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id="toc-College_reorganizations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#College_reorganizations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>College reorganizations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-College_reorganizations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Post–World_War_II" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Post–World_War_II"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Post–World War II</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Post–World_War_II-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vietnam_War_era" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vietnam_War_era"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Vietnam War era</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vietnam_War_era-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Late_20th_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Late_20th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Late 20th century</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Late_20th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-21st_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#21st_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>21st century</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-21st_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-2007_mass_shooting" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2007_mass_shooting"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5.1</span> <span>2007 mass shooting</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2007_mass_shooting-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Innovation_Campus_and_further_growth" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Innovation_Campus_and_further_growth"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5.2</span> <span>Innovation Campus and further growth</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Innovation_Campus_and_further_growth-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Organization_and_administration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Organization_and_administration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Organization and administration</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Organization_and_administration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Academics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Academics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Academics</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Academics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Academics subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Academics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Admissions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Admissions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Admissions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Admissions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rankings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rankings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Rankings</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Rankings-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Rankings subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Rankings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Student_affairs_rankings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Student_affairs_rankings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Student affairs rankings</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Student_affairs_rankings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Research" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Research"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Research</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Research-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Research subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Research-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Fralin_Life_Science_Institute" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fralin_Life_Science_Institute"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Fralin Life Science Institute</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fralin_Life_Science_Institute-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Virginia_Tech_Transportation_Institute" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Virginia_Tech_Transportation_Institute"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Virginia Tech Transportation Institute</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Virginia_Tech_Transportation_Institute-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Institute_for_Critical_Technology_and_Applied_Science" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Institute_for_Critical_Technology_and_Applied_Science"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Institute for Critical Technology and Applied Science</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Institute_for_Critical_Technology_and_Applied_Science-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_areas_of_research" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_areas_of_research"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Other areas of research</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_areas_of_research-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Campus" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Campus"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Campus</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Campus-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Campus subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Campus-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Extended_campuses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Extended_campuses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Extended campuses</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Extended_campuses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Northern_Virginia_Center_(National_Capital_Region)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Northern_Virginia_Center_(National_Capital_Region)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1.1</span> <span>Northern Virginia Center (National Capital Region)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Northern_Virginia_Center_(National_Capital_Region)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-International_campuses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#International_campuses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>International campuses</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-International_campuses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Caribbean_Center_for_Education_and_Research_(CCER)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Caribbean_Center_for_Education_and_Research_(CCER)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2.1</span> <span>Caribbean Center for Education and Research (CCER)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Caribbean_Center_for_Education_and_Research_(CCER)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Center_for_European_Studies_and_Architecture_(CESA)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Center_for_European_Studies_and_Architecture_(CESA)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2.2</span> <span>Center for European Studies and Architecture (CESA)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Center_for_European_Studies_and_Architecture_(CESA)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Agricultural_Research_and_Extension_Centers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Agricultural_Research_and_Extension_Centers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Agricultural Research and Extension Centers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Agricultural_Research_and_Extension_Centers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Power_plant" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Power_plant"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4</span> <span>Power plant</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Power_plant-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Student_life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Student_life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Student life</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Student_life-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Student life subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Student_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Campus_residence_halls" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Campus_residence_halls"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Campus residence halls</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Campus_residence_halls-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Corps_of_Cadets" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Corps_of_Cadets"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Corps of Cadets</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Corps_of_Cadets-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Greek_life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Greek_life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>Greek life</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Greek_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Clubs_and_student_activities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Clubs_and_student_activities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.4</span> <span>Clubs and student activities</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Clubs_and_student_activities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Athletics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Athletics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Athletics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Athletics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-People" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#People"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>People</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-People-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle People subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-People-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Faculty" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Faculty"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Faculty</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Faculty-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Alumni" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Alumni"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2</span> <span>Alumni</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Alumni-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div 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class="mw-page-title-main">Virginia Tech</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 39 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-39" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">39 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%A9_%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%AC%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7_%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AA%D9%82%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="جامعة فرجينيا للتقنية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="جامعة فرجينيا للتقنية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%AC%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%A7_%D8%AA%DA%A9%D9%86%D9%88%D9%84%D9%88%DA%98%DB%8C_%D8%A8%DB%8C%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%85_%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%88" title="ویرجینیا تکنولوژی بیلیم یوردو – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="ویرجینیا تکنولوژی بیلیم یوردو" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%96%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B6%D1%8B%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%96_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%82%D1%8D%D1%85%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%87%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%82%D1%83%D1%82_%D1%96_%D0%B4%D0%B7%D1%8F%D1%80%D0%B6%D0%B0%D1%9E%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D1%9E%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D1%96%D1%82%D1%8D%D1%82" title="Вірджынскі політэхнічны інстытут і дзяржаўны ўніверсітэт – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Вірджынскі політэхнічны інстытут і дзяржаўны ўніверсітэт" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institut_Polit%C3%A8cnic_i_Universitat_Estatal_de_Virg%C3%ADnia" title="Institut Politècnic i Universitat Estatal de Virgínia – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Institut Politècnic i Universitat Estatal de Virgínia" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia_Polytechnic_Institute_and_State_University" title="Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia_Polytechnic_Institute_and_State_University" title="Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia_Polytechnic_Institute_and_State_University" title="Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instituto_Polit%C3%A9cnico_y_Universidad_Estatal_de_Virginia" title="Instituto Politécnico y Universidad Estatal de Virginia – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Instituto Politécnico y Universidad Estatal de Virginia" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia_Polytechnic_Institute_and_State_University" title="Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B4%DA%AF%D8%A7%D9%87_%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%DB%8C_%D9%88_%D9%85%D8%A4%D8%B3%D8%B3%D9%87_%D9%BE%D9%84%DB%8C%E2%80%8C%D8%AA%DA%A9%D9%86%DB%8C%DA%A9_%D9%88%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%AC%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="دانشگاه ایالتی و مؤسسه پلی‌تکنیک ویرجینیا – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="دانشگاه ایالتی و مؤسسه پلی‌تکنیک ویرجینیا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institut_polytechnique_et_universit%C3%A9_d%27%C3%89tat_de_Virginie" title="Institut polytechnique et université d'État de Virginie – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Institut polytechnique et université d'État de Virginie" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B2%84%EC%A7%80%EB%8B%88%EC%95%84_%EA%B3%B5%EA%B3%BC%EB%8C%80%ED%95%99%EA%B5%90" title="버지니아 공과대학교 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="버지니아 공과대학교" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8E%D5%AB%D6%80%D5%BB%D5%AB%D5%B6%D5%AB%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%AB_%D5%BA%D5%B8%D5%AC%D5%AB%D5%BF%D5%A5%D5%AD%D5%B6%D5%AB%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%AB%D5%B6%D5%BD%D5%BF%D5%AB%D5%BF%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%BF" title="Վիրջինիայի պոլիտեխնիկական ինստիտուտ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Վիրջինիայի պոլիտեխնիկական ինստիտուտ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institut_Politeknik_dan_Universitas_Negeri_Virginia" title="Institut Politeknik dan Universitas Negeri Virginia – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Institut Politeknik dan Universitas Negeri Virginia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia_Polytechnic_Institute_and_State_University" title="Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%95%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%92%27%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%94_%D7%98%D7%A7" title="וירג'יניה טק – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="וירג'יניה טק" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%95%E1%83%98%E1%83%A0%E1%83%AF%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%A2%E1%83%94%E1%83%A5%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%99%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98_%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%95%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98%E1%83%A2%E1%83%94%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98" title="ვირჯინიის ტექნიკური უნივერსიტეტი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ვირჯინიის ტექნიკური უნივერსიტეტი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%A9_%DA%A4%D9%8A%D8%B1%DA%86%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7_%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AA%D9%82%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%87" title="جامعة ڤيرچينيا للتقنيه – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="جامعة ڤيرچينيا للتقنيه" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institut_Politeknik_dan_Universiti_Negeri_Virginia" title="Institut Politeknik dan Universiti Negeri Virginia – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Institut Politeknik dan Universiti Negeri Virginia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia_Polytechnic_Institute_and_State_University" title="Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%90%E3%83%BC%E3%82%B8%E3%83%8B%E3%82%A2%E5%B7%A5%E7%A7%91%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%A6" title="バージニア工科大学 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="バージニア工科大学" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia_Polytechnic_Institute_and_State_University" title="Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia_Tech" title="Virginia Tech – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Virginia Tech" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia_Polytechnic_Institute_and_State_University" title="Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instituto_Polit%C3%A9cnico_e_Universidade_Estadual_da_Virg%C3%ADnia" title="Instituto Politécnico e Universidade Estadual da Virgínia – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Instituto Politécnico e Universidade Estadual da Virgínia" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universitatea_de_Stat_%C8%99i_Institutul_Politehnic_Virginia" title="Universitatea de Stat și Institutul Politehnic Virginia – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Universitatea de Stat și Institutul Politehnic Virginia" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%85%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%83%D1%82_%D0%B8_%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%82_%D1%88%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Вирджинский политехнический институт и университет штата – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Вирджинский политехнический институт и университет штата" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universiteti_Shtet%C3%ABror_Politeknik_i_Virxhinias" title="Universiteti Shtetëror Politeknik i Virxhinias – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Universiteti Shtetëror Politeknik i Virxhinias" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia_Polytechnic_Institute_and_State_University" title="Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia_Polytechnic_Institute_and_State_University" title="Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia_Polytechnic_Institute_and_State_University" title="Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia_Tech" title="Virginia Tech – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Virginia Tech" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9C%E0%AF%80%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BE_%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%B4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA_%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A8%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B4%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="வர்ஜீனியா பலதொழில்நுட்ப மாநிலப் பல்கலைக்கழகம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="வர்ஜீனியா பலதொழில்நுட்ப மாநிலப் பல்கலைக்கழகம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%84" title="เวอร์จิเนียเทค – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="เวอร์จิเนียเทค" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia_Tech" title="Virginia Tech – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Virginia Tech" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%85%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%83%D1%82_%D1%96_%D1%83%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%82_%D1%88%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83_%D0%92%D1%96%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Політехнічний інститут і університет штату Вірджинія – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Політехнічний інститут і університет штату Вірджинія" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AC%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%A7_%D9%B9%DB%8C%DA%A9" title="ورجینیا ٹیک – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="ورجینیا ٹیک" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BA%A1i_h%E1%BB%8Dc_B%C3%A1ch_khoa_Virginia" title="Đại học Bách khoa Virginia – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Đại học Bách khoa Virginia" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%BC%97%E5%90%89%E5%B0%BC%E4%BA%9A%E7%90%86%E5%B7%A5%E5%AD%A6%E9%99%A2%E6%9A%A8%E5%B7%9E%E7%AB%8B%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%A6" title="弗吉尼亚理工学院暨州立大学 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="弗吉尼亚理工学院暨州立大学" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q65379#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" 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href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Virginia_Tech&params=37_13.5_N_80_25.5_W_type:edu"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">37°13.5′N</span> <span class="longitude">80°25.5′W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">37.2250°N 80.4250°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">37.2250; -80.4250</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Virginia_Polytechnic_Institute_and_State_University&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University">Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Public university in Blacksburg, Virginia, US</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"VA Tech" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/VA_Tech_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="VA Tech (disambiguation)">VA Tech (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">Virginia Polytechnic Institute<br />and State University</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Virginia_Tech_seal.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/5/54/Virginia_Tech_seal.svg/150px-Virginia_Tech_seal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/5/54/Virginia_Tech_seal.svg/225px-Virginia_Tech_seal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/5/54/Virginia_Tech_seal.svg/300px-Virginia_Tech_seal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="105" data-file-height="105" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Former names</div></th><td class="infobox-data nickname">Virginia Agricultural and Mechanical College (1872–1896)<br />Virginia Agricultural and Mechanical College and Polytechnic Institute (1896–1944)<br />Virginia Polytechnic Institute (1944–1970)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em;">Motto</th><td class="infobox-data"><i>Ut Prosim</i> (<a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Motto in English</div></th><td class="infobox-data">"That I May Serve"</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em;">Type</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Public_university" title="Public university">Public</a> <a href="/wiki/Land-grant_college" class="mw-redirect" title="Land-grant college">land-grant</a> <a href="/wiki/Research_university" title="Research university">research</a> <a href="/wiki/Senior_military_college" class="mw-redirect" title="Senior military college">senior military university</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em;">Established</th><td class="infobox-data">June 20, 1872<span class="noprint">; 152 years ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">1872-06-20</span>)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/Higher_education_accreditation" title="Higher education accreditation">Accreditation</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Southern_Association_of_Colleges_and_Schools" title="Southern Association of Colleges and Schools">SACS</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Academic affiliations</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oak_Ridge_Associated_Universities" title="Oak Ridge Associated Universities">ORAU</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/State_Council_of_Higher_Education_for_Virginia" title="State Council of Higher Education for Virginia">SCHEV</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Universities_Research_Association" title="Universities Research Association">URA</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Consortium_of_Universities_of_the_Washington_Metropolitan_Area" title="Consortium of Universities of the Washington Metropolitan Area">CUWMA</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/National_Sea_Grant_College_Program" title="National Sea Grant College Program">Sea-grant</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/National_Space_Grant_College_and_Fellowship_Program" title="National Space Grant College and Fellowship Program">Space-grant</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/Financial_endowment" title="Financial endowment">Endowment</a></th><td class="infobox-data">$1.7 billion (2022)<sup id="cite_ref-endowment_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-endowment-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em;">Budget</th><td class="infobox-data">$2.06 billion (2023)<sup id="cite_ref-Facts_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Facts-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/University_president" class="mw-redirect" title="University president">President</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Timothy_D._Sands" class="mw-redirect" title="Timothy D. Sands">Timothy D. Sands</a><sup id="cite_ref-Sands_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sands-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/Provost_(education)" title="Provost (education)">Provost</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Cyril Clarke<sup id="cite_ref-ClarkeProvost2019_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ClarkeProvost2019-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Academic staff</div></th><td class="infobox-data">1,395<sup id="cite_ref-Demographics_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Demographics-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em;">Students</th><td class="infobox-data">36,383<sup id="cite_ref-enrollment_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-enrollment-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/Undergraduate_education" title="Undergraduate education">Undergraduates</a></th><td class="infobox-data">29,300<sup id="cite_ref-enrollment_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-enrollment-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/Postgraduate_education" title="Postgraduate education">Postgraduates</a></th><td class="infobox-data">7,083<sup id="cite_ref-enrollment_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-enrollment-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em;">Location</th><td class="infobox-data adr"><div style="display:inline" class="locality"><a href="/wiki/Blacksburg,_Virginia" title="Blacksburg, Virginia">Blacksburg</a></div>, <div style="display:inline" class="state"><a href="/wiki/Virginia" title="Virginia">Virginia</a></div>, <div style="display:inline" class="country-name">United States</div><br /><span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Virginia_Tech&params=37_13.5_N_80_25.5_W_type:edu"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">37°13.5′N</span> <span