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<li id="toc-Whistleblowing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Whistleblowing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Whistleblowing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Whistleblowing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Projects" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Projects"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Projects</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Projects-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Projects subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Projects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-FBI_Victims_Identification_Project" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#FBI_Victims_Identification_Project"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>FBI Victims Identification Project</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-FBI_Victims_Identification_Project-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-21st_century_controversies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#21st_century_controversies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>21st century controversies</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-21st_century_controversies-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle 21st century controversies subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-21st_century_controversies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Hair_analysis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hair_analysis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Hair analysis</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hair_analysis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bullet_and_gun_analysis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bullet_and_gun_analysis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Bullet and gun analysis</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bullet_and_gun_analysis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bite-mark_analysis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bite-mark_analysis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Bite-mark analysis</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bite-mark_analysis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" 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id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Forensic laboratory of the FBI in Virginia, US</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background:#C3D6EF; font-size:110%;">FBI Laboratory</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image" style="text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;line-height:1.5em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Laboratory_Division.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Laboratory_Division.png/140px-Laboratory_Division.png" decoding="async" width="140" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Laboratory_Division.png/210px-Laboratory_Division.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/71/Laboratory_Division.png 2x" data-file-width="274" data-file-height="271" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Emblem of the FBI Laboratory Division</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Active</th><td class="infobox-data">November 24, 1932 – present<br />(91 years, 11 months)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Country</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></span></span> </span>United States</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_agency" title="Law enforcement agency">Agency</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Flag_of_the_Federal_Bureau_of_Investigation.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Federal_Bureau_of_Investigation.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Flag_of_the_Federal_Bureau_of_Investigation.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Federal_Bureau_of_Investigation.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Flag_of_the_Federal_Bureau_of_Investigation.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Federal_Bureau_of_Investigation.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="240" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Federal_Bureau_of_Investigation" title="Federal Bureau of Investigation">Federal Bureau of Investigation</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Type</th><td class="infobox-data">Forensic laboratory</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Part of</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/FBI_Science_and_Technology_Branch" title="FBI Science and Technology Branch">Science and Technology Branch</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Location</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Marine_Corps_Base_Quantico" title="Marine Corps Base Quantico">Marine Corps Base Quantico</a>, <a href="/wiki/Quantico,_Virginia" title="Quantico, Virginia">Quantico</a>, <a href="/wiki/Virginia" title="Virginia">Virginia</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#C3D6EF; font-size:110%;">Structure</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Employees</th><td class="infobox-data">Approx. 