+opinion+in+obstetrics+%26+gynecology&rft.atitle=Abstinence+and+abstinence-only+education&rft.chron=2007+Oct&rft.volume=19&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=446-52&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1097%2FGCO.0b013e3282efdc0b&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17885460&rft.aulast=Ott&rft.aufirst=MA&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3APengaturan+kelahiran" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|coauthors=</code> yang tidak diketahui mengabaikan (<code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|author=</code> yang disarankan) (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored_suggest" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>); </span><span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Periksa nilai tanggal di: <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|date=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#bad_date" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Duffy, K (2008 Dec). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sim_clinical-pharmacology-and-therapeutics_2008-12_84_6/page/746">"Government support for abstinence-only-until-marriage education"</a>. <i>Clinical pharmacology and therapeutics</i>. <b>84</b> (6): 746–8. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18923389">18923389</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Clinical+pharmacology+and+therapeutics&rft.atitle=Government+support+for+abstinence-only-until-marriage+education.&rft.chron=2008+Dec&rft.volume=84&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=746-8&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18923389&rft.aulast=Duffy&rft.aufirst=K&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsim_clinical-pharmacology-and-therapeutics_2008-12_84_6%2Fpage%2F746&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3APengaturan+kelahiran" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|coauthors=</code> yang tidak diketahui mengabaikan (<code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|author=</code> yang disarankan) (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored_suggest" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>); </span><span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Periksa nilai tanggal di: <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|date=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#bad_date" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Kowal D (2007). "Abstinence and the Range of Sexual Expression". Dalam Hatcher, Robert A.; et al. <i>Contraceptive Technology</i> (edisi ke-19th rev.). New York: Ardent Media. hlm. 81–86. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/0-9664902-0-7" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/0-9664902-0-7">0-9664902-0-7</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Abstinence+and+the+Range+of+Sexual+Expression&rft.btitle=Contraceptive+Technology&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=81-86&rft.edition=19th+rev.&rft.pub=Ardent+Media&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=0-9664902-0-7&rft.au=Kowal+D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3APengaturan+kelahiran" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><span class="citation-comment" style="display:none; color:#33aa33; margin-left:0.3em">Pemeliharaan CS1: Penggunaan et al. yang eksplisit (<a href="/wiki/Kategori:Pemeliharaan_CS1:_Penggunaan_et_al._yang_eksplisit" title="Kategori:Pemeliharaan CS1: Penggunaan et al. yang eksplisit">link</a>) </span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Feldmann, J.; Middleman, A. B. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://journals.lww.com/co-obgyn/Abstract/2002/10000/Adolescent_sexuality_and_sexual_behavior.8.aspx">"Adolescent sexuality and sexual behavior"</a>. <i>Current opinion in obstetrics & gynecology</i>. <b>14</b> (5): 489–493. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12401976">12401976</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Current+opinion+in+obstetrics+%26+gynecology&rft.atitle=Adolescent+sexuality+and+sexual+behavior&rft.volume=14&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=489-493&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F12401976&rft.aulast=Feldmann&rft.aufirst=J.&rft.au=Middleman%2C+A.+B.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjournals.lww.com%2Fco-obgyn%2FAbstract%2F2002%2F10000%2FAdolescent_sexuality_and_sexual_behavior.8.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3APengaturan+kelahiran" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Thomas, R. Murray (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.ca/books?id=gM9EFgsJHyoC&pg=PA81"><i>Sex and the American teenager seeing through the myths and confronting the issues</i></a>. Lanham, Md.: Rowman & Littlefield Education. hlm. 81. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/9781607090182" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/9781607090182">9781607090182</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sex+and+the+American+teenager+seeing+through+the+myths+and+confronting+the+issues&rft.place=Lanham%2C+Md.&rft.pages=81&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield+Education&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=9781607090182&rft.aulast=Thomas&rft.aufirst=R.+Murray&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.ca%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DgM9EFgsJHyoC%26pg%3DPA81&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3APengaturan+kelahiran" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Edlin, Gordon (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.ca/books?id=csGk6j5rlN0C&pg=PA213"><i>Health & Wellness</i></a>. Jones & Bartlett Learning. hlm. 213. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/9781449636470" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/9781449636470">9781449636470</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Health+%26+Wellness.&rft.pages=213&rft.pub=Jones+%26+Bartlett+Learning&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=9781449636470&rft.aulast=Edlin&rft.aufirst=Gordon&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.ca%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DcsGk6j5rlN0C%26pg%3DPA213&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3APengaturan+kelahiran" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Blackburn2007-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Blackburn2007_86-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Blackburn, Susan Tucker (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.it/books?id=2y6zOSQcn14C&pg=PA157"><i>Maternal, fetal, & neonatal physiology : a clinical perspective</i></a> (edisi ke-3rd ed.). St. Louis, Mo.: Saunders Elsevier. hlm. 157. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/9781416029441" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/9781416029441">9781416029441</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Maternal%2C+fetal%2C+%26+neonatal+physiology+%3A+a+clinical+perspective&rft.place=St.+Louis%2C+Mo.&rft.pages=157&rft.edition=3rd+ed.&rft.pub=Saunders+Elsevier&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9781416029441&rft.aulast=Blackburn&rft.aufirst=Susan+Tucker&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.it%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2y6zOSQcn14C%26pg%3DPA157&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3APengaturan+kelahiran" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><span class="citation-comment" style="display:none; color:#33aa33; margin-left:0.3em">Pemeliharaan CS1: Teks tambahan (<a href="/wiki/Kategori:Pemeliharaan_CS1:_Teks_tambahan" title="Kategori:Pemeliharaan CS1: Teks tambahan">link</a>) </span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.who.int/features/factfiles/breastfeeding/facts/en/index2.html">"WHO 10 facts on breastfeeding"</a>. <i>World Health Organization</i>. 2005.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=World+Health+Organization&rft.atitle=WHO+10+facts+on+breastfeeding&rft.date=2005&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.who.int%2Ffeatures%2Ffactfiles%2Fbreastfeeding%2Ffacts%2Fen%2Findex2.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3APengaturan+kelahiran" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|month=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fritz2012-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Fritz2012_88-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fritz2012_88-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fritz2012_88-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Fritz, Marc (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.it/books?id=KZLubBxJEwEC&pg=PA1007"><i>Clinical Gynecologic Endocrinology and Infertility</i></a>. hlm. 1007-1008. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/9781451148473" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/9781451148473">9781451148473</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Clinical+Gynecologic+Endocrinology+and+Infertility&rft.pages=1007-1008&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=9781451148473&rft.aulast=Fritz&rft.aufirst=Marc&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.it%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKZLubBxJEwEC%26pg%3DPA1007&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3APengaturan+kelahiran" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Swisher, Judith Lauwers, Anna. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.it/books?id=2X0_Takcr_wC&pg=PA465"><i>Counseling the nursing mother a lactation consultant's guide</i></a> (edisi ke-5th ed.). Sudbury, MA: Jones & Bartlett Learning. hlm. 465-466. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/9781449619480" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/9781449619480">9781449619480</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Counseling+the+nursing+mother+a+lactation+consultant%27s+guide&rft.place=Sudbury%2C+MA&rft.pages=465-466&rft.edition=5th+ed.&rft.pub=Jones+%26+Bartlett+Learning&rft.isbn=9781449619480&rft.aulast=Swisher&rft.aufirst=Judith+Lauwers%2C+Anna&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.it%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2X0_Takcr_wC%26pg%3DPA465&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3APengaturan+kelahiran" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><span class="citation-comment" style="display:none; color:#33aa33; margin-left:0.3em">Pemeliharaan CS1: Teks tambahan (<a href="/wiki/Kategori:Pemeliharaan_CS1:_Teks_tambahan" title="Kategori:Pemeliharaan CS1: Teks tambahan">link</a>) </span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gizzo2012-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Gizzo2012_90-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gizzo2012_90-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gizzo2012_90-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Gizzo, S (2012 Oct). "Nowadays which emergency contraception? Comparison between past and present: latest news in terms of clinical efficacy, side effects and contraindications". <i>Gynecological endocrinology : the official journal of the International Society of Gynecological Endocrinology</i>. <b>28</b> (10): 758–63. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22390259">22390259</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Gynecological+endocrinology+%3A+the+official+journal+of+the+International+Society+of+Gynecological+Endocrinology&rft.atitle=Nowadays+which+emergency+contraception%3F+Comparison+between+past+and+present%3A+latest+news+in+terms+of+clinical+efficacy%2C+side+effects+and+contraindications.&rft.chron=2012+Oct&rft.volume=28&rft.issue=10&rft.pages=758-63&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F22390259&rft.aulast=Gizzo&rft.aufirst=S&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3APengaturan+kelahiran" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|coauthors=</code> yang tidak diketahui mengabaikan (<code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|author=</code> yang disarankan) (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored_suggest" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>); </span><span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Periksa nilai tanggal di: <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|date=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#bad_date" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hopkin2012-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hopkin2012_91-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hopkin2012_91-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">"Fertility Control:Contraception, Sterilization, and Abortion". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.ca/books?id=4Sg5sXyiBvkC&pg=PR241"><i>The Johns Hopkins Manual of Gynecology and Obstetrics</i></a> (edisi ke-4th). 2012. hlm. 391. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/9781451148015" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/9781451148015">9781451148015</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Fertility+Control%3AContraception%2C+Sterilization%2C+and+Abortion&rft.btitle=The+Johns+Hopkins+Manual+of+Gynecology+and+Obstetrics&rft.pages=391&rft.edition=4th&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=9781451148015&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.ca%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4Sg5sXyiBvkC%26pg%3DPR241&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3APengaturan+kelahiran" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CochEmerg2012-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CochEmerg2012_92-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CochEmerg2012_92-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CochEmerg2012_92-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CochEmerg2012_92-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Cheng, L (2012 Aug 15). "Interventions for emergency contraception". <i>Cochrane database of systematic reviews (Online)</i>. <b>8</b>: CD001324. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22895920">22895920</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cochrane+database+of+systematic+reviews+%28Online%29&rft.atitle=Interventions+for+emergency+contraception.&rft.chron=2012+Aug+15&rft.volume=8&rft.pages=CD001324&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F22895920&rft.aulast=Cheng&rft.aufirst=L&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3APengaturan+kelahiran" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|coauthors=</code> yang tidak diketahui mengabaikan (<code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|author=</code> yang disarankan) (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored_suggest" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>); </span><span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Periksa nilai tanggal di: <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|date=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#bad_date" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Richardson, AR (2012 Jan). "Ulipristal acetate: review of the efficacy and safety of a newly approved agent for emergency contraception". <i>Clinical therapeutics</i>. <b>34</b> (1): 24–36. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22154199">22154199</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Clinical+therapeutics&rft.atitle=Ulipristal+acetate%3A+review+of+the+efficacy+and+safety+of+a+newly+approved+agent+for+emergency+contraception.&rft.chron=2012+Jan&rft.volume=34&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=24-36&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F22154199&rft.aulast=Richardson&rft.aufirst=AR&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3APengaturan+kelahiran" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|coauthors=</code> yang tidak diketahui mengabaikan (<code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|author=</code> yang disarankan) (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored_suggest" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>); </span><span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Periksa nilai tanggal di: <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|date=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#bad_date" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130511124153/http://www.arhp.org/Publications-and-Resources/Clinical-Proceedings/EC/Effectiveness">"Update on Emergency Contraception"</a>. Association of Reproductive Health Professionals. March 2011. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.arhp.org/Publications-and-Resources/Clinical-Proceedings/EC/Effectiveness">versi asli</a> tanggal 2013-05-11<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">20 May</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Update+on+Emergency+Contraception&rft.pub=Association+of+Reproductive+Health+Professionals&rft.date=2011-03&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.arhp.org%2FPublications-and-Resources%2FClinical-Proceedings%2FEC%2FEffectiveness&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3APengaturan+kelahiran" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cleland2012-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Cleland2012_95-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFCleland_K,_Zhu_H,_Goldstruck_N,_Cheng_L,_Trussel_T2012" class="citation journal">Cleland K, Zhu H, Goldstruck N, Cheng L, Trussel T (2012). "The efficacy of intrauterine devices for emergency contraception: a systematic review of 35 years of experience". <i>Human Reproduction</i>. <b>27</b> (7): 1994–2000. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fhumrep%2Fdes140">10.1093/humrep/des140</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22570193">22570193</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Human+Reproduction&rft.atitle=The+efficacy+of+intrauterine+devices+for+emergency+contraception%3A+a+systematic+review+of+35+years+of+experience&rft.volume=27&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=1994-2000&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fhumrep%2Fdes140&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F22570193&rft.au=Cleland+K%2C+Zhu+H%2C+Goldstruck+N%2C+Cheng+L%2C+Trussel+T&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3APengaturan+kelahiran" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><span class="citation-comment" style="display:none; color:#33aa33; margin-left:0.3em">Pemeliharaan CS1: Banyak nama: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Kategori:Pemeliharaan_CS1:_Banyak_nama:_authors_list" title="Kategori:Pemeliharaan CS1: Banyak nama: authors list">link</a>) </span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid17894132-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pmid17894132_96-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Kripke C (2007). "Advance provision for emergency oral contraception". <i>Am Fam Physician</i>. <b>76</b> (5): 654. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17894132">17894132</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Am+Fam+Physician&rft.atitle=Advance+provision+for+emergency+oral+contraception&rft.volume=76&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=654&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17894132&rft.au=Kripke+C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3APengaturan+kelahiran" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|month=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid21923590-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pmid21923590_97-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Shrader SP, Hall LN, Ragucci KR, Rafie S (2011). "Updates in hormonal emergency contraception". <i>Pharmacotherapy</i>. <b>31</b> (9): 887–95. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1592%2Fphco.31.9.887">10.1592/phco.31.9.887</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21923590">21923590</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Pharmacotherapy&rft.atitle=Updates+in+hormonal+emergency+contraception&rft.volume=31&rft.issue=9&rft.pages=887-95&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1592%2Fphco.31.9.887&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F21923590&rft.au=Shrader+SP%2C+Hall+LN%2C+Ragucci+KR%2C+Rafie+S&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3APengaturan+kelahiran" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|month=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span><span class="citation-comment" style="display:none; color:#33aa33; margin-left:0.3em">Pemeliharaan CS1: Banyak nama: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Kategori:Pemeliharaan_CS1:_Banyak_nama:_authors_list" title="Kategori:Pemeliharaan CS1: Banyak nama: authors list">link</a>) </span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">"Dual protection against unwanted pregnancy and HIV / STDs". <i>Sex Health Exch</i> (3): 8. 1998. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12294688">12294688</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Sex+Health+Exch&rft.atitle=Dual+protection+against+unwanted+pregnancy+and+HIV+%2F+STDs&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=8&rft.date=1998&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F12294688&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3APengaturan+kelahiran" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cates2002-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Cates2002_99-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cates2002_99-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFCates,_W.,_Steiner,_M._J.2002" class="citation journal">Cates, W., Steiner, M. J. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://journals.lww.com/stdjournal/Fulltext/2002/03000/Dual_Protection_Against_Unintended_Pregnancy_and.7.aspx">"Dual Protection Against Unintended Pregnancy and Sexually Transmitted Infections: What Is the Best Contraceptive Approach?"</a>. <i>Sexually Transmitted Diseases</i>. <b>29</b> (3): 168–174. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1097%2F00007435-200203000-00007">10.1097/00007435-200203000-00007</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11875378">11875378</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Sexually+Transmitted+Diseases&rft.atitle=Dual+Protection+Against+Unintended+Pregnancy+and+Sexually+Transmitted+Infections%3A+What+Is+the+Best+Contraceptive+Approach%3F&rft.volume=29&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=168-174&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1097%2F00007435-200203000-00007&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11875378&rft.au=Cates%2C+W.%2C+Steiner%2C+M.+J.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjournals.lww.com%2Fstdjournal%2FFulltext%2F2002%2F03000%2FDual_Protection_Against_Unintended_Pregnancy_and.7.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3APengaturan+kelahiran" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><span class="citation-comment" style="display:none; color:#33aa33; margin-left:0.3em">Pemeliharaan CS1: Banyak nama: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Kategori:Pemeliharaan_CS1:_Banyak_nama:_authors_list" title="Kategori:Pemeliharaan CS1: Banyak nama: authors list">link</a>) </span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120225124142/http://www.ippf.org/NR/rdonlyres/534B49A6-4C25-4853-BD8E-527E02FCD5A1/0/IMAPstatementmay2000.pdf">"Statement on Dual Protection against Unwanted Pregnancy and Sexually Transmitted Infections, including HIV"</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. International Planned Parenthood Federation. May 2000. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ippf.org/NR/rdonlyres/534B49A6-4C25-4853-BD8E-527E02FCD5A1/0/IMAPstatementmay2000.pdf">versi asli</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span> tanggal 2012-02-25<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">2014-01-11</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Statement+on+Dual+Protection+against+Unwanted+Pregnancy+and+Sexually+Transmitted+Infections%2C+including+HIV&rft.pub=International+Planned+Parenthood+Federation&rft.date=2000-05&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ippf.org%2FNR%2Frdonlyres%2F534B49A6-4C25-4853-BD8E-527E02FCD5A1%2F0%2FIMAPstatementmay2000.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3APengaturan+kelahiran" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gupta2011-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Gupta2011_101-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Gupta, Ramesh C. (2011-02-25). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=jGHRR32wz5MC"><i>Reproductive and Developmental Toxicology</i></a>. Academic Press. hlm. 105. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/978-0-12-382032-7" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/978-0-12-382032-7">978-0-12-382032-7</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Reproductive+and+Developmental+Toxicology&rft.pages=105&rft.pub=Academic+Press&rft.date=2011-02-25&rft.isbn=978-0-12-382032-7&rft.aulast=Gupta&rft.aufirst=Ramesh+C.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjGHRR32wz5MC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3APengaturan+kelahiran" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CIA2010-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-CIA2010_102-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2223rank.html?countryName=Australia&countryCode=as&regionCode=aus&rank=156#as">Country Comparison: Maternal Mortality Rate</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121108112903/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2223rank.html?countryName=Australia&countryCode=as&regionCode=aus&rank=156#as">Diarsipkan</a> 2012-11-08 di <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_World_Factbook" class="extiw" title="en:The World Factbook">The CIA World Factbook</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Shol2010-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Shol2010_103-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Shol2010_103-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Sholapurkar, SL (2010 Feb). "Is there an ideal interpregnancy interval after a live birth, miscarriage or other adverse pregnancy outcomes?". <i>Journal of obstetrics and gynaecology : the journal of the Institute of Obstetrics and Gynaecology</i>. <b>30</b> (2): 107–10. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20143964">20143964</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+obstetrics+and+gynaecology+%3A+the+journal+of+the+Institute+of+Obstetrics+and+Gynaecology&rft.atitle=Is+there+an+ideal+interpregnancy+interval+after+a+live+birth%2C+miscarriage+or+other+adverse+pregnancy+outcomes%3F&rft.chron=2010+Feb&rft.volume=30&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=107-10&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F20143964&rft.aulast=Sholapurkar&rft.aufirst=SL&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3APengaturan+kelahiran" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Periksa nilai tanggal di: <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|date=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#bad_date" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Lavin, C (2012 Aug). "Teen pregnancy prevention: current perspectives". <i>Current opinion in pediatrics</i>. <b>24</b> (4): 462–9. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22790099">22790099</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Current+opinion+in+pediatrics&rft.atitle=Teen+pregnancy+prevention%3A+current+perspectives.&rft.chron=2012+Aug&rft.volume=24&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=462-9&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F22790099&rft.aulast=Lavin&rft.aufirst=C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3APengaturan+kelahiran" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|coauthors=</code> yang tidak diketahui mengabaikan (<code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|author=</code> yang disarankan) (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored_suggest" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>); </span><span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Periksa nilai tanggal di: <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|date=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#bad_date" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tsui2010-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Tsui2010_105-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tsui2010_105-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tsui2010_105-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFTsui_AO,_McDonald-Mosley_R,_Burke_AE2010" class="citation journal">Tsui AO, McDonald-Mosley R, Burke AE (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3115338">"Family planning and the burden of unintended pregnancies"</a>. <i>Epidemiol Rev</i>. <b>32</b> (1): 152–74. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fepirev%2Fmxq012">10.1093/epirev/mxq012</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a> <span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3115338">3115338</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Dapat diakses gratis"><img alt="alt=Dapat diakses gratis" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" /></span></span></span>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20570955">20570955</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Epidemiol+Rev&rft.atitle=Family+planning+and+the+burden+of+unintended+pregnancies&rft.volume=32&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=152-74&rft.date=2010&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3115338&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F20570955&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fepirev%2Fmxq012&rft.au=Tsui+AO%2C+McDonald-Mosley+R%2C+Burke+AE&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3115338&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3APengaturan+kelahiran" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|month=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span><span class="citation-comment" style="display:none; color:#33aa33; margin-left:0.3em">Pemeliharaan CS1: Banyak nama: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Kategori:Pemeliharaan_CS1:_Banyak_nama:_authors_list" title="Kategori:Pemeliharaan CS1: Banyak nama: authors list">link</a>) </span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Carr, B (2012 Jul 14). "Giving women the power to plan their families". <i>Lancet</i>. <b>380</b> (9837): 80–2. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22784540">22784540</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Lancet&rft.atitle=Giving+women+the+power+to+plan+their+families.&rft.chron=2012+Jul+14&rft.volume=380&rft.issue=9837&rft.pages=80-2&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F22784540&rft.aulast=Carr&rft.aufirst=B&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3APengaturan+kelahiran" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|coauthors=</code> yang tidak diketahui mengabaikan (<code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|author=</code> yang disarankan) (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored_suggest" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>); </span><span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Periksa nilai tanggal di: <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|date=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#bad_date" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NYT2013-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NYT2013_107-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NYT2013_107-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Rosenthal, Elisabeth (June 30th,2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nytimes.com/2013/07/01/health/american-way-of-birth-costliest-in-the-world.html">"American Way of Birth, Costliest in the World"</a>. <i>New York Times</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+York+Times&rft.atitle=American+Way+of+Birth%2C+Costliest+in+the+World&rft.chron=June+30th%2C2013&rft.aulast=Rosenthal&rft.aufirst=Elisabeth&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2013%2F07%2F01%2Fhealth%2Famerican-way-of-birth-costliest-in-the-world.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3APengaturan+kelahiran" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Periksa nilai tanggal di: <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|date=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#bad_date" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-USDAChildExpense-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-USDAChildExpense_108-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080308082505/http://www.cnpp.usda.gov/ExpendituresonChildrenbyFamilies.htm">"Expenditures on Children by Families, 2011"</a>. United States Department of Agriculture, Center for Nutrition Policy and Promotion. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cnpp.usda.gov/ExpendituresonChildrenbyFamilies.htm">versi asli</a> tanggal 2008-03-08<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">2014-01-11</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Expenditures+on+Children+by+Families%2C+2011&rft.pub=United+States+Department+of+Agriculture%2C+Center+for+Nutrition+Policy+and+Promotion&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnpp.usda.gov%2FExpendituresonChildrenbyFamilies.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3APengaturan+kelahiran" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dar2010p315-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Dar2010p315_109-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Darney, Leon Speroff, Philip D. (2010). <i>A clinical guide for contraception</i> (edisi ke-5th). Philadelphia, Pa.: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. hlm. 315. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/1-60831-610-6" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/1-60831-610-6">1-60831-610-6</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+clinical+guide+for+contraception&rft.place=Philadelphia%2C+Pa.&rft.pages=315&rft.edition=5th&rft.pub=Lippincott+Williams+%26+Wilkins&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=1-60831-610-6&rft.aulast=Darney&rft.aufirst=Leon+Speroff%2C+Philip+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3APengaturan+kelahiran" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Naz2009-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Naz2009_110-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Naz2009_110-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Naz2009_110-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Naz2009_110-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Naz, RK (2009 Jun). "Update on male contraception". <i>Current opinion in obstetrics & gynecology</i>. <b>21</b> (3): 265–9. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19469045">19469045</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Current+opinion+in+obstetrics+%26+gynecology&rft.atitle=Update+on+male+contraception.&rft.chron=2009+Jun&rft.volume=21&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=265-9&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19469045&rft.aulast=Naz&rft.aufirst=RK&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3APengaturan+kelahiran" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|coauthors=</code> yang tidak diketahui mengabaikan (<code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|author=</code> yang disarankan) (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored_suggest" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>); </span><span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Periksa nilai tanggal di: <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|date=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#bad_date" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Cleland, JG (2011 Feb 1). "Family planning in sub-Saharan Africa: progress or stagnation?". <i>Bulletin of the World Health Organization</i>. <b>89</b> (2): 137–43. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21346925">21346925</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bulletin+of+the+World+Health+Organization&rft.atitle=Family+planning+in+sub-Saharan+Africa%3A+progress+or+stagnation%3F&rft.chron=2011+Feb+1&rft.volume=89&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=137-43&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F21346925&rft.aulast=Cleland&rft.aufirst=JG&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3APengaturan+kelahiran" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|coauthors=</code> yang tidak diketahui mengabaikan (<code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|author=</code> yang disarankan) (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored_suggest" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>); </span><span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Periksa nilai tanggal di: <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|date=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#bad_date" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dar2013-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Dar2013_112-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dar2013_112-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Darroch, JE (2013 May 18). "Trends in contraceptive need and use in developing countries in 2003, 2008, and 2012: an analysis of national surveys". <i>Lancet</i>. <b>381</b> (9879): 1756–1762. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23683642">23683642</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Lancet&rft.atitle=Trends+in+contraceptive+need+and+use+in+developing+countries+in+2003%2C+2008%2C+and+2012%3A+an+analysis+of+national+surveys.&rft.chron=2013+May+18&rft.volume=381&rft.issue=9879&rft.pages=1756-1762&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F23683642&rft.aulast=Darroch&rft.aufirst=JE&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3APengaturan+kelahiran" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|coauthors=</code> yang tidak diketahui mengabaikan (<code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|author=</code> yang disarankan) (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored_suggest" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>); </span><span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Periksa nilai tanggal di: <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|date=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#bad_date" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rasch2011-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Rasch2011_113-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rasch2011_113-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Rasch, V (2011 Jul). "Unsafe abortion and postabortion care -an overview". <i>Acta obstetricia et gynecologica Scandinavica</i>. <b>90</b> (7): 692–700. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21542813">21542813</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Acta+obstetricia+et+gynecologica+Scandinavica&rft.atitle=Unsafe+abortion+and+postabortion+care+-an+overview.&rft.chron=2011+Jul&rft.volume=90&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=692-700&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F21542813&rft.aulast=Rasch&rft.aufirst=V&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3APengaturan+kelahiran" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Periksa nilai tanggal di: <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|date=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#bad_date" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-History2010-114"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-History2010_114-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-History2010_114-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-History2010_114-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-History2010_114-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-History2010_114-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-History2010_114-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Cuomo, Amy (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.ca/books?id=Pcxqzal4bEYC&pg=PA124">"Birth control"</a>. Dalam O'Reilly, Andrea. <i>Encyclopedia of motherhood</i>. Thousand Oaks, Calif.: Sage Publications. hlm. 121–126. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/9781412968461" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/9781412968461">9781412968461</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Birth+control&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+motherhood&rft.place=Thousand+Oaks%2C+Calif.&rft.pages=121-126&rft.pub=Sage+Publications&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9781412968461&rft.aulast=Cuomo&rft.aufirst=Amy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.ca%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPcxqzal4bEYC%26pg%3DPA124&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3APengaturan+kelahiran" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lipsey2005-115"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Lipsey2005_115-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Lipsey, Richard G.; Carlaw, Kenneth; Bekar, Clifford (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=tSrGTMtBv50C&pg=PA335">"Historical Record on the Control of Family Size"</a>. <i>Economic Transformations: General Purpose Technologies and Long-Term Economic Growth</i>. Oxford University Press. hlm. 335–40. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/978-0-19-928564-8" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/978-0-19-928564-8">978-0-19-928564-8</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Historical+Record+on+the+Control+of+Family+Size&rft.btitle=Economic+Transformations%3A+General+Purpose+Technologies+and+Long-Term+Economic+Growth&rft.pages=335-40&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-19-928564-8&rft.aulast=Lipsey&rft.aufirst=Richard+G.&rft.au=Carlaw%2C+Kenneth&rft.au=Bekar%2C+Clifford&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtSrGTMtBv50C%26pg%3DPA335&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3APengaturan+kelahiran" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">unspecified (2001). "Herbal contraceptives and abortifacients". Dalam Bullough, Vern L. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.ca/books?id=XuX-MGTZnJoC&pg=PA125"><i>Encyclopedia of birth control</i></a>. Santa Barbara, Calif.: ABC-CLIO. hlm. 125–128. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/9781576071816" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/9781576071816">9781576071816</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Herbal+contraceptives+and+abortifacients&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+birth+control&rft.place=Santa+Barbara%2C+Calif.&rft.pages=125-128&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=9781576071816&rft.au=unspecified&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.ca%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXuX-MGTZnJoC%26pg%3DPA125&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3APengaturan+kelahiran" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">McTavish, Lianne (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.ca/books?id=OQ8mdTjxungC&pg=PA91">"Contraception and birth control"</a>. Dalam Robin, Diana. <i>Encyclopedia of women in the Renaissance : Italy, France, and England</i>. Santa Barbara, Calif.: ABC-CLIO. hlm. 91–92. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/9781851097722" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/9781851097722">9781851097722</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Contraception+and+birth+control&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+women+in+the+Renaissance+%3A+Italy%2C+France%2C+and+England&rft.place=Santa+Barbara%2C+Calif.&rft.pages=91-92&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9781851097722&rft.aulast=McTavish&rft.aufirst=Lianne&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.ca%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOQ8mdTjxungC%26pg%3DPA91&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3APengaturan+kelahiran" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Fritz, Marc A.; Speroff, Leon (2011). "Intrauterine contraception". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=KZLubBxJEwEC&pg=RA1-PA1095"><i>Clinical gynecologic endocrinology and infertility</i></a> (edisi ke-8th). Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer Health/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. hlm. 1095–1098. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/978-0-7817-7968-5" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/978-0-7817-7968-5">978-0-7817-7968-5</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Intrauterine+contraception&rft.btitle=Clinical+gynecologic+endocrinology+and+infertility&rft.place=Philadelphia&rft.pages=1095-1098&rft.edition=8th&rft.pub=Wolters+Kluwer+Health%2FLippincott+Williams+%26+Wilkins&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-7817-7968-5&rft.aulast=Fritz&rft.aufirst=Marc+A.&rft.au=Speroff%2C+Leon&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKZLubBxJEwEC%26pg%3DRA1-PA1095&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3APengaturan+kelahiran" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Poston, Dudley (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.ca/books?id=CR-EXq4y8XAC&pg=PA98"><i>Population and Society: An Introduction to Demography</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. hlm. 98. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/9781139489386" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/9781139489386">9781139489386</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Population+and+Society%3A+An+Introduction+to+Demography&rft.pages=98&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9781139489386&rft.aulast=Poston&rft.aufirst=Dudley&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.ca%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCR-EXq4y8XAC%26pg%3DPA98&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3APengaturan+kelahiran" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Kulier, Regina; Kapp, Nathalie; Gülmezoglu, A. Metin; Hofmeyr, G. Justus; Cheng, Linan; Campana, Aldo (November 9, 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD002855.pub4/abstract;jsessionid=2D7DDA98B31CD7DACB8391192770991C.d04t01">"Medical methods for first trimester abortion"</a>. <i>Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews</i> (11): CD002855. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2F14651858.CD002855.pub4">10.1002/14651858.CD002855.pub4</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22071804">22071804</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cochrane+Database+of+Systematic+Reviews&rft.atitle=Medical+methods+for+first+trimester+abortion&rft.issue=11&rft.pages=CD002855&rft.date=2011-11-09&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2F14651858.CD002855.pub4&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F22071804&rft.aulast=Kulier&rft.aufirst=Regina&rft.au=Kapp%2C+Nathalie&rft.au=G%C3%BClmezoglu%2C+A.+Metin&rft.au=Hofmeyr%2C+G.+Justus&rft.au=Cheng%2C+Linan&rft.au=Campana%2C+Aldo&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fonlinelibrary.wiley.com%2Fdoi%2F10.1002%2F14651858.CD002855.pub4%2Fabstract%3Bjsessionid%3D2D7DDA98B31CD7DACB8391192770991C.d04t01&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3APengaturan+kelahiran" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hrintlaw-121"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-hrintlaw_121-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFCottingham_J.,_Germain_A.,_Hunt_P.2012" class="citation journal">Cottingham J., Germain A., Hunt P. (2012). "Use of human rights to meet the unmet need for family planning". <i>The Lancet</i>. <b>380</b> (9837): 172–180. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0140-6736%2812%2960732-6">10.1016/S0140-6736(12)60732-6</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22784536">22784536</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Lancet&rft.atitle=Use+of+human+rights+to+meet+the+unmet+need+for+family+planning&rft.volume=380&rft.issue=9837&rft.pages=172-180&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0140-6736%2812%2960732-6&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F22784536&rft.au=Cottingham+J.%2C+Germain+A.%2C+Hunt+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3APengaturan+kelahiran" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><span class="citation-comment" style="display:none; color:#33aa33; margin-left:0.3em">Pemeliharaan CS1: Banyak nama: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Kategori:Pemeliharaan_CS1:_Banyak_nama:_authors_list" title="Kategori:Pemeliharaan CS1: Banyak nama: authors list">link</a>) </span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gutt2012-122"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Gutt2012_122-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.guttmacher.org/pubs/AIU-2012-estimates.pdf">"Adding It Up: Costs and Benefits of Contraceptive Services Estimates for 2012"</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. <i>Guttmacher Institute and United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA), 201</i>. 