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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Copper_Age" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Copper_Age"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Copper Age</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Copper_Age-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Early_and_Middle_Bronze_Age" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_and_Middle_Bronze_Age"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Early and Middle Bronze Age</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_and_Middle_Bronze_Age-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Late_Bronze_Age" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Late_Bronze_Age"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Late Bronze Age</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Late_Bronze_Age-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Iron_Age" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Iron_Age"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Iron Age</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Iron_Age-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Antiquity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Antiquity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Antiquity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Antiquity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Theatre" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Theatre"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Theatre</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Theatre-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Genetics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Genetics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Genetics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Genetics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Italic peoples</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 41 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-41" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">41 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Itali%C3%ABrs" title="Italiërs – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Italiërs" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D8%B9%D9%88%D8%A8_%D8%A5%D9%8A%D8%B7%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="شعوب إيطالقية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="شعوب إيطالقية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0talikl%C9%99r" title="İtaliklər – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="İtaliklər" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%86%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BA%D1%96" title="Італікі – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Італікі" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%86%D0%B8" title="Италийци – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Италийци" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italici" title="Italici – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Italici" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/It%C3%A0lics" title="Itàlics – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Itàlics" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italikov%C3%A9" title="Italikové – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Italikové" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italikere" title="Italikere – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Italikere" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italiker" title="Italiker – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Italiker" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Itaalikud" title="Itaalikud – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Itaalikud" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italikoj" title="Italikoj – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Italikoj" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%85_%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%8C_%D8%AA%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1" title="مردم ایتالیایی تبار – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="مردم ایتالیایی تبار" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italiques" title="Italiques – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Italiques" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9D%B4%ED%83%88%EB%A6%AC%EC%95%84%EC%A1%B1" title="이탈리아족 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="이탈리아족" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BB%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%AC%D5%AB%D5%AF%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Իտալիկներ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Իտալիկներ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italici" title="Italici – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Italici" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italiki" title="Italiki – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Italiki" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orang-orang_Italik" title="Orang-orang Italik – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Orang-orang Italik" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italici" title="Italici – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Italici" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A2%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%9D_%D7%90%D7%99%D7%98%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%99%D7%9D" title="עמים איטליים – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="עמים איטליים" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Италиктер – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Италиктер" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Itali" title="Itali – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Itali" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/It%C4%81liki" title="Itāliki – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Itāliki" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italikai" title="Italikai – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Italikai" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italikus_n%C3%A9pek" title="Italikus népek – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Italikus népek" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8" title="Итали – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Итали" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italika_(vahoaka)" title="Italika (vahoaka) – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Italika (vahoaka)" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Itali%C3%ABrs" title="Italiërs – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Italiërs" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A4%E3%82%BF%E3%83%AA%E3%83%83%E3%82%AF%E4%BA%BA" title="イタリック人 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="イタリック人" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italikere" title="Italikere – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Italikere" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italiklar" title="Italiklar – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Italiklar" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italikers" title="Italikers – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Italikers" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italikowie" title="Italikowie – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Italikowie" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8" title="Италики – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Италики" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italikovia" title="Italikovia – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Italikovia" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8" title="Италски народи – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Италски народи" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italski_narodi" title="Italski narodi – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Italski narodi" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italiker" title="Italiker – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Italiker" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0talikler" title="İtalikler – Turkish" lang="tr" 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decoding="async" width="220" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Return_of_the_warrior._Detail_of_Lucanian_tomb.jpg/330px-Return_of_the_warrior._Detail_of_Lucanian_tomb.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Return_of_the_warrior._Detail_of_Lucanian_tomb.jpg/440px-Return_of_the_warrior._Detail_of_Lucanian_tomb.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1648" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>Return of the warrior. Detail of fresco from the <a href="/wiki/Lucania" title="Lucania">Lucanian</a> tomb, 4th century BC.</figcaption></figure> <p>The concept of <b>Italic peoples</b> is widely used in <a href="/wiki/Linguistics" title="Linguistics">linguistics</a> and <a href="/wiki/Historiography" title="Historiography">historiography</a> of ancient Italy. In a strict sense, commonly used in linguistics, it refers to the <a href="/wiki/Osco-Umbrian_languages" title="Osco-Umbrian languages">Osco-Umbrians</a> and <a href="/wiki/Latino-Faliscan_languages" title="Latino-Faliscan languages">Latino-Faliscans</a>, speakers of the <a href="/wiki/Italic_languages" title="Italic languages">Italic languages</a>, a subgroup of the <a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European</a> language family. In a broader sense, commonly used in historiography, all the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_peoples_of_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient peoples of Italy">ancient peoples of Italy</a> are referred to as Italic peoples, including those who did not speak Indo-European languages such the <a href="/wiki/Rhaetian_people" title="Rhaetian people">Rhaetians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ligures" title="Ligures">Ligures</a> and <a href="/wiki/Etruscan_civilization" title="Etruscan civilization">Etruscans</a>. As the <a href="/wiki/Latins_(Italic_tribe)" title="Latins (Italic tribe)">Latins</a> achieved a dominant position among these tribes, by virtue of the expansion of the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Roman civilization</a>, the other Italic tribes adopted <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> language and culture as part of the process of <a href="/wiki/Romanization_(cultural)" title="Romanization (cultural)">Romanization</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Classification">Classification</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Italic_peoples&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Classification"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Iron_Age_Italy.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Iron_Age_Italy.svg/220px-Iron_Age_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="267" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Iron_Age_Italy.svg/330px-Iron_Age_Italy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Iron_Age_Italy.svg/440px-Iron_Age_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="432" data-file-height="525" /></a><figcaption>Ethnolinguistic map of Italy in the <a href="/wiki/Iron_Age" title="Iron Age">Iron Age</a>, before the <a href="/wiki/Roman_conquest_of_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman conquest of Italy">Roman expansion and conquest of Italy</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The Italics were an <a href="/wiki/Ethnolinguistic_group" title="Ethnolinguistic group">ethnolinguistic group</a> who are identified by their use of the <a href="/wiki/Italic_languages" title="Italic languages">Italic languages</a>, which form one of the branches of <a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European languages</a>. </p><p>Outside of the specialised linguistic literature, the term is also used to describe the <a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_peoples_of_Italy" title="List of ancient peoples of Italy">ancient peoples of Italy</a> as defined in Roman times, including pre-<a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Roman</a> peoples like the <a href="/wiki/Etruscans" class="mw-redirect" title="Etruscans">Etruscans</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Raeti" class="mw-redirect" title="Raeti">Raetians</a>, who did not speak Indo-European languages.<sup id="cite_ref-WM452_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WM452-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Such use is improper in linguistics, but employed by sources such as the <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a>, which contends that «Italy attained a unified ethnolinguistic, political, and cultural physiognomy only after the Roman conquest, yet its most ancient peoples remain anchored in the names of the regions of Roman Italy — <a href="/wiki/Latium" title="Latium">Latium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Campania" title="Campania">Campania</a>, <a href="/wiki/Apulia" title="Apulia">Apulia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bruttium" class="mw-redirect" title="Bruttium">Bruttium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lucania" title="Lucania">Lucania</a>, <a href="/wiki/Emilia_Romagna" class="mw-redirect" title="Emilia Romagna">Emilia Romagna</a>, <a href="/wiki/Samnium" title="Samnium">Samnium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Picenum" title="Picenum">Picenum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Umbria" title="Umbria">Umbria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Etruria" title="Etruria">Etruria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Veneto" title="Veneto">Venetia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Liguria" title="Liguria">Liguria</a>».