500 (2007)<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Branches</th><td class="infobox-data">Forensic Analysis<br />Operational Support</td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>FBI Laboratory</b> (also called the <b>Laboratory Division</b>)<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is a division within the United States <a href="/wiki/Federal_Bureau_of_Investigation" title="Federal Bureau of Investigation">Federal Bureau of Investigation</a> that provides <a href="/wiki/Forensic" class="mw-redirect" title="Forensic">forensic</a> analysis support services to the FBI, as well as to state and local <a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_agency" title="Law enforcement agency">law enforcement agencies</a> free of charge. The lab is located at <a href="/wiki/Marine_Corps_Base_Quantico" title="Marine Corps Base Quantico">Marine Corps Base Quantico</a> in <a href="/wiki/Quantico,_Virginia" title="Quantico, Virginia">Quantico, Virginia</a>. Opened November 24, 1932,<sup id="cite_ref-labhistory_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-labhistory-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the lab was first known as the <b>Technical Laboratory</b>. It became a separate division when the original Bureau of Investigation (BOI) was renamed the FBI. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:FBI_Laboratory_(2003).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/FBI_Laboratory_%282003%29.jpg/220px-FBI_Laboratory_%282003%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/FBI_Laboratory_%282003%29.jpg/330px-FBI_Laboratory_%282003%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/FBI_Laboratory_%282003%29.jpg/440px-FBI_Laboratory_%282003%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="1995" /></a><figcaption>Laboratory building on the grounds of <a href="/wiki/Marine_Corps_Base_Quantico" title="Marine Corps Base Quantico">Marine Corps Base Quantico</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The Lab staffs approximately 500 scientific experts and <a href="/wiki/Special_agents" class="mw-redirect" title="Special agents">special agents</a>. The lab generally enjoys the reputation as the premier crime lab in the United States. However, during the 1990s, its reputation and integrity came under withering criticism, primarily due to the revelations of Special Agent Dr. <a href="/wiki/Frederic_Whitehurst" title="Frederic Whitehurst">Frederic Whitehurst</a>, the most prominent <a href="/wiki/Whistleblower" class="mw-redirect" title="Whistleblower">whistleblower</a> in the history of the Bureau. Whitehurst was a harsh critic of conduct at the Lab. He believed that a lack of funding had affected operations and that Lab technicians had a pro-prosecution bias. He suggested they were <a href="/wiki/FBI_agents" class="mw-redirect" title="FBI agents">FBI agents</a> first and <a href="/wiki/Forensic_scientist" class="mw-redirect" title="Forensic scientist">forensic scientists</a> second, due to the institutional culture of the Bureau, which resulted in the <a href="/wiki/False_evidence" title="False evidence">tainting of evidence</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=FBI_Laboratory&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fbi-lab-1940.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Fbi-lab-1940.jpg/220px-Fbi-lab-1940.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Fbi-lab-1940.jpg/330px-Fbi-lab-1940.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Fbi-lab-1940.jpg/440px-Fbi-lab-1940.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1017" data-file-height="813" /></a><figcaption>FBI crime lab in the 1940s</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox" style="clear: right; float:right;margin:0 0 1.5em 1.5em"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:115%">External videos</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align: left"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="video icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/16px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/24px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/32px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></span></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.c-span.org/video/?110728-1/tainting-evidence">Presentation by John F. Kelly on <i>Tainting Evidence: Inside the Scandals at the FBI Crime Lab</i>, July 10, 1998</a>, <a href="/wiki/C-SPAN" title="C-SPAN">C-SPAN</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The FBI Laboratory was founded on November 24, 1932. Despite the budget limitations during the <a href="/wiki/Great_Depression" title="Great Depression">Great Depression</a>, FBI director <a href="/wiki/J._Edgar_Hoover" title="J. Edgar Hoover">J. Edgar Hoover</a> invested in major equipment upgrades including ultraviolet lamps, microscopes, <a href="/wiki/Moulage" title="Moulage">moulage</a>, and an extensive collection of tire treads, bullets, guns, and other materials that could assist local police in identifying crime scene evidence.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>From September 1934 to September 1975, the Lab was located on the 6th floor and the attic of the <a href="/wiki/Robert_F._Kennedy_Department_of_Justice_Building" title="Robert F. Kennedy Department of Justice Building">Justice Department Building</a> in Washington, D.C. Public tours of the lab work area were available until the FBI moved across the street to the newly constructed <a href="/wiki/J._Edgar_Hoover_Building" title="J. Edgar Hoover Building">J. Edgar Hoover Building</a> in 1974. Tours of the J. Edgar Hoover Building were available, but the tour route shifted away from the lab work space, thus sealing the lab from public view. The Lab expanded to such an extent that the <i>Forensic Science Research and Training Center</i> (FSRTC) was established at the <a href="/wiki/FBI_Academy" title="FBI Academy">FBI Academy</a> in <a href="/wiki/Quantico,_Virginia" title="Quantico, Virginia">Quantico, Virginia</a>. Methods at the FSRTC have helped establish standardized <a href="/wiki/Forensic_science" title="Forensic science">forensic practices</a> for law enforcement agencies. The FBI Lab has been in Quantico since the relocation from Washington since April 2003.