‘Beast head’ survived mass extinction due to stocky build

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class="c-article-body main-content"> <figure class="figure"><picture class="embed intensity--high"><source type="image/webp" srcset="//media.nature.com/lw767/magazine-assets/d44148-024-00319-z/d44148-024-00319-z_27719096.jpg?as=webp 767w, //media.nature.com/lw319/magazine-assets/d44148-024-00319-z/d44148-024-00319-z_27719096.jpg?as=webp 319w" sizes="(max-width: 319px) 319px, (min-width: 1023px) 100vw, 767px"></source><img class="figure__image" alt="" loading="lazy" src="//media.nature.com/lw767/magazine-assets/d44148-024-00319-z/d44148-024-00319-z_27719096.jpg"></img><figcaption><p class="figure__caption u-sans-serif"><span class="mr10">The skeleton of <i>Moschorhinus kitchingi</i>, a prehistoric therapsid. The pictures show the largest known specimen from both the top (dorsal) and bottom (ventral) views.</span><span>Credit: Brandon P. Stuart</span></p></figcaption></picture></figure><p><a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/d44148-024-00320-6" data-track="click" data-label="https://www.nature.com/articles/d44148-024-00320-6" data-track-category="body text link">Lire en français</a></p><p>A study of fossil bones from four collections has revealed that a stocky build was an evolutionary advantage for a late Permian predator. </p><p><i>Moschorhinus kitchingi</i> is a therocephalain — a ‘beast head’ — named for its large skull and carnivorous teeth structure. </p><p><i>Moschorhinus</i> is the only large carnivore known to have survived the Permo-Triassic mass extinction. For the first time, a detailed look<sup><a href="#ref-CR1" data-track="click" data-action="anchor-link" data-track-label="go to reference" data-track-category="references">1</a></sup> at the skeletal fossils, found in the Karoo Basin, has revealed how this mammal forerunner's stocky build was advantageous. </p><p>“The skulls have been the subject of other studies, but by bringing together fossils from four collections, we were able to piece together a much more comprehensive picture of this formidable predator,” says Brandon Stuart, PhD student at the University of the Witwatersrand (Wits), South Africa. </p><p>“During the late Permian, approximately 253 million years ago, the Karoo Basin enjoyed a lush, stable environment with seasonal rainfall. Large rivers dominated the landscape. The therapsids – mammal-like reptiles - were the dominant terrestrial animals during this time. </p><p>“The gorgonopsians — sabre toothed therapsids — primarily filled the apex predator role, but a few therocephalians, such as <i>Moschorhinus</i>, would have been competing with them for prey,” Stuart explains. </p><p>“However, during the Permo-Triassic mass extinction, the environment became unpredictable. Carbon dioxide levels increased, causing global warming, and the climate alternated between massive floods and severe droughts.” </p><p>One of the surviving predators was <i>Moschorhinus</i>. The study reveals a uniquely stocky build, characterised by a robust and thick-set skeleton. Its robust scapula (shoulder blade), humerus (upper arm bone), and femur (thigh bone) suggest that it was well-equipped to grapple with and overpower its prey. </p><figure class="figure"><picture class="embed intensity--high"><source type="image/webp" srcset="//media.nature.com/lw767/magazine-assets/d44148-024-00319-z/d44148-024-00319-z_27719094.jpg?as=webp 767w, //media.nature.com/lw319/magazine-assets/d44148-024-00319-z/d44148-024-00319-z_27719094.jpg?as=webp 319w" sizes="(max-width: 319px) 319px, (min-width: 1023px) 100vw, 767px"></source><img class="figure__image" alt="" loading="lazy" src="//media.nature.com/lw767/magazine-assets/d44148-024-00319-z/d44148-024-00319-z_27719094.jpg"></img><figcaption><p class="figure__caption u-sans-serif"><span class="mr10">A reconstruction of <i>Moschorhinus kitchingi</i>.</span><span>Credit Brandon P. Stuart.</span></p></figcaption></picture></figure><p>“Previous studies mostly focused on their skulls, so much about their growth and way of life was still unknown. But now, we’re finally getting a clearer picture of what this remarkable survivor was like,” says co-author. Jennifer Botha from Centre of Excellence for Palaeoscience at Wits. </p><p>Julien Benoit, a paleontologist at Wits, says: “It seems that <i>Moschorhinus</i> had a short and robust snout, with a dentition that could have enabled it to survive on scavenging during the end-Permian extinction. This may have given it an edge after the extinction when the only prey left was Lystrosaurus, a pig-sized herbivore with a beak and tusks.”</p> </div> <p><em>doi: https://doi.org/10.1038/d44148-024-00319-z</em></p> <div id="references" class="c-article-references__container"> <section aria-labelledby="Bib1"><div class="c-article-section" id="Bib1-section"><h2 class="c-article-section__title js-section-title" id="Bib1">References</h2><div class="c-article-section__content" id="Bib1-content"><div data-container-section="references"><ol class="c-article-references" data-track-component="outbound reference" data-track-context="references section"><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item" data-counter="1."><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR1">Stuart, B. P., Huttenlocker, A. K., & Botha, J.  PeerJ, 12, e17765 https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.17765.</p></li></ol><p class="c-article-references__download u-hide-print"><a data-track="click" data-track-action="download citation references" data-track-label="link" rel="nofollow" href="https://citation-needed.springer.com/v2/references/10.1038/d44148-024-00319-z?format=refman&flavour=references">Download references<svg width="16" height="16" focusable="false" role="img" aria-hidden="true" class="u-icon"><use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-download-medium"></use></svg></a></p></div></div></div></section> </div> <div class="js-jobs-career-wrapper u-hide-print"> <div class="c-section-heading"> <h2> <img class="u-vertical-align-baseline" src="/static/images/logos/nature-careers-logo-f6ff1c1c64.svg" width="195" height="23" alt="Nature Careers"> </h2> </div> <h3 class="c-section-heading c-section-heading--no-bt u-mb-8"> <a href="https://www.nature.com/naturecareers/" 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‘Beast head’ survived mass extinction due to stocky build