<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Italic_peoples&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Italic_peoples" class="mw-redirect" title="List of ancient Italic peoples">List of ancient Italic peoples</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Copper_Age">Copper Age</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Italic_peoples&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Copper Age"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Italy_Copper_Age.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Italy_Copper_Age.jpg/220px-Italy_Copper_Age.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Italy_Copper_Age.jpg/330px-Italy_Copper_Age.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Italy_Copper_Age.jpg/440px-Italy_Copper_Age.jpg 2x" data-file-width="650" data-file-height="590" /></a><figcaption>Main Italian cultures of the Copper Age</figcaption></figure> <p>During the <a href="/wiki/Chalcolithic" title="Chalcolithic">Copper Age</a>, at the same time that metalworking appeared, <a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European speaking peoples</a> are believed to have migrated to Italy in several waves.<sup id="cite_ref-Mallory314_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mallory314-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Associated with this migration are the <a href="/wiki/Remedello_culture" title="Remedello culture">Remedello culture</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rinaldone_culture" title="Rinaldone culture">Rinaldone culture</a> in <a href="/wiki/Northern_Italy" title="Northern Italy">Northern</a> and <a href="/wiki/Central_Italy" title="Central Italy">Central Italy</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Gaudo_culture" title="Gaudo culture">Gaudo culture</a> of <a href="/wiki/Southern_Italy" title="Southern Italy">Southern Italy</a>. These cultures were led by a warrior-aristocracy and are considered intrusive.<sup id="cite_ref-Mallory314_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mallory314-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Their Indo-European character is suggested by the presence of weapons in burials, the appearance of the horse in Italy at this time and material similarities with cultures of <a href="/wiki/Central_Europe" title="Central Europe">Central Europe</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Mallory314_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mallory314-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_and_Middle_Bronze_Age">Early and Middle Bronze Age</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Italic_peoples&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Early and Middle Bronze Age"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Indo-European_Migrations._Source_David_Anthony_(2007),_The_Horse,_The_Wheel_and_Language.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Indo-European_Migrations._Source_David_Anthony_%282007%29%2C_The_Horse%2C_The_Wheel_and_Language.jpg/330px-Indo-European_Migrations._Source_David_Anthony_%282007%29%2C_The_Horse%2C_The_Wheel_and_Language.jpg" decoding="async" width="330" height="186" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Indo-European_Migrations._Source_David_Anthony_%282007%29%2C_The_Horse%2C_The_Wheel_and_Language.jpg/495px-Indo-European_Migrations._Source_David_Anthony_%282007%29%2C_The_Horse%2C_The_Wheel_and_Language.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Indo-European_Migrations._Source_David_Anthony_%282007%29%2C_The_Horse%2C_The_Wheel_and_Language.jpg/660px-Indo-European_Migrations._Source_David_Anthony_%282007%29%2C_The_Horse%2C_The_Wheel_and_Language.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2906" data-file-height="1642" /></a><figcaption>Indo-European Migrations. Source David Anthony (2007). <i>The Horse, The Wheel and Language.</i></figcaption></figure> <p>According to <a href="/wiki/David_W._Anthony" title="David W. Anthony">David W. Anthony</a>, between 3100 and 3000 BC, a massive migration of Proto-Indo-Europeans from the <a href="/wiki/Yamnaya_culture" title="Yamnaya culture">Yamnaya culture</a> took place into the <a href="/wiki/Danube" title="Danube">Danube Valley</a>. Thousands of <a href="/wiki/Kurgan" title="Kurgan">kurgans</a> are attributed to this event. These migrations probably split off <a href="/wiki/Proto-Italic_language" title="Proto-Italic language">Pre-Italic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Proto-Celtic_language" title="Proto-Celtic language">Pre-Celtic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Proto-Germanic_language" title="Proto-Germanic language">Pre-Germanic</a> from <a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_language" title="Proto-Indo-European language">Proto-Indo-European</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By this time the <a href="/wiki/Anatolian_peoples" title="Anatolian peoples">Anatolian peoples</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Tocharians" title="Tocharians">Tocharians</a> had already split off from other Indo-Europeans.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Hydronymy" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydronymy">Hydronymy</a> shows that the Proto-Germanic homeland was in Central <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a>, which would be very close to the homeland of Italic and Celtic languages as well.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The origin of a hypothetical ancestral "Italo-Celtic" people is to be found in today's eastern <a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungary</a>, settled around 3100 BC by the <a href="/wiki/Yamnaya_culture" title="Yamnaya culture">Yamnaya culture</a>. This hypothesis is to some extent supported by the observation that Italic shares a large number of <a href="/wiki/Isogloss" title="Isogloss">isoglosses</a> and lexical terms with <a href="/wiki/Celtic_languages" title="Celtic languages">Celtic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Germanic_languages" title="Germanic languages">Germanic</a>, some of which are more likely to be attributed to the <a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age" title="Bronze Age">Bronze Age</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Mallory314_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mallory314-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In particular, using Bayesian phylogenetic methods, Russell Gray and Quentin Atkinson argued that Proto-Italic speakers separated from Proto-Germanics 5500 years before present, i.e. roughly at the start of the Bronze Age.