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hoover-and-Shirley-Temple-1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Hoover-and-Shirley-Temple-1.jpg/220px-Hoover-and-Shirley-Temple-1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="275" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Hoover-and-Shirley-Temple-1.jpg/330px-Hoover-and-Shirley-Temple-1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Hoover-and-Shirley-Temple-1.jpg/440px-Hoover-and-Shirley-Temple-1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1282" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/J._Edgar_Hoover" title="J. Edgar Hoover">J. Edgar Hoover</a>, then the <a href="/wiki/Director_of_the_Federal_Bureau_of_Investigation" title="Director of the Federal Bureau of Investigation">FBI Director</a>, showing actress <a href="/wiki/Shirley_Temple" title="Shirley Temple">Shirley Temple</a> a <a href="/wiki/Microscope" title="Microscope">microscope</a> in the lab</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Whistleblowing">Whistleblowing</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=FBI_Laboratory&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Whistleblowing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/FBI_Laboratory" title="Special:EditPage/FBI Laboratory">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">November 2019</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Frederic_Whitehurst" title="Frederic Whitehurst">Frederic Whitehurst</a></div> <p>Dr. <a href="/wiki/Frederic_Whitehurst" title="Frederic Whitehurst">Frederic Whitehurst</a>, who joined the FBI in 1982 and served as a Supervisory Special Agent at the Lab from 1986 to 1998, blew the whistle on <a href="/wiki/Scientific_misconduct" title="Scientific misconduct">scientific misconduct</a> at the Lab. As a result of Whitehurst's <a href="/wiki/Whistleblower" class="mw-redirect" title="Whistleblower">whistleblowing</a>, the FBI Lab implemented forty major reforms, including undergoing an accreditation process. Reforms took place under FBI chief <a href="/wiki/Louis_Freeh" title="Louis Freeh">Louis Freeh</a>, who served from 1993 to 2001. </p><p>Whitehurst's whistleblowing in the 1990s and the adverse publicity trials, in which FBI Lab employees were revealed as incompetent or disingenuous, led to major changes. According to John F. Kelly & Phillip K. Wearne's book <i>Tainting Evidence: Inside the Scandals at the FBI Crime Lab</i> (1998), the FBI Crime Lab had been hurt by a lack of funding and an institutional entropy rooted in Lab employees' belief that they were the best forensic experts in the country, if not the world. Some Lab employees failed to keep abreast of developments in forensic science. </p><p>The two authors concluded that the worst problem was that the Lab employees were FBI agents rather than pure forensic scientists. The investigative paradigm of the detective was antithetical to the investigative paradigm of the scientist. Lab employees began to work backwards, from a conclusion preordained by the prosecutors they served, and sought to justify that conclusion rather than using more scientific research paradigms. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Projects">Projects</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=FBI_Laboratory&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Projects"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="FBI_Victims_Identification_Project">FBI Victims Identification Project</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=FBI_Laboratory&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: FBI Victims Identification Project"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Elko_County_Jane_Doe_reconstruction.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Elko_County_Jane_Doe_reconstruction.jpg/220px-Elko_County_Jane_Doe_reconstruction.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Elko_County_Jane_Doe_reconstruction.jpg/330px-Elko_County_Jane_Doe_reconstruction.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Elko_County_Jane_Doe_reconstruction.jpg/440px-Elko_County_Jane_Doe_reconstruction.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="655" /></a><figcaption>Example of a facial reconstruction by FBI Victims Identification Project, of the <a href="/wiki/Elko_County" class="mw-redirect" title="Elko County">Elko County</a> Jane Doe (murder victim, remains found in 1993)</figcaption></figure> <p>The FBI Victims Identification Project (also known as VICTIMS) is an active research project within the FBI Laboratory to create a national database containing all available records of <a href="/wiki/Unidentified_decedent" title="Unidentified decedent">unidentified human remains</a>. The goal of VICTIMS is to create a federally sponsored national database of unidentified remains.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The VICTIMS project team includes FBI Laboratory personnel, personnel from the FBI Visiting Scientist Program,<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> administered by <a href="/wiki/Oak_Ridge_Institute_for_Science_and_Education" title="Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education">Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education</a>, and contractors. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="21st_century_controversies">21st century controversies</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=FBI_Laboratory&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: 21st century controversies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The more widespread use of <a href="/wiki/DNA_testing" class="mw-redirect" title="DNA testing">DNA testing</a> in the late 20th century brought renewed scrutiny to the scientific reliability of many of the FBI Laboratory's forensic analyses. "Scientific experts consider DNA—which first became widely used in courts in the 1990s—to be the only near-certain indicator of a forensic match."