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Guttmacher+Institute+and+United+Nations+Population+Fund+%28UNFPA%29%2C+201&rft.atitle=Adding+It+Up%3A+Costs+and+Benefits+of+Contraceptive+Services+Estimates+for+2012&rft.date=2012&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.guttmacher.org%2Fpubs%2FAIU-2012-estimates.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3APengaturan+kelahiran" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|coauthors=</code> yang tidak diketahui mengabaikan (<code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|author=</code> yang disarankan) (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored_suggest" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>); </span><span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|month=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Srikanthan2008-123"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Srikanthan2008_123-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFSrikanthan" class="citation journal">Srikanthan, A (2008 Feb). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131004213236/http://www.jogc.org/abstracts/full/200802_WomensHealth_1.pdf">"Religious and cultural influences on contraception"</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. <i>Journal of obstetrics and gynaecology Canada – Journal d'obstetrique et gynecologie du Canada (JOGC)</i>. <b>30</b> (2): 129–37. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18254994">18254994</a>. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jogc.org/abstracts/full/200802_WomensHealth_1.pdf">versi asli</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span> tanggal 2013-10-04<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">2014-01-11</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+obstetrics+and+gynaecology+Canada+%E2%80%93+Journal+d%27obstetrique+et+gynecologie+du+Canada+%28JOGC%29&rft.atitle=Religious+and+cultural+influences+on+contraception&rft.chron=2008+Feb&rft.volume=30&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=129-37&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18254994&rft.aulast=Srikanthan&rft.aufirst=A&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jogc.org%2Fabstracts%2Ffull%2F200802_WomensHealth_1.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3APengaturan+kelahiran" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|coauthors=</code> yang tidak diketahui mengabaikan (<code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|author=</code> yang disarankan) (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored_suggest" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>); </span><span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Periksa nilai tanggal di: <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|date=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#bad_date" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pope1-124"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pope1_124-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a href="/wiki/Pope_Paul_VI" class="mw-redirect" title="Pope Paul VI">Pope Paul VI</a> (1968-07-25). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vatican.va/holy_father/paul_vi/encyclicals/documents/hf_p-vi_enc_25071968_humanae-vitae_en.html">"Humanae Vitae: Encyclical of Pope Paul VI on the Regulation of Birth"</a>. Vatican<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">2006-10-01</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Humanae+Vitae%3A+Encyclical+of+Pope+Paul+VI+on+the+Regulation+of+Birth&rft.pub=Vatican&rft.date=1968-07-25&rft.au=Pope+Paul+VI&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.vatican.va%2Fholy_father%2Fpaul_vi%2Fencyclicals%2Fdocuments%2Fhf_p-vi_enc_25071968_humanae-vitae_en.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3APengaturan+kelahiran" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rosemary_Radford_Ruether&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rosemary Radford Ruether (halaman belum tersedia)">Rosemary Radford Ruether</a> (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.ca/books?id=EoJrHDirVQUC&pg=PA127">"Women in North American Catholicism"</a>. Dalam Rosemary Skinner Keller. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.ca/books?id=EoJrHDirVQUC"><i>Encyclopedia of women and religion in North America</i></a>. Bloomington, Ind. [u.a.]: Indiana Univ. Press. hlm. <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://books.google.ca/books?id=EoJrHDirVQUC&pg=PA132132">[1]</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/978-0-253-34686-5" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/978-0-253-34686-5">978-0-253-34686-5</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Women+in+North+American+Catholicism&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+women+and+religion+in+North+America&rft.place=Bloomington%2C+Ind.+%5Bu.a.%5D&rft.pages=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.ca%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DEoJrHDirVQUC%26pg%3DPA132132&rft.pub=Indiana+Univ.+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-253-34686-5&rft.au=Rosemary+Radford+Ruether&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.ca%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DEoJrHDirVQUC%26pg%3DPA127&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3APengaturan+kelahiran" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Bob Digby et.al. (2001). Bob Digby, ed. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=-_c7JP6vzd4C"><i>Heinemann 16-19 Geography: Global Challenges Student Book 2nd Edition</i></a>. Heinemann. hlm. <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://books.google.com.ph/books?id=–_c7JP6vzd4C&pg=PA158158">[2]</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/978-0-435-35249-3" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/978-0-435-35249-3">978-0-435-35249-3</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Heinemann+16-19+Geography%3A+Global+Challenges+Student+Book+2nd+Edition&rft.pages=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com.ph%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-_c7JP6vzd4C%26pg%3DPA158158&rft.pub=Heinemann&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-435-35249-3&rft.au=Bob+Digby+et.al.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-_c7JP6vzd4C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3APengaturan+kelahiran" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Rengel, Marian (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.ca/books?id=dx1Kz-ezUjsC&pg=PA202"><i>Encyclopedia of birth control</i></a>. Phoenix, Ariz: Oryx Press. hlm. 202. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/978-1-57356-255-3" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/978-1-57356-255-3">978-1-57356-255-3</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+birth+control&rft.place=Phoenix%2C+Ariz&rft.pages=202&rft.pub=Oryx+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-1-57356-255-3&rft.aulast=Rengel&rft.aufirst=Marian&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.ca%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Ddx1Kz-ezUjsC%26pg%3DPA202&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3APengaturan+kelahiran" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Bennett, Jana Marguerite (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.ca/books?id=bQF4j8nv1VQC&pg=PA178"><i>Water is thicker than blood : an Augustinian theology of marriage and singleness</i></a>. Oxford: Oxford University Press. hlm. 178. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/978-0-19-531543-1" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/978-0-19-531543-1">978-0-19-531543-1</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Water+is+thicker+than+blood+%3A+an+Augustinian+theology+of+marriage+and+singleness&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=178&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-19-531543-1&rft.aulast=Bennett&rft.aufirst=Jana+Marguerite&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.ca%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DbQF4j8nv1VQC%26pg%3DPA178&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3APengaturan+kelahiran" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-jew_BC-129"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-jew_BC_129-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Feldman, David M. (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/nlsiu.296.3.fel.26549"><i>Birth Control in Jewish Law</i></a>. Lanham, MD: Jason Aronson. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/0-7657-6058-4" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/0-7657-6058-4">0-7657-6058-4</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Birth+Control+in+Jewish+Law&rft.place=Lanham%2C+MD&rft.pub=Jason+Aronson&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=0-7657-6058-4&rft.aulast=Feldman&rft.aufirst=David+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fnlsiu.296.3.fel.26549&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3APengaturan+kelahiran" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hindu_BC-130"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-hindu_BC_130-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.healthsystem.virginia.edu/internet/chaplaincy/hindu.cfm">"Hindu Beliefs and Practices Affecting Health Care"</a>. University of Virginia Health System. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070515044827/http://www.healthsystem.virginia.edu/internet/chaplaincy/hindu.cfm">Diarsipkan</a> dari versi asli tanggal 2007-05-15<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">2006-10-06</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Hindu+Beliefs+and+Practices+Affecting+Health+Care&rft.pub=University+of+Virginia+Health+System&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.healthsystem.virginia.edu%2Finternet%2Fchaplaincy%2Fhindu.cfm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3APengaturan+kelahiran" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-buddhist_BC-131"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-buddhist_BC_131-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080530023240/http://web.singnet.com.sg/~alankhoo/MoreQA.htm#Abortion">"More Questions & Answers on Buddhism: Birth Control and Abortion"</a>. Alan Khoo. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.singnet.com.sg/~alankhoo/MoreQA.htm#Abortion">versi asli</a> tanggal 2008-05-30<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">2008-06-14</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=More+Questions+%26+Answers+on+Buddhism%3A+Birth+Control+and+Abortion&rft.pub=Alan+Khoo&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fweb.singnet.com.sg%2F~alankhoo%2FMoreQA.htm%23Abortion&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3APengaturan+kelahiran" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFKhalid_Farooq_Akbar" class="citation journal">Khalid Farooq Akbar. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://muslim-canada.org/family.htm">"Family Planning and Islam: A Review"</a>. <i>Hamdard Islamicus</i>. <b>XVII</b> (3).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Hamdard+Islamicus&rft.atitle=Family+Planning+and+Islam%3A+A+Review&rft.volume=XVII&rft.issue=3&rft.au=Khalid+Farooq+Akbar&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmuslim-canada.org%2Ffamily.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3APengaturan+kelahiran" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Yusuf Al-Qaradawi, Muhammad Saleh Al-Munajjid. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.islamonline.net/servlet/Satellite?pagename=IslamOnline-English-Ask_Scholar/FatwaE/FatwaE&cid=1119503544224">Contraception: Permissible?</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100209103633/http://www.islamonline.net/servlet/Satellite?pagename=IslamOnline-English-Ask_Scholar%2FFatwaE%2FFatwaE&cid=1119503544224">Diarsipkan</a> 2010-02-09 di <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.,"<i><a href="/w/index.php?title=IslamOnline&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="IslamOnline (halaman belum tersedia)">IslamOnline</a></i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-WorldContraceptionDay-134"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-WorldContraceptionDay_134-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-WorldContraceptionDay_134-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140818081827/http://www.your-life.com/en/home/world-contraception-day/">"World Contraception Day"</a>. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.your-life.com/en/home/world-contraception-day/">versi asli</a> tanggal 2014-08-18.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=World+Contraception+Day&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.your-life.com%2Fen%2Fhome%2Fworld-contraception-day%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3APengaturan+kelahiran" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Hutcherson, Hilda (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.ca/books?id=xu8tb2o66iIC&pg=PA201"><i>What your mother never told you about s.e.x</i></a> (edisi ke-1st Perigee ed.). New York: Perigee Book. hlm. 201. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/9780399528538" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/9780399528538">9780399528538</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=What+your+mother+never+told+you+about+s.e.x&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=201&rft.edition=1st+Perigee+ed.&rft.pub=Perigee+Book&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=9780399528538&rft.aulast=Hutcherson&rft.aufirst=Hilda&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.ca%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dxu8tb2o66iIC%26pg%3DPA201&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3APengaturan+kelahiran" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><span class="citation-comment" style="display:none; color:#33aa33; margin-left:0.3em">Pemeliharaan CS1: Teks tambahan (<a href="/wiki/Kategori:Pemeliharaan_CS1:_Teks_tambahan" title="Kategori:Pemeliharaan CS1: Teks tambahan">link</a>) </span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-136"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Rengel, Marian (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.ca/books?id=dx1Kz-ezUjsC&pg=PA65"><i>Encyclopedia of birth control</i></a>. Phoenix, Ariz: Oryx Press. hlm. 65. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/9781573562553" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/9781573562553">9781573562553</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+birth+control&rft.place=Phoenix%2C+Ariz&rft.pages=65&rft.pub=Oryx+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=9781573562553&rft.aulast=Rengel&rft.aufirst=Marian&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.ca%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Ddx1Kz-ezUjsC%26pg%3DPA65&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3APengaturan+kelahiran" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-137"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Cottrell, BH (2010 Mar-Apr). "An updated review of of evidence to discourage douching". <i>MCN. The American journal of maternal child nursing</i>. <b>35</b> (2): 102–7; quiz 108–9. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20215951">20215951</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=MCN.+The+American+journal+of+maternal+child+nursing&rft.atitle=An+updated+review+of+of+evidence+to+discourage+douching.&rft.chron=2010+Mar-Apr&rft.volume=35&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=102-7%3B+quiz+108-9&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F20215951&rft.aulast=Cottrell&rft.aufirst=BH&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3APengaturan+kelahiran" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Periksa nilai tanggal di: <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|date=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#bad_date" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-138"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Alexander, William (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.ca/books?id=GVPHhIM3IZ0C&pg=PA105"><i>New Dimensions In Women's Health - Book Alone</i></a> (edisi ke-6th). Jones & Bartlett Publishers. hlm. 105. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/9781449683757" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/9781449683757">9781449683757</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=New+Dimensions+In+Women%27s+Health+-+Book+Alone&rft.pages=105&rft.edition=6th&rft.pub=Jones+%26+Bartlett+Publishers&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9781449683757&rft.aulast=Alexander&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.ca%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGVPHhIM3IZ0C%26pg%3DPA105&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3APengaturan+kelahiran" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-139"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-139">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Sharkey, Harriet (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.ca/books?id=Mc7qlSypV6UC&pg=PP17"><i>Need to Know Fertility and Conception and Pregnancy</i></a>. HarperCollins. hlm. 17. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/9780007516865" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/9780007516865">9780007516865</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Need+to+Know+Fertility+and+Conception+and+Pregnancy&rft.pages=17&rft.pub=HarperCollins&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9780007516865&rft.aulast=Sharkey&rft.aufirst=Harriet&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.ca%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMc7qlSypV6UC%26pg%3DPP17&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3APengaturan+kelahiran" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-140"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Strange, Mary (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.ca/books?id=bOkPjFQoBj8C&pg=PA928"><i>Encyclopedia of women in today's world</i></a>. Thousand Oaks, Calif.: Sage Reference. hlm. 928. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/9781412976855" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/9781412976855">9781412976855</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+women+in+today%27s+world&rft.place=Thousand+Oaks%2C+Calif.&rft.pages=928&rft.pub=Sage+Reference&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=9781412976855&rft.aulast=Strange&rft.aufirst=Mary&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.ca%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DbOkPjFQoBj8C%26pg%3DPA928&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3APengaturan+kelahiran" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jensen2011-141"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Jensen2011_141-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jensen2011_141-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jensen2011_141-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Jensen, JT (2011 Oct). "The future of contraception: innovations in contraceptive agents: tomorrow's hormonal contraceptive agents and their clinical implications". <i>American journal of obstetrics and gynecology</i>. <b>205</b> (4 Suppl): S21–5. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21961821">21961821</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+journal+of+obstetrics+and+gynecology&rft.atitle=The+future+of+contraception%3A+innovations+in+contraceptive+agents%3A+tomorrow%27s+hormonal+contraceptive+agents+and+their+clinical+implications.&rft.chron=2011+Oct&rft.volume=205&rft.issue=4+Suppl&rft.pages=S21-5&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F21961821&rft.aulast=Jensen&rft.aufirst=JT&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3APengaturan+kelahiran" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Periksa nilai tanggal di: <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|date=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#bad_date" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cast2010-142"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Cast2010_142-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cast2010_142-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Castaño, PM (2010 Mar). "Transcervical sterilization". <i>Seminars in reproductive medicine</i>. <b>28</b> (2): 103–9. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20352559">20352559</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Seminars+in+reproductive+medicine&rft.atitle=Transcervical+sterilization.&rft.chron=2010+Mar&rft.volume=28&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=103-9&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F20352559&rft.aulast=Casta%C3%B1o&rft.aufirst=PM&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3APengaturan+kelahiran" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|coauthors=</code> yang tidak diketahui mengabaikan (<code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|author=</code> yang disarankan) (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored_suggest" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>); </span><span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Periksa nilai tanggal di: <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|date=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#bad_date" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Glasier2010-143"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Glasier2010_143-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Glasier2010_143-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Glasier, A (2010 Nov). "Acceptability of contraception for men: a review". <i>Contraception</i>. <b>82</b> (5): 453–6. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20933119">20933119</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Contraception&rft.atitle=Acceptability+of+contraception+for+men%3A+a+review.&rft.chron=2010+Nov&rft.volume=82&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=453-6&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F20933119&rft.aulast=Glasier&rft.aufirst=A&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3APengaturan+kelahiran" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Periksa nilai tanggal di: <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|date=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#bad_date" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-144"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-144">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Naz, RK (2011 Jul). "Antisperm contraceptive vaccines: where we are and where we are going?". <i>American journal of reproductive immunology (New York, N.Y. : 1989)</i>. <b>66</b> (1): 5–12. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21481057">21481057</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+journal+of+reproductive+immunology+%28New+York%2C+N.Y.+%3A+1989%29&rft.atitle=Antisperm+contraceptive+vaccines%3A+where+we+are+and+where+we+are+going%3F&rft.chron=2011+Jul&rft.volume=66&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=5-12&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F21481057&rft.aulast=Naz&rft.aufirst=RK&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3APengaturan+kelahiran" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Periksa nilai tanggal di: <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|date=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#bad_date" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-145"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-145">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Ojeda, edited by Willaim J. Kovacs, Sergio R. (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.ca/books?id=vrTslOGdBysC&pg=PA262"><i>Textbook of endocrine physiology</i></a> (edisi ke-6th ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. hlm. 262. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/9780199744121" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/9780199744121">9780199744121</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Textbook+of+endocrine+physiology&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=262&rft.edition=6th+ed.&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=9780199744121&rft.aulast=Ojeda&rft.aufirst=edited+by+Willaim+J.+Kovacs%2C+Sergio+R.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.ca%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvrTslOGdBysC%26pg%3DPA262&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3APengaturan+kelahiran" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><span class="citation-comment" style="display:none; color:#33aa33; margin-left:0.3em">Pemeliharaan CS1: Teks tambahan: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Kategori:Pemeliharaan_CS1:_Teks_tambahan:_authors_list" title="Kategori:Pemeliharaan CS1: Teks tambahan: authors list">link</a>) Pemeliharaan CS1: Teks tambahan (<a href="/wiki/Kategori:Pemeliharaan_CS1:_Teks_tambahan" title="Kategori:Pemeliharaan CS1: Teks tambahan">link</a>) </span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-146"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-146">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Millar, Lila (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.ca/books?id=n8NbuhrrFd8C&pg=PT58"><i>Infectious Disease Management in Animal Shelters</i></a>. John Wiley & Sons. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/9781119949459" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/9781119949459">9781119949459</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Infectious+Disease+Management+in+Animal+Shelters&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=9781119949459&rft.aulast=Millar&rft.aufirst=Lila&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.ca%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dn8NbuhrrFd8C%26pg%3DPT58&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3APengaturan+kelahiran" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-147"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-147">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Ackerman, [edited by] Lowell (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.ca/books?id=26FZVV40aWwC&pg=PA80"><i>Blackwell's five-minute veterinary practice management consult</i></a> (edisi ke-1st ed.). Ames, Iowa: Blackwell Pub. hlm. 80. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/9780781759847" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/9780781759847">9780781759847</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Blackwell%27s+five-minute+veterinary+practice+management+consult&rft.place=Ames%2C+Iowa&rft.pages=80&rft.edition=1st+ed.&rft.pub=Blackwell+Pub.&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9780781759847&rft.aulast=Ackerman&rft.aufirst=%5Bedited+by%5D+Lowell&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.ca%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D26FZVV40aWwC%26pg%3DPA80&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3APengaturan+kelahiran" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><span class="citation-comment" style="display:none; color:#33aa33; margin-left:0.3em">Pemeliharaan CS1: Teks tambahan: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Kategori:Pemeliharaan_CS1:_Teks_tambahan:_authors_list" title="Kategori:Pemeliharaan CS1: Teks tambahan: authors list">link</a>) Pemeliharaan CS1: Teks tambahan (<a href="/wiki/Kategori:Pemeliharaan_CS1:_Teks_tambahan" title="Kategori:Pemeliharaan CS1: Teks tambahan">link</a>) </span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Boyle_2009-148"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Boyle_2009_148-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Boyle, Rebecca (March 3, 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.popsci.com/environment/article/2009-03/birth-control-animals?single-page-view=true">"Birth control for animals: a scientific approach to limiting the wildlife population explosion"</a>. <i>Popular Science</i>. New York: <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.popsci.com/about-usPopSci.com">[3]</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Popular+Science&rft.atitle=Birth+control+for+animals%3A+a+scientific+approach+to+limiting+the+wildlife+population+explosion&rft.date=2009-03-03&rft.aulast=Boyle&rft.aufirst=Rebecca&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.popsci.com%2Fenvironment%2Farticle%2F2009-03%2Fbirth-control-animals%3Fsingle-page-view%3Dtrue&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3APengaturan+kelahiran" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <span style="font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Hapus pranala luar di parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|publisher=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#param_has_ext_link" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-149"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-149">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Kirkpatrick, JF (2011 Jul). "Contraceptive vaccines for wildlife: a review". <i>American journal of reproductive immunology (New York, N.Y. : 1989)</i>. <b>66</b> (1): 40–50. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21501279">21501279</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+journal+of+reproductive+immunology+%28New+York%2C+N.Y.+%3A+1989%29&rft.atitle=Contraceptive+vaccines+for+wildlife%3A+a+review.&rft.chron=2011+Jul&rft.volume=66&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=40-50&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F21501279&rft.aulast=Kirkpatrick&rft.aufirst=JF&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3APengaturan+kelahiran" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|coauthors=</code> yang tidak diketahui mengabaikan (<code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|author=</code> yang disarankan) (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored_suggest" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>); </span><span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Periksa nilai tanggal di: <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|date=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#bad_date" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-150"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-150">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Levy, JK (2011 Jul). "Contraceptive vaccines for the humane control of community cat populations". <i>American journal of reproductive immunology (New York, N.Y. : 1989)</i>. <b>66</b> (1): 63–70. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21501281">21501281</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+journal+of+reproductive+immunology+%28New+York%2C+N.Y.+%3A+1989%29&rft.atitle=Contraceptive+vaccines+for+the+humane+control+of+community+cat+populations.&rft.chron=2011+Jul&rft.volume=66&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=63-70&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F21501281&rft.aulast=Levy&rft.aufirst=JK&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3APengaturan+kelahiran" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Periksa nilai tanggal di: <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|date=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#bad_date" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bacaan_lebih_lanjut">Bacaan lebih lanjut</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pengaturan_kelahiran&veaction=edit&section=28" title="Sunting bagian: Bacaan lebih lanjut" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pengaturan_kelahiran&action=edit&section=28" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Bacaan lebih lanjut"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Speroff, Leon; Darney, Philip D. (November 22, 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=f5XJtYkiJ0YC&lpg=PP1&ots=VIRzj4boJR&dq=isbn%3A9781608316106&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false"><i>A clinical guide for contraception</i></a> (5th ed.). Philadelphia, Pa.: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/9781608316106" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-1-60831-610-6</a>.</li> <li>Stubblefield, Phillip G.; Roncari, Danielle M. (December 12, 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=P3erI0J8tEQC&lpg=PP1&ots=l3vsNGaDD2&dq=editions%3AytqC2tqT5BIC&pg=PA247#v=onepage&q&f=false">"Family Planning"</a>, pp. 211–269, in Berek, Jonathan S. (ed.) <i>Berek & Novak's Gynecology, 15th ed.</i> Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/9781451114331" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-1-4511-1433-1</a>.