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is further confirmed by the fact that the Germanic language family shares more vocabulary with the Italic family than with the Celtic language family.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>From the late third to the early second millennium BC, tribes coming both from the north and from Franco-Iberia brought the <a href="/wiki/Beaker_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Beaker culture">Beaker culture</a><sup id="cite_ref-Brad144_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brad144-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the use of bronze smithing, to the <a href="/wiki/Po_Valley" title="Po Valley">Po Valley</a>, to <a href="/wiki/Tuscany" title="Tuscany">Tuscany</a> and to the coasts of <a href="/wiki/Sardinia" title="Sardinia">Sardinia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sicily" title="Sicily">Sicily</a>. The Beakers could have been the link which brought the Yamnaya dialects from <a href="/wiki/Great_Hungarian_Plain" title="Great Hungarian Plain">Hungary</a> to <a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bavaria" title="Bavaria">Bavaria</a>. These dialects might then have developed into <a href="/wiki/Proto-Celtic_language" title="Proto-Celtic language">Proto-Celtic</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Anthony367_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Anthony367-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The arrival of Indo-Europeans into Italy is in some sources ascribed to the Beakers.<sup id="cite_ref-WM452_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WM452-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A migration across the <a href="/wiki/Alps" title="Alps">Alps</a> from <a href="/wiki/East-Central_Europe" title="East-Central Europe">East-Central Europe</a> by early Indo-Europeans is thought to have occurred around 1800 BC.<sup id="cite_ref-EB_Italic_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB_Italic-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-EB_Europe_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB_Europe-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Barfield the appearance of <a href="/wiki/Polada_culture" title="Polada culture">Polada culture</a> is connected to the movement of new populations coming from southern <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a> and from <a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to <a href="/wiki/Bernard_Sergent" title="Bernard Sergent">Bernard Sergent</a>, the origin of the <a href="/wiki/Ligurian_(ancient_language)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ligurian (ancient language)">Ligurian</a> linguistic family (in his opinion distantly related to the Celtic and Italic ones) would have to be found in the Polada and Rhone cultures, southern branches of the <a href="/wiki/Unetice_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Unetice culture">Unetice culture</a>. These individuals settled in the foothills of the Eastern Alps and present a material culture similar to contemporary cultures of Switzerland, Southern Germany, and Austria.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the mid-second millennium BCE, the <a href="/wiki/Terramare_culture" title="Terramare culture">Terramare culture</a> developed in the Po Valley.<sup id="cite_ref-Pearce1998_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pearce1998-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Terramare culture takes its name from the black earth (<i>terra marna</i>) residue of settlement mounds, which have long served the fertilizing needs of local farmers. These people were still hunters, but had domesticated animals; they were fairly skillful metallurgists, casting bronze in moulds of stone and clay, and they were also agriculturists, cultivating <a href="/wiki/Beans" class="mw-redirect" title="Beans">beans</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Vine" title="Vine">vine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wheat" title="Wheat">wheat</a> and <a href="/wiki/Flax" title="Flax">flax</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Latino-Faliscan_languages" title="Latino-Faliscan languages">Latino-Faliscan</a> people have been associated with this culture, especially by the archaeologist <a href="/wiki/Luigi_Pigorini" title="Luigi Pigorini">Luigi Pigorini</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Mallory314_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mallory314-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Late_Bronze_Age">Late Bronze Age</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Italic_peoples&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Late Bronze Age"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Italy-Villanovan-Culture-900BC.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Italy-Villanovan-Culture-900BC.png/220px-Italy-Villanovan-Culture-900BC.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="268" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Italy-Villanovan-Culture-900BC.png/330px-Italy-Villanovan-Culture-900BC.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Italy-Villanovan-Culture-900BC.png/440px-Italy-Villanovan-Culture-900BC.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="608" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Villanovan_culture" title="Villanovan culture">Villanovan culture</a> in 900 BC</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Urnfield_culture" title="Urnfield culture">Urnfield culture</a> might have brought proto-Italic people from among the "Italo-Celtic" tribes who remained in Hungary into Italy.<sup id="cite_ref-Anthony367_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Anthony367-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These tribes are thought to have penetrated Italy from the east during the late <a href="/wiki/Second_millennium_BC" class="mw-redirect" title="Second millennium BC">second millennium BC</a> through the <a href="/wiki/Proto-Villanovan_culture" title="Proto-Villanovan culture">Proto-Villanovan culture</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Anthony367_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Anthony367-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They later crossed the <a href="/wiki/Apennine_Mountains" title="Apennine Mountains">Apennine Mountains</a> and settled central Italy, including <a href="/wiki/Latium" title="Latium">Latium</a>. Before 1000 BC several Italic tribes had probably entered Italy. These divided into various groups and gradually came to occupy central Italy and southern Italy.