<sup id="cite_ref-eric_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eric-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hair_analysis">Hair analysis</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=FBI_Laboratory&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Hair analysis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The scientific reliability of FBI <a href="/wiki/Hair_analysis" title="Hair analysis">hair analysis</a> has been questioned as DNA testing has exonerated persons convicted where the only physical evidence was hair analysis. In addition, in a high percentage of cases, the FBI has learned that its expert witnesses overstated the reliability of hair analysis in testimony in court cases.<sup id="cite_ref-wapo2012_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wapo2012-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2013 the Department of Justice began a review of thousands of cases from 1982 through 1999 referred to the FBI for hair analysis. By 2015 it found that these included 32 death penalty convictions, of which 14 people had died in prison or been executed, and narrowed its review to cases that went to court.<sup id="cite_ref-wapo2015_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wapo2015-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It has focused on cases in which hair analysis played a part in convictions, in order to follow up with defendants.<sup id="cite_ref-waporeview_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-waporeview-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In a subsequent investigation in 2012, the DOJ found that evidence related to hair analysis had been falsified, altered, or suppressed, or that FBI agents had overstated the scientific basis of their testimony, to the detriment of defendants. In 2013, the Department of Justice began a review of cases referred to them for hair analysis from 1982 through 1999, as many as 10,000 cases, to determine whether their agents' testimony resulted in wrongful convictions. DNA testing has revealed some convicted inmates to be innocent of violent crime charges against them. In 2015 the FBI reported that their expert witnesses overstated the reliability of hair analysis in matching suspects 96 percent of the time, likely influencing conviction of some defendants.<sup id="cite_ref-eric_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eric-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Cases are still being overturned as a result of incorrect hair analysis testimony.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2012, DNA testing revealed the innocence of three inmates from the District of Columbia who had been convicted to life and served years in prison based on hair analysis evidence and testimony by FBI experts. They have received large settlements from the city because of wrongful convictions and damages of the lost years. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bullet_and_gun_analysis">Bullet and gun analysis</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=FBI_Laboratory&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Bullet and gun analysis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Bullet and gun analysis is another forensic discipline that has been identified in recent studies as being less scientifically reliable than thought. The Bureau established an interdisciplinary commission in 2013 to establish the highest scientific standards in forensic testing and to understand the limits of these tests, and how they may be properly used in court. </p><p>With a heightened attention to scientific rigor in its forensic testing, the FBI lab in 2005 abandoned its four-decade-long practice of tracing bullets to a specific manufacturer's batch through chemical analysis, after its methods were scientifically debunked.<sup id="cite_ref-suspend_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-suspend-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A blue-ribbon panel of the <a href="/wiki/National_Academy_of_Sciences" title="National Academy of Sciences">National Academy of Sciences</a> raised concerns about the FBI's reliance on forensic testing in a 2009 report that "found nearly every familiar staple of forensic science to be scientifically unsound" and highly subjective. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bite-mark_analysis">Bite-mark analysis</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=FBI_Laboratory&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Bite-mark analysis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2016 a man was exonerated and freed in Virginia, based on DNA evidence, after serving 33 years in prison. He had been convicted of rape and murder and sentenced to life in part based on several FBI experts testifying to identification of him by bite-mark patterns, to a "medical certainty". Scientists say that such certainty is impossible to gain by this test.<sup id="cite_ref-suspend_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-suspend-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The DNA testing showed that he was not the perpetrator of the crime. As the <i>Washington Post</i> reported, "No court in the United States has barred bite-mark evidence, despite 21 known wrongful convictions, a proposed moratorium in Texas and research showing that experts cannot consistently agree even on whether injuries are caused by human teeth."<sup id="cite_ref-suspend_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-suspend-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This forensic test has been highly suspect for some years, but prosecutors and police continue to rely on it, and FBI agents make claims about it. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=FBI_Laboratory&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archives.fbi.gov/archives/about-us/lab/forensic-science-communications/fsc/oct2007/research/2007_10_research01_test4.htm">"The FBI Laboratory: 75 Years of Forensic Science Service"</a>. <i>Federal Bureau of Investigation</i>. October 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 8,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Federal+Bureau+of+Investigation&rft.atitle=The+FBI+Laboratory%3A+75+Years+of+Forensic+Science+Service&rft.date=2007-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchives.fbi.gov%2Farchives%2Fabout-us%2Flab%2Fforensic-science-communications%2Ffsc%2Foct2007%2Fresearch%2F2007_10_research01_test4.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFBI+Laboratory" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fbi.gov/about/leadership-and-structure/science-and-technology-branch">"Science and Technology Branch"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Federal_Bureau_of_Investigation" title="Federal Bureau of Investigation">Federal Bureau of Investigation</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 16,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Federal+Bureau+of+Investigation&rft.atitle=Science+and+Technology+Branch&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fbi.gov%2Fabout%2Fleadership-and-structure%2Fscience-and-technology-branch&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFBI+Laboratory" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-labhistory-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-labhistory_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150103052300/http://www2.fbi.gov/hq/lab/labhome.htm">"FBI Laboratory History"</a>. Federal Bureau of Investigation. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fbi.gov/hq/lab/labhome.htm">the original</a> on January 3, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=FBI+Laboratory+History&rft.pub=Federal+Bureau+of+Investigation&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fbi.gov%2Fhq%2Flab%2Flabhome.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFBI+Laboratory" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGage2022" class="citation book cs1">Gage, Beverly (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0BfQEAAAQBAJ"><i>G-Man: J. Edgar Hoover and the Making of the American Century</i></a>. New York: Viking. pp. 126, 135. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-670-02537-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-670-02537-4"><bdi>978-0-670-02537-4</bdi></a> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=G-Man%3A+J.+Edgar+Hoover+and+the+Making+of+the+American+Century&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=126%2C+135&rft.pub=Viking&rft.date=2022&rft.isbn=978-0-670-02537-4&rft.aulast=Gage&rft.aufirst=Beverly&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0BfQEAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFBI+Laboratory" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archives.fbi.gov/archives/news/stories/2007/november/major-fbi-laboratory-milestones">"Major FBI Laboratory Milestones"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Major+FBI+Laboratory+Milestones&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchives.fbi.gov%2Farchives%2Fnews%2Fstories%2F2007%2Fnovember%2Fmajor-fbi-laboratory-milestones&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFBI+Laboratory" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www2.fbi.gov/hq/lab/html/victims.htm">"Federal Bureau of Investigation - Laboratory Services"</a>. <i>www2.fbi.gov</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www2.fbi.gov&rft.atitle=Federal+Bureau+of+Investigation+-+Laboratory+Services&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww2.fbi.gov%2Fhq%2Flab%2Fhtml%2Fvictims.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFBI+Laboratory" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://orise.orau.gov/fbi/">FBI Visiting Scientist Program</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-eric-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-eric_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-eric_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2016/06/04/us/justice-dept-fbi-scientist-forensic-test.html?mtrref=www.google.com">ERIC LICHTBLAU, "Justice Dept. to Tighten Rules on Testimony by Scientists"</a>, <i>New York Times</i>, 03 June 2016; accessed 12 June 2017</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-wapo2012-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-wapo2012_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHsu2012" class="citation news cs1">Hsu, Spencer (April 16, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/crime/convicted-defendants-left-uninformed-of-forensic-flaws-found-by-justice-dept/2012/04/16/gIQAWTcgMT_story.html">"Convicted defendants left uninformed of forensic flaws found by Justice Dept"</a>. <i>The Washington Post</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 31,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Convicted+defendants+left+uninformed+of+forensic+flaws+found+by+Justice+Dept.