</li> <li>Jensen, Jeffrey T.; Mishell, Daniel R. Jr. (March 19, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=X5KT_w6Nye8C&lpg=PP1&pg=PA215#v=onepage&f=false">"Family Planning: Contraception, Sterilization, and Pregnancy Termination"</a>, pp. 215–272, in Lentz, Gretchen M.; Lobo, Rogerio A.; Gershenson, David M.; Katz, Vern L. (eds.) <i>Comprehensive Gynecology, 6th ed.</i> Philadelphia: Mosby Elsevier, <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/9780323069861" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-0-323-06986-1</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pranala_luar">Pranala luar</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pengaturan_kelahiran&veaction=edit&section=29" title="Sunting bagian: Pranala luar" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pengaturan_kelahiran&action=edit&section=29" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Pranala luar"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r23035139">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:#f9f9f9}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r23782729">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons memiliki media mengenai <i><b><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Contraception" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Contraception"><span style="">Contraception</span></a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://curlie.org/Health/Reproductive_Health/Birth_Control/">Pengaturan kelahiran</a> di Curlie (dari <a href="/wiki/DMOZ" title="DMOZ">DMOZ</a>)</li> <li><cite class="citation book"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fphandbook.org/sites/default/files/hb_english_2012.pdf"><i>Family planning : a global handbook for providers : evidence-based guidance developed through worldwide collaboration</i></a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span> (edisi ke-Rev. and Updated ed.). Geneva, Switzerland: WHO and Center for Communication Programs. 2011. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/978-0-9788563-7-3" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/978-0-9788563-7-3">978-0-9788563-7-3</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Family+planning+%3A+a+global+handbook+for+providers+%3A+evidence-based+guidance+developed+through+worldwide+collaboration.&rft.place=Geneva%2C+Switzerland&rft.edition=Rev.+and+Updated+ed.&rft.pub=WHO+and+Center+for+Communication+Programs&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-9788563-7-3&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fphandbook.org%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Fhb_english_2012.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3APengaturan+kelahiran" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|first1=</code> tanpa <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|last1=</code> di Authors list (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#first_missing_last" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span><span class="citation-comment" style="display:none; color:#33aa33; margin-left:0.3em">Pemeliharaan CS1: Teks tambahan (<a href="/wiki/Kategori:Pemeliharaan_CS1:_Teks_tambahan" title="Kategori:Pemeliharaan CS1: Teks tambahan">link</a>) </span></li> <li><cite class="citation journal">Division of Reproductive Health, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health, Promotion (2013 Jun 21). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/rr6205a1.htm?s_cid=rr6205a1_w">"U.s. Selected practice recommendations for contraceptive use, 2013: adapted from the world health organization selected practice recommendations for contraceptive use, 2nd edition."</a> <i>MMWR. Recommendations and reports : Morbidity and mortality weekly report. Recommendations and reports / Centers for Disease Control</i>. <b>62</b> (RR-05): 1–60. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23784109">23784109</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=MMWR.+Recommendations+and+reports+%3A+Morbidity+and+mortality+weekly+report.+Recommendations+and+reports+%2F+Centers+for+Disease+Control&rft.atitle=U.s.+Selected+practice+recommendations+for+contraceptive+use%2C+2013%3A+adapted+from+the+world+health+organization+selected+practice+recommendations+for+contraceptive+use%2C+2nd+edition.&rft.chron=2013+Jun+21&rft.volume=62&rft.issue=RR-05&rft.pages=1-60&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F23784109&rft.aulast=Division+of+Reproductive+Health%2C+National+Center+for+Chronic+Disease+Prevention+and+Health&rft.aufirst=Promotion&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cdc.gov%2Fmmwr%2Fpreview%2Fmmwrhtml%2Frr6205a1.htm%3Fs_cid%3Drr6205a1_w&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3APengaturan+kelahiran" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Periksa nilai tanggal di: <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|date=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#bad_date" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span></li> <li><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.birth-control-comparison.info/">"Birth Control Comparison Chart"</a>. Cedar River Clinics.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Birth+Control+Comparison+Chart&rft.pub=Cedar+River+Clinics&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.birth-control-comparison.info%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3APengaturan+kelahiran" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.who.int/rhem/procurement/en/">Bulk procurement of birth conrtol</a> by the World Health Organization</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r23782733">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li 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class="mw-redirect" title="Kontrol kelahiran">Kontrol kelahiran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kondom" title="Kondom">Kondom</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pengobatan_reproduksi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pengobatan reproduksi (halaman belum tersedia)">Pengobatan reproduksi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andrologi" title="Andrologi">Andrologi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ginekologi" title="Ginekologi">Ginekologi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urologi" title="Urologi">Urologi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seks_aman" title="Seks aman">Seks aman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pendidikan_seksual" title="Pendidikan seksual">Pendidikan seksual</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Terapi_seks&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Terapi seks (halaman belum tersedia)">Terapi seks</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pengganti_seksual&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pengganti seksual (halaman belum tersedia)">Pengganti seksual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disfungsi_seksual" title="Disfungsi seksual">Disfungsi seksual</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fetisisme_seksual" title="Fetisisme seksual">Fetis seksual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disfungsi_ereksi" title="Disfungsi ereksi">Disfungsi ereksi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hiperseksualitas" title="Hiperseksualitas">Hiperseksualitas</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hiposeksualitas&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hiposeksualitas (halaman belum tersedia)">Hiposeksualitas</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penyakit_menular_seksual" title="Penyakit menular seksual">Penyakit menular seksual</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pengobatan_seksual&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pengobatan seksual (halaman belum tersedia)">Pengobatan seksual</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Identitas_(ilmu_sosial)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Identitas (ilmu sosial) (halaman belum tersedia)">Identitas</a> dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Keragaman_seksual&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Keragaman seksual (halaman belum tersedia)">keragaman</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gender_biner" title="Gender biner">Gender biner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Identitas_gender" title="Identitas gender">Identitas gender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Identitas_seksual" title="Identitas seksual">Identitas seksual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orientasi_seksual" title="Orientasi seksual">Orientasi seksual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pria_yang_berhubungan_seks_dengan_pria" class="mw-redirect" title="Pria yang berhubungan seks dengan pria">Pria yang berhubungan seks dengan pria</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wanita_yang_berhubungan_seks_dengan_wanita&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wanita yang berhubungan seks dengan wanita (halaman belum tersedia)">Wanita yang berhubungan seks dengan wanita</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Seks_dan_hukum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Seks dan hukum (halaman belum tersedia)">Hukum</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Inses" title="Inses">Inses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kecabulan" class="mw-redirect" title="Kecabulan">Kecabulan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kejahatan_penularan_HIV&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kejahatan penularan HIV (halaman belum tersedia)">Kejahatan penularan HIV</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ketidaksenonohan_publik&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ketidaksenonohan publik (halaman belum tersedia)">Ketidaksenonohan publik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pelecehan_seksual" title="Pelecehan seksual">Pelecehan seksual</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kekerasan_seksual" title="Kekerasan seksual">Kekerasan seksual</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pelanggaran_seksual&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pelanggaran seksual (halaman belum tersedia)">Pelanggaran seksual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pemerkosaan" title="Pemerkosaan">Pemerkosaan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Penyerangan_seksual&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Penyerangan seksual (halaman belum tersedia)">Penyerangan seksual</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Usia_dewasa" title="Usia dewasa">Usia dewasa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sejarah_seksualitas_manusia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sejarah seksualitas manusia (halaman belum tersedia)">Sejarah</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kama_Sutra" title="Kama Sutra">Kama Sutra</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kontrabudaya_pada_1960-an&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kontrabudaya pada 1960-an (halaman belum tersedia)">Kontrabudaya pada 1960-an</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perang_seks_feminis" title="Perang seks feminis">Perang seks feminis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolusi_seksual" title="Revolusi seksual">Revolusi seksual</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sejarah_penggambaran_erotik&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sejarah penggambaran erotik (halaman belum tersedia)">Sejarah penggambaran erotik</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hubungan_intim" class="mw-redirect" title="Hubungan intim">Hubungan</a> <br /> dan <a href="/wiki/Masyarakat" title="Masyarakat">masyarakat</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anarkisme_dan_masalah_terkait_cinta_dan_seks&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Anarkisme dan masalah terkait cinta dan seks (halaman belum tersedia)">Anarkisme cinta/seks</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dayatarik_seksual&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dayatarik seksual (halaman belum tersedia)">Dayatarik seksual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etika_seksual" title="Etika seksual">Etika seksual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kecanduan_seksual" title="Kecanduan seksual">Kecanduan seksual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keluarga_berencana" class="mw-redirect" title="Keluarga berencana">Keluarga berencana</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Modal_seksual&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Modal seksual (halaman belum tersedia)">Modal seksual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Objektifikasi_seksual" title="Objektifikasi seksual">Objektifikasi seksual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parafilia" title="Parafilia">Parafilia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perkawinan" title="Perkawinan">Perkawinan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poliamori" title="Poliamori">Poliamori</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Puasa_seksual&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Puasa seksual (halaman belum tersedia)">Puasa seksual</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Romansa_(cinta)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Romansa (cinta) (halaman belum tersedia)">Romansa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seks_bebas" class="mw-disambig" title="Seks bebas">Seks bebas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seks_di_luar_nikah" title="Seks di luar nikah">Seks di luar nikah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seks_pranikah" title="Seks pranikah">Seks pranikah</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kategori:Seksualitas_berdasarkan_negara&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kategori:Seksualitas berdasarkan negara (halaman belum tersedia)">Berdasarkan negara</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Seksualitas_remaja_di_Amerika_Serikat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Seksualitas remaja di Amerika Serikat (halaman belum tersedia)">Amerika Serikat (remaja)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Seksualitas_di_China&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Seksualitas di China (halaman belum tersedia)">China</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Seksualitas_di_Filipina&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Seksualitas di Filipina (halaman belum tersedia)">Filipina</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Seksualitas_di_India&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Seksualitas di India (halaman belum tersedia)">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seksualitas_di_Jepang" title="Seksualitas di Jepang">Jepang</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Seksualitas_di_Korea_Selatan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Seksualitas di Korea Selatan (halaman belum tersedia)">Korea Selatan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Seksualitas_di_Romawi_Kuno&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Seksualitas di Romawi Kuno (halaman belum tersedia)">Romawi Kuno</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Aktivitas_seksual_manusia" class="mw-redirect" title="Aktivitas seksual manusia">Aktivitas seksual</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Autofellatio" title="Autofellatio">Autofellatio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seks_anal" title="Seks anal">Seks anal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bareback_(seks)" title="Bareback (seks)">Bareback</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BDSM" title="BDSM">BDSM</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Seks_anak&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Seks anak (halaman belum tersedia)">Seks anak</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pelecehan_seksual_atas_anak&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pelecehan seksual atas anak (halaman belum tersedia)">Pelecehan seksual atas anak</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pelecehan_seksual_antar_anak&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pelecehan seksual antar anak (halaman belum tersedia)">Pelecehan seksual antar anak</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ejakulasi_di_dalam" title="Ejakulasi di dalam">Ejakulasi di dalam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Main_jari" title="Main jari">Main