<sup id="cite_ref-EB_Europe_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB_Europe-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This period was characterized by widespread upheaval in the Mediterranean, including the emergence of the <a href="/wiki/Sea_Peoples" title="Sea Peoples">Sea Peoples</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Late_Bronze_Age_collapse" title="Late Bronze Age collapse">Late Bronze Age collapse</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-WM620_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WM620-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Proto-Villanovan_culture" title="Proto-Villanovan culture">Proto-Villanovan culture</a> dominated the peninsula and replaced the preceding <a href="/wiki/Apennine_culture" title="Apennine culture">Apennine culture</a>. The Proto-Villanovans practiced <a href="/wiki/Cremation" title="Cremation">cremation</a> and buried the ashes of their dead in Urnfield-style double-cone shaped funerary urns, often decorated with geometric designs. Elite graves containing jewellery, bronze armour and horse harness fittings were separated from ordinary graves, showing for the first time the development of a highly hierarchical society, so characteristic of <a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_society" title="Proto-Indo-European society">Indo-European cultures</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The burial characteristics relate the Proto-Villanovan culture to the Central European Urnfield culture and Celtic <a href="/wiki/Hallstatt_culture" title="Hallstatt culture">Hallstatt culture</a> that succeeded it. It is not possible to tell these apart in their earlier stages.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Generally speaking, Proto-Villanovan settlements have been found in almost the whole Italian peninsula from Veneto to eastern Sicily, although they were most numerous in the northern-central part of Italy. The most important settlements excavated are those of Frattesina in <a href="/wiki/Veneto" title="Veneto">Veneto</a> region, <a href="/wiki/Pietra_di_Bismantova" title="Pietra di Bismantova">Bismantova</a> in <a href="/wiki/Emilia-Romagna" title="Emilia-Romagna">Emilia-Romagna</a> and near the <a href="/wiki/Monti_della_Tolfa" title="Monti della Tolfa">Monti della Tolfa</a>, north of <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a>. Various authors, such as <a href="/wiki/Marija_Gimbutas" title="Marija Gimbutas">Marija Gimbutas</a>, associated this culture with the arrival, or the spread, of the proto-<a href="/wiki/Italic_languages" title="Italic languages">Italics</a> into the <a href="/wiki/Italian_peninsula" title="Italian peninsula">Italian peninsula</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Gimbutas_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gimbutas-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cultura_di_Canegrate_map.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Cultura_di_Canegrate_map.svg/220px-Cultura_di_Canegrate_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Cultura_di_Canegrate_map.svg/330px-Cultura_di_Canegrate_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Cultura_di_Canegrate_map.svg/440px-Cultura_di_Canegrate_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="558" data-file-height="447" /></a><figcaption>Diffusion of the <a href="/wiki/Canegrate_culture" title="Canegrate culture">Canegrate culture</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In the 13th century BC, Proto-<a href="/wiki/Celts" title="Celts">Celts</a> (probably the ancestors of the <a href="/wiki/Lepontii" title="Lepontii">Lepontii</a> people), coming from the area of modern-day <a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a>, eastern <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a> and south-western Germany (<i>RSFO</i> Urnfield group), entered <a href="/wiki/Northern_Italy" title="Northern Italy">Northern Italy</a> (<a href="/wiki/Lombardy" title="Lombardy">Lombardy</a>, eastern <a href="/wiki/Piedmont" title="Piedmont">Piedmont</a> and <a href="/wiki/Canton_Ticino" class="mw-redirect" title="Canton Ticino">Ticino</a>), starting the <a href="/wiki/Canegrate_culture" title="Canegrate culture">Canegrate culture</a>, who not long time after, merging with the indigenous <a href="/wiki/Ligurians" class="mw-redirect" title="Ligurians">Ligurians</a>, produced the mixed <a href="/wiki/Golasecca_culture" title="Golasecca culture">Golasecca culture</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Canegrate had a cultural dynamic, as expressed in its pottery and bronzework, that was completely new to the area and was a typical example of the western <a href="/wiki/Hallstatt_culture" title="Hallstatt culture">Hallstatt culture</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The name comes from the locality of <a href="/wiki/Canegrate" title="Canegrate">Canegrate</a> in Lombardy, south of <a href="/wiki/Legnano" title="Legnano">Legnano</a> and 25 km north of <a href="/wiki/Milan" title="Milan">Milan</a>, where <a href="/wiki/Guido_Sutermeister" title="Guido Sutermeister">Guido Sutermeister</a> discovered important archaeological finds (approximately 50 tombs with ceramics and metallic objects).<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is one of the richer archeological sites of <a href="/wiki/Northern_Italy" title="Northern Italy">Northern Italy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Iron_Age">Iron Age</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Italic_peoples&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Iron Age"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Italy_400bC_en.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Italy_400bC_en.svg/220px-Italy_400bC_en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="262" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Italy_400bC_en.svg/330px-Italy_400bC_en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Italy_400bC_en.svg/440px-Italy_400bC_en.