&rft.date=2012-04-16&rft.aulast=Hsu&rft.aufirst=Spencer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Flocal%2Fcrime%2Fconvicted-defendants-left-uninformed-of-forensic-flaws-found-by-justice-dept%2F2012%2F04%2F16%2FgIQAWTcgMT_story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFBI+Laboratory" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-wapo2015-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-wapo2015_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHsu2015" class="citation news cs1">Hsu, Spencer (April 18, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/crime/fbi-overstated-forensic-hair-matches-in-nearly-all-criminal-trials-for-decades/2015/04/18/39c8d8c6-e515-11e4-b510-962fcfabc310_story.html">"FBI admits flaws in hair analysis over decades"</a>. <i>The Washington Post</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 22,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=FBI+admits+flaws+in+hair+analysis+over+decades&rft.date=2015-04-18&rft.aulast=Hsu&rft.aufirst=Spencer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Flocal%2Fcrime%2Ffbi-overstated-forensic-hair-matches-in-nearly-all-criminal-trials-for-decades%2F2015%2F04%2F18%2F39c8d8c6-e515-11e4-b510-962fcfabc310_story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFBI+Laboratory" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-waporeview-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-waporeview_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHsu2013" class="citation news cs1">Hsu, Spencer (July 17, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/crime/us-reviewing-27-death-penalty-convictions-for-fbi-forensic-testimony-errors/2013/07/17/6c75a0a4-bd9b-11e2-89c9-3be8095fe767_story.html">"U.S. reviewing 27 death penalty convictions for FBI forensic testimony errors"</a>. <i>The Washington Post</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 31,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=U.S.+reviewing+27+death+penalty+convictions+for+FBI+forensic+testimony+errors&rft.date=2013-07-17&rft.aulast=Hsu&rft.aufirst=Spencer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Flocal%2Fcrime%2Fus-reviewing-27-death-penalty-convictions-for-fbi-forensic-testimony-errors%2F2013%2F07%2F17%2F6c75a0a4-bd9b-11e2-89c9-3be8095fe767_story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFBI+Laboratory" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.innocenceproject.org/Content/Washington_Post_Calls_for_Full_Review_of_FBI_Crime_Lab.php">"Washington Post Calls for Full Review of FBI Crime Lab"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130522145408/http://www.innocenceproject.org/Content/Washington_Post_Calls_for_Full_Review_of_FBI_Crime_Lab.php">Archived</a> 2013-05-22 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-suspend-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-suspend_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-suspend_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-suspend_13-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/public-safety/sessions-orders-justice-dept-to-end-forensic-science-commission-suspend-review-policy/2017/04/10/2dada0ca-1c96-11e7-9887-1a5314b56a08_story.html">Spencer S. Hsu, "Sessions orders Justice Dept. to end forensic science commission, suspend review policy"</a>, <i>Washington Post</i>, 10 April 2017; 12 June 2017</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=FBI_Laboratory&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://oig.justice.gov/reports/fbi-laboratory-investigation-laboratory-practices-and-alleged-misconduct-explosives-related"><i>The FBI Laboratory: An Investigation into Laboratory Practices and Alleged Misconduct in Explosives-Related and Other Cases</i> (April 1997)</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Federal_Bureau_of_Investigation" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output 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abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:FBI" title="Template:FBI"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:FBI" title="Template talk:FBI"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:FBI" title="Special:EditPage/Template:FBI"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Federal_Bureau_of_Investigation" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Federal_Bureau_of_Investigation" title="Federal Bureau of Investigation">Federal Bureau of Investigation</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_FBI_field_offices" title="List of FBI field offices">Field offices</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/FBI_Atlanta_Field_Office" class="mw-redirect" title="FBI Atlanta Field Office">Atlanta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FBI_Buffalo_Field_Office" class="mw-redirect" title="FBI Buffalo Field Office">Buffalo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FBI_Cincinnati_Field_Office" class="mw-redirect" title="FBI Cincinnati Field Office">Cincinnati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FBI_Cleveland_Field_Office" class="mw-redirect" title="FBI Cleveland Field Office">Cleveland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FBI_Tampa_Field_Office" class="mw-redirect" title="FBI Tampa Field Office">Tampa</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="9" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Seal_of_the_Federal_Bureau_of_Investigation.svg/125px-Seal_of_the_Federal_Bureau_of_Investigation.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="129" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Seal_of_the_Federal_Bureau_of_Investigation.svg/188px-Seal_of_the_Federal_Bureau_of_Investigation.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Seal_of_the_Federal_Bureau_of_Investigation.svg/250px-Seal_of_the_Federal_Bureau_of_Investigation.