class="longitude">80°25.5′W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">37.2250°N 80.4250°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">37.2250; -80.4250</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em;">Campus</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/College_town" title="College town">Small city</a>, 2,600 acres (11 km<sup>2</sup>; 4.1 sq mi)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em;">Other campuses</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abingdon,_Virginia" title="Abingdon, Virginia">Abingdon</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Hampton_Roads" title="Hampton Roads">Hampton Roads</a></li><li>Northern Virginia</li><li><a href="/wiki/Virginia_Tech_Richmond_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="Virginia Tech Richmond Center">Richmond</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Roanoke,_Virginia" title="Roanoke, Virginia">Roanoke</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Riva_San_Vitale,_Switzerland" class="mw-redirect" title="Riva San Vitale, Switzerland">Riva San Vitale</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Punta_Cana,_Dominican_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Punta Cana, Dominican Republic">Punta Cana</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em;">Newspaper</th><td class="infobox-data"><i><a href="/wiki/Collegiate_Times" title="Collegiate Times">Collegiate Times</a></i></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/School_colors" title="School colors">Colors</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Chicago maroon and burnt orange<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><span class="legend-color" style="background-color:#861F41"> </span> <span class="legend-color" style="background-color:#E87722"> </span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/Athletic_nickname" title="Athletic nickname">Nickname</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Virginia_Tech_Hokies" title="Virginia Tech Hokies">Hokies</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Sporting affiliations</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/NCAA_Division_I_FBS" class="mw-redirect" title="NCAA Division I FBS">NCAA Division I FBS</a> – <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Coast_Conference" title="Atlantic Coast Conference">ACC</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em;">Mascot</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/HokieBird" title="HokieBird">HokieBird</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em;">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vt.edu/">www<wbr />.vt<wbr />.edu</a></span> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q65379#P856" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Virginia_Tech_logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Virginia_Tech_logo.svg/200px-Virginia_Tech_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Virginia_Tech_logo.svg/300px-Virginia_Tech_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Virginia_Tech_logo.svg/400px-Virginia_Tech_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="225" data-file-height="44" /></a></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Virginia Tech</b> (<b>VT</b>), officially the <b>Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University</b> (<b>VPI</b>),<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is a <a href="/wiki/Public_university" title="Public university">public</a> <a href="/wiki/Land-grant_college" class="mw-redirect" title="Land-grant college">land-grant</a> <a href="/wiki/Research_university" title="Research university">research university</a> with its main campus in <a href="/wiki/Blacksburg,_Virginia" title="Blacksburg, Virginia">Blacksburg, Virginia</a>, United States. It was founded as the <b>Virginia Agricultural and Mechanical College</b> in 1872. </p><p>The university also has educational facilities in six regions statewide, a research center in <a href="/wiki/Punta_Cana" title="Punta Cana">Punta Cana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dominican_Republic" title="Dominican Republic">Dominican Republic</a>, and a study-abroad site in <a href="/wiki/Riva_San_Vitale,_Switzerland" class="mw-redirect" title="Riva San Vitale, Switzerland">Riva San Vitale, Switzerland</a>. Through its <a href="/wiki/Virginia_Tech_Corps_of_Cadets" title="Virginia Tech Corps of Cadets">Corps of Cadets</a> <a href="/wiki/Reserve_Officers%27_Training_Corps" title="Reserve Officers' Training Corps">ROTC</a> program, Virginia Tech is a <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senior_Military_College" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Senior Military College">senior military college</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Virginia Tech offers 280 undergraduate and graduate degree programs to its 37,000 students; as of 2016, it was the state's second-largest public university by enrollment.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is <a href="/wiki/Carnegie_Classification_of_Institutions_of_Higher_Education" title="Carnegie Classification of Institutions of Higher Education">classified</a> among "R1: Doctoral Universities – Very high research activity".<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The university's athletic teams are known as the <a href="/wiki/Hokies" class="mw-redirect" title="Hokies">Virginia Tech Hokies</a> and compete in <a href="/wiki/NCAA_Division_I" title="NCAA Division I">Division I</a> of the <a href="/wiki/National_Collegiate_Athletic_Association" title="National Collegiate Athletic Association">NCAA</a> as members of the <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Coast_Conference" title="Atlantic Coast Conference">Atlantic Coast Conference</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Virginia_Tech&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:VT_Burruss_Hall.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/VT_Burruss_Hall.jpg/220px-VT_Burruss_Hall.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/VT_Burruss_Hall.jpg/330px-VT_Burruss_Hall.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/VT_Burruss_Hall.jpg/440px-VT_Burruss_Hall.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1612" data-file-height="2149" /></a><figcaption>Virginia Tech's Burruss Hall</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Paul_Barringer.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1d/Paul_Barringer.jpg/220px-Paul_Barringer.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1d/Paul_Barringer.jpg/330px-Paul_Barringer.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/1/1d/Paul_Barringer.jpg 2x" data-file-width="436" data-file-height="436" /></a><figcaption>VT's 6th president, <a href="/wiki/Paul_Brandon_Barringer" title="Paul Brandon Barringer">Paul Brandon Barringer</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%22VIRGINIA_POLYTECHNIC_INSTITUTE%22_LOGO_ART_DETAIL,_Virginia_Tech_Bugle_1899_(page_25_crop).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/%22VIRGINIA_POLYTECHNIC_INSTITUTE%22_LOGO_ART_DETAIL%2C_Virginia_Tech_Bugle_1899_%28page_25_crop%29.jpg/220px-%22VIRGINIA_POLYTECHNIC_INSTITUTE%22_LOGO_ART_DETAIL%2C_Virginia_Tech_Bugle_1899_%28page_25_crop%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/%22VIRGINIA_POLYTECHNIC_INSTITUTE%22_LOGO_ART_DETAIL%2C_Virginia_Tech_Bugle_1899_%28page_25_crop%29.jpg/330px-%22VIRGINIA_POLYTECHNIC_INSTITUTE%22_LOGO_ART_DETAIL%2C_Virginia_Tech_Bugle_1899_%28page_25_crop%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/%22VIRGINIA_POLYTECHNIC_INSTITUTE%22_LOGO_ART_DETAIL%2C_Virginia_Tech_Bugle_1899_%28page_25_crop%29.jpg/440px-%22VIRGINIA_POLYTECHNIC_INSTITUTE%22_LOGO_ART_DETAIL%2C_Virginia_Tech_Bugle_1899_%28page_25_crop%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="679" data-file-height="680" /></a><figcaption>Virginia Polytechnic Institute logo in the 1899 yearbook</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1872, with federal funds provided by the <a href="/wiki/Morrill_Act_of_1862" class="mw-redirect" title="Morrill Act of 1862">Morrill Act of 1862</a>, the Reconstruction-era <a href="/wiki/Virginia_General_Assembly" title="Virginia General Assembly">Virginia General Assembly</a> purchased the facilities of <a href="/wiki/Preston_and_Olin_Institute" title="Preston and Olin Institute">Preston and Olin Institute</a>, a small <a href="/wiki/Methodist" class="mw-redirect" title="Methodist">Methodist</a> school for boys in Southwest Virginia's rural <a href="/wiki/Montgomery_County,_Virginia" title="Montgomery County, Virginia">Montgomery County</a>. That same year, 250 acres (100 ha) of the adjoining <a href="/wiki/Solitude_(Blacksburg,_Virginia)" title="Solitude (Blacksburg, Virginia)">Solitude Farm</a> including the house and several farm buildings on the estate were acquired for $21,250 from Robert Taylor Preston, a son of <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Virginia" title="Governor of Virginia">Governor of Virginia</a>, <a href="/wiki/James_Patton_Preston" title="James Patton Preston">James Patton Preston</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-vaNRHPnom_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vaNRHPnom-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The commonwealth incorporated a new institution on the site, a state-supported <a href="/wiki/Land-grant" class="mw-redirect" title="Land-grant">land-grant</a> <a href="/wiki/Military_academy#Private_academies" title="Military academy">military institute</a> named <b>Virginia Agricultural and Mechanical College</b>.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Virginia Tech's first student, <a href="/wiki/Addison_Caldwell" title="Addison Caldwell">Addison "Add" Caldwell</a> registered on October 1, 1872, after hiking over 25 miles from his home in <a href="/wiki/Craig_County,_Virginia" title="Craig County, Virginia">Craig County, Virginia</a>. A statue, located in the Upper Quad of campus commemorates Add's journey to enroll.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> First-year cadets and their training cadre re-enact Addison Caldwell's journey every year in the Caldwell March. They complete the first half of the 26-mile march in the fall and the second half in the spring.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The first five presidents of Virginia Agricultural and Mechanical College served in the <a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_Army" title="Confederate States Army">Confederate States Army</a> or the <a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_of_America" title="Confederate States of America">Confederate</a> government during the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">Civil War</a> as did many of its early professors including the first <a href="/wiki/Commandant" title="Commandant">Commandant</a>, <a href="/wiki/James_Henry_Lane_(Confederate_general)" title="James Henry Lane (Confederate general)">James H. Lane</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Virginia_Military_Institute" title="Virginia Military Institute">VMI</a> graduate and former <a href="/wiki/General_officers_in_the_Confederate_States_Army" title="General officers in the Confederate States Army">Confederate General</a> who taught <a href="/wiki/Civil_engineering" title="Civil engineering">civil engineering</a> and commerce at the college and is the namesake of Lane Hall, one of the oldest buildings on campus, built in 1888.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its third president, <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Nelson_Conrad" title="Thomas Nelson Conrad">Thomas Nelson Conrad</a>, was a notorious Confederate spy who ran a covert intelligence gathering operation from a home in the heart of <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a> Its sixth president, <a href="/wiki/Paul_Brandon_Barringer" title="Paul Brandon Barringer">Paul Brandon Barringer</a>, was a son of Confederate General <a href="/wiki/Rufus_Barringer" title="Rufus Barringer">Rufus Barringer</a> and a nephew of Confederate Generals <a href="/wiki/Stonewall_Jackson" title="Stonewall Jackson">Stonewall Jackson</a> and <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Harvey_Hill" title="Daniel Harvey Hill">Daniel Harvey Hill</a>. </p><p>In a nod to this southern heritage the <a href="/wiki/Confederate_Battle_Flag" class="mw-redirect" title="Confederate Battle Flag">Confederate Battle Flag</a> was traditionally waved by cheerleaders at Virginia Tech <a href="/wiki/American_football" title="American football">football</a> games and the <a href="/wiki/Highty-Tighties" title="Highty-Tighties">Highty-Tighties</a> played <a href="/wiki/Dixie_(song)" title="Dixie (song)">Dixie</a> as a <a href="/wiki/Fight_song" title="Fight song">fight song</a> when the <a href="/wiki/Hokies" class="mw-redirect" title="Hokies">Hokies</a> scored a touchdown. A large Confederate flag also hung inside <a href="/wiki/Cassell_Coliseum" title="Cassell Coliseum">Cassell Coliseum</a> where Virginia Tech <a href="/wiki/Basketball" title="Basketball">basketball</a> games are played.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since 1963, <a href="/wiki/Skipper_(cannon)" title="Skipper (cannon)">"Skipper"</a>, a replica of a Civil War cannon has been fired at football games by members of the Corps of Cadets when the team scores.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Confederate Flag was also prominently featured on all Virginia Tech <a href="/wiki/Class_ring" title="Class ring">class rings</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The display of the Confederate flag at athletic events ended in the late 1960s after Marguerite Harper, a black woman attending Virginia Tech on a <a href="/wiki/Rockefeller_Foundation" title="Rockefeller Foundation">Rockefeller</a> <a href="/wiki/Scholarship" title="Scholarship">Scholarship</a> for culturally disadvantaged students, was elected to the student senate during her sophomore year and made a successful resolution to end the practice. Following the resolution there was a large demonstration in opposition to the removal of the Confederate flag. The campus was covered in Confederate flags and Dixie was blasting from dormitory windows. Harper and her white roommate received hate mail and threatening phone calls, but the resolution stood, and the display of the rebel flag ended in 1969.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Confederate flag on Virginia Tech class rings became optional in 1972 and could be left off of the ring at the student's request.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Confederate flag has since been removed from class ring designs entirely. </p><p>Under the leadership of seventh president <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Dupuy_Eggleston" title="Joseph Dupuy Eggleston">Joseph Dupuy Eggleston</a>, who held the position from 1913 to 1919, the university established a <a href="/wiki/Reserve_Officer_Training_Corps" class="mw-redirect" title="Reserve Officer Training Corps">Reserve Officer Training Corps</a> to support national efforts during <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>. </p><p>Early on the morning of March 13, 1917, physics professor Charles E. Vawter, Jr. (son of Charles E. Vawter, who had served on the VPI board of visitors from 1886 to 1900), shot Stockton Heth, Jr., a scion of one of Montgomery County's wealthiest families, in his campus home on faculty row. Heth, who lived at <a href="/wiki/Whitethorn_(Blacksburg,_Virginia)" title="Whitethorn (Blacksburg, Virginia)">Whitethorne</a>, an <a href="/wiki/Antebellum_architecture" title="Antebellum architecture">antebellum</a> mansion on a 1,500-acre estate near Blacksburg, later died of his wounds in a Roanoke hospital. Due to the Heth family's wealth and political connections, Vawter's position as head of the VPI physics department, and the scandalous extramarital affair that led to the shooting, the resulting murder trial was one of the most sensational in Virginia history (Vawter was acquitted, and left the school).<sup id="cite_ref-collegiatetimes.com_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-collegiatetimes.com-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Eggleston attempted to suppress news of the affair in the media with considerable success, most likely due to the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Revolution" title="Russian Revolution">Russian Revolution</a> and the <a href="/wiki/United_States_declaration_of_war_on_Germany_(1917)" title="United States declaration of war on Germany (1917)">US declaration of war on Germany</a> that stole the headlines in the <a href="/wiki/1917" title="1917">spring of 1917</a>, rather than his efforts to protect VPI's reputation. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="College_reorganizations">College reorganizations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Virginia_Tech&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: College reorganizations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During Thomas Nelson Conrad's tenure as president, the college switched from semesters to the quarter system, which remained in place until the late 1980s. Under the 1891–1907 presidency of <a href="/wiki/John_McLaren_McBryde" title="John McLaren McBryde">John McLaren McBryde</a>, the school organized its academic programs into a traditional four-year college and a graduate department was founded. The evolution of the school's programs led to a name change in 1896 to <b>Virginia Agricultural and Mechanical College and Polytechnic Institute</b>. The "Agricultural and Mechanical College" portion of the name was popularly omitted almost immediately; in 1944, the name was officially changed to <b>Virginia Polytechnic Institute</b> (<b>VPI</b>).<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> VPI admitted its first female students in 1921 as civilian <a href="/wiki/Day_student" class="mw-redirect" title="Day student">day students</a>; they did not live on campus. In 1923, VPI changed a policy of compulsory participation in the Corps of Cadets from four years to two years. In 1931, VPI began teaching classes at the Norfolk Division of the <a href="/wiki/College_of_William_and_Mary" class="mw-redirect" title="College of William and Mary">College of William and Mary</a> (now <a href="/wiki/Old_Dominion_University" title="Old Dominion University">Old Dominion University</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This program eventually developed into a two-year engineering program that allowed students to transfer to VPI for their final two years of degree work.</p><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Patton_Hall_and_cars_at_Virginia_Tech,_ca_1952.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Patton_Hall_and_cars_at_Virginia_Tech%2C_ca_1952.jpg/220px-Patton_Hall_and_cars_at_Virginia_Tech%2C_ca_1952.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Patton_Hall_and_cars_at_Virginia_Tech%2C_ca_1952.jpg/330px-Patton_Hall_and_cars_at_Virginia_Tech%2C_ca_1952.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Patton_Hall_and_cars_at_Virginia_Tech%2C_ca_1952.jpg/440px-Patton_Hall_and_cars_at_Virginia_Tech%2C_ca_1952.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2044" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Jaguar_Mark_VII" title="Jaguar Mark VII">Jaguar Mark VII</a> (left) and several <a href="/wiki/Chevrolet_Deluxe" title="Chevrolet Deluxe">Chevrolet Deluxe</a> cars parked in front of Patton Hall, c. 1952</figcaption></figure><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Torgerson_Pedestrian_Bridge.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Torgerson_Pedestrian_Bridge.jpg/220px-Torgerson_Pedestrian_Bridge.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Torgerson_Pedestrian_Bridge.jpg/330px-Torgerson_Pedestrian_Bridge.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Torgerson_Pedestrian_Bridge.jpg/440px-Torgerson_Pedestrian_Bridge.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5150" data-file-height="3433" /></a><figcaption>Torgersen Hall bridge over Alumni Mall is an example of architecture using Hokie Stone.</figcaption></figure><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Eggleston_and_Owens_Halls_Virginia_Tech.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Eggleston_and_Owens_Halls_Virginia_Tech.JPG/220px-Eggleston_and_Owens_Halls_Virginia_Tech.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Eggleston_and_Owens_Halls_Virginia_Tech.JPG/330px-Eggleston_and_Owens_Halls_Virginia_Tech.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Eggleston_and_Owens_Halls_Virginia_Tech.JPG/440px-Eggleston_and_Owens_Halls_Virginia_Tech.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2432" /></a><figcaption>West Eggleston (left) and Owens Halls</figcaption></figure><p> The first women's dormitory at VPI, Hillcrest Hall, was built in 1940. In 1943, VPI merged with Radford State Teachers College in nearby <a href="/wiki/Radford,_Virginia" title="Radford, Virginia">Radford</a>, which became VPI's women's division; the merger was dissolved in 1964. Today, <a href="/wiki/Radford_University" title="Radford University">Radford University</a> is a co-educational research university that enrolls nearly 10,000 students and offers more than 150 undergraduate and graduate programs.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Post–World_War_II"><span id="Post.E2.80.93World_War_II"></span>Post–World War II</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Virginia_Tech&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Post–World War II"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Corps_of_Cadets_drill_at_Virginia_Tech,_ca_1952.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Corps_of_Cadets_drill_at_Virginia_Tech%2C_ca_1952.jpg/220px-Corps_of_Cadets_drill_at_Virginia_Tech%2C_ca_1952.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Corps_of_Cadets_drill_at_Virginia_Tech%2C_ca_1952.jpg/330px-Corps_of_Cadets_drill_at_Virginia_Tech%2C_ca_1952.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Corps_of_Cadets_drill_at_Virginia_Tech%2C_ca_1952.jpg/440px-Corps_of_Cadets_drill_at_Virginia_Tech%2C_ca_1952.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="1982" /></a><figcaption>Corps of Cadets on campus c. 1952</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Donaldson-Brown_Virginia_Tech.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Donaldson-Brown_Virginia_Tech.JPG/220px-Donaldson-Brown_Virginia_Tech.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Donaldson-Brown_Virginia_Tech.JPG/330px-Donaldson-Brown_Virginia_Tech.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Donaldson-Brown_Virginia_Tech.JPG/440px-Donaldson-Brown_Virginia_Tech.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption>Donaldson-Brown Center</figcaption></figure><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:War_Memorial_Pylon_Virginia_Tech.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/War_Memorial_Pylon_Virginia_Tech.JPG/220px-War_Memorial_Pylon_Virginia_Tech.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/War_Memorial_Pylon_Virginia_Tech.JPG/330px-War_Memorial_Pylon_Virginia_Tech.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/War_Memorial_Pylon_Virginia_Tech.JPG/440px-War_Memorial_Pylon_Virginia_Tech.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2432" data-file-height="3648" /></a><figcaption>One of the War Memorial Chapel pylons, "Sacrifice", on a snowy day</figcaption></figure><p>In 1953, under the leadership of President <a href="/wiki/Walter_Stephenson_Newman" title="Walter Stephenson Newman">Walter Stephenson Newman</a>, VPI became the first historically white, four-year public institution among the 11 states in the former Confederacy to admit a black undergraduate. Three more black students were admitted in 1954. At the time Virginia still enforced <a href="/wiki/Jim_Crow_laws" title="Jim Crow laws">Jim Crow laws</a> and largely practiced <a href="/wiki/Racial_segregation" title="Racial segregation">racial segregation</a> in public and private education, churches, neighborhoods, restaurants, and movie theaters and these first black students at VPI were not allowed to live in residence halls or eat in the dining halls on campus. Instead, they boarded with African American families in Blacksburg. In 1958, Charlie L. Yates made history as the first African American to graduate from VPI. Yates earned a bachelor's degree in <a href="/wiki/Mechanical_engineering" title="Mechanical engineering">mechanical engineering</a>, with honors, and was hailed as the first African American "to be graduated from any major Southern engineering institute," according to news reports at the time.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>VPI President <a href="/wiki/T._Marshall_Hahn" title="T. Marshall Hahn">T. Marshall Hahn</a>, whose tenure ran from 1962 to 1974,<sup id="cite_ref-TH_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TH-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was responsible for many of the programs and policies that transformed VPI from a small, historically white, predominately male, military institute with a primary focus on undergraduate teaching into a major co-educational research university. The student body that had been approximately 5,682 in 1962 increased by roughly 1,000 students each year, new dormitories and academic buildings were constructed, faculty members were added – in 1966, for instance, more than 100 new professors joined the faculty – and research budgets were increased.<sup id="cite_ref-TH_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TH-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During Hahn's tenure, not only did the university graduate its first <a href="/wiki/Rhodes_Scholar" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhodes Scholar">Rhodes Scholar</a>, W.W. Lewis, Class of 1963,<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the requirement for male students to participate in the Corps of Cadets for two years was dropped in 1964. Beginning in the fall 1973, women could participate in the Corps, making Virginia Tech among the nation's first senior military colleges to integrate women.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1970, the state legislature allowed VPI university status and gave it the present legal name, <b>Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University</b>. In the early 1990s, university administration authorized the official use of <b>Virginia Tech</b> as equivalent to the full legal name; it has been used as the first-reference name for the school's athletic teams since the 1970s. However, diplomas and transcripts still spell out the formal name. Similarly, the abbreviation "VT" is far more common today than either VPI or VPI&SU. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vietnam_War_era">Vietnam War era</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Virginia_Tech&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Vietnam War era"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During the <a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a>, students on college campuses across the nation protested <a href="/wiki/Conscription" title="Conscription">the draft</a> and U.S. involvement in the conflict. Despite its long history as a <a href="/wiki/Military_school" class="mw-redirect" title="Military school">military school</a>, Virginia Tech was no exception. Most protests at Virginia Tech were small sit-ins and teach-ins, but In mid-April 1970 a group of anti-war protesters including students and faculty members disrupted a Corps of Cadets drill on campus. The Virginia Tech administration under Hahn took swift action. The students involved were suspended and the faculty members involved were fired from the university and the administration went to court and obtained an injunction to prevent them from repeating the act. This succeeded in calming tensions on campus, but only for a few weeks.