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="747" data-file-height="890" /></a><figcaption>Ethnic groups of Italy (as defined by today's borders) in 400 BC</figcaption></figure> <p>In the early Iron Age, the relatively homogeneous Proto-Villanovan culture (1200-900 BC), closely associated with the Celtic <a href="/wiki/Hallstatt_culture" title="Hallstatt culture">Hallstatt culture</a> of Alpine Austria, characterised by the introduction of iron-working and the practice of cremation coupled with the burial of ashes in distinctive pottery, shows a process of fragmentation and regionalisation. In Tuscany and in part of Emilia-Romagna, Latium and <a href="/wiki/Campania" title="Campania">Campania</a>, the Proto-Villanovan culture was followed by the <a href="/wiki/Villanovan_culture" title="Villanovan culture">Villanovan culture</a>. The earliest remains of Villanovan culture date back to circa 900 BC. </p><p>In the region south of the <a href="/wiki/Tiber" title="Tiber">Tiber</a> (<i>Latium Vetus</i>), the <a href="/wiki/Latial_culture" title="Latial culture">Latial culture</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Latins_(Italic_tribe)" title="Latins (Italic tribe)">Latins</a> emerged, while in the north-east of the peninsula the <a href="/wiki/Este_culture" title="Este culture">Este culture</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Adriatic_Veneti" title="Adriatic Veneti">Veneti</a> appeared. Roughly in the same period, from their core area in central Italy (modern-day <a href="/wiki/Umbria" title="Umbria">Umbria</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sabina_(region)" title="Sabina (region)">Sabina</a> region), the <a href="/wiki/Osci" title="Osci">Osco</a>-<a href="/wiki/Umbri" title="Umbri">Umbrians</a> began to emigrate in various waves, through the process of <a href="/wiki/Ver_sacrum" title="Ver sacrum">Ver sacrum</a>, the ritualized extension of colonies, in southern Latium, <a href="/wiki/Molise" title="Molise">Molise</a> and the whole southern half of the peninsula, replacing the previous tribes, such as the <a href="/wiki/Opici" title="Opici">Opici</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Oenotrians" title="Oenotrians">Oenotrians</a>. This corresponds with the emergence of the Terni culture, which had strong similarities with the Celtic cultures of Hallstatt and <a href="/wiki/La_T%C3%A8ne_culture" title="La Tène culture">La Tène</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Umbri" title="Umbri">Umbrian</a> necropolis of <a href="/wiki/Terni" title="Terni">Terni</a>, which dates back to the 10th century BC, was identical in every aspect to the Celtic necropolis of the Golasecca culture.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Antiquity">Antiquity</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Italic_peoples&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Antiquity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>By the mid-first millennium BC, the Latins of <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a> were growing in power and influence. This led to the establishment of <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">ancient Roman civilization</a>. In order to combat the non-Italic Etruscans, several Italic tribes united in the <a href="/wiki/Latin_League" title="Latin League">Latin League</a>. After the Latins had liberated themselves from Etruscan rule they acquired a dominant position among the Italic tribes. Frequent conflict between various Italic tribes followed. The best documented of these are the <a href="/wiki/Samnite_Wars" title="Samnite Wars">wars</a> between the Latins and the <a href="/wiki/Samnites" title="Samnites">Samnites</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-WM452_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WM452-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Latins eventually succeeded in unifying the Italic elements in the country. Many non-Latin Italic tribes adopted Latin culture and acquired Roman citizenship. During this time Italic <a href="/wiki/Colonies_in_antiquity" title="Colonies in antiquity">colonies</a> were established throughout the country, and non-Italic elements eventually adopted the <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> language and culture in a process known as <a href="/wiki/Romanization_(cultural)" title="Romanization (cultural)">Romanization</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-EB_Europe_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB_Europe-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the early first century BC, several Italic tribes, in particular the <a href="/wiki/Marsi" title="Marsi">Marsi</a> and the Samnites, rebelled against Roman rule. This conflict is called the <a href="/wiki/Social_War_(91%E2%80%9388_BC)" class="mw-redirect" title="Social War (91–88 BC)">Social War</a>. After Roman victory was secured, all peoples in Italy, except for the <a href="/wiki/Celts" title="Celts">Celts</a> of the Po Valley, were granted <a href="/wiki/Roman_citizenship" title="Roman citizenship">Roman citizenship</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-WM452_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WM452-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the subsequent centuries, Italic tribes were assimilated into <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> culture in a process known as <a href="/wiki/Romanization_(cultural)" title="Romanization (cultural)">Romanization</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Theatre">Theatre</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Italic_peoples&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Theatre"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Theatre_of_Italy" title="Theatre of Italy">Theatre of Italy</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Teatro-Pietrabbondante.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Teatro-Pietrabbondante.jpg/220px-Teatro-Pietrabbondante.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Teatro-Pietrabbondante.jpg/330px-Teatro-Pietrabbondante.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Teatro-Pietrabbondante.jpg/440px-Teatro-Pietrabbondante.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a><figcaption><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teatro_e_tempio_italico_di_Pietrabbondante" class="extiw" title="it:Teatro e tempio italico di Pietrabbondante">Samnite theater in Pietrabbondante</a>, <a href="/wiki/Molise" title="Molise">Molise</a>, <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Italian peoples such as the <a href="/wiki/Etruscans" class="mw-redirect" title="Etruscans">Etruscans</a> had already developed forms of theatrical literature.<sup id="cite_ref-brunelleschi_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-brunelleschi-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The legend, also reported by <a href="/wiki/Livy" title="Livy">Livy</a>, speaks of a pestilence that had struck Rome, at the beginning, and the request for Etruscan historians. The Roman historian thus refused the filiation from the Greek theater before contacts with <a href="/wiki/Magna_Graecia" title="Magna Graecia">Magna Graecia</a> and its theatrical traditions. There are no architectural and artistic testimonies of the Etruscan theater.