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="699" data-file-height="720" /></span></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organization</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/FBI_Criminal,_Cyber,_Response,_and_Services_Branch" title="FBI Criminal, Cyber, Response, and Services Branch">Criminal, Cyber, Response,<br />and Services Branch</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/FBI_Criminal_Investigative_Division" title="FBI Criminal Investigative Division">Criminal Investigative Division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FBI_Critical_Incident_Response_Group" title="FBI Critical Incident Response Group">Critical Incident Response Group</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Center_for_the_Analysis_of_Violent_Crime" title="National Center for the Analysis of Violent Crime">National Center for the Analysis of Violent Crime</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Behavioral_Analysis_Unit" title="Behavioral Analysis Unit">Behavioral Analysis Unit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_Abduction_and_Serial_Murder_Investigative_Resources_Center" title="Child Abduction and Serial Murder Investigative Resources Center">Child Abduction and Serial Murder Investigative Resources Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Violent_Criminal_Apprehension_Program" title="Violent Criminal Apprehension Program">Violent Criminal Apprehension Program</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hostage_Rescue_Team" title="Hostage Rescue Team">Hostage Rescue Team</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FBI_Crisis_Negotiation_Unit" title="FBI Crisis Negotiation Unit">Crisis Negotiation Unit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FBI_Special_Weapons_and_Tactics_Teams" title="FBI Special Weapons and Tactics Teams">Special Weapons and Tactics Teams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FBI_Hazardous_Devices_School" title="FBI Hazardous Devices School">Hazardous Devices School</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FBI_Cyber_Division" title="FBI Cyber Division">Cyber Division</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/FBI_Human_Resources_Branch" title="FBI Human Resources Branch">Human Resources Branch</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/FBI_Academy" title="FBI Academy">Academy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Behavioral_Science_Unit" title="Behavioral Science Unit">Behavioral Science Unit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FBI_National_Academy" title="FBI National Academy">National Academy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FBI_Police" title="FBI Police">FBI Police</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/FBI_National_Security_Branch" title="FBI National Security Branch">National Security Branch</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/FBI_Counterintelligence_Division" title="FBI Counterintelligence Division">Counterintelligence Division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FBI_Counterterrorism_Division" title="FBI Counterterrorism Division">Counterterrorism Division</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Communications_Exploitation_Section" title="Communications Exploitation Section">Communications Exploitation Section</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-Value_Detainee_Interrogation_Group" title="High-Value Detainee Interrogation Group">High-Value Detainee Interrogation Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrorist_Screening_Center" title="Terrorist Screening Center">Terrorist Screening Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FBI_Weapons_of_Mass_Destruction_Directorate" title="FBI Weapons of Mass Destruction Directorate">Weapons of Mass Destruction Directorate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/FBI_Science_and_Technology_Branch" title="FBI Science and Technology Branch">Science and Technology Branch</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/FBI_Criminal_Justice_Information_Services_Division" title="FBI Criminal Justice Information Services Division">Criminal Justice Information Services Division</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Crime_Information_Center" title="National Crime Information Center">National Crime Information Center</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Laboratory Division</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other branches</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/FBI_Information_and_Technology_Branch" title="FBI Information and Technology Branch">Information and Technology Branch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FBI_Intelligence_Branch" title="FBI Intelligence Branch">Intelligence Branch</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Technology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Airtel_(FBI)" title="Airtel (FBI)">Airtel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bureaupedia" title="Bureaupedia">Bureaupedia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carnivore_(software)" title="Carnivore (software)">Carnivore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combined_DNA_Index_System" title="Combined DNA Index System">Combined DNA Index System</a> (CODIS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_and_Internet_Protocol_Address_Verifier" title="Computer and Internet Protocol Address Verifier">Computer and Internet Protocol Address Verifier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integrated_Automated_Fingerprint_Identification_System" title="Integrated Automated Fingerprint Identification System">Integrated Automated Fingerprint Identification System</a> (IAFIS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_Enforcement_National_Data_Exchange" title="Law Enforcement National Data Exchange">Law Enforcement National Data Exchange</a> (N-DEx)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Incident-Based_Reporting_System" title="National Incident-Based Reporting System">National Incident-Based Reporting System</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Federal_Bureau_of_Investigation#Rank_structure" title="Federal Bureau of Investigation">Ranks</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Director_of_the_Federal_Bureau_of_Investigation" title="Director of the Federal Bureau of Investigation">Director</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deputy_Director_of_the_Federal_Bureau_of_Investigation" title="Deputy Director of the Federal Bureau of