<sup id="cite_ref-spec.lib.vt.edu_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-spec.lib.vt.edu-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Tensions on campus reached the boiling point several days following the <a href="/wiki/Kent_State_Shootings" class="mw-redirect" title="Kent State Shootings">Kent State Shootings</a> when on May 12, 1970, a large mob including students and a number of non-student anti-war protesters enraged by the Kent State incident and angered by the administration's disciplinary actions in response to a number of recent infractions by protesters including; vandalism of university property, a series of potentially dangerous fires set on campus, breaking and entering into a university building, and a sit-in in Cowgill Hill, seized Williams Hall and barricaded themselves inside.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The administration responded quickly calling in law enforcement and early the following morning <a href="/wiki/Virginia_State_Police" title="Virginia State Police">Virginia State Police</a> forced their way into Williams Hall and began rounding up the protesters. Once inside the building the police discovered bomb making materials and determined that the students had apparently intended to build a <a href="/wiki/Incendiary_device" title="Incendiary device">firebomb</a>. The first few protesters were dragged out of the building; the rest left peacefully and were arrested and taken to the Montgomery County jail. The students involved in the seizure, were suspended from Virginia Tech and given twenty-four hours to remove their belongings from campus after being released from jail. </p><p>Several more anti-war protests occurred at Virginia Tech during the early 1970s, but none turned violent.<sup id="cite_ref-spec.lib.vt.edu_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-spec.lib.vt.edu-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Late_20th_century">Late 20th century</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Virginia_Tech&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Late 20th century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The university continued to expand through the last quarter of the 20th century. In 1975 <a href="/wiki/William_Edward_Lavery" title="William Edward Lavery">William E. Lavery</a>, who had joined the Virginia Tech faculty in 1966, took over as president when Hahn left the university to join <a href="/wiki/Georgia-Pacific" title="Georgia-Pacific">Georgia-Pacific</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Cox_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cox-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Desperate for additional farmland for the support of teaching, research, and extension programs in the College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Virginia Tech acquired <a href="/wiki/Kentland_Farm_Historic_and_Archeological_District" title="Kentland Farm Historic and Archeological District">Kentland Farm</a> on December 31, 1986. Virginia Tech secretly traded about 250 acres of research orchards adjacent to a commercial area that would soon become <a href="/wiki/Christiansburg,_Virginia" title="Christiansburg, Virginia">Christiansburg</a>'s main shopping district to a group of developers for the historic but long <a href="/wiki/Fallow" title="Fallow">fallow</a> 1,785-acre Kentland property. The developers on the other end of the swap, one of whom was a former Tech athletics official, quickly sold 40 acres of the former university farmland for $2.7 million. News of the land swap, and especially the fact that it was done behind closed doors, with no input from College of Agriculture faculty sparked outrage.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Also in 1986, Virginia Tech became embroiled in an athletic scandal sparked by allegations of illegal recruiting, the bitter departure of two athletic directors in less than a year and millions of dollars of debt run up by the university's sports program due to mismanagement of financial resources, million dollar coaching contracts, and lavish expense accounts for athletics officials that led to a rebuke from <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Virginia" title="Governor of Virginia">Governor of Virginia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gerald_Baliles" title="Gerald Baliles">Gerald Baliles</a> in 1987. Baliles, the featured speaker at the Virginia Tech's 115th annual commencement exercises, scolded the Virginia Tech Board of Visitors for the scandal and warned other state-supported institutions in Virginia not to put athletics ahead of academics.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Lavery developed a reorganization plan for the troubled Athletic Department, and <a href="/wiki/Frank_Beamer" title="Frank Beamer">Frank Beamer</a> was hired to replace <a href="/wiki/Bill_Dooley" title="Bill Dooley">Bill Dooley</a> as head football coach, but with negative publicity continuing to swirl within and around the university, he announced his resignation on October 16, 1987, effective December 31, 1987, to prevent polarization of the campus.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was succeeded as president by <a href="/wiki/James_Douglas_McComas" title="James Douglas McComas">James Douglas McComas</a> who served until 1994. </p><p>Due to the unpopularity of <a href="/wiki/Role_of_the_United_States_in_the_Vietnam_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Role of the United States in the Vietnam War">US involvement in the Vietnam War</a> enrollment in the Virginia Tech Corps of Cadets spiraled downward through the 1960s, 1970s and 1980s. In 1991 through the efforts of Henry Dekker (Class of 1944) The Corps of Cadets Alumni Inc. was created to save the corps, whose numbers had declined to only a few hundred students. In 1992 the alumni organization-initiated Corps Review, a newsletter that was expanded to a magazine in 2004 and targeted corps alumni. In the mid-1990s, the corps alumni organization set a goal of "1000 in 2000" and initiated a major campaign to push the number of cadets to 1,000 by the turn of the century. The goal was not reached, but membership in the corps did increase substantially by the end of the decade.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="21st_century">21st century</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Virginia_Tech&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: 21st century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The early decades of this century have seen expansion across the university's institutions in both physical and population sizes. In 2001, Virginia Tech acquired 326 acres of the <a href="/wiki/Whitethorn_(Blacksburg,_Virginia)" title="Whitethorn (Blacksburg, Virginia)">Heth Farm</a> adjacent to campus, increasing the College Farm to over 3,000 acres.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Virginia_Tech_Carilion_School_of_Medicine_and_Research_Institute" title="Virginia Tech Carilion School of Medicine and Research Institute">Virginia Tech Carilion School of Medicine and Research Institute</a> was created with a strategic partnership with the <a href="/wiki/Carilion_Clinic" title="Carilion Clinic">Carilion Clinic</a> and the governor of Virginia. These years also brought about the rapid development of the university's professional schools of graduate education and business programs. Virginia Tech brought in over $500 million in research expenditures in 2014.<sup id="cite_ref-AboutVT_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AboutVT-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The establishment of scholarships for cadets and a resurgence of national <a href="/wiki/Patriotism" title="Patriotism">patriotism</a> after the <a href="/wiki/September_11_attacks" title="September 11 attacks">September 11 attacks</a> helped the corps recruit new cadets, increasing the ranks to 1,127 by 2018—the largest corps the university has seen since the mid-1960s.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Virginia Tech Corps of Cadets is poised to increase enrollment to 1,400 in coming years.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="2007_mass_shooting">2007 mass shooting</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Virginia_Tech&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: 2007 mass shooting"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Virginia_Tech_shooting" title="Virginia Tech shooting">Virginia Tech shooting</a></div> <p>On April 16, 2007, Virginia Tech student <a href="/wiki/Seung-Hui_Cho" title="Seung-Hui Cho">Seung-Hui Cho</a> fatally shot 32 faculty members and students and wounded 17 others in two locations on campus before killing himself. The massacre is the deadliest <a href="/wiki/Mass_shooting" title="Mass shooting">mass shooting</a> on an American college campus, surpassing the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Texas_tower_shooting" title="University of Texas tower shooting">University of Texas tower shooting</a> in 1966. Although it was at the time the deadliest mass shooting committed by a lone gunman in U.S. history, it has since been surpassed by two shootings at <a href="/wiki/Orlando_nightclub_shooting" class="mw-redirect" title="Orlando nightclub shooting">an Orlando nightclub</a> and <a href="/wiki/2017_Las_Vegas_shooting" title="2017 Las Vegas shooting">an outdoor music festival in Las Vegas</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is the second-deadliest school massacre in U.S. history, surpassed only by the <a href="/wiki/Bath_School_disaster" title="Bath School disaster">Bath School bombing</a> in 1927 that killed 44.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Virginia Tech massacre led to an intense nationwide debate over gun rights, gun safety and efficacy of gun-free zones. It prompted many states to introduce legislation to prohibit public colleges and universities from banning <a href="/wiki/Concealed_weapons" class="mw-redirect" title="Concealed weapons">concealed weapons</a> on campus for permit holders. In 2013, at least 19 states introduced legislation to allow concealed carry on campus in some form, and in the 2014 legislative session, at least 14 states introduced similar legislation. In December 8, 2011, a campus police officer Deriek Crouse was fatally shot by <a href="/wiki/Radford_University" title="Radford University">Radford University</a> student Ross Truett Ashley, 22, before he took his own life.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2016, <a href="/wiki/Tennessee" title="Tennessee">Tennessee</a> passed a bill permitting faculty members to carry handguns on campus after notifying local law enforcement. In 2015, <a href="/wiki/Texas" title="Texas">Texas</a> became the eighth state to allow concealed weapons on college campuses. In December 2016, Governor <a href="/wiki/John_Kasich" title="John Kasich">John Kasich</a> signed a bill into law that lifted Ohio's statewide ban on firearms on college campuses, leaving the decision to the institutions.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2017, Georgia became the tenth state to prohibit colleges and universities from banning concealed weapons on campus.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Virginia law allows individual institutions to make the decision whether to allow concealed weapons on campus, but Virginia Tech continues to ban concealed carry permit holders from carrying guns on campus.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Patton_Hall_Virginia_Tech.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Patton_Hall_Virginia_Tech.JPG/220px-Patton_Hall_Virginia_Tech.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Patton_Hall_Virginia_Tech.JPG/330px-Patton_Hall_Virginia_Tech.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Patton_Hall_Virginia_Tech.JPG/440px-Patton_Hall_Virginia_Tech.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption>Patton Hall</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Innovation_Campus_and_further_growth">Innovation Campus and further growth</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Virginia_Tech&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Innovation Campus and further growth"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After <a href="/wiki/Amazon_(company)" title="Amazon (company)">Amazon</a> unveiled its <a href="/wiki/Amazon_HQ2" title="Amazon HQ2">second headquarters</a> in <a href="/wiki/Crystal_City,_Virginia" title="Crystal City, Virginia">Crystal City, Virginia</a>, Virginia Tech announced plans to build a $1 billion graduate research center adjacent to the facility. The Virginia Tech Innovation Campus will be housed at a million-square-foot campus in Alexandria. It is expected to educate hundreds of graduate students. The Innovation Campus will focus on computer science and software engineering, with specializations in areas including artificial intelligence, cybersecurity and data analytics.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Due to rapid growth of incoming freshmen classes, the university announced in 2019 that it would offer 1,559 incoming, in-state freshmen financial incentives to skip the 2019–20 school year in Blacksburg.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Expecting a larger-than-planned class size, the university budgeted $3.3 million for the endeavor. Virginia Tech also waived the requirement that freshmen live on campus for the 2019–20 school year, leased an off-campus <a href="/wiki/Holiday_Inn" title="Holiday Inn">Holiday Inn</a>, and converted its on-campus hotel to house students. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Organization_and_administration">Organization and administration</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Virginia_Tech&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Organization and administration"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Virginia Tech is a public university and one of Virginia's two <a href="/wiki/List_of_land-grant_universities" title="List of land-grant universities">land-grant institutions</a>. Its academic programs are administered by nine colleges, the Graduate School, and the Honors College. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>College/School founding<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>College/School</th> <th>Year founded </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Virginia_Tech_Graduate_School&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Virginia Tech Graduate School (page does not exist)">Graduate School</a></td> <td>1891 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Virginia_Tech_College_of_Engineering" title="Virginia Tech College of Engineering">College of Engineering</a></td> <td>1903 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Virginia_Tech_College_of_Agriculture_and_Life_Sciences" title="Virginia Tech College of Agriculture and Life Sciences">College of Agriculture and Life Sciences</a></td> <td>1903 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Virginia_Tech_College_of_Architecture_and_Urban_Studies" title="Virginia Tech College of Architecture and Urban Studies">College of Architecture, Art, and Design</a></td> <td>1964 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Virginia_Tech_College_of_Liberal_Arts_and_Human_Sciences" title="Virginia Tech College of Liberal Arts and Human Sciences">College of Liberal Arts and Human Sciences</a></td> <td>1964 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Virginia_Tech_College_of_Science" title="Virginia Tech College of Science">College of Science</a></td> <td>1964 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Virginia_Tech_Pamplin_College_of_Business" title="Virginia Tech Pamplin College of Business">Pamplin College of Business</a></td> <td>1965 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Virginia%E2%80%93Maryland_College_of_Veterinary_Medicine" title="Virginia–Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine">College of Veterinary Medicine</a></td> <td>1978 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Virginia_Tech_College_of_Natural_Resources_and_Environment" title="Virginia Tech College of Natural Resources and Environment">College of Natural Resources and Environment</a></td> <td>1992 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Virginia_Tech_Carilion_School_of_Medicine_and_Research_Institute" title="Virginia Tech Carilion School of Medicine and Research Institute">Carilion School of Medicine and Research Institute</a></td> <td>2007 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Virginia_Tech_Honors_College&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Virginia Tech Honors College (page does not exist)">Honors College</a></td> <td>2016 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Academics">Academics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Virginia_Tech&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Academics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Virginia Tech offers 116 <a href="/wiki/Bachelor%27s_degree" title="Bachelor's degree">bachelor's degree</a> programs through its nine undergraduate academic colleges,<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 160 master's and doctoral degree programs through the Graduate School, and a professional degree from the <a href="/wiki/Virginia%E2%80%93Maryland_College_of_Veterinary_Medicine" title="Virginia–Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine">Virginia–Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine</a>. In addition, the Virginia Tech Carilion School of Medicine and Research Institute is a public-private partnership jointly managed by Virginia Tech and the <a href="/wiki/Carilion_Clinic" title="Carilion Clinic">Carilion Clinic</a> founded on January 3, 2007.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Admissions">Admissions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Virginia_Tech&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Admissions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable floatright"> <caption>Class of 2022 freshman<sup id="cite_ref-admissions_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-admissions-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Number of freshman applicants </th> <td>32,103 </td></tr> <tr> <th>Admit Rate </th> <td>73% </td></tr> <tr> <th>Participated in Early Decision Plan </th> <td>18% </td></tr> <tr> <th>Average GPA of admitted students </th> <td>4.15 </td></tr> <tr> <th>Average SAT scores of admitted students </th> <td>1310 </td></tr> <tr> <th>Middle 50% ACT scores of admitted students </th> <td>24 to 28<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Virginia Tech received a record number of nearly 22,500 applications for the fall 2015 freshman class, an increase of 7.6% from the previous year's 20,897 applications for an overall admissions rate of 65.8%. The typical student offered admission had a high-school grade point average of 4.00, with the middle 50 percent ranging from 3.84 and 4.27. The average cumulative SAT score was 1250 (out of 1600), with a middle range ranging from 1160 to 1340. Of the 5,518 students who accepted the offers of admission (for an admissions yield of 38%)<sup class="noprint selfreference">[<i><a href="/wiki/Talk:Virginia_Tech" title="Talk:Virginia Tech">discuss</a></i>]</sup>, 18 percent accepted under the Early Decision Plan.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Office of Undergraduate Admissions is located within the Visitor and Undergraduate Admissions Center.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Virginia Tech offers a highly selective <a href="/wiki/Honors_College" class="mw-redirect" title="Honors College">Honors College</a>, which provides undergraduate students 11 different ways to earn Honors credits towards one of the five Honors degree options. Once admitted, Honors students are required to maintain a 3.6 GPA in order to remain in the program. Roughly one-fourth of the approximately 1,600 University Honors students live in one of the two University Honors residential halls, the Honors Residential College located in East Ambler-Johnston and the <a href="/wiki/Hillcrest_Honors_Community" class="mw-redirect" title="Hillcrest Honors Community">Hillcrest Honors Community</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>For the 2013–14 academic year, the Graduate School at Virginia Tech enrolled 6,723 graduate students (4,465 full-time; 2,258 part-time) in its masters and doctoral programs.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Pamplin College of Business received 381 applications for its incoming Evening MBA program and offered admission to 142. The class's average GMAT was 610, and mean undergraduate GPA was 3.4.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Virginia Tech Carilion School of Medicine in Roanoke, Va., received 4,403 applications for its eighth incoming class, the class of 2021, and offered admission to 42. The class's MCAT scores range was 503–520 (median 512, mean 512), and mean undergraduate GPA was 3.57.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2023, Virginia Tech became the second public university after the U.S. Supreme Court decided <i><a href="/wiki/Students_for_Fair_Admissions_v._Harvard" title="Students for Fair Admissions v. Harvard">Students for Fair Admissions v. Harvard</a></i>, banning <a href="/wiki/Affirmative_action_in_the_United_States" title="Affirmative action in the United States">affirmative action</a> in college admissions, to end its use of <a href="/wiki/Legacy_preferences" title="Legacy preferences">legacy admissions</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The university also ended its binding early decision program because it "created unneeded pressure on students [...] particularly those needing financial aid".<sup id="cite_ref-:0_66-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Rankings">Rankings</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Virginia_Tech&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Rankings"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above"><a href="/wiki/College_and_university_rankings_in_the_United_States" title="College and university rankings in the United States">Academic rankings</a></th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: lavender;">National</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/America%27s_Top_Colleges" title="America's Top Colleges"><i>Forbes</i></a><sup id="cite_ref-Rankings_Forbes_NU_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rankings_Forbes_NU-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align: right;">82</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/U.S._News_%26_World_Report_Best_Colleges_Ranking" title="U.S. News & World Report Best Colleges Ranking"><i>U.S. News & World Report</i></a><sup id="cite_ref-Rankings_USNWR_NU_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rankings_USNWR_NU-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align: right;">47</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Washington_Monthly_college_rankings" class="mw-redirect" title="Washington Monthly college rankings"><i>Washington Monthly</i></a><sup id="cite_ref-Rankings_Wamo_NU_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rankings_Wamo_NU-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align: right;">28</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal" title="The Wall Street Journal"><i>WSJ</i></a>/College Pulse<sup id="cite_ref-Rankings_WSJ_NU_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rankings_WSJ_NU-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align: right;">19</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: lavender;">Global</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/QS_World_University_Rankings" title="QS World University Rankings"><i>QS</i></a><sup id="cite_ref-Rankings_QS_W_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rankings_QS_W-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align: right;">302</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Times_Higher_Education_World_University_Rankings" title="Times Higher Education World University Rankings"><i>THE</i></a><sup id="cite_ref-Rankings_THES_W_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rankings_THES_W-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align: right;">201–250</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/U.S._News_%26_World_Report_Best_Global_Universities_Ranking" title="U.S. News & World Report Best Global Universities Ranking"><i>U.S. News & World Report</i></a><sup id="cite_ref-Rankings_USNWR_W_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rankings_USNWR_W-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align: right;">250</td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable floatright" style="width: 22em;"> <caption>USNWR professional/grad rankings<sup id="cite_ref-rankingsandreviews.com_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rankingsandreviews.com-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <td>Biological Sciences </td> <td>73 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Chemistry </td> <td>67 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Clinical Psychology </td> <td>56 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Computer Science </td> <td>38 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Earth Sciences </td> <td>28 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Economics </td> <td>59 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Education </td> <td>105 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Engineering </td> <td>29 </td></tr> <tr> <td>English </td> <td>91 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Mathematics </td> <td>62 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Medicine: Primary Care</td> <td>94–122 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Medicine: Research</td> <td>81 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Physics </td> <td>61 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Psychology </td> <td>81 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Public Affairs </td> <td>45 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Public Health </td> <td>89 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Sociology </td> <td>47 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Statistics </td> <td>61 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Veterinary Medicine </td> <td>17 </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable floatright" style="width: 22em;"> <caption>USNWR Engineering grad rankings<sup id="cite_ref-rankingsandreviews.com_74-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rankingsandreviews.com-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <td>Civil </td> <td>9 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Environmental/ Environmental Health </td> <td>7 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Industrial/Manufacturing/Systems </td> <td>6 </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable floatright" style="width: 22em;"> <caption>USNWR global ranking<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <td>Agricultural Sciences </td> <td>136 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Arts & Humanities </td> <td>247 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Biology & Biochemistry </td> <td>256 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Chemistry </td> <td>269 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Civil Engineering </td> <td>79 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Clinical Medicine </td> <td>593 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Computer Science </td> <td>58 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Economics & Business </td> <td>198 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Electrical & Electronic Engineering </td> <td>48 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Engineering </td> <td>69 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Environment/Ecology </td> <td>161 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Geosciences </td> <td>158 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Materials Science </td> <td>263 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Mathematics </td> <td>241 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Mechanical Engineering </td> <td>70 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Microbiology </td> <td>130 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Molecular Biology & Genetics </td> <td>378 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Physics </td> <td>389 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Plant & Animal Science </td> <td>87 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Social Sciences & Public Health </td> <td>156 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Space Science </td> <td>225 </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In <i><a href="/wiki/U.S._News_%26_World_Report" title="U.S. News & World Report">U.S. News & World Report</a></i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'</span>s list of "2024 Best Colleges", Virginia Tech tied for 47th overall among national universities, tied for 20th among public ones, tied at 25th for "Most Innovative", ranked 156th in "Best Value Schools", and tied for 207th in "Top Performers on Social Mobility".