jari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fisting" class="mw-redirect" title="Fisting">Fisting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seks_kelompok" title="Seks kelompok">Seks kelompok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masturbasi" title="Masturbasi">Masturbasi</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mekanisme_seksualitas_manusia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mekanisme seksualitas manusia (halaman belum tersedia)">mekanisme seks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seks_non-penetratif" title="Seks non-penetratif">Seks non-penetratif</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fasial_(seks)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fasial (seks) (halaman belum tersedia)">Facial</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fetisisme_kaki&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fetisisme kaki (halaman belum tersedia)">Fetisisme kaki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Footjob" title="Footjob">Footjob</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frot" title="Frot">Frot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Handjob" title="Handjob">Handjob</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hubungan_seks_payudara&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hubungan seks payudara (halaman belum tersedia)">Hubungan seks payudara</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Peting_berat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Peting berat (halaman belum tersedia)">Peting berat</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sumata&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sumata (halaman belum tersedia)">Sumata</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seks_oral" title="Seks oral">Seks oral</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anilingus" title="Anilingus">Anilingus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cunnilingus" title="Cunnilingus">Cunnilingus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fellatio" title="Fellatio">Fellatio</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Irumatio&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Irumatio (halaman belum tersedia)">Irumatio</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Perangsangan_puting&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Perangsangan puting (halaman belum tersedia)">Perangsangan puting</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fetis_seks&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fetis seks (halaman belum tersedia)">Fetis seks</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kendali_orgasme&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kendali orgasme (halaman belum tersedia)">Kendali orgasme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seks_kilat" title="Seks kilat">Seks kilat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Posisi_seks" class="mw-redirect" title="Posisi seks">Posisi seks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BDSM" title="BDSM">BDSM</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Urolagnia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Urolagnia (halaman belum tersedia)">Urolagnia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koprofilia" title="Koprofilia">Koprofilia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emetofilia" title="Emetofilia">Emetofilia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parafilia" title="Parafilia">Parafilia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pompoir&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pompoir (halaman belum tersedia)">Pompoir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pelecehan_seksual" title="Pelecehan seksual">Pelecehan seksual</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Perkosaan" class="mw-redirect" title="Perkosaan">Perkosaan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kekerasan_seksual" title="Kekerasan seksual">Kekerasan seksual</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fantasi_seksual&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fantasi seksual (halaman belum tersedia)">Fantasi seksual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hubungan_seksual" class="mw-redirect" title="Hubungan seksual">Hubungan seksual</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pemanasan_(praktik_seksual)" title="Pemanasan (praktik seksual)">Pemanasan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penetrasi_seksual" title="Penetrasi seksual">Penetrasi seksual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sublimasi_seksual" title="Sublimasi seksual">Sublimasi seksual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tribadisme" title="Tribadisme">Tribadisme</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Seks_virtual&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Seks virtual (halaman belum tersedia)">Seks virtual</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Seks_cyber&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Seks cyber (halaman belum tersedia)">Seks cyber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perbincangan_erotis" title="Perbincangan erotis">Perbincangan erotis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kontes_kaus_basah" title="Kontes kaus basah">Kontes kaus basah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoofilia" class="mw-redirect" title="Zoofilia">Zoofilia</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Glory_hole" class="mw-redirect" title="Glory hole">Glory hole</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Industri_seks" title="Industri seks">Industri seks</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Seks_dan_ketelanjangan_dalam_video_game&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Seks dan ketelanjangan dalam video game (halaman belum tersedia)">Video game dewasa</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pariwisata_seks&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pariwisata seks (halaman belum tersedia)">Pariwisata seks</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pariwisata_seks_anak" title="Pariwisata seks anak">Anak-anak</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pariwisata_seks_perempuan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pariwisata seks perempuan (halaman belum tersedia)">Perempuan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erotika" class="mw-redirect" title="Erotika">Erotika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pornografi" title="Pornografi">Pornografi</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aktor_film_pornografi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aktor film pornografi (halaman belum tersedia)">Aktor film</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostitusi" class="mw-redirect" title="Prostitusi">Prostitusi</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Seks_kelangsungan_hidup&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Seks kelangsungan hidup (halaman belum tersedia)">Seks kelangsungan hidup</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Museum_seks&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Museum seks (halaman belum tersedia)">Museum seks</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Toko_seks&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Toko seks (halaman belum tersedia)">Toko seks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mainan_seks" title="Mainan seks">Mainan seks</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boneka_seks&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Boneka seks (halaman belum tersedia)">boneka</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klub_tari_telanjang" title="Klub tari telanjang">Klub tari telanjang</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Agama_dan_seksualitas&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Agama dan seksualitas (halaman belum tersedia)">Agama dan seksualitas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yurisprudensi_seks_dalam_Islam&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yurisprudensi seks dalam Islam (halaman belum tersedia)">Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Seksualitas_dalam_demonologi_Kristen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Seksualitas dalam demonologi Kristen (halaman belum tersedia)">Demonologi Kristen</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Seksualitas_dan_Mormonisme&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Seksualitas dan Mormonisme (halaman belum tersedia)">Mormonisme</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Praktik_seks_Tao&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Praktik seks Tao (halaman belum tersedia)">Taoism</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Seks_magis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Seks magis (halaman belum tersedia)">Seks magis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Seksualitas_manusia" title="Seksualitas manusia">Seksualitas manusia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Portal:Seksualitas&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Portal:Seksualitas (halaman belum tersedia)">Portal:Seksualitas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seksologi" title="Seksologi">Seksologi</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slang_seksual&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Slang seksual (halaman belum tersedia)">Slang seksual</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r23782733"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r25847331"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Kehamilan_dan_Kelahiran" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r18590415"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-lihat"><a href="/wiki/Templat:Kehamilan" title="Templat:Kehamilan"><abbr title="Lihat templat ini">l</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-bicara"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pembicaraan_Templat:Kehamilan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pembicaraan Templat:Kehamilan (halaman belum tersedia)"><abbr title="Diskusikan templat ini">b</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-sunting"><a class="external text" href="https://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Templat:Kehamilan&action=edit"><abbr title="Sunting templat ini">s</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Kehamilan_dan_Kelahiran" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Kehamilan" title="Kehamilan">Kehamilan</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Kelahiran" title="Kelahiran">Kelahiran</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Keluarga_Berencana" title="Keluarga Berencana">Perencanaan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kontrol_kelahiran" class="mw-redirect" title="Kontrol kelahiran">Kontrol kelahiran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keluarga_berencana_alami" title="Keluarga berencana alami">Keluarga berencana alami</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Konseling_pra-konsepsi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Konseling pra-konsepsi (halaman belum tersedia)">Konseling pra-konsepsi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pembuahan_manusia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pembuahan manusia (halaman belum tersedia)">Pembuahan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Teknologi_reproduksi_berbantuan" title="Teknologi reproduksi berbantuan">Teknologi reproduksi berbantuan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Inseminasi_buatan" title="Inseminasi buatan">inseminasi buatan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Penipuan_kesuburan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Penipuan kesuburan (halaman belum tersedia)">penipuan kesuburan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Obat_kesuburan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Obat kesuburan (halaman belum tersedia)">obat kesuburan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fertilisasi_in_vitro" class="mw-redirect" title="Fertilisasi in vitro">fertilisasi in vitro</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reproduksi_dengan_bantuan_pasangan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Reproduksi dengan bantuan pasangan (halaman belum tersedia)">reproduksi dengan bantuan pasangan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kesadaran_kesuburan" title="Kesadaran kesuburan">Kesadaran kesuburan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kehamilan_yang_tidak_diinginkan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kehamilan yang tidak diinginkan (halaman belum tersedia)">Kehamilan yang tidak diinginkan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Tes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=USG_3D&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="USG 3D (halaman belum tersedia)">USG 3D</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=USG_Obstetri&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="USG Obstetri (halaman belum tersedia)">USG Obstetri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tes_kehamilan" title="Tes kehamilan">Tes kehamilan</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=HCG_tes_strip_kehamilan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="HCG tes strip kehamilan (halaman belum tersedia)">pengujian di rumah</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pengujian_pralahir" title="Pengujian pralahir">Pengujian pralahir</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pencitraan_medis_pada_kehamilan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pencitraan medis pada kehamilan (halaman belum tersedia)">Pencitraan medis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Jenis</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kehamilan_serviks&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kehamilan serviks (halaman belum tersedia)">Serviks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kehamilan_samar" title="Kehamilan samar">Kriptik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kehamilan_ektopik" title="Kehamilan ektopik">Ektopik</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kehamilan_perut&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kehamilan perut (halaman belum tersedia)">Perut</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kehamilan_heterotopik&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kehamilan heterotopik (halaman belum tersedia)">Heterotopik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mola_hidatidosa" title="Mola hidatidosa">Molar</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kehamilan_ovarium&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kehamilan ovarium (halaman belum tersedia)">Ovarium</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kehamilan_lewat_waktu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kehamilan lewat waktu (halaman belum tersedia)">Hamil lewat waktu</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kehamilan_yang_tidak_diinginkan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kehamilan yang tidak diinginkan (halaman belum tersedia)">Tidak diinginkan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kehamilan_interstitial&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kehamilan interstitial (halaman belum tersedia)">Interstitial</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kehamilan_tanduk_rudimenter&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kehamilan tanduk rudimenter (halaman belum tersedia)">Tanduk rudimenter</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Persalinan" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Persalinan">Persalinan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Persiapan</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Metode_Bradley_melahirkan_secara_alami&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Metode Bradley melahirkan secara alami (halaman belum tersedia)">Metode Bradley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hipnoterapi" title="Hipnoterapi">Hypnobirthing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teknik_Lamaze" title="Teknik Lamaze">Lamaze</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Insting_bersarang&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Insting bersarang (halaman belum tersedia)">Insting bersarang</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Peran</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ibu" title="Ibu">Ibu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bayi" title="Bayi">Bayi Baru