Investigation">Deputy Director</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_agent" title="Special agent">Special agent</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Methods and<br />activities</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abscam" title="Abscam">Abscam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1922_Bridgman_Convention" title="1922 Bridgman Convention">Bridgman Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COINTELPRO" title="COINTELPRO">COINTELPRO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FBI_method_of_profiling" title="FBI method of profiling">FBI method of profiling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rod_Blagojevich_corruption_charges" title="Rod Blagojevich corruption charges">Rod Blagojevich corruption charges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FBI_files_on_Michael_Jackson" title="FBI files on Michael Jackson">FBI files on Michael Jackson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FBI_files_on_Elvis_Presley" title="FBI files on Elvis Presley">FBI files on Elvis Presley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1986_FBI_Miami_shootout" title="1986 FBI Miami shootout">FBI Miami shootout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FBI_search_of_Mar-a-Lago" title="FBI search of Mar-a-Lago">FBI search of Mar-a-Lago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FBI_Silvermaster_File" title="FBI Silvermaster File">FBI Silvermaster File</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FBI_Special_Advisor_Program" title="FBI Special Advisor Program">FBI Special Advisor Program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FBI_Victims_Identification_Project" title="FBI Victims Identification Project">FBI Victims Identification Project</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guardian_(database)" class="mw-redirect" title="Guardian (database)">Guardian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-Value_Interrogation_Group" class="mw-redirect" title="High-Value Interrogation Group">High-Value Interrogation Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joint_Terrorism_Task_Force" title="Joint Terrorism Task Force">Joint Terrorism Task Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lindbergh_kidnapping" title="Lindbergh kidnapping">Lindbergh kidnapping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruby_Ridge_standoff" title="Ruby Ridge standoff">Ruby Ridge standoff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_Intelligence_Service" title="Special Intelligence Service">Special Intelligence Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Scheinberg" title="United States v. Scheinberg"><i>U.S. v. Scheinberg et al.</i> (10 Cr. 336)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waco_siege" title="Waco siege">Waco siege</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Harry_%22Skip%22_Brandon" title="Harry "Skip" Brandon">Harry "Skip" Brandon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacob_Aldolphus_Bryce" title="Jacob Aldolphus Bryce">Delf A. 'Jelly' Bryce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sibel_Edmonds" title="Sibel Edmonds">Sibel Edmonds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Felt" title="Mark Felt">Mark Felt</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deep_Throat_(Watergate)" title="Deep Throat (Watergate)">"Deep Throat"</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helen_Gandy" title="Helen Gandy">Helen Gandy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_L._Gormley" title="Joseph L. Gormley">Joseph L. Gormley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wesley_Grapp" title="Wesley Grapp">Wesley Grapp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._Edgar_Hoover" title="J. Edgar Hoover">J. Edgar Hoover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Icove" title="David Icove">David Icove</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Strzok" title="Peter Strzok">Peter Strzok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clyde_Tolson" title="Clyde Tolson">Clyde Tolson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_D._Pistone" title="Joseph D. Pistone">Joseph D. Pistone</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Buildings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/J._Edgar_Hoover_Building" title="J. Edgar Hoover Building">FBI Headquarters</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Bureau_of_Investigation_portrayal_in_media" title="Federal Bureau of Investigation portrayal in media">FBI portrayal in media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G-Man_(slang)" class="mw-redirect" title="G-Man (slang)">G-Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Junior_G-Men" title="Junior G-Men">Junior G-Men</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FBI%E2%80%93Apple_encryption_dispute" class="mw-redirect" title="FBI–Apple encryption dispute">FBI–Apple encryption dispute</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/FBI_Law_Enforcement_Bulletin" title="FBI Law Enforcement Bulletin">FBI Law Enforcement Bulletin</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Hogan%27s_Alley_(FBI)" title="Hogan's Alley (FBI)">Hogan's Alley</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5424584#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5424584#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5424584#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000107443435">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/150628281">VIAF</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n79059612">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="FBI Laboratory"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=nlk20050162774&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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