<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Virginia_Tech_Pamplin_College_of_Business" title="Virginia Tech Pamplin College of Business">Pamplin College of Business</a>'s part-time MBA program was tied for 19th overall by <i>U.S. News & World Report</i> in 2020.<sup id="cite_ref-rankingsandreviews.com_74-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rankingsandreviews.com-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Master of Information Technology program, jointly sponsored by the Pamplin College of Business and the College of Engineering, is ranked No. 4 in <i>U.S. News & World Report</i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'</span>s Best Online Graduate Computer Information Technology Programs.<sup id="cite_ref-InfoTech_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-InfoTech-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This interdisciplinary program is offered entirely online.<sup id="cite_ref-InfoTech_77-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-InfoTech-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Programs in the <a href="/wiki/Virginia_Tech_College_of_Architecture_and_Urban_Studies" title="Virginia Tech College of Architecture and Urban Studies">College of Architecture and Urban Studies (CAUS)</a> include architecture + design, landscape architecture, urban planning, and public administration. In its 2016 "America's Best Architecture & Design Schools" report, <i>DesignIntelligence</i> ranked the undergraduate architecture program 3rd nationally among both public and private universities. The graduate architecture program ranked 9th in the nation.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For 2013, <i>DesignIntelligence</i> ranked the university's undergraduate and graduate landscape architecture programs No. 2 in the nation. In addition, <i>DesignIntelligence</i> ranked the university's undergraduate interior design program 6th and undergraduate industrial design program 3rd.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Planetizen 2012 Guide to Graduate Urban Planning Programs ranked Virginia Tech's MURP program as 19th. Virginia Tech's MURP program was also rated among the best programs in Technology, Land Use Planning, Environmental Planning, and Growth Management.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i><a href="/wiki/Kiplinger%27s_Personal_Finance" class="mw-redirect" title="Kiplinger's Personal Finance">Kiplinger's Personal Finance</a></i> places Virginia Tech 20th in its 2019 ranking of 174 best value public colleges in the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2018, <i>CEOWORLD magazine</i> ranked the undergraduate architecture program 3rd nationally.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The graduate architecture program ranked 14th.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Student_affairs_rankings">Student affairs rankings</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Virginia_Tech&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Student affairs rankings"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Virginia Tech received the following rankings from <a href="/wiki/The_Princeton_Review" title="The Princeton Review">The Princeton Review</a> in its 2017 <i>Best 380 Colleges</i> Rankings:<sup id="cite_ref-Virginia_Tech_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Virginia_Tech-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Category </th> <th>Rankings </th></tr> <tr> <td>Happiest Students </td> <td>7th overall </td></tr> <tr> <td>Best Campus Food </td> <td>4th overall </td></tr> <tr> <td>Best Quality of Life </td> <td>1st overall </td></tr> <tr> <td>Their Students Love These Colleges </td> <td>1st overall </td></tr> <tr> <td>Town-Gown Relations are Great </td> <td>7th overall </td></tr> <tr> <td>Best Alumni Network </td> <td>10th overall </td></tr> <tr> <td>Lots of Race/Class Interaction </td> <td>7th overall </td></tr> <tr> <td>Colleges That Pay You Back without Aid </td> <td>18th overall </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Research">Research</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Virginia_Tech&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Research"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Burruss_Hall,_Virginia_Tech.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Burruss_Hall%2C_Virginia_Tech.JPG/220px-Burruss_Hall%2C_Virginia_Tech.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Burruss_Hall%2C_Virginia_Tech.JPG/330px-Burruss_Hall%2C_Virginia_Tech.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Burruss_Hall%2C_Virginia_Tech.JPG/440px-Burruss_Hall%2C_Virginia_Tech.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2591" data-file-height="1681" /></a><figcaption>Burruss Hall houses the Office of the Vice President for Research and Innovation.</figcaption></figure><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bishop-Favrao_Hall.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Bishop-Favrao_Hall.jpg/220px-Bishop-Favrao_Hall.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Bishop-Favrao_Hall.jpg/330px-Bishop-Favrao_Hall.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Bishop-Favrao_Hall.jpg/440px-Bishop-Favrao_Hall.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5472" data-file-height="3648" /></a><figcaption>Bishop-Favrao Hall</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Virginia_Tech_skipper_crew.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Virginia_Tech_skipper_crew.jpg/220px-Virginia_Tech_skipper_crew.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Virginia_Tech_skipper_crew.jpg/330px-Virginia_Tech_skipper_crew.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Virginia_Tech_skipper_crew.jpg/440px-Virginia_Tech_skipper_crew.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>Virginia Tech Skipper Crew</figcaption></figure> <p>Virginia Tech's research and development expenditures (R&D) were $542 million in fiscal year 2019, which ranked 48th among education institutions in the nation and 2nd in the state of Virginia according to the <a href="/wiki/National_Science_Foundation" title="National Science Foundation">National Science Foundation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-R&D_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-R&D-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a result, Virginia Tech marked its 15th consecutive year of research growth, with the university's research portfolio more than doubling from $192.7 million in fiscal year 2000. The only Virginia institution in the top 50 of the NSF's rankings for research expenditures, Virginia Tech is No. 23 among public universities. The university's research expenditures rank it in the top 5 percent of more than 900 research universities and colleges. Each year, the university receives thousands of awards to conduct research from an ever-expanding base of sponsors. Researchers pursue new discoveries in agriculture, biotechnology, information and communication technology, human health, transportation, energy management (including leadership in fuel-cell technology and power electronics), security, sustainability, and a wide range of other engineering, scientific, social science, and creative fields. This research led to 36 patents and 17 license and option agreements in fiscal year 2013.<sup id="cite_ref-FF2013-14_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FF2013-14-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 5">: 5 </span></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable plainrowheaders"> <caption>Research Expenditures Fiscal Years 2009–2017<sup id="cite_ref-R&D_85-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-R&D-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th scope="row">2009 </th> <td>$399 million </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">2011 </th> <td>$450 million </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">2013 </th> <td>$496 million </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">2015 </th> <td>$504 million </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">2017 </th> <td>$522 million </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fralin_Life_Science_Institute">Fralin Life Science Institute</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Virginia_Tech&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Fralin Life Science Institute"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Fralin Life Science Institute is an expansion of the Fralin Biotechnology Center, which was established in 1991.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Research at the institute is focused on the areas of vector-borne disease; infectious disease and microbial sciences; plant sciences; obesity; cancer biology; and ecology and organismal biology.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Virginia_Tech_Transportation_Institute">Virginia Tech Transportation Institute</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Virginia_Tech&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Virginia Tech Transportation Institute"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Virginia_Smart_Road" title="Virginia Smart Road">Virginia Smart Road</a></div> <p>The Virginia Tech Transportation Institute (VTTI) was founded as the Center for Transportation Research in 1988 and employs more than 350 personnel. VTTI has more than $125 million in active research awards, and has a mission to save lives, save time, save money, and protect the <a href="/wiki/Natural_environment" title="Natural environment">environment</a>. It is the second largest university-level transportation institute in the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>, and the largest group of driving safety researchers in the world. Facilities include the 2.2-mile (3.5 km), two-lane, fully instrumented <a href="/wiki/Virginia_Smart_Road" title="Virginia Smart Road">Virginia Smart Road</a>; connected-vehicle test beds in Southwest and Northern Virginia; more than 83,000 square feet of office and laboratory space; the VTTI/Center for Injury Biomechanics Crash Sled Lab; and the National Tire Research Center in Southern Virginia.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated1_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These laboratories include an asphalt lab, fully equipped garages, instrumentation bays, and a machine shop for working on VTTI's vehicle fleet.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>VTTI develops and tests advanced transportation safety devices, techniques, and innovative applications. VTTI's research impacts public policy in transportation, notably through research into distracted driving<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and commercial hour-of-service.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>VTTI conducts applied research to address transportation challenges from various perspectives: vehicle, driver, infrastructure, materials, and environment.<sup id="cite_ref-AboutVT_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AboutVT-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most notable among VTTI endeavors are its naturalistic driving studies. These studies particularly utilize VTTI's data acquisition systems, which gather continuous video and driving performance data in real-world driving conditions. These systems have been installed in nearly 4,000 passenger vehicles, commercial trucks and motor coaches, and motorcycles.<sup id="cite_ref-VTTI_93-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-VTTI-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Institute_for_Critical_Technology_and_Applied_Science">Institute for Critical Technology and Applied Science</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Virginia_Tech&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Institute for Critical Technology and Applied Science"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Since 2005, the Institute for Critical Technology and Applied Science (ICTAS) has made efforts to build capacity at the intersection of engineering, science, biology, and the humanities. Thrust areas include nuclear engineering, nanoscale science and engineering, nano-bio interface, sustainable energy, safe and sustainable water, national security, cognition and communication systems, renewable materials, and emerging technologies.<sup id="cite_ref-AboutVT_40-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AboutVT-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_areas_of_research">Other areas of research</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Virginia_Tech&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Other areas of research"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Other research conducted throughout the university's colleges and interdisciplinary groups includes high-performance computing; advanced materials; wireless telecommunication; housing; human and animal health; cognition, development, and behavior; the environment; and energy, including power electronics, biofuels, fuel cells, and solar-powered building structures.<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/Virginia_Tech_-_Wake_Forest_University_School_of_Biomedical_Engineering_%26_Sciences" title="Virginia Tech - Wake Forest University School of Biomedical Engineering & Sciences">School of Biomedical Engineering & Sciences</a> partners with the <a href="/wiki/Virginia_Tech_College_of_Engineering" title="Virginia Tech College of Engineering">College of Engineering</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wake_Forest_University_School_of_Medicine" class="mw-redirect" title="Wake Forest University School of Medicine">Wake Forest University School of Medicine</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Virginia-Maryland_Regional_College_of_Veterinary_Medicine" class="mw-redirect" title="Virginia-Maryland Regional College of Veterinary Medicine">College of Veterinary Medicine</a>. Virginia Tech's research includes biomechanics, cellular transport, computational modeling, biomaterials, bioheat and mass transfer, biofluid mechanics, instrumentation, ergonomics, and tissue engineering.</li> <li>Virginia Tech Intellectual Properties Inc. (VTIP) was established in 1985 as a nonprofit corporation to support the mission of the university by protecting and licensing intellectual properties that result from research performed by Virginia Tech faculty, staff members, and students. During fiscal year 2012, 17 U.S. patents and six foreign patents were issued to VTIP, and 32 license and option agreements were signed. In addition, VTIP reported $2,269,991 in license revenue.<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The Virginia Tech Applied Research Corporation (VT-ARC) is a private <a href="/wiki/Nonprofit" class="mw-redirect" title="Nonprofit">nonprofit</a> <a href="/wiki/Corporation" title="Corporation">corporation</a> affiliated with Virginia Tech that was established in fall 2010. With offices in <a href="/wiki/Northern_Virginia" title="Northern Virginia">Northern Virginia</a> and Blacksburg, VT-ARC fosters applied research and development, and management of large contract research projects. VT-ARC researches in <a href="/wiki/Intelligence" title="Intelligence">intelligence</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cyber_security" class="mw-redirect" title="Cyber security">cyber security</a> and <a href="/wiki/Information_technology" title="Information technology">information technology</a>, <a href="/wiki/National_security" title="National security">national security</a>, <a href="/wiki/Energy" title="Energy">energy</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Health_care" title="Health care">health care</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated1_89-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Virginia_Cooperative_Extension" title="Virginia Cooperative Extension">Virginia Cooperative Extension</a> programs are delivered through a network of faculty, 107 county and city offices, 11 agricultural research and Extension centers, and six 4-H educational centers. The system incorporates the faculty at the <a href="/wiki/Virginia_Tech_College_of_Agriculture_and_Life_Sciences" title="Virginia Tech College of Agriculture and Life Sciences">College of Agriculture and Life Sciences</a> and through research and Extension efforts, the college helped elevate the state's agricultural exports to record numbers. In 2013, exports in the <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Virginia" class="mw-redirect" title="Commonwealth of Virginia">Commonwealth of Virginia</a> reached $2.85 billion.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated1_89-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Virginia_Tech_Corporate_Research_Center" title="Virginia Tech Corporate Research Center">Virginia Tech Corporate Research Center</a> (VTCRC) is home to over 170 research, technology and support companies. The 230-acre (93 ha) park is located in a mountain setting. An expansion on the northwest side of the park provides enough land to construct 15 buildings in addition to the 33 single- and multi-tenant buildings currently on-site. The VTCRC employs over 2,900 employees.<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Virginia_Tech_Institute_for_Policy_and_Governance" title="Virginia Tech Institute for Policy and Governance">Virginia Tech Institute for Policy and Governance</a> is a nonprofit and public sector research and outreach institute for the university.</li> <li>The Center for Modeling Immunity to Enteric Pathogens is a <a href="/wiki/National_Institute_of_Allergy_and_Infectious_Diseases" title="National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases">National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases</a> (NIAID)-funded program to model immune responses to gut pathogens.</li> <li>The Virginia Tech Language and Culture Institute (LCI) provides language-related programs and services for academic and professional development. The institute was started in the 1960s, when members of the Blacksburg chapter of the <a href="/wiki/American_Association_of_University_Women" title="American Association of University Women">American Association of University Women</a> decided to volunteer their time teaching English. The women held free classes in church basements or their own homes to help the spouses of international students and faculty members learn English. In 2014 LCI opened a new state-of-the-art learning center in <a href="/wiki/Fairfax,_Virginia" title="Fairfax, Virginia">Fairfax, Virginia</a> that provides language-related programs and services for academic and professional development both on the main campus in Blacksburg and within the National Capital Region.<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at VTC is in <a href="/wiki/Roanoke,_Virginia" title="Roanoke, Virginia">Roanoke, Virginia</a> and is an integral component of the new medical research and education initiative embodied by the Virginia Tech Carilion School of Medicine and Fralin Biomedical Research Institute.<sup id="cite_ref-research1_98-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-research1-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hume_Center_for_National_Security_and_Technology&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hume Center for National Security and Technology (page does not exist)">Hume Center for National Security and Technology</a> conducts research in the areas of cybersecurity, artificial intelligence, and national security.</li></ul> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:War_Memorial_Gym_Virginia_Tech.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/War_Memorial_Gym_Virginia_Tech.JPG/220px-War_Memorial_Gym_Virginia_Tech.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/War_Memorial_Gym_Virginia_Tech.JPG/330px-War_Memorial_Gym_Virginia_Tech.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/War_Memorial_Gym_Virginia_Tech.JPG/440px-War_Memorial_Gym_Virginia_Tech.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2448" data-file-height="3264" /></a><figcaption>War Memorial Hall</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Campus">Campus</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Virginia_Tech&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Campus"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Virginia_Tech_campus" class="mw-redirect" title="Virginia Tech campus">Virginia Tech campus</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Virginia_Tech_campus" class="mw-redirect" title="Virginia Tech campus">Virginia Tech campus</a> is in <a href="/wiki/Blacksburg,_Virginia" title="Blacksburg, Virginia">Blacksburg, Virginia</a>. Most buildings are built of limestone in a neo-Gothic style. Notable green spaces include the Hahn Horticulture Garden, Virginia Tech Duck Pond, and the old-growth forest, Stadium Woods. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Seitz_Hall_Virginia_Tech.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Seitz_Hall_Virginia_Tech.JPG/220px-Seitz_Hall_Virginia_Tech.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Seitz_Hall_Virginia_Tech.JPG/330px-Seitz_Hall_Virginia_Tech.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Seitz_Hall_Virginia_Tech.JPG/440px-Seitz_Hall_Virginia_Tech.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption>Seitz Hall</figcaption></figure> <p>The central campus is roughly bordered by Prices Fork Road to the northwest, Plantation Drive to the west, Main Street to the east, and US 460 Bypass to the south, though it has several thousand acres beyond the central campus. </p><p>In the center of the Blacksburg campus lies the Drillfield, a large oval field running northeast to southwest, encircled by a one-way street that is known as Drillfield Drive. The Drillfield's name, coined in 1926 after the completion of Virginia Tech's first real stadium, <a href="/wiki/Miles_Stadium" title="Miles Stadium">Miles Stadium</a>, stems from its use by the <a href="/wiki/Virginia_Tech_Corps_of_Cadets" title="Virginia Tech Corps of Cadets">Virginia Tech Corps of Cadets</a> to conduct military drills. A waterway, Stroubles Creek, runs beneath the Drillfield on the south side. A three-sided conduit for the creek that retains the natural bed of the creek was installed in 1934, and, in 1971, the first two asphalt walks were added. <sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On the northwestern side of the Drillfield stand most of the university's academic and administrative buildings, including Burruss and McBryde Halls. On the southeastern side of the Drillfield stand most of the residential buildings, including students' residence halls, dining halls, and War Memorial Gym. Newman Library is on the eastern side of campus and connects to Torgersen Bridge, which spans the main road into campus, Alumni Mall. North of the Drillfield and northwest of Alumni Mall lies the Upper Quad, known to many students as military campus. The Upper Quad is home to the Corps of Cadets' barracks. </p><p>On the main campus in Blacksburg, most of the buildings incorporate <a href="/wiki/Hokie_Stone" title="Hokie Stone">Hokie Stone</a> as a building material. In 2010, the board of visitors passed a resolution about using the gray stone, shaded by hues of brown and pink, in all building projects.<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="thumb tnone" style="margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;overflow:hidden;width:auto;max-width:1508px"><div class="thumbinner"><div class="noresize" style="overflow:auto"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Drill_Field_Virginia_Tech.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Panoramic view of Virginia Tech's Drillfield"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Drill_Field_Virginia_Tech.jpg/1500px-Drill_Field_Virginia_Tech.jpg" decoding="async" width="1500" height="111" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Drill_Field_Virginia_Tech.jpg/2250px-Drill_Field_Virginia_Tech.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Drill_Field_Virginia_Tech.jpg/3000px-Drill_Field_Virginia_Tech.jpg 2x" data-file-width="10386" data-file-height="768" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Drill_Field_Virginia_Tech.jpg" title="File:Drill Field Virginia Tech.jpg"> </a></div>Panoramic view of Virginia Tech's Drillfield</div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Extended_campuses">Extended campuses</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Virginia_Tech&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Extended campuses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The university has established five branch campuses:<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Virginia Tech <a href="/wiki/Hampton_Roads" title="Hampton Roads">Hampton Roads</a> Centers, <a href="/wiki/Newport_News,_Virginia" title="Newport News, Virginia">Newport News</a> and <a href="/wiki/Virginia_Beach,_Virginia" title="Virginia Beach, Virginia">Virginia Beach</a><sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Northern Virginia Center, <a href="/wiki/Falls_Church,_Virginia" title="Falls Church, Virginia">Falls Church</a> (National Capital Region)<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virginia_Tech_Richmond_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="Virginia Tech Richmond Center">Virginia Tech Richmond Center</a>, <a href="/wiki/Richmond,_Virginia" title="Richmond, Virginia">Richmond</a><sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Virginia Tech Roanoke Center, <a href="/wiki/Roanoke,_Virginia" title="Roanoke, Virginia">Roanoke</a><sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Virginia Tech Southwest Center, <a href="/wiki/Abingdon,_Virginia" title="Abingdon, Virginia">Abingdon</a><sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Northern_Virginia_Center_(National_Capital_Region)"><span id="Northern_Virginia_Center_.28National_Capital_Region.29"></span>Northern Virginia Center (National Capital Region)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Virginia_Tech&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Northern Virginia Center (National Capital Region)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Virginia_Polytechnic_Institute_and_State_University_-_panoramio.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Virginia_Polytechnic_Institute_and_State_University_-_panoramio.jpg/220px-Virginia_Polytechnic_Institute_and_State_University_-_panoramio.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Virginia_Polytechnic_Institute_and_State_University_-_panoramio.jpg/330px-Virginia_Polytechnic_Institute_and_State_University_-_panoramio.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Virginia_Polytechnic_Institute_and_State_University_-_panoramio.jpg/440px-Virginia_Polytechnic_Institute_and_State_University_-_panoramio.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption>Walkway at Virginia Tech</figcaption></figure><p>Virginia Tech's presence in the <a href="/wiki/Washington_Metropolitan_Area" class="mw-redirect" title="Washington Metropolitan Area">Washington Metropolitan Area</a> links regional graduate education and outreach programs that are consistent with the university's strategic research areas of excellence: energy materials and environment, social and individual transformation, health, food, and nutrition, and innovative technologies and complex systems.