Lahir</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kelahiran_prematur" title="Kelahiran prematur">kelahiran prematur</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kehamilan_lewat_waktu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kehamilan lewat waktu (halaman belum tersedia)">Kehamilan lewat waktu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doula" title="Doula">Doula</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Penolong_Kelahiran&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Penolong Kelahiran (halaman belum tersedia)">Penolong Kelahiran</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Peran_laki-laki_dalam_persalinan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Peran laki-laki dalam persalinan (halaman belum tersedia)">Peran laki-laki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bidan" title="Bidan">Bidan</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bidan_perawat_bantu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bidan perawat bantu (halaman belum tersedia)">Bidan perawat bantu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Obstetri_dan_Ginekologi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Obstetri dan Ginekologi (halaman belum tersedia)">Dokter Obstetri</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Keperawatan_kebidanan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Keperawatan kebidanan (halaman belum tersedia)">Perawat perinatal</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Penolong_persalinan_tradisional&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Penolong persalinan tradisional (halaman belum tersedia)">Penolong persalinan tradisional</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Kelahiran</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pelvimetri&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pelvimetri (halaman belum tersedia)">Pelvimetri</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Skor_Bishop&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Skor Bishop (halaman belum tersedia)">Skor Bishop</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pelebaran_serviks&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pelebaran serviks (halaman belum tersedia)">pelebaran serviks</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Penipisan_serviks&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Penipisan serviks (halaman belum tersedia)">penipisan serviks</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Posisi_(kebidanan)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Posisi (kebidanan) (halaman belum tersedia)">posisi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pertunjukan_berdarah&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pertunjukan berdarah (halaman belum tersedia)">Pertunjukan berdarah</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kontraksi_rahim&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kontraksi rahim (halaman belum tersedia)">Kontraksi rahim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persalinan_normal" title="Persalinan normal">Persalinan normal</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Presentasi_(kebidanan)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Presentasi (kebidanan) (halaman belum tersedia)">Presentasi</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kelahiran_sungsang&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kelahiran sungsang (halaman belum tersedia)">sungsang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presentasi_cephalic" title="Presentasi cephalic">cephalic</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Presentasi_bahu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Presentasi bahu (halaman belum tersedia)">bahu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pecahnya_selaput&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pecahnya selaput (halaman belum tersedia)">Pecahnya selaput</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operasi_caesar" class="mw-redirect" title="Operasi caesar">Caesar</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Posisi_Melahirkan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Posisi Melahirkan (halaman belum tersedia)">Posisi Melahirkan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melahirkan_di_rumah" title="Melahirkan di rumah">Melahirkan di rumah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Induksi_persalinan" title="Induksi persalinan">Induksi persalinan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kelahiran_ganda" title="Kelahiran ganda">Kelahiran ganda</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Persalinan_alami&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Persalinan alami (halaman belum tersedia)">Persalinan alami</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kelahiran_tanpa_suara&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kelahiran tanpa suara (halaman belum tersedia)">Kelahiran tanpa suara</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Melahirkan_tanpa_bantuan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Melahirkan tanpa bantuan (halaman belum tersedia)">Melahirkan tanpa bantuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persalinan_di_air" title="Persalinan di air">Persalinan di air</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pengusiran_plasenta&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pengusiran plasenta (halaman belum tersedia)">Pengusiran plasenta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gentle_birth" title="Gentle birth">Gentle birth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lotus_Birth" title="Lotus Birth">Lotus Birth</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sebelum melahirkan</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Anatomi</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_ketuban" title="Air ketuban">Air ketuban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kantung_ketuban" title="Kantung ketuban">Kantung ketuban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endometrium" title="Endometrium">Endometrium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plasenta" class="mw-redirect" title="Plasenta">Plasenta</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Perkembangan_prenatal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Perkembangan prenatal (halaman belum tersedia)">Perkembangan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Janin" title="Janin">Janin</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tinggi_fundus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tinggi fundus (halaman belum tersedia)">Tinggi fundus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Usia_kehamilan" title="Usia kehamilan">Usia kehamilan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perkembangan_embrionik_manusia" title="Perkembangan embrionik manusia">Embriogenesis manusia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Perubahan_fisiologis_ibu_dalam_kehamilan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Perubahan fisiologis ibu dalam kehamilan (halaman belum tersedia)">Perubahan fisiologis ibu</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Perubahan_fisiologis_setelah_melahirkan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Perubahan fisiologis setelah melahirkan (halaman belum tersedia)">Perubahan fisiologis setelah melahirkan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Perawatan_Prenatal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Perawatan Prenatal (halaman belum tersedia)">Perawatan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Nutrisi <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Peracunan_lingkungan_dan_perkembangan_janin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Peracunan lingkungan dan perkembangan janin (halaman belum tersedia)">peracunan lingkungan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gizi_dan_kehamilan" title="Gizi dan kehamilan">dalam kehamilan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nutrisi_prenatal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nutrisi prenatal (halaman belum tersedia)">prenatal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Imunisasi_selama_kehamilan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Imunisasi selama kehamilan (halaman belum tersedia)">Imunisasi</a></li> <li>Kondisi bersamaan <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anemia_dalam_kehamilan" title="Anemia dalam kehamilan">Anemia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Penyakit_hipertensi_kehamilan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Penyakit hipertensi kehamilan (halaman belum tersedia)">Hipertensi</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hiperkoagulabilitas_dalam_kehamilan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hiperkoagulabilitas dalam kehamilan (halaman belum tersedia)">Hiperkoagulabilitas</a></li> <li>Penggunaan zat <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Merokok_dan_kehamilan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Merokok dan kehamilan (halaman belum tersedia)">Merokok</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alkohol_dan_kehamilan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alkohol dan kehamilan (halaman belum tersedia)">Alkohol</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ganja_dalam_kehamilan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ganja dalam kehamilan (halaman belum tersedia)">Ganja</a></li></ul></li> <li>Penyakit endokrin <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diabetes_dan_kehamilan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Diabetes dan kehamilan (halaman belum tersedia)">Diabetes</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Penyakit_tiroid_dalam_kehamilan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Penyakit tiroid dalam kehamilan (halaman belum tersedia)">Penyakit tiroid</a></li></ul></li> <li>Penyakit hati <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Perlemakan_hati_akut_kehamilan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Perlemakan hati akut kehamilan (halaman belum tersedia)">Perlemakan hati akut</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kolestasis_intrahepatik_kehamilan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kolestasis intrahepatik kehamilan (halaman belum tersedia)">Kolestasis intrahepatik</a></li></ul></li> <li>Infeksi <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=HIV_dan_kehamilan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="HIV dan kehamilan (halaman belum tersedia)">HIV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Covid-19_dan_kehamilan" title="Covid-19 dan kehamilan">COVID-19</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=HCV_pada_anak-anak_dan_kehamilan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="HCV pada anak-anak dan kehamilan (halaman belum tersedia)">Hepatitis C</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Malaria_terkait_kehamilan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Malaria terkait kehamilan (halaman belum tersedia)">Malaria</a></li></ul></li> <li>Penyakit kulit <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lupus_dan_kehamilan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lupus dan kehamilan (halaman belum tersedia)">Lupus</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Folikulitis_pruritus_kehamilan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Folikulitis pruritus kehamilan (halaman belum tersedia)">Folikulitis pruritus</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dermatosis_kehamilan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dermatosis kehamilan (halaman belum tersedia)">Dermatosis</a></li></ul></li> <li>Yang lain <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Obat_dalam_kehamilan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Obat dalam kehamilan (halaman belum tersedia)">Obat</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flora_vagina_dalam_kehamilan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Flora vagina dalam kehamilan (halaman belum tersedia)">Flora vagina</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pendarahan_kandungan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pendarahan kandungan (halaman belum tersedia)">Pendarahan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emisi_kendaraan_bermotor_dan_kehamilan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Emisi kendaraan bermotor dan kehamilan (halaman belum tersedia)">Emisi kendaraan bermotor</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Penyakit_yang_sudah_ada_sebelumnya_pada_kehamilan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Penyakit yang sudah ada sebelumnya pada kehamilan (halaman belum tersedia)">Penyakit yang sudah ada sebelumnya</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Prosedur</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amniosentesis" title="Amniosentesis">Amniosentesis</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kardiotokografi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kardiotokografi (halaman belum tersedia)">Kardiotokografi</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pengambilan_sampel_chorionic_villus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pengambilan sampel chorionic villus (halaman belum tersedia)">Pengambilan sampel chorionic villus</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Uji_nonstres&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Uji nonstres (halaman belum tersedia)">Uji nonstres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aborsi" class="mw-redirect" title="Aborsi">Aborsi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Masa_nifas" title="Masa nifas">Pascapersalinan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ibu</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Perawatan_setelah_melahirkan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Perawatan setelah melahirkan (halaman belum tersedia)">Perawatan setelah melahirkan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kurungan_setelah_melahirkan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kurungan setelah melahirkan (halaman belum tersedia)">Kurungan setelah melahirkan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Seks_setelah_kehamilan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Seks setelah kehamilan (halaman belum tersedia)">Seks setelah kehamilan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gangguan_kejiwaan_saat_melahirkan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gangguan kejiwaan saat melahirkan (halaman belum tersedia)">Gangguan kejiwaan saat melahirkan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Perubahan_fisiologis_setelah_melahirkan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Perubahan fisiologis setelah melahirkan (halaman belum tersedia)">Perubahan fisiologis setelah melahirkan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Peran</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Doula" title="Doula">Doula</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pengunjung_kesehatan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pengunjung kesehatan (halaman belum tersedia)">Pengunjung kesehatan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Konsultan_laktasi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Konsultan laktasi (halaman belum tersedia)">Konsultan laktasi</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Perawat_bulanan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Perawat bulanan (halaman belum tersedia)">Perawat bulanan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pengasuh#Perawat_bersalin_/_spesialis_perawatan_bayi_baru_lahir_/_pengasuh_bayi" title="Pengasuh">Pengasuh bayi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Anak</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Adaptasi_dengan_kehidupan_ekstrauterin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Adaptasi dengan kehidupan ekstrauterin (halaman belum tersedia)">Adaptasi dengan kehidupan ekstrauterin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skor_Apgar" title="Skor Apgar">Skor APGAR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penitipan_anak" title="Penitipan anak">Penitipan anak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cacat_lahir" class="mw-redirect" title="Cacat lahir">Kelainan bawaan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Riwayat kebidanan</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Graviditas_dan_paritas&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Graviditas 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