<sup id="cite_ref-AboutNRC_107-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AboutNRC-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Supporting the university's missions is the Virginia Tech National Capital Region. The university has established collaborations and partnerships with local and federal agencies, nonprofit research organizations, businesses, and other institutions of higher education. Current locations include <a href="/wiki/Alexandria,_Virginia" title="Alexandria, Virginia">Alexandria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arlington,_Virginia" class="mw-redirect" title="Arlington, Virginia">Arlington</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fairfax,_Virginia" title="Fairfax, Virginia">Fairfax</a>, <a href="/wiki/Falls_Church,_Virginia" title="Falls Church, Virginia">Falls Church</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leesburg,_Virginia" title="Leesburg, Virginia">Leesburg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Manassas,_Virginia" title="Manassas, Virginia">Manassas</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Middleburg,_Virginia" title="Middleburg, Virginia">Middleburg</a>. </p><p>Biomedical Technology Development and Management is an executive program in the National Capital Region. The Master of Science in Biomedical Technology Development and Management (BTDM) is a graduate level degree created by Virginia Tech in response to future directions in medical product discovery and development and the emerging needs of industry and regulatory agencies. Curriculum for the degree program integrates science with technology, management, ethics, and public policy, and draws on the strengths of Virginia Tech in science, industrial and systems engineering, business and management, and medical research programs.<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2014, the university opened a Language and Culture Institute location in Fairfax.<sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The institute offers intensive English language programs for college-age students, professionals, and diplomats.<sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="International_campuses">International campuses</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Virginia_Tech&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: International campuses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Caribbean_Center_for_Education_and_Research_(CCER)"><span id="Caribbean_Center_for_Education_and_Research_.28CCER.29"></span>Caribbean Center for Education and Research (CCER)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Virginia_Tech&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Caribbean Center for Education and Research (CCER)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Located on the eastern tip of the Dominican Republic, the Caribbean Center for Education and Research (CCER) in Punta Cana provides a base for Virginia Tech faculty to conduct research as well as instruct students on biodiversity, environmental and social sustainability, global issues in natural resources, and hotel and tourism management. The center is the product of a partnership between Virginia Tech and the PUNTACANA Ecological Foundation (PCEF) and the PUNTACANA Resort and Club. PCEF maintains a 2,000-acre (810 ha) natural forest reserve, 14 kilometres (8.7 mi) of protected coral reef, freshwater lagoons and coastal mangroves.<sup id="cite_ref-International_111-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-International-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Center_for_European_Studies_and_Architecture_(CESA)"><span id="Center_for_European_Studies_and_Architecture_.28CESA.29"></span>Center for European Studies and Architecture (CESA)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Virginia_Tech&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Center for European Studies and Architecture (CESA)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Renamed the Steger Center for International Scholarship in 2014,<sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the Center for European Studies and Architecture (CESA) is the university's European campus center and base for operations and support of its programs in the region. The center's location in <a href="/wiki/Riva_San_Vitale" title="Riva San Vitale">Riva San Vitale</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ticino" title="Ticino">Ticino</a>, the Italian-speaking <a href="/wiki/Canton_of_Switzerland" class="mw-redirect" title="Canton of Switzerland">canton of Switzerland</a>, is also close to major northern Italian cities such as <a href="/wiki/Milan" title="Milan">Milan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-International_111-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-International-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Agricultural_Research_and_Extension_Centers">Agricultural Research and Extension Centers</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Virginia_Tech&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Agricultural Research and Extension Centers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Virginia Tech has several agricultural research and extension centers located throughout the Commonwealth dedicated to improving agricultural practices and the quality of life of Virginia citizens. The Virginia Tech Agricultural Research and Extension Centers are: Alson H. Smith, Jr., Eastern Shore, Eastern Virginia, Hampton Roads, Middleburg, Reynolds Homestead, Shenandoah Valley, Southern Piedmont, Southwest Virginia, Tidewater, and Virginia Seafood. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Power_plant">Power plant</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Virginia_Tech&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Power plant"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Distinguished by a towering 180-foot-high radial brick smokestack, the university's <a href="/wiki/Coal" title="Coal">coal</a> fired Central Steam Power Plant generates an annual steam output greater than 943 billion BTUs and provides campus buildings with a portion of their heat, hot water, and electricity needs. Nearly 90 percent of campus buildings are connected to the plant through an extensive network of tunnels—the main access point is on the Drillfield—and more than six miles (9.7 km) of steam lines and piping provide heat to more than 6.8 million square feet of campus buildings. Only personnel with <a href="/wiki/Confined_space" title="Confined space">confined-space</a> training are permitted to enter the tunnel system, comprising 2.76 miles (4.44 km) of inaccessible tunnel and 11.07 miles (17.82 km) of piping; 3.78 miles (6.08 km) of direct-bury piping in the ground; and 2.2 miles (3.5 km) of accessible tunnel and 12.27 miles (19.75 km) of piping.<sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Student_life">Student life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Virginia_Tech&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Student life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table> <caption style="font-size:90%">Student body composition as of May 2, 2023 </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Race and ethnicity<sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th colspan="2" data-sort-type="number">Total </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Non-Hispanic_whites" title="Non-Hispanic whites">White</a> </td> <td align="right">60% </td> <td align="left"><span style="display:none;">60</span><div style="width:120px;height:2ex;background:#aaa;color:inherit;background:gray"> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Asian_Americans" title="Asian Americans">Asian</a> </td> <td align="right">12% </td> <td align="left"><span style="display:none;">12</span><div style="width:24px;height:2ex;background:#aaa;color:inherit;background:purple"> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans" title="Hispanic and Latino Americans">Hispanic</a> </td> <td align="right">10% </td> <td align="left"><span style="display:none;">10</span><div style="width:20px;height:2ex;background:#aaa;color:inherit;background:green"> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Other<sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td align="right">8% </td> <td align="left"><span style="display:none;">8</span><div style="width:16px;height:2ex;background:#aaa;color:inherit;background:brown"> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Foreign_national" title="Foreign national">Foreign national</a> </td> <td align="right">4% </td> <td align="left"><span style="display:none;">4</span><div style="width:8px;height:2ex;background:#aaa;color:inherit;background:orange"> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/African_Americans" title="African Americans">Black</a> </td> <td align="right">6% </td> <td align="left"><span style="display:none;">6</span><div style="width:12px;height:2ex;background:#aaa;color:inherit;background:mediumblue"> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="4" data-sort-type="number"><a href="/wiki/Economic_diversity" title="Economic diversity">Economic diversity</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/American_lower_class" title="American lower class">Low-income</a><sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td align="right">15% </td> <td align="left"><span style="display:none;">15</span><div style="width:30px;height:2ex;background:#aaa;color:inherit;background:red"> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Affluence_in_the_United_States" title="Affluence in the United States">Affluent</a><sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td align="right">85% </td> <td align="left"><span style="display:none;">85</span><div style="width:170px;height:2ex;background:#aaa;color:inherit;background:black"> </div> </td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Virginia_Tech_Main_Eggleston_Hall.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Virginia_Tech_Main_Eggleston_Hall.jpg/220px-Virginia_Tech_Main_Eggleston_Hall.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Virginia_Tech_Main_Eggleston_Hall.jpg/330px-Virginia_Tech_Main_Eggleston_Hall.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Virginia_Tech_Main_Eggleston_Hall.jpg/440px-Virginia_Tech_Main_Eggleston_Hall.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>Main Eggleston Hall</figcaption></figure> <p>There are more than 700 student organizations on campus. Some of these organizations include Bolt at Virginia Tech which builds electric racing motorcycles; PRISM a student-run ad agency; BASIS at Virginia Tech the largest student-run fixed income portfolio group in the nation managing $5 million; the Chocolate Milk Club; and a <a href="/wiki/Young_Life" title="Young Life">Young Life</a> Chapter. Over 9,300 Virginia Tech students reside on campus.<sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Campus_residence_halls">Campus residence halls</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Virginia_Tech&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Campus residence halls"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Campus_of_Virginia_Tech" title="Campus of Virginia Tech">Campus of Virginia Tech</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Corps_of_Cadets">Corps of Cadets</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Virginia_Tech&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Corps of Cadets"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Virginia_Tech_Corps_marching.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Virginia_Tech_Corps_marching.jpg/220px-Virginia_Tech_Corps_marching.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Virginia_Tech_Corps_marching.jpg/330px-Virginia_Tech_Corps_marching.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Virginia_Tech_Corps_marching.jpg/440px-Virginia_Tech_Corps_marching.jpg 2x" data-file-width="858" data-file-height="675" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Virginia_Tech_Corps_of_Cadets" title="Virginia Tech Corps of Cadets">Virginia Tech Corps of Cadets</a> marching</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Virginia_Tech_Corps_of_Cadets" title="Virginia Tech Corps of Cadets">Virginia Tech Corps of Cadets</a></div> <p>Until 1923, every able-bodied male was required to participate for four years in the Virginia Tech Corps of Cadets. The requirement was changed to two years until 1964, when participation became voluntary. Members of the ROTC program are required to participate in the Corps of Cadets. Virginia Tech remains one of three public universities in the United States with both an active corps of cadets and regular civilian students on its campus (<a href="/wiki/Texas_A%26M_University" title="Texas A&M University">Texas A&M University</a> and the <a href="/wiki/University_of_North_Georgia" title="University of North Georgia">University of North Georgia</a> are the other two). </p><p>More than 1,000 cadets reside on the campus of Virginia Tech. The Corps of Cadets Community is located in the Upper Quad, which features some of the oldest buildings on campus. Cadet dorms are also known as "cadet barracks". Two new dormitories were constructed on the Upper Quad to house all of the cadets. Pearson Hall replaced Rasche Hall in November 2015, and in August 2017, Brodie Hall was replaced by the New Cadet Dorm (a.k.a. "New Brodie").<sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Former cadet dorms, Thomas Hall and Monteith Hall were demolished in 2017. Their sites are planned to be used as <a href="/wiki/Open_space_reserve" title="Open space reserve">green space</a> for the foreseeable future. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Greek_life">Greek life</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Virginia_Tech&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Greek life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Virginia Tech hosts a number of fraternities and sororities across four governing councils. There are 23 IFC fraternities and 13 <a href="/wiki/National_Panhellenic_Conference" title="National Panhellenic Conference">National Panhellenic Conference</a> sororities recognized at Virginia Tech. The fraternity and sorority community currently encompasses more than 5,500 students which represents just about 20 percent of the undergraduate population.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_120-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Oak Lane Community<sup id="cite_ref-121" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> houses those sororities and fraternities which have houses chartered on campus. A number of fraternities have chartered off-campus housing. There are also numerous other academic and service-related sororities and fraternities at the school, as well as various historically Black and cultural interest organizations.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_120-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There are also a number of fraternities at Virginia Tech that are not officially recognized by the university. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Clubs_and_student_activities">Clubs and student activities</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Virginia_Tech&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Clubs and student activities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Alongside fraternity and sorority life, Virginia Tech offers a variety of clubs and activities officially endorsed by the university. The university claims 800 official clubs as part of its student life and the Student Engagement and Campus Life office as a hub for information on said clubs. A website titled Gobblerconnect is often used by students to find clubs to take part in, while every year the campus holds a "Gobblerfest" where clubs showcase their activities to potential freshmen members. <sup id="cite_ref-122" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Notable among these are student-lead production oriented clubs, such as radio station <a href="/wiki/WUVT-FM" title="WUVT-FM">WUVT-FM</a>, newspaper <i><a href="/wiki/The_Collegiate_Times" class="mw-redirect" title="The Collegiate Times">The Collegiate Times</a></i>, and literary magazine <i>Silhouette</i>. <sup id="cite_ref-123" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <sup id="cite_ref-124" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Athletics">Athletics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Virginia_Tech&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Athletics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Virginia_Tech_Hokies" title="Virginia Tech Hokies">Virginia Tech Hokies</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Virginia_Tech_Hokies_logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Virginia_Tech_Hokies_logo.svg/220px-Virginia_Tech_Hokies_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="105" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Virginia_Tech_Hokies_logo.svg/330px-Virginia_Tech_Hokies_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Virginia_Tech_Hokies_logo.svg/440px-Virginia_Tech_Hokies_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="206" data-file-height="98" /></a><figcaption>Stylized "VT" logo</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:VirginiaTechWordmark.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/VirginiaTechWordmark.png/220px-VirginiaTechWordmark.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/VirginiaTechWordmark.png/330px-VirginiaTechWordmark.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/VirginiaTechWordmark.png/440px-VirginiaTechWordmark.png 2x" data-file-width="850" data-file-height="153" /></a><figcaption>Virginia Tech Athletic Font</figcaption></figure> <p>Virginia Tech teams are known as the Hokies. The <a href="/wiki/HokieBird" title="HokieBird">HokieBird</a> is a <a href="/wiki/Turkey_(bird)" title="Turkey (bird)">turkey</a>-like creature whose form has evolved from the original school mascot of the <a href="/wiki/Fighting_Gobbler" class="mw-redirect" title="Fighting Gobbler">Fighting Gobbler</a>. While the modern HokieBird still resembles a Fighting Gobbler, the word "Hokie" has all but replaced Fighting Gobbler in terms of colloquial use. The term originated from the <i><a href="/wiki/Old_Hokie" title="Old Hokie">Old Hokie</a></i> yell. </p><p>They compete as a member of the <a href="/wiki/National_Collegiate_Athletic_Association" title="National Collegiate Athletic Association">National Collegiate Athletic Association</a> (NCAA) <a href="/wiki/NCAA_Division_I" title="NCAA Division I">Division I</a> level (Football Bowl Subdivision (FBS) sub-level for football), primarily competing in the <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Coast_Conference" title="Atlantic Coast Conference">Atlantic Coast Conference</a> (ACC) for all sports since the 2004–05 season. The Hokies previously competed in the <a href="/wiki/Big_East_Conference_(1979%E2%80%932013)" title="Big East Conference (1979–2013)">Big East Conference</a> from 2000–01 to 2003–04 (football program from 1991–92 to 1999–2000); the <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_10_Conference" title="Atlantic 10 Conference">Atlantic 10 Conference</a> (A-10) from 1995–96 to 1999–2000; and the <a href="/wiki/Metro_Conference" title="Metro Conference">Metro Conference</a> from 1978–79 to 1994–95. </p><p>Men's sports include baseball, basketball, cross country, football, golf, soccer, swimming and diving, tennis, track and field and wrestling. Women's sports include basketball, cross country, field hockey, golf, lacrosse, rowing, soccer, softball, swimming and diving, tennis, track and field and volleyball. </p><p>Virginia Tech's <a href="/wiki/Fight_song" title="Fight song">fight song</a>, "<a href="/wiki/Tech_Triumph" title="Tech Triumph">Tech Triumph</a>", was written in 1919 and remains in use today. The song is played at sporting events by both the Virginia Tech student band, <a href="/wiki/The_Marching_Virginians" title="The Marching Virginians">The Marching Virginians</a>, and the regimental Corps of Cadets' band, the <a href="/wiki/Highty_Tighties" class="mw-redirect" title="Highty Tighties">Highty Tighties</a>. </p><p>The most prominent athletic facilities are <a href="/wiki/Lane_Stadium" title="Lane Stadium">Lane Stadium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cassell_Coliseum" title="Cassell Coliseum">Cassell Coliseum</a>, <a href="/wiki/English_Field" title="English Field">English Field</a>, Thompson Field, Tech Softball Park, Rector Field House, the Beamer-Lawson Indoor Practice Facility, and the Christiansburg Aquatic Center. </p> <div class="thumb tnone" style="margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;overflow:hidden;width:auto;max-width:1008px"><div class="thumbinner"><div class="noresize" style="overflow:auto"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:2016_Lane_Stadium_Panoramic.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Lane Stadium"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/2016_Lane_Stadium_Panoramic.jpg/1000px-2016_Lane_Stadium_Panoramic.jpg" decoding="async" width="1000" height="336" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/2016_Lane_Stadium_Panoramic.jpg/1500px-2016_Lane_Stadium_Panoramic.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/2016_Lane_Stadium_Panoramic.jpg/2000px-2016_Lane_Stadium_Panoramic.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6601" data-file-height="2215" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:2016_Lane_Stadium_Panoramic.jpg" title="File:2016 Lane Stadium Panoramic.jpg"> </a></div>Lane Stadium</div></div></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 165px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px; height: 160px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cassell_Coliseum_wide_shot.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Cassell Coliseum"><img alt="Cassell Coliseum" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Cassell_Coliseum_wide_shot.jpg/130px-Cassell_Coliseum_wide_shot.jpg" decoding="async" width="130" height="72" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Cassell_Coliseum_wide_shot.jpg/195px-Cassell_Coliseum_wide_shot.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Cassell_Coliseum_wide_shot.jpg/260px-Cassell_Coliseum_wide_shot.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1564" data-file-height="862" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Cassell Coliseum</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 165px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px; height: 160px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:VT_Lacrosse_and_Soccer_Stadium.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Thompson Field"><img alt="Thompson Field" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/VT_Lacrosse_and_Soccer_Stadium.JPG/130px-VT_Lacrosse_and_Soccer_Stadium.JPG" decoding="async" width="130" height="87" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/VT_Lacrosse_and_Soccer_Stadium.JPG/195px-VT_Lacrosse_and_Soccer_Stadium.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/VT_Lacrosse_and_Soccer_Stadium.JPG/260px-VT_Lacrosse_and_Soccer_Stadium.JPG 2x" data-file-width="604" data-file-height="403" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Thompson Field</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="People">People</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Virginia_Tech&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: People"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Faculty">Faculty</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Virginia_Tech&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Faculty"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Notable current and former faculty at Virginia Tech include <a href="/wiki/Romesh_Batra" title="Romesh Batra">Romesh Batra</a> (biomedical engineering), <a href="/wiki/Patricia_Dove" title="Patricia Dove">Patricia Dove</a> (geosciences), <a href="/wiki/Marc_Edwards_(professor)" title="Marc Edwards (professor)">Marc Edwards</a> (civil and environmental engineering), <a href="/wiki/Roger_Ekirch" title="Roger Ekirch">Roger Ekirch</a> (history), <a href="/wiki/Nikki_Giovanni" title="Nikki Giovanni">Nikki Giovanni</a> (English), <a href="/wiki/Michael_Hochella" title="Michael Hochella">Michael Hochella</a> (geosciences), <a href="/wiki/Liviu_Librescu" title="Liviu Librescu">Liviu Librescu</a> (engineering science and mechanics), <a href="/wiki/Tim_Luke" class="mw-redirect" title="Tim Luke">Tim Luke</a> (political science), <a href="/wiki/Linsey_Marr" title="Linsey Marr">Linsey Marr</a> (civil and environmental engineering), <a href="/wiki/Xiang-Jin_Meng" title="Xiang-Jin Meng">Xiang-Jin Meng</a> (virology), <a href="/wiki/Arun_Phadke" class="mw-redirect" title="Arun Phadke">Arun Phadke</a> (electrical engineering), <a href="/wiki/Sanjay_Raman" title="Sanjay Raman">Sanjay Raman</a> (electrical engineering), <a href="/wiki/James_I._Robertson_Jr." title="James I. Robertson Jr.">James Robertson</a> (history), <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Squires" title="Arthur Squires">Arthur Squires</a> (chemical engineering), <a href="/wiki/James_Thorp" title="James Thorp">James Thorp</a> (electrical engineering), <a href="/wiki/John_J._Tyson" title="John J. Tyson">John Tyson</a> (biology), and <a href="/wiki/Gary_Wamsley" title="Gary Wamsley">Gary Wamsley</a> (public administration). </p><p>There have been 17 university heads for Virginia Tech since its founding in 1872. The current president is <a href="/wiki/Timothy_Sands" title="Timothy Sands">Timothy Sands</a> (previously provost of <a href="/wiki/Purdue_University" title="Purdue University">Purdue University</a>), who has held the post since 2014. </p> <table> <caption>Virginia Tech presidents<sup id="cite_ref-125" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Landon_Carter_Minor" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles Landon Carter Minor">Charles Landon Carter Minor</a> </th> <td>1872–1879 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Scott_Shipp" title="Scott Shipp">Charles Robert Scott Ship</a> </th> <td>1880 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/John_Lee_Buchanan" title="John Lee Buchanan">John Lee Buchanan</a> </th> <td>1880–1881 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Nelson_Conrad" title="Thomas Nelson Conrad">Thomas Nelson Conrad</a> </th> <td>1882–1886 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Lunsford_Lindsay_Lomax" class="mw-redirect" title="Lunsford Lindsay Lomax">Lunsford Lindsay Lomax</a> </th> <td>1886–1891 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/John_McLaren_McBryde" title="John McLaren McBryde">John McLaren McBryde</a> </th> <td>1891–1907 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Paul_Brandon_Barringer" title="Paul Brandon Barringer">Paul Brandon Barringer</a> </th> <td>1907–1913 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Dupuy_Eggleston" title="Joseph Dupuy Eggleston">Joseph Dupuy Eggleston</a> </th> <td>1913–1919 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Julian_Ashby_Burruss" title="Julian Ashby Burruss">Julian Ashby Burruss</a> </th> <td>1919–1945 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/John_Redd_Hutcheson" title="John Redd Hutcheson">John Redd Hutcheson</a> </th> <td>1945–1947 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Walter_Stephenson_Newman" title="Walter Stephenson Newman">Walter Stephenson Newman</a> </th> <td>1947–1962 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/T._Marshall_Hahn" title="T. Marshall Hahn">Thomas Marshall Hahn Jr.</a> </th> <td>1962–1974 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/William_Edward_Lavery" title="William Edward Lavery">William Edward Lavery</a> </th> <td>1975–1987 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/James_Douglas_McComas" title="James Douglas McComas">James Douglas McComas</a> </th> <td>1988–1994 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Paul_Ernest_Torgersen" class="mw-redirect" title="Paul Ernest Torgersen">Paul Ernest Torgersen</a> </th> <td>1993–2000 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Charles_W._Steger" title="Charles W. Steger">Charles William Steger</a> </th> <td>2000–2014 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Timothy_D._Sands" class="mw-redirect" title="Timothy D. Sands">Timothy David Sands</a> </th> <td>2014–present </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Alumni">Alumni</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Virginia_Tech&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Alumni"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_Virginia_Tech_alumni" title="List of Virginia Tech alumni">List of Virginia Tech alumni</a></div> <p>Virginia Tech has over 240,000 alumni internationally and from all 50 states. The Virginia Tech Alumni Association has over 100 chapters and has been consistently regarded as one of the best in the nation.<sup id="cite_ref-Virginia_Tech_84-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Virginia_Tech-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-126" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> VT alumni include 2 <a href="/wiki/Rhodes_Scholars" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhodes Scholars">Rhodes Scholars</a>, 4 <a href="/wiki/Marshall_Scholars" class="mw-redirect" title="Marshall Scholars">Marshall Scholars</a>, 38 <a href="/wiki/Barry_M._Goldwater_Scholarship" title="Barry M. Goldwater Scholarship">Goldwater Scholars</a>, and 131 <a href="/wiki/Fulbright_Scholars" class="mw-redirect" title="Fulbright Scholars">Fulbright Scholars</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-128" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>d<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-129" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-130" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-131" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Among its alumni are 8 <a href="/wiki/Medal_of_Honor" title="Medal of Honor">Medal of Honor</a> recipients, 97 <a href="/wiki/General_officer" title="General officer">generals</a> and <a href="/wiki/Admiral" title="Admiral">admirals</a>, governors of two U.S. states, 2 astronauts, and a billionaire.<sup id="cite_ref-132" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-133" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Three <a href="/wiki/Nobel_laureates" class="mw-redirect" title="Nobel laureates">Nobel laureates</a> and two <a href="/wiki/MacArthur_Fellows" class="mw-redirect" title="MacArthur Fellows">MacArthur Fellows</a> have received a degree or served as faculty members at the university. </p><p>One of six senior military colleges in the United States, Virginia Tech has produced numerous military leaders, among them 97 generals and admirals, including <a href="/wiki/Carlton_D._Everhart_II" title="Carlton D. Everhart II">Carlton D. Everhart II</a>, Commander, <a href="/wiki/Air_Mobility_Command" title="Air Mobility Command">Air Mobility Command</a>; <a href="/wiki/Thomas_C._Richards" title="Thomas C. Richards">Thomas C. Richards</a>, Chief of Staff, <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Headquarters_Allied_Powers_Europe" title="Supreme Headquarters Allied Powers Europe">Supreme Headquarters Allied Powers Europe</a>; <a href="/wiki/Lance_L._Smith" title="Lance L. Smith">Lance L. Smith</a>, Commander, <a href="/wiki/United_States_Joint_Forces_Command" title="United States Joint Forces Command">United States Joint Forces Command</a>; <a href="/wiki/Jody_A._Breckenridge" title="Jody A. Breckenridge">Jody A. Breckenridge</a>, Commander, <a href="/wiki/United_States_Coast_Guard" title="United States Coast Guard">Coast Guard</a> Pacific Area; <a href="/wiki/William_G._Boykin" title="William G. Boykin">William G. Boykin</a>, Deputy <a href="/wiki/Undersecretary_of_Defense_for_Intelligence" class="mw-redirect" title="Undersecretary of Defense for Intelligence">Undersecretary of Defense for Intelligence</a>, Commander, <a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy_Special_Warfare_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="John F. Kennedy Special Warfare Center">John F. Kennedy Special Warfare Center</a>; and <a href="/wiki/Wallace_H._Robinson" title="Wallace H. Robinson">Wallace H. Robinson</a>, Director, <a href="/wiki/Defense_Supply_Agency" class="mw-redirect" title="Defense Supply Agency">Defense Supply Agency</a>. </p><p>Eight alumni have been awarded the <a href="/wiki/Medal_of_Honor" title="Medal of Honor">Medal of Honor</a>, the highest award bestowed by the United States armed forces: <a href="/wiki/Antoine_August_Michel_Gaujot" title="Antoine August Michel Gaujot">Antoine August Michel Gaujot</a>, <a href="/wiki/Julien_Edmund_Victor_Gaujot" title="Julien Edmund Victor Gaujot">Julien Edmund Victor Gaujot</a>, <a href="/wiki/Earle_Davis_Gregory" title="Earle Davis Gregory">Earle Davis Gregory</a>, <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Joseph_Thomas" title="Herbert Joseph Thomas">Herbert Joseph Thomas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jimmie_W._Monteith" title="Jimmie W. Monteith">Jimmie W. Monteith</a>, <a href="/wiki/Robert_Edward_Femoyer" title="Robert Edward Femoyer">Robert Edward Femoyer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Richard_Thomas_Shea,_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="Richard Thomas Shea, Jr.">Richard Thomas Shea, Jr.</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gary_Lee_Miller" class="mw-redirect" title="Gary Lee Miller">Gary Lee Miller</a>; their names are inscribed on a marble cenotaph at the center of War Memorial Court on the Blacksburg campus.<sup id="cite_ref-134" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Many VT alumni have also served in civilian leadership roles: <a href="/wiki/Chet_Culver" title="Chet Culver">Chet Culver</a>, 41st governor of Iowa; <a href="/wiki/William_Dodd_(ambassador)" title="William Dodd (ambassador)">William Dodd</a>, ambassador to Germany; <a href="/wiki/Linda_Swartz_Taglialatela" title="Linda Swartz Taglialatela">Linda Swartz Taglialatela</a>, ambassador to <a href="/wiki/Barbados" title="Barbados">Barbados</a>; <a href="/wiki/Rob_Wittman" title="Rob Wittman">Rob Wittman</a>, member of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="United States House of Representatives">House of Representatives</a>; <a href="/wiki/Tony_McNulty" title="Tony McNulty">Tony McNulty</a>, member of Parliament for <a href="/wiki/Harrow_East" class="mw-redirect" title="Harrow East">Harrow East</a>; <a href="/wiki/Deborah_Hersman" title="Deborah Hersman">Deborah Hersman</a>, 12th chairperson of the <a href="/wiki/National_Transportation_Safety_Board" title="National Transportation Safety Board">National Transportation Safety Board</a>; <a href="/wiki/Regina_Dugan" class="mw-redirect" title="Regina Dugan">Regina Dugan</a>, 19th director, <a href="/wiki/Defense_Advanced_Research_Projects_Agency" class="mw-redirect" title="Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency">Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency</a>; <a href="/wiki/John_H._Thompson" title="John H. Thompson">John H. Thompson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Director_of_the_United_States_Census_Bureau" title="Director of the United States Census Bureau">Director of the United States Census Bureau</a>; <a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Koontz" class="mw-redirect" title="Lawrence Koontz">Lawrence Koontz</a>, Senior Justice of the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Virginia" title="Supreme Court of Virginia">Supreme Court of Virginia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/William_K._Barlow" title="William K. Barlow">William K. Barlow</a> and <a href="/wiki/Matt_Lohr" title="Matt Lohr">Matt Lohr</a>, members of the <a href="/wiki/Virginia_House_of_Delegates" title="Virginia House of Delegates">Virginia House of Delegates</a>. </p><p>Outside of public service, Virginia Tech alumni have made notable contributions in the fields of business, literature, music and journalism. These include children's book author and <a href="/wiki/Newbery_Medal" title="Newbery Medal">Newbery Medal</a> recipient <a href="/wiki/Kwame_Alexander" title="Kwame Alexander">Kwame Alexander</a>; author and former <a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a> engineer <a href="/wiki/Homer_Hickham" class="mw-redirect" title="Homer Hickham">Homer Hickham</a>; jazz guitarist <a href="/wiki/Charlie_Byrd" title="Charlie Byrd">Charlie Byrd</a>; business executive <a href="/wiki/Donaldson_Brown" title="Donaldson Brown">Donaldson Brown</a>; <a href="/wiki/Boeing" title="Boeing">Boeing</a> president and CEO <a href="/wiki/Dave_Calhoun" title="Dave Calhoun">Dave Calhoun</a>; <a href="/wiki/Norfolk_Southern" class="mw-redirect" title="Norfolk Southern">Norfolk Southern</a> president and CEO <a href="/wiki/Alan_H._Shaw" title="Alan H. Shaw">Alan Shaw</a> and television news anchor <a href="/wiki/Hoda_Kotb" title="Hoda Kotb">Hoda Kotb</a>. </p><p>Notable Virginia Tech athletes include <a href="/wiki/Nickeil_Alexander-Walker" title="Nickeil Alexander-Walker">Nickeil Alexander-Walker</a>, <a href="/wiki/Frank_Beamer" title="Frank Beamer">Frank Beamer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Allan_Bristow" title="Allan Bristow">Allan Bristow</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kam_Chancellor" title="Kam Chancellor">Kam Chancellor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bimbo_Coles" title="Bimbo Coles">Bimbo Coles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dell_Curry" title="Dell Curry">Dell Curry</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ace_Custis" title="Ace Custis">Ace Custis</a>, Renee Dennis, <a href="/wiki/Jim_Druckenmiller" title="Jim Druckenmiller">Jim Druckenmiller</a>, <a href="/wiki/Terrell_Edmunds" title="Terrell Edmunds">Terrell Edmunds</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tremaine_Edmunds" title="Tremaine Edmunds">Tremaine Edmunds</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bud_Foster" title="Bud Foster">Bud Foster</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kendall_Fuller" title="Kendall Fuller">Kendall Fuller</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kyle_Fuller" title="Kyle Fuller">Kyle Fuller</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chuck_Hartman" title="Chuck Hartman">Chuck Hartman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sally_Miles" title="Sally Miles">Sally Miles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Charles_Moir" title="Charles Moir">Charles Moir</a>, <a href="/wiki/Johnny_Oates" title="Johnny Oates">Johnny Oates</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bruce_Smith" title="Bruce Smith">Bruce Smith</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tyrod_Taylor" title="Tyrod Taylor">Tyrod Taylor</a>, <a href="/wiki/DeAngelo_Hall" title="DeAngelo Hall">DeAngelo Hall</a>, <a href="/wiki/Isaiah_Ford" title="Isaiah Ford">Isaiah Ford</a>, <a href="/wiki/Angela_Tincher_O%27Brien" title="Angela Tincher O'Brien">Angela Tincher</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Michael_Vick" title="Michael Vick">Michael Vick</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-135" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Virginia_Tech&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fighting_Gobblers" class="mw-redirect" title="Fighting Gobblers">Fighting Gobblers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hahn_Horticulture_Garden" title="Hahn Horticulture Garden">Hahn Horticulture Garden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_forestry_universities_and_colleges" title="List of forestry universities and colleges">List of forestry universities and colleges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virginia_Tech_commencement_speakers" class="mw-redirect" title="Virginia Tech commencement speakers">Virginia Tech commencement speakers</a></li></ul> <div style="clear:right;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Virginia_Tech&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-115"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Other consists of <a href="/wiki/Multiracial_Americans" title="Multiracial Americans">Multiracial Americans</a> & those who prefer to not say.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The percentage of students who received an income-based federal <a href="/wiki/Pell_grant" class="mw-redirect" title="Pell grant">Pell grant</a> intended for low-income students.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The percentage of students who are a part of the <a href="/wiki/American_middle_class" title="American middle class">American middle class</a> at the bare minimum.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Virginia Tech students have received 66 Fulbright student awards,<sup id="cite_ref-127" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> for a total of 197.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Virginia_Tech&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-endowment-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-endowment_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">As of June 30, 2022. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation report cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vtf.org/performance">Virginia Tech Foundation Financial Highlights</a> (Report).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Virginia+Tech+Foundation+Financial+Highlights&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vtf.org%2Fperformance&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVirginia+Tech" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Facts-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Facts_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.vt.edu/articles/2023/06/bov-overview-june-2023.html">"Board of Visitors sets university budget, compensation plans for 2023-24 fiscal year"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Board+of+Visitors+sets+university+budget%2C+compensation+plans+for+2023-24+fiscal+year&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.vt.edu%2Farticles%2F2023%2F06%2Fbov-overview-june-2023.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVirginia+Tech" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sands-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Sands_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span 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Virginia Tech. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210803112210/https://vt.edu/about/locations/buildings/war-memorial-chapel-honor.html">Archived</a> from the original on August 3, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 26,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=VT.edu&rft.atitle=War+Memorial+Court%3A+Medal+of+Honor+Recipients&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fvt.edu%2Fabout%2Flocations%2Fbuildings%2Fwar-memorial-chapel-honor.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVirginia+Tech" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://digitalsc.lib.vt.edu/exhibits/show/archives-125th/vtcc-index/vtcc-generals-flag-officer">"GENERALS & FLAG OFFICERS OF VIRGINIA TECH, 1883–1984"</a>. <i>DigitalSC.lib.vt.edu</i>. Virginia Tech University Libraries. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210726044121/https://digitalsc.lib.vt.edu/exhibits/show/archives-125th/vtcc-index/vtcc-generals-flag-officer">Archived</a> from the original on July 26, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 26,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=DigitalSC.lib.vt.edu&rft.atitle=GENERALS+%26+FLAG+OFFICERS+OF+VIRGINIA+TECH%2C+1883%E2%80%931984&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdigitalsc.lib.vt.edu%2Fexhibits%2Fshow%2Farchives-125th%2Fvtcc-index%2Fvtcc-generals-flag-officer&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVirginia+Tech" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://vt.edu/about/locations/buildings/war-memorial-chapel-honor.html">"War Memorial Court: Medal of Honor Recipients"</a>. Virginia Tech<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 11,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=War+Memorial+Court%3A+Medal+of+Honor+Recipients&rft.pub=Virginia+Tech&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fvt.edu%2Fabout%2Flocations%2Fbuildings%2Fwar-memorial-chapel-honor.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVirginia+Tech" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hokiesports.com/sports/2018/4/19/retired-numbers-jerseys-at-virginia-tech.aspx">"Retired Numbers & Jerseys At Virginia Tech"</a>. <i>Virginia Tech Athletics</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201208131822/https://hokiesports.com/sports/2018/4/19/retired-numbers-jerseys-at-virginia-tech.aspx">Archived</a> from the original on December 8, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 21,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Virginia+Tech+Athletics&rft.atitle=Retired+Numbers+%26+Jerseys+At+Virginia+Tech&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhokiesports.com%2Fsports%2F2018%2F4%2F19%2Fretired-numbers-jerseys-at-virginia-tech.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVirginia+Tech" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Virginia_Tech&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Clayton, Ashley B., and Brian A. Peters. "The desegregation of land-grant institutions in the 1950s: The first African American students at NC State University and Virginia Tech." <i>The Journal of Negro Education</i> 88.1 (2019): 75-92. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/download/59976417/Clayton___Peters_2019_Desegregation_of_Land-grant_Institutions_-_JNE.pdf">online</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Wallenstein, Peter. <i>Virginia Tech, land-grant university, 1872–1997: History of a school, a state, a nation</i> (Virginia Tech Publishing, 2021) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://vtechworks.lib.vt.edu/bitstream/handle/10919/108039/virginia-tech-land-grant-university-1872-1997.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y">online</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Virginia_Tech&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: External 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has the text of the 1905 <i><a href="/wiki/New_International_Encyclopedia" class="mw-redirect" title="New International Encyclopedia">New International Encyclopedia</a></i> article "<b><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_New_International_Encyclop%C3%A6dia/Virginia_Agricultural_and_Mechanical_College_and_Polytechnic_Institute" class="extiw" title="s:The New International Encyclopædia/Virginia Agricultural and Mechanical College and Polytechnic Institute">Virginia Agricultural and Mechanical College and Polytechnic Institute</a></b>".</div></div> </div> <ul><li><span class="official-website"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vt.edu/">Official website</a></span></span> <span class="mw-valign-text-top" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q65379#P856" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" 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style="color: white; text-decoration: inherit;">Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University</span></a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="background-color:#861F41;color:white;box-shadow: inset 2px 2px 0 #E87722, inset -2px -2px 0 #E87722;;"><div><b>Located in</b>: <a href="/wiki/Blacksburg,_Virginia" title="Blacksburg, Virginia"><span class="tmpl-colored-link" style="color: white; text-decoration: inherit;">Blacksburg, Virginia</span></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#861F41;color:white;box-shadow: inset 2px 2px 0 #E87722, inset -2px -2px 0 #E87722;;;width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Virginia_Tech_College_of_Agriculture_and_Life_Sciences" title="Virginia Tech College of Agriculture and Life Sciences">College of Agriculture and Life Sciences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virginia_Tech_College_of_Architecture_and_Urban_Studies" title="Virginia Tech College of Architecture and Urban Studies">College of Architecture and Urban Studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virginia_Tech_Pamplin_College_of_Business" title="Virginia Tech Pamplin College of Business">Pamplin College of Business</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virginia_Tech_College_of_Engineering" title="Virginia Tech College of Engineering">College of Engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virginia_Tech_College_of_Liberal_Arts_and_Human_Sciences" title="Virginia Tech College of Liberal Arts and Human Sciences">College of Liberal Arts and Human Sciences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virginia_Tech_Carilion_School_of_Medicine_and_Research_Institute" title="Virginia Tech Carilion School of Medicine and Research Institute">Carilion School of Medicine and Research Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virginia_Tech_School_of_Public_and_International_Affairs" title="Virginia Tech School of Public and International Affairs">School of Public and International Affairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virginia_Tech_-_Wake_Forest_University_School_of_Biomedical_Engineering_%26_Sciences" title="Virginia Tech - Wake Forest University School of Biomedical Engineering & Sciences">School of Biomedical Engineering & Sciences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virginia_Tech_College_of_Natural_Resources_and_Environment" title="Virginia Tech College of Natural Resources and Environment">College of Natural Resources and Environment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Via_College_of_Osteopathic_Medicine" title="Edward Via College of Osteopathic Medicine">College of Osteopathic Medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virginia_Tech_College_of_Science" title="Virginia Tech College of Science">College of Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virginia%E2%80%93Maryland_College_of_Veterinary_Medicine" title="Virginia–Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine">College of Veterinary Medicine</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Drill_Field_Virginia_Tech_-_cropped.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8d/Drill_Field_Virginia_Tech_-_cropped.png/90px-Drill_Field_Virginia_Tech_-_cropped.png" decoding="async" width="90" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8d/Drill_Field_Virginia_Tech_-_cropped.png/135px-Drill_Field_Virginia_Tech_-_cropped.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8d/Drill_Field_Virginia_Tech_-_cropped.png/180px-Drill_Field_Virginia_Tech_-_cropped.png 2x" data-file-width="288" data-file-height="719" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#861F41;color:white;box-shadow: inset 2px 2px 0 #E87722, inset -2px -2px 0 #E87722;;;width:1%">Research</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Virginia_Tech_Corporate_Research_Center" title="Virginia Tech Corporate Research Center">Virginia Tech Corporate Research Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virginia_Tech_Foundation" title="Virginia Tech Foundation">Virginia Tech Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biocomplexity_Institute_of_Virginia_Tech" title="Biocomplexity Institute of Virginia Tech">Biocomplexity Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smithsonian_Conservation_Biology_Institute" title="Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute">Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virginia_Cooperative_Extension" title="Virginia Cooperative Extension">Virginia Cooperative Extension</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virginia_Tech_Institute_for_Policy_and_Governance" title="Virginia Tech Institute for Policy and Governance">Virginia Tech Institute for Policy and Governance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/System_X_(supercomputer)" title="System X (supercomputer)">System X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/System_G_(supercomputer)" title="System G (supercomputer)">System G</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virginia_Smart_Road" title="Virginia Smart Road">Virginia Smart Road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ECorridors" title="ECorridors">eCorridors Program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E-58" title="E-58">e-58</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virginia_Tech_Stability_Wind_Tunnel" title="Virginia Tech Stability Wind Tunnel">Stability Wind Tunnel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partners_for_Advanced_Transit_and_Highways" title="Partners for Advanced Transit and Highways">PATH</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virginia_school_of_political_economy" title="Virginia school of political economy">Virginia school of political economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virginia_Library_Association" title="Virginia Library Association">VLA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DARwIn-OP" title="DARwIn-OP">DARwIn-OP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanoknife" title="Nanoknife">Nanoknife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carilion_Roanoke_Memorial_Hospital" title="Carilion Roanoke Memorial Hospital">Carilion Roanoke Memorial Hospital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LibX" title="LibX">LibX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_LambdaRail" title="National LambdaRail">Mid-Atlantic Terascale Partnership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VTLS" title="VTLS">VTLS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blacksburg_Electronic_Village" title="Blacksburg Electronic Village">Blacksburg Electronic Village</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pelikan_tail" title="Pelikan tail">Pelikan tail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virginia_School_Leaders_Institute" title="Virginia School Leaders Institute">Virginia School Leaders Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Institute_of_Aerospace" title="National Institute of Aerospace">NIA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Super_Dual_Auroral_Radar_Network" title="Super Dual Auroral Radar Network">Super Dual Auroral Radar Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ETBLAST" title="ETBLAST">eTBLAST</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Head_impact_telemetry_system" title="Head impact telemetry system">Head impact telemetry system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metal_rubber" title="Metal rubber">Metal rubber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Center_of_Excellence_for_Aviation_Operators" class="mw-redirect" title="National Center of Excellence for Aviation Operators">NEXTOR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sugar_battery" title="Sugar battery">Sugar battery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virginia_Cyber_Range" title="Virginia Cyber Range">Virginia Cyber Range</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#861F41;color:white;box-shadow: inset 2px 2px 0 #E87722, inset -2px -2px 0 #E87722;;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Virginia_Tech_Hokies" title="Virginia Tech Hokies"><span class="tmpl-colored-link" style="color: white; text-decoration: inherit;">Athletics</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#861F41;color:white;box-shadow: inset 2px 2px 0 #E87722, inset -2px -2px 0 #E87722;;;width:1%">Teams</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Virginia_Tech_Hokies_baseball" title="Virginia Tech Hokies baseball">Baseball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virginia_Tech_Hokies_men%27s_basketball" title="Virginia Tech Hokies men's basketball">Men's basketball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virginia_Tech_Hokies_women%27s_basketball" title="Virginia Tech Hokies women's basketball">Women's basketball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virginia_Tech_Hokies_football" title="Virginia Tech Hokies football">Football</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virginia_Tech_Hokies_men%27s_soccer" title="Virginia Tech Hokies men's soccer">Men's soccer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virginia_Tech_Hokies_women%27s_soccer" title="Virginia Tech Hokies women's soccer">Women's soccer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virginia_Tech_Hokies_softball" title="Virginia Tech Hokies softball">Softball</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#861F41;color:white;box-shadow: inset 2px 2px 0 #E87722, inset -2px -2px 0 #E87722;;;width:1%">Venues</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Berglund_Center" title="Berglund Center">Berglund Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cassell_Coliseum" title="Cassell Coliseum">Cassell Coliseum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_Field" title="English Field">English Field</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lane_Stadium" title="Lane Stadium">Lane Stadium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandra_D._Thompson_Field" title="Sandra D. Thompson Field">Thompson Field</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#861F41;color:white;box-shadow: inset 2px 2px 0 #E87722, inset -2px -2px 0 #E87722;;;width:1%">Rivalries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Virginia%E2%80%93Virginia_Tech_rivalry" title="Virginia–Virginia Tech rivalry">Virginia Tech–Virginia rivalry</a> (<a href="/wiki/Virginia%E2%80%93Virginia_Tech_rivalry" title="Virginia–Virginia Tech rivalry">overall</a>, <a href="/wiki/Virginia%E2%80%93Virginia_Tech_football_rivalry" title="Virginia–Virginia Tech football rivalry">football</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Virginia%E2%80%93Virginia_Tech_men%27s_basketball_rivalry" title="Virginia–Virginia Tech men's basketball rivalry">men's basketball</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Diamond_Trophy" class="mw-redirect" title="Black Diamond Trophy">Virginia Tech–West Virginia rivalry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgia_Tech%E2%80%93Virginia_Tech_football_rivalry" title="Georgia Tech–Virginia Tech football rivalry">Virginia Tech-Georgia Tech rivalry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VMI%E2%80%93Virginia_Tech_football_rivalry" title="VMI–Virginia Tech football rivalry">Virginia Tech-VMI rivalry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miami%E2%80%93Virginia_Tech_football_rivalry" title="Miami–Virginia Tech football rivalry">Virginia Tech–Miami rivalry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boston_College%E2%80%93Virginia_Tech_football_rivalry" title="Boston College–Virginia Tech football rivalry">Virginia Tech–Boston College rivalry</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#861F41;color:white;box-shadow: inset 2px 2px 0 #E87722, inset -2px -2px 0 #E87722;;;width:1%">Culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HokieBird" title="HokieBird">HokieBird</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Hokie" title="Old Hokie">Old Hokie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tech_Triumph" title="Tech Triumph">Tech Triumph</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#861F41;color:white;box-shadow: inset 2px 2px 0 #E87722, inset -2px -2px 0 #E87722;;;width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Coast_Conference" title="Atlantic Coast Conference">Atlantic Coast Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collegiate_Water_Polo_Association" title="Collegiate Water Polo Association">Collegiate Water Polo Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Virginia_Tech_IMG_Sports_Network_stations" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Virginia Tech IMG Sports Network stations">Virginia Tech IMG Sports Network</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#861F41;color:white;box-shadow: inset 2px 2px 0 #E87722, inset -2px -2px 0 #E87722;;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Virginia_Tech_campus" class="mw-redirect" title="Virginia Tech campus"><span class="tmpl-colored-link" style="color: white; text-decoration: inherit;">Campus</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Extended_campuses">Virginia Tech National Capital Region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington-Alexandria_Architecture_Center" title="Washington-Alexandria Architecture Center">Washington-Alexandria Architecture Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virginia_Tech_Richmond_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="Virginia Tech Richmond Center">Virginia Tech Richmond Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hotel_Roanoke" title="Hotel Roanoke">Hotel Roanoke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hillcrest_Honors_Community" class="mw-redirect" title="Hillcrest Honors Community">Hillcrest Honors Community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preston_and_Olin_Institute" title="Preston and Olin Institute">Preston and Olin Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reynolds_Homestead" title="Reynolds Homestead">Reynolds Homestead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virginia_Tech_Montgomery_Executive_Airport" title="Virginia Tech Montgomery Executive Airport">BCB Airport</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#861F41;color:white;box-shadow: inset 2px 2px 0 #E87722, inset -2px -2px 0 #E87722;;;width:1%">Life</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Collegiate_Times" title="Collegiate Times">Collegiate Times</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virginia_Tech_Corps_of_Cadets" title="Virginia Tech Corps of Cadets">Virginia Tech Corps of Cadets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Highty-Tighties" title="Highty-Tighties">Highty-Tighties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Marching_Virginians" title="The Marching Virginians">The Marching Virginians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_New_Virginians" title="The New Virginians">The New Virginians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virginia_Tech_Rescue_Squad" title="Virginia Tech Rescue Squad">Virginia Tech Rescue Squad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Educational_Media_Company_at_Virginia_Tech" title="The Educational Media Company at Virginia Tech">The Educational Media Company at Virginia Tech</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Morrison" title="United States v. Morrison">United States v. Morrison</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WUVT-FM" title="WUVT-FM">WUVT-FM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WVTF" title="WVTF">WVTF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HEVT" title="HEVT">HEVT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WBRW" title="WBRW">WBRW</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tech_Talk_Live" title="Tech Talk Live">Tech Talk Live</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_IQ" class="mw-redirect" title="Radio IQ">Radio IQ</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Middle_English_Verse" title="Index of Middle English Verse">Index of Middle English Verse</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hahn_Horticulture_Garden" title="Hahn Horticulture Garden">Hahn Horticulture Garden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hokie_Stone" title="Hokie Stone">Hokie Stone</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Graduating_Peter" title="Graduating Peter">Graduating Peter</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_River_Valley" title="New River Valley">New River Valley</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#History">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virginia_Tech_shooting" title="Virginia Tech shooting">Virginia Tech shooting</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Seung-Hui_Cho" title="Seung-Hui Cho">Seung-Hui Cho</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stroubles_Creek" title="Stroubles Creek">Stroubles Creek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blacksburg_Transit" title="Blacksburg Transit">Blacksburg Transit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valley_Metro_(Roanoke)" title="Valley Metro (Roanoke)">Valley Metro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virginia_Tech_Police_Department" title="Virginia Tech Police Department">Police Department</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#861F41;color:white;box-shadow: inset 2px 2px 0 #E87722, inset -2px -2px 0 #E87722;;;width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Virginia_Tech_alumni" title="List of Virginia Tech alumni">List of Virginia Tech alumni</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#List_of_presidents">List of Virginia Tech Presidents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Virginia_Tech_Hokies_head_football_coaches" title="List of Virginia Tech Hokies head football coaches">List of Virginia Tech head football coaches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Virginia_Tech_commencement_speakers" title="List of Virginia Tech commencement speakers">Commencement speakers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="background-color:#861F41;color:white;box-shadow: inset 2px 2px 0 #E87722, inset -2px -2px 0 #E87722;;"><div> <ul><li><b>Founded</b>: 1872</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Links_to_related_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e8e8ff;background-color:#861F41;color:white;box-shadow: inset 2px 2px 0 #E87722, inset -2px -2px 0 #E87722;;"><div id="Links_to_related_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Links to related articles</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-size:114%"><div style="padding:0px"> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Colleges_and_universities_in_Virginia" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Colleges_and_universities_in_Virginia" title="Template:Colleges and universities in Virginia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Colleges_and_universities_in_Virginia" title="Template talk:Colleges and universities in Virginia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Colleges_and_universities_in_Virginia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Colleges and universities in Virginia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Colleges_and_universities_in_Virginia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_colleges_and_universities_in_Virginia" title="List of colleges and universities in Virginia">Colleges and universities in Virginia</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Public</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Newport_University" title="Christopher Newport University">Christopher Newport University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/College_of_William_%26_Mary" title="College of William & Mary">College of William & Mary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Virginia_Medical_School" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Virginia Medical School">Eastern Virginia Medical School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Mason_University" title="George Mason University">George Mason University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Madison_University" title="James Madison University">James Madison University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joint_Forces_Staff_College" title="Joint Forces Staff College">Joint Forces Staff College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longwood_University" title="Longwood University">Longwood University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_Corps_University" title="Marine Corps University">Marine Corps University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norfolk_State_University" title="Norfolk State University">Norfolk State University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Dominion_University" title="Old Dominion University">Old Dominion University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radford_University" title="Radford University">Radford University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Bland_College" title="Richard Bland College">Richard Bland College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Mary_Washington" title="University of Mary Washington">University of Mary Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Virginia" title="University of Virginia">University of Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Virginia%27s_College_at_Wise" title="University of Virginia's College at Wise">University of Virginia's College at Wise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virginia_Commonwealth_University" title="Virginia Commonwealth University">Virginia Commonwealth University</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/VCU_School_of_Dentistry" title="VCU School of Dentistry">VCU School of Dentistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VCU_School_of_Education" title="VCU School of Education">VCU School of Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VCU_College_of_Health_Professions" title="VCU College of Health Professions">VCU College of Health Professions</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virginia_Community_College_System" title="Virginia Community College System">Virginia Community College System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virginia_Military_Institute" title="Virginia Military Institute">Virginia Military Institute</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Virginia_Tech_-_Wake_Forest_University_School_of_Biomedical_Engineering_%26_Sciences" title="Virginia Tech - Wake Forest University School of Biomedical Engineering & Sciences">VT-WFU School Biomedical Engineering & Sciences</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virginia_State_University" title="Virginia State University">Virginia State University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virginia%E2%80%93Maryland_College_of_Veterinary_Medicine" title="Virginia–Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine">Virginia–Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Private</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Appalachian_College_of_Pharmacy" title="Appalachian College of Pharmacy">Appalachian College of Pharmacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Appalachian_School_of_Law" title="Appalachian School of Law">Appalachian School of Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Art_Institutes" title="The Art Institutes">Art Institute of Virginia Beach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_University" title="Atlantic University">Atlantic University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Averett_University" title="Averett University">Averett University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baptist_Theological_Seminary_at_Richmond" title="Baptist Theological Seminary at Richmond">Baptist Theological Seminary at Richmond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bluefield_University" title="Bluefield University">Bluefield University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bon_Secours_Memorial_College_of_Nursing" title="Bon Secours Memorial College of Nursing">Bon Secours Memorial College of Nursing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bridgewater_College" title="Bridgewater College">Bridgewater College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christendom_College" title="Christendom College">Christendom College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DeVry_University" title="DeVry University">DeVry University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divine_Mercy_University" title="Divine Mercy University">Divine Mercy University</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Institute_for_the_Psychological_Sciences" title="Institute for the Psychological Sciences">Institute for the Psychological Sciences</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Mennonite_University" title="Eastern Mennonite University">Eastern Mennonite University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ECPI_University" title="ECPI University">ECPI University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Via_College_of_Osteopathic_Medicine" title="Edward Via College of Osteopathic Medicine">Edward Via College of Osteopathic Medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emory_and_Henry_University" title="Emory and Henry University">Emory and Henry University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fairfax_University_of_America" title="Fairfax University of America">Fairfax University of America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferrum_College" title="Ferrum College">Ferrum College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Washington_University_Virginia_Science_and_Technology_Campus" title="George Washington University Virginia Science and Technology Campus">George Washington University Virginia Campus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hampden%E2%80%93Sydney_College" title="Hampden–Sydney College">Hampden–Sydney College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hampton_University" title="Hampton University">Hampton University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hartland_Institute" title="Hartland Institute">Hartland College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hollins_University" title="Hollins University">Hollins University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jefferson_College_of_Health_Sciences" title="Jefferson College of Health Sciences">Jefferson College of Health Sciences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Leland_Center_for_Theological_Studies" title="John Leland Center for Theological Studies">John Leland Center for Theological Studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberty_University" title="Liberty University">Liberty University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Lynchburg" title="University of Lynchburg">University of Lynchburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Baldwin_University" title="Mary Baldwin University">Mary Baldwin University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marymount_University" title="Marymount University">Marymount University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Henry_College" title="Patrick Henry College">Patrick Henry College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Randolph_College" title="Randolph College">Randolph College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Randolph%E2%80%93Macon_College" title="Randolph–Macon College">Randolph–Macon College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regent_University" title="Regent University">Regent University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roanoke_College" title="Roanoke College">Roanoke College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shenandoah_University" title="Shenandoah University">Shenandoah University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Virginia_University" title="Southern Virginia University">Southern Virginia University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sweet_Briar_College" title="Sweet Briar College">Sweet Briar College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_Presbyterian_Seminary" title="Union Presbyterian Seminary">Union Presbyterian Seminary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Management_and_Technology_(Virginia)" title="University of Management and Technology (Virginia)">University of Management and Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_the_Potomac" title="University of the Potomac">University of the Potomac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Richmond" title="University of Richmond">University of Richmond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virginia_Theological_Seminary" title="Virginia Theological Seminary">Virginia Theological Seminary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virginia_Union_University" title="Virginia Union University">Virginia Union University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virginia_University_of_Lynchburg" title="Virginia University of Lynchburg">Virginia University of Lynchburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virginia_Wesleyan_University" title="Virginia Wesleyan University">Virginia Wesleyan University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington_and_Lee_University" title="Washington and Lee University">Washington and Lee University</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Defunct</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Art_Institute_of_Washington" title="Art Institute of Washington">Art Institute of Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blackstone_College_for_Girls" title="Blackstone College for Girls">Blackstone College for Girls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cordoba_University" title="Cordoba University">Cordoba University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_College_(Virginia)" title="Eastern College (Virginia)">Eastern College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_College_(Virginia)" title="Elizabeth College (Virginia)">Elizabeth College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fauquier_Institute" title="Fauquier Institute">Fauquier Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_College" title="Frederick College">Frederick College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gibbs_College" title="Gibbs College">Gibbs College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marion_College_(Virginia)" title="Marion College (Virginia)">Marion College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richmond_Professional_Institute" title="Richmond Professional Institute">Richmond Professional Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Paul%27s_College_(Virginia)" title="Saint Paul's College (Virginia)">Saint Paul's College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stratford_University" title="Stratford University">Stratford University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sullins_College" title="Sullins College">Sullins College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Northern_Virginia" title="University of Northern Virginia">University of Northern Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virginia_Intermont_College" title="Virginia Intermont College">Virginia Intermont College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Westwood_College" title="Westwood College">Westwood College</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_colleges_and_universities_in_Virginia" title="List of colleges and universities in Virginia">Complete list</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Institutes_of_technology,_polytechnics,_and_technological_universities_in_the_United_States" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="color: #ffffff; background-color: #003c7a;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Polytechnic_Universities" title="Template:Polytechnic Universities"><abbr title="View this template" style="color: #ffffff">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Polytechnic_Universities" title="Template talk:Polytechnic Universities"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color: #ffffff">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Polytechnic_Universities" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Polytechnic Universities"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color: #ffffff">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Institutes_of_technology,_polytechnics,_and_technological_universities_in_the_United_States" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Institute_of_technology_(United_States)" title="Institute of technology (United States)"><span style="color:white;">Institutes of technology, polytechnics, and technological universities in the United States</span></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;color: #ffffff; background-color: #003c7a; text-align: center;">Public</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_Force_Institute_of_Technology" title="Air Force Institute of Technology">Air Force Institute of Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arizona_State_University_Polytechnic_campus" title="Arizona State University Polytechnic campus">ASU Polytechnic School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arkansas_Tech_University" title="Arkansas Tech University">Arkansas Tech</a></li> <li>Cal Poly (<a href="/wiki/California_State_Polytechnic_University,_Humboldt" title="California State Polytechnic University, Humboldt">Humboldt</a>, <a href="/wiki/California_State_Polytechnic_University,_Pomona" title="California State Polytechnic University, Pomona">Pomona</a>, and <a href="/wiki/California_Polytechnic_State_University" class="mw-redirect" title="California Polytechnic State University">San Luis Obispo</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colorado_School_of_Mines" title="Colorado School of Mines">Colorado Mines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florida_Polytechnic_University" title="Florida Polytechnic University">Florida Poly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgia_Institute_of_Technology" class="mw-redirect" title="Georgia Institute of Technology">Georgia Tech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iowa_State_University" title="Iowa State University">Iowa State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kansas_State_University_Salina_Aerospace_and_Technology_Campus" title="Kansas State University Salina Aerospace and Technology Campus">K-State Salina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louisiana_Tech_University" title="Louisiana Tech University">Louisiana Tech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michigan_Technological_University" title="Michigan Technological University">Michigan Tech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missouri_University_of_Science_and_Technology" title="Missouri University of Science and Technology">Missouri S&T</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montana_Technological_University" title="Montana Technological University">Montana Tech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Jersey_Institute_of_Technology" title="New Jersey Institute of Technology">New Jersey Institute of Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Mexico_Institute_of_Mining_and_Technology" title="New Mexico Institute of Mining and Technology">New Mexico Tech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oklahoma_State_University_Institute_of_Technology" title="Oklahoma State University Institute of Technology">Oklahoma State University Institute of Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oregon_Institute_of_Technology" title="Oregon Institute of Technology">Oregon Tech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Dakota_School_of_Mines_and_Technology" title="South Dakota School of Mines and Technology">South Dakota Mines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Polytechnic_State_University" title="Southern Polytechnic State University">Southern Poly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_University_of_New_York_Polytechnic_Institute" class="mw-redirect" title="State University of New York Polytechnic Institute">SUNY Poly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tennessee_Technological_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Tennessee Technological University">Tennessee Tech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texas_Tech_University" title="Texas Tech University">Texas Tech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utah_Tech_University" title="Utah Tech University">Utah Tech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Wisconsin%E2%80%93Stout" title="University of Wisconsin–Stout">UW–Stout</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Virginia Tech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wichita_State_University_Campus_of_Applied_Sciences_and_Technology" title="Wichita State University Campus of Applied Sciences and Technology">Wichita State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Virginia_University_Institute_of_Technology" title="West Virginia University Institute of Technology">WVU Tech</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;color: #ffffff; background-color: #003c7a; text-align: center;">Private</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/California_Institute_of_Technology" title="California Institute of Technology">Caltech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capitol_Technology_University" title="Capitol Technology University">Capitol Tech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clarkson_University" title="Clarkson University">Clarkson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florida_Institute_of_Technology" title="Florida Institute of Technology">Florida Tech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harrisburg_University_of_Science_and_Technology" title="Harrisburg University of Science and Technology">Harrisburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harvey_Mudd_College" title="Harvey Mudd College">Harvey Mudd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illinois_Institute_of_Technology" title="Illinois Institute of Technology">Illinois Tech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indiana_Institute_of_Technology" title="Indiana Institute of Technology">Indiana Tech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kettering_University" title="Kettering University">Kettering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Technological_University" title="Lawrence Technological University">Lawrence Tech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology" title="Massachusetts Institute of Technology">MIT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_England_Institute_of_Technology" title="New England Institute of Technology">New England Tech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_Institute_of_Technology" title="New York Institute of Technology">NYIT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rensselaer_Polytechnic_Institute" title="Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute">Rensselaer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rochester_Institute_of_Technology" title="Rochester Institute of Technology">RIT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rose%E2%80%93Hulman_Institute_of_Technology" title="Rose–Hulman Institute of Technology">Rose–Hulman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Francisco_Bay_University" title="San Francisco Bay University">San Francisco Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stevens_Institute_of_Technology" title="Stevens Institute of Technology">Stevens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washburn_Institute_of_Technology" title="Washburn Institute of Technology">Washburn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wentworth_Institute_of_Technology" title="Wentworth Institute of Technology">Wentworth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Worcester_Polytechnic_Institute" title="Worcester Polytechnic Institute">WPI</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239334494">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Association_of_Military_Colleges_and_Schools_of_the_United_States" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="color: #ffffff; background-color: #003c7a; text-align: center;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Association_of_Military_Colleges_and_Schools_of_the_United_States" title="Template:Association of Military Colleges and Schools of the United States"><abbr title="View this template" style="color: #ffffff">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Association_of_Military_Colleges_and_Schools_of_the_United_States" title="Template talk:Association of Military Colleges and Schools of the United States"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color: #ffffff">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Association_of_Military_Colleges_and_Schools_of_the_United_States" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Association of Military Colleges and Schools of the United States"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color: #ffffff">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Association_of_Military_Colleges_and_Schools_of_the_United_States" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Association_of_Military_Colleges_and_Schools_of_the_United_States" title="Association of Military Colleges and Schools of the United States"><span style="color: #ffffff;">Association of Military Colleges and Schools of the United States</span></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="color: #ffffff; background-color: #003c7a; text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senior_Military_College" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Senior Military College"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:white">Senior military colleges</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;color: #ffffff; background-color: #003c7a; text-align: center;">Public</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Citadel" title="The Citadel">The Citadel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texas_A%26M_University_Corps_of_Cadets" title="Texas A&M University Corps of Cadets">Texas A&M University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_North_Georgia" title="University of North Georgia">University of North Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virginia_Military_Institute" title="Virginia Military Institute">Virginia Military Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virginia_Tech_Corps_of_Cadets" title="Virginia Tech Corps of Cadets">Virginia Tech</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;color: #ffffff; background-color: #003c7a; text-align: center;">Private</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Norwich_University" title="Norwich University">Norwich University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virginia_Women%27s_Institute_for_Leadership" class="mw-redirect" title="Virginia Women's Institute for Leadership">Virginia Women's Institute for Leadership</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="color: #ffffff; background-color: #003c7a; text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Military_junior_college" title="Military junior college"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:white">Military junior colleges</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;color: #ffffff; background-color: #003c7a; text-align: center;">Public</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Georgia_Military_College" title="Georgia Military College">Georgia Military College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marion_Military_Institute" title="Marion Military Institute">Marion Military Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Mexico_Military_Institute" title="New Mexico Military Institute">New Mexico Military Institute</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;color: #ffffff; background-color: #003c7a; text-align: center;">Private</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Valley_Forge_Military_Academy_and_College" title="Valley Forge Military Academy and College">Valley Forge Military Academy and College</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="color: #ffffff; background-color: #003c7a; text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/University-preparatory_school" class="mw-redirect" title="University-preparatory school"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:white">Preparatory schools</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Admiral_Farragut_Academy" title="Admiral Farragut Academy">Admiral Farragut Academy</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=American_Military_Academy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="American Military Academy (page does not exist)">American Military Academy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Army_and_Navy_Academy" title="Army and Navy Academy">Army and Navy Academy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benedictine_College_Preparatory" title="Benedictine College Preparatory">Benedictine College Preparatory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camden_Military_Academy" title="Camden Military Academy">Camden Military Academy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carson_Long_Military_Academy" title="Carson Long Military Academy">Carson Long Military Academy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culver_Academies" title="Culver Academies">Culver Academies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fishburne_Military_School" title="Fishburne Military School">Fishburne Military School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florida_Preparatory_Academy" title="Florida Preparatory Academy">Florida Preparatory Academy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fork_Union_Military_Academy" title="Fork Union Military Academy">Fork Union Military Academy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hargrave_Military_Academy" title="Hargrave Military Academy">Hargrave Military Academy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyman_Ward_Military_Academy" class="mw-redirect" title="Lyman Ward Military Academy">Lyman Ward Military Academy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_Military_Academy" title="Marine Military Academy">Marine Military Academy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massanutten_Military_Academy" title="Massanutten Military Academy">Massanutten Military Academy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missouri_Military_Academy" title="Missouri Military Academy">Missouri Military Academy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_Military_Academy" title="New York Military Academy">New York Military Academy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oak_Ridge_Military_Academy" title="Oak Ridge Military Academy">Oak Ridge Military Academy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Randolph-Macon_Academy" title="Randolph-Macon Academy">Randolph-Macon Academy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riverside_Military_Academy" title="Riverside Military Academy">Riverside Military Academy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Thomas_Academy" title="Saint Thomas Academy">Saint Thomas Academy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Catherine%27s_Academy" title="St. Catherine's Academy">St. Catherine's Academy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._John%27s_Northwestern_Military_Academy" title="St. John's Northwestern Military Academy">St. John's Northwestern Military Academy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TMI_%E2%80%94_The_Episcopal_School_of_Texas" class="mw-redirect" title="TMI — The Episcopal School of Texas">Texas Military Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Land_Academy" title="Robert Land Academy">Robert Land Academy (Canada)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Southeastern_Universities_Research_Association" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="color: #ffffff; background-color: #285353;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Southeastern_Universities_Research_Association" title="Template:Southeastern Universities Research Association"><abbr title="View this template" style="color: #ffffff">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Southeastern_Universities_Research_Association" title="Template talk:Southeastern Universities Research Association"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color: #ffffff">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Southeastern_Universities_Research_Association" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Southeastern Universities Research Association"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color: #ffffff">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Southeastern_Universities_Research_Association" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Southeastern_Universities_Research_Association" title="Southeastern Universities Research Association"><span style="color:white;">Southeastern Universities Research Association</span></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;color: #ffffff; background-color: #285353; text-align: center;">Standard members</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align: left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Alabama" title="University of Alabama">Alabama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Alabama_at_Birmingham" title="University of Alabama at Birmingham">UAB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Alabama_in_Huntsville" title="University of Alabama in Huntsville">UAHuntsville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Arkansas" title="University of Arkansas">Arkansas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auburn_University" title="Auburn University">Auburn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baylor_University" title="Baylor University">Baylor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_University_of_America" title="Catholic University of America">Catholic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Central_Florida" title="University of Central Florida">UCF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Newport_University" title="Christopher Newport University">Christopher Newport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clemson_University" title="Clemson University">Clemson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Delaware" title="University of Delaware">Delaware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duke_University" title="Duke University">Duke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Carolina_University" title="East Carolina University">East Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Florida" title="University of Florida">Florida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florida_Atlantic_University" title="Florida Atlantic University">Florida Atlantic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florida_Institute_of_Technology" title="Florida Institute of Technology">Florida Tech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florida_International_University" title="Florida International University">FIU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florida_State_University" title="Florida State University">Florida State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Mason_University" title="George Mason University">George Mason</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Washington_University" title="George Washington University">George Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgetown_University" title="Georgetown University">Georgetown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Georgia" title="University of Georgia">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgia_Tech" title="Georgia Tech">Georgia Tech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgia_State_University" title="Georgia State University">Georgia State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hampton_University" title="Hampton University">Hampton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Houston" title="University of Houston">Houston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Madison_University" title="James Madison University">James Madison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Kentucky" title="University of Kentucky">Kentucky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Louisiana_at_Lafayette" title="University of Louisiana at Lafayette">UL Lafayette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louisiana_State_University" title="Louisiana State University">LSU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louisiana_Tech_University" title="Louisiana Tech University">Louisiana Tech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Maryland,_College_Park" title="University of Maryland, College Park">Maryland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Maryland,_Baltimore_County" title="University of Maryland, Baltimore County">UMBC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology" title="Massachusetts Institute of Technology">MIT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Memphis" title="University of Memphis">Memphis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Miami" title="University of Miami">Miami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Mississippi" title="University of Mississippi">Ole Miss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mississippi_State_University" title="Mississippi State University">Mississippi State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_New_Orleans" title="University of New Orleans">New Orleans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norfolk_State_University" title="Norfolk State University">Norfolk State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Carolina_A%26T_State_University" title="North Carolina A&T State University">North Carolina A&T</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_North_Carolina_at_Chapel_Hill" title="University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill">North Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Carolina_State_University" title="North Carolina State University">NC State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Oklahoma" title="University of Oklahoma">Oklahoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Dominion_University" title="Old Dominion University">Old Dominion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Regina" title="University of Regina">Regina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rice_University" title="Rice University">Rice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Richmond" title="University of Richmond">Richmond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_South_Carolina" title="University of South Carolina">South Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_South_Florida" title="University of South Florida">South Florida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Southern_Mississippi" title="University of Southern Mississippi">Southern Miss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Tennessee" title="University of Tennessee">Tennessee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Texas_at_Austin" title="University of Texas at Austin">Texas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texas_A%26M_University" title="Texas A&M University">Texas A&M</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tulane_University" title="Tulane University">Tulane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanderbilt_University" title="Vanderbilt University">Vanderbilt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Virginia" title="University of Virginia">Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virginia_Commonwealth_University" title="Virginia Commonwealth University">VCU</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Virginia Tech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virginia_State_University" title="Virginia State University">Virginia State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Virginia_University" title="West Virginia University">West Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/College_of_William_%26_Mary" title="College of William & Mary">William & Mary</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;color: #ffffff; background-color: #285353; text-align: center;">Affiliate members</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align: left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Idaho_State_University" title="Idaho State University">Idaho State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ohio_University" title="Ohio University">Ohio</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Atlantic_Coast_Conference" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="background-color:#013CA6;color:white;box-shadow: inset 2px 2px 0 #A5A9AB, inset -2px -2px 0 #A5A9AB;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Atlantic_Coast_Conference_navbox" title="Template:Atlantic Coast Conference navbox"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:white">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Atlantic_Coast_Conference_navbox" title="Template talk:Atlantic Coast Conference navbox"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:white">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Atlantic_Coast_Conference_navbox" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Atlantic Coast Conference navbox"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:white">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Atlantic_Coast_Conference" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Coast_Conference" title="Atlantic Coast Conference"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:white">Atlantic Coast Conference</span></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#013CA6;color:white;box-shadow: inset 2px 2px 0 #A5A9AB, inset -2px -2px 0 #A5A9AB;;width:1%">Current members</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boston_College_Eagles" title="Boston College Eagles">Boston College Eagles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/California_Golden_Bears" title="California Golden Bears">California Golden Bears</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clemson_Tigers" title="Clemson Tigers">Clemson Tigers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duke_Blue_Devils" title="Duke Blue Devils">Duke Blue Devils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florida_State_Seminoles" title="Florida State Seminoles">Florida State Seminoles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgia_Tech_Yellow_Jackets" title="Georgia Tech Yellow Jackets">Georgia Tech Yellow Jackets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louisville_Cardinals" title="Louisville Cardinals">Louisville Cardinals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miami_Hurricanes" title="Miami Hurricanes">Miami Hurricanes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NC_State_Wolfpack" title="NC State Wolfpack">North Carolina State Wolfpack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Carolina_Tar_Heels" title="North Carolina Tar Heels">North Carolina Tar Heels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Notre_Dame_Fighting_Irish" title="Notre Dame Fighting Irish">Notre Dame Fighting Irish</a> (non-football member)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pittsburgh_Panthers" title="Pittsburgh Panthers">Pittsburgh Panthers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SMU_Mustangs" title="SMU Mustangs">SMU Mustangs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanford_Cardinal" title="Stanford Cardinal">Stanford Cardinal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syracuse_Orange" title="Syracuse Orange">Syracuse Orange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virginia_Cavaliers" title="Virginia Cavaliers">Virginia Cavaliers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virginia_Tech_Hokies" title="Virginia Tech Hokies">Virginia Tech Hokies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wake_Forest_Demon_Deacons" title="Wake Forest Demon Deacons">Wake Forest Demon Deacons</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Atlantic_Coast_Conference_logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Atlantic_Coast_Conference_logo.svg/100px-Atlantic_Coast_Conference_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="29" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Atlantic_Coast_Conference_logo.svg/150px-Atlantic_Coast_Conference_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Atlantic_Coast_Conference_logo.svg/200px-Atlantic_Coast_Conference_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="248" data-file-height="73" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#013CA6;color:white;box-shadow: inset 2px 2px 0 #A5A9AB, inset -2px -2px 0 #A5A9AB;;width:1%">Championships & awards</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Atlantic_Coast_Conference_champions" title="List of Atlantic Coast Conference champions">Conference champions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Atlantic_Coast_Conference_national_championships" title="List of Atlantic Coast Conference national championships">National championships</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ACC_Athlete_of_the_Year" title="ACC Athlete of the Year">Athlete of the Year</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#013CA6;color:white;box-shadow: inset 2px 2px 0 #A5A9AB, inset -2px -2px 0 #A5A9AB;;width:1%">Tournaments</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ACC_Championship_Game" title="ACC Championship Game">Football</a></li> <li>Basketball (<a href="/wiki/ACC_men%27s_basketball_tournament" title="ACC men's basketball tournament">Men</a>; <a href="/wiki/ACC_women%27s_basketball_tournament" title="ACC women's basketball tournament">Women</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Coast_Conference_baseball_tournament" title="Atlantic Coast Conference baseball tournament">Baseball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Coast_Conference_softball_tournament" title="Atlantic Coast Conference softball tournament">Softball</a></li> <li>Soccer (<a href="/wiki/ACC_men%27s_soccer_tournament" title="ACC men's soccer tournament">Men</a>; <a href="/wiki/ACC_women%27s_soccer_tournament" title="ACC women's soccer tournament">Women</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#013CA6;color:white;box-shadow: inset 2px 2px 0 #A5A9AB, inset -2px -2px 0 #A5A9AB;;width:1%">Broadcast partners</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ESPN" title="ESPN">ESPN</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ACC_Network" title="ACC Network">ACC Network</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_CW_Sports" class="mw-redirect" title="The CW Sports">The CW Sports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raycom_Sports" title="Raycom Sports">Raycom Sports</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#013CA6;color:white;box-shadow: inset 2px 2px 0 #A5A9AB, inset -2px -2px 0 #A5A9AB;;width:1%">Former competitions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Coast_Rugby_League" title="Atlantic Coast Rugby League">Atlantic Coast Rugby League</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 0;column-gap:1em;align-items:baseline;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-item{display:inline-block;margin:0.15em 0.2em;min-height:24px;line-height:24px}@media screen and 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class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><span class="portal-bar-header"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portal</a>:</span><ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Flag_of_Virginia.svg/21px-Flag_of_Virginia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Flag_of_Virginia.svg/32px-Flag_of_Virginia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Flag_of_Virginia.svg/42px-Flag_of_Virginia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="341" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Virginia" title="Portal:Virginia">Virginia</a></li></ul></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q65379#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q65379#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q65379#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000106637289">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/129529484">VIAF</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/135641695">2</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/145748743">3</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/549617/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39QH7JmqGFbbQhWPWkvDpkXM6">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/1029971-3">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n80125909">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11882799n">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11882799n">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35582877">Australia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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