<sup id="cite_ref-brunelleschi_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-brunelleschi-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A very late source, such as the historian <a href="/wiki/Varro" class="mw-redirect" title="Varro">Varro</a>, mentions the name of a certain Volnio who wrote tragedies in the <a href="/wiki/Etruscan_language" title="Etruscan language">Etruscan language</a>. </p><p>Even the <a href="/wiki/Samnites" title="Samnites">Samnites</a> had original representational forms that had a lot of influence on Roman dramaturgy such as the <a href="/wiki/Atellan_Farce" title="Atellan Farce">Atellan Farce</a> comedies, and some architectural testimonies such as the theater of <a href="/wiki/Pietrabbondante" title="Pietrabbondante">Pietrabbondante</a> in <a href="/wiki/Molise" title="Molise">Molise</a>, and that of <a href="/wiki/Nocera_Superiore" title="Nocera Superiore">Nocera Superiore</a> on which the Romans built their own.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The construction of the Samnite theaters of Pietrabbondante and Nocera make the architectural filiation of the Greek theater understood. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Genetics">Genetics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Italic_peoples&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Genetics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output 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.mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Indo-European" title="Category:Indo-European">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="padding-top:0.2em;background:rgb(220,245,220);"><a href="/wiki/Category:Indo-European" title="Category:Indo-European">Indo-European topics</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Indo-European_migrations.gif" title="File:Indo-European migrations.gif"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Indo-European_migrations.gif/140px-Indo-European_migrations.gif" decoding="async" width="140" height="70" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Indo-European_migrations.gif/210px-Indo-European_migrations.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Indo-European_migrations.gif/280px-Indo-European_migrations.gif 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="598" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:rgb(220,245,220);padding-left:0.4em;text-align:left;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Languages</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"><hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indo-European_languages" title="List of Indo-European languages">List of Indo-European languages</a></li></ul> <hr /> <dl><dt><i>Extant</i></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albanoid" title="Albanoid">Albanoid</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Albanian_language" title="Albanian language">Albanian</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_language" title="Armenian language">Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balto-Slavic_languages" title="Balto-Slavic languages">Balto-Slavic</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Baltic_languages" title="Baltic languages">Baltic</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Slavic_languages" title="Slavic languages">Slavic</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_languages" title="Celtic languages">Celtic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_languages" title="Germanic languages">Germanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenic_languages" title="Hellenic languages">Hellenic</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Iranian_languages" title="Indo-Iranian languages">Indo-Iranian</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Indo-Aryan_languages" title="Indo-Aryan languages">Indo-Aryan</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Iranian_languages" title="Iranian languages">Iranian</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Nuristani_languages" title="Nuristani languages">Nuristani</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italic_languages" title="Italic languages">Italic</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Romance_languages" title="Romance languages">Romance</a></span></li></ul></li></ul> <dl><dt><i>Extinct</i></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anatolian_languages" title="Anatolian languages">Anatolian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tocharian_languages" title="Tocharian languages">Tocharian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleo-Balkan_languages" title="Paleo-Balkan languages">Paleo-Balkan</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Dacian_language" title="Dacian language">Dacian</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Illyrian_language" title="Illyrian language">Illyrian</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Liburnian_language" title="Liburnian language">Liburnian</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Messapic_language" title="Messapic language">Messapic</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Mysian_language" title="Mysian language">Mysian</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Paeonian_language" title="Paeonian language">Paeonian</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Phrygian_language" title="Phrygian language">Phrygian</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Thracian_language" title="Thracian language">Thracian</a></span></li></ul></li></ul> <hr /> <dl><dt><i>Reconstructed</i></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_language" title="Proto-Indo-European language">Proto-Indo-European language</a><br /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_phonology" title="Proto-Indo-European phonology">Phonology</a>: <a href="/wiki/Indo-European_sound_laws" title="Indo-European sound laws">Sound laws</a>, <a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_accent" title="Proto-Indo-European accent">Accent</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indo-European_ablaut" title="Indo-European ablaut">Ablaut</a></li></ul></li></ul> <hr /> <dl><dt><i>Hypothetical</i></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paleo-Balkan_languages" title="Paleo-Balkan languages">Balkanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daco-Thracian" class="mw-redirect" title="Daco-Thracian">Daco-Thracian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graeco-Albanian" title="Graeco-Albanian">Graeco-Albanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graeco-Armenian" title="Graeco-Armenian">Graeco-Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graeco-Aryan" title="Graeco-Aryan">Graeco-Aryan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graeco-Phrygian" title="Graeco-Phrygian">Graeco-Phrygian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Hittite" title="Indo-Hittite">Indo-Hittite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italo-Celtic" title="Italo-Celtic">Italo-Celtic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thraco-Illyrian" title="Thraco-Illyrian">Thraco-Illyrian</a></li></ul> <hr /> <dl><dt><i>Grammar</i></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indo-European_vocabulary" title="Indo-European vocabulary">Vocabulary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_root" title="Proto-Indo-European root">Root</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_verbs" title="Proto-Indo-European verbs">Verbs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_nominals" title="Proto-Indo-European nominals">Nouns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_pronouns" title="Proto-Indo-European pronouns">Pronouns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_numerals" title="Proto-Indo-European numerals">Numerals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_particles" title="Proto-Indo-European particles">Particles</a></li></ul> <hr /> <dl><dt><i>Other</i></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Albanian_language" title="Proto-Albanian language">Proto-Albanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Anatolian_language" title="Proto-Anatolian language">Proto-Anatolian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Armenian_language" title="Proto-Armenian language">Proto-Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Germanic_language" title="Proto-Germanic language">Proto-Germanic</a> (<a href="/wiki/Proto-Norse_language" title="Proto-Norse language">Proto-Norse</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Italo-Celtic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Italo-Celtic language">Proto-Italo-Celtic</a> (<a href="/wiki/Proto-Celtic_language" title="Proto-Celtic language">Proto-Celtic</a> · <a href="/wiki/Proto-Italic_language" title="Proto-Italic language">Proto-Italic</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Greek_language" title="Proto-Greek language">Proto-Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Balto-Slavic_language" title="Proto-Balto-Slavic language">Proto-Balto-Slavic</a> (<a href="/wiki/Proto-Slavic_language" title="Proto-Slavic language">Proto-Slavic</a> · <a href="/wiki/Proto-Baltic_language" title="Proto-Baltic language">Proto-Baltic</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-Iranian_language" title="Proto-Indo-Iranian language">Proto-Indo-Iranian</a> (<a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-Aryan_language" title="Proto-Indo-Aryan language">Proto-Indo-Aryan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Proto-Iranian_language" title="Proto-Iranian language">Proto-Iranian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Proto-Nuristani_language" title="Proto-Nuristani language">Proto-Nuristani</a>)</li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:rgb(220,245,220);padding-left:0.4em;text-align:left;;color: var(--color-base)">Philology</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hittite_inscriptions" title="Hittite inscriptions">Hittite inscriptions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hieroglyphic_Luwian" class="mw-redirect" title="Hieroglyphic Luwian">Hieroglyphic Luwian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linear_B" title="Linear B">Linear B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rigveda" title="Rigveda">Rigveda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avesta" title="Avesta">Avesta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homer" title="Homer">Homer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Behistun_Inscription" title="Behistun Inscription">Behistun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_inscriptions" title="Greek inscriptions">Greek epigraphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phrygian_language#Inscriptions" title="Phrygian language">Phrygian epigraphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Messapic_language#Inscriptions" title="Messapic language">Messapic epigraphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Latin#Corpus" title="Old Latin">Latin epigraphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaulish#Corpus" title="Gaulish">Gaulish epigraphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Runic_inscriptions" title="Runic inscriptions">Runic epigraphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ogham" title="Ogham">Ogham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_Bible" title="Gothic Bible">Gothic Bible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bible_translations_into_Armenian" title="Bible translations into Armenian">Bible translations into Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tocharian_script" title="Tocharian script">Tocharian script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Irish#Sources" title="Old Irish">Old Irish glosses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanun_(Albania)" title="Kanun (Albania)">Albanian Kanun</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:rgb(220,245,220);padding-left:0.4em;text-align:left;;color: var(--color-base)">Origins</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_homeland" title="Proto-Indo-European homeland">Homeland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-Europeans" title="Proto-Indo-Europeans">Proto-Indo-Europeans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_society" title="Proto-Indo-European society">Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_mythology" title="Proto-Indo-European mythology">Religion</a></li></ul> <hr /> <dl><dt>Mainstream<br /></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kurgan_hypothesis" title="Kurgan hypothesis">Kurgan hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-European_migrations" title="Indo-European migrations">Indo-European migrations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurasian_nomads" title="Eurasian nomads">Eurasian nomads</a></li></ul> <hr /> <dl><dt>Alternative and fringe<br /></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anatolian_hypothesis" title="Anatolian hypothesis">Anatolian hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_hypothesis" title="Armenian hypothesis">Armenian hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beech_argument" title="Beech argument">Beech argument</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_Aryanism" title="Indigenous Aryanism">Indigenous Aryanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_homeland#Baltic_homeland" title="Proto-Indo-European homeland">Baltic homeland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleolithic_continuity_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Paleolithic continuity theory">Paleolithic continuity theory</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:rgb(220,245,220);padding-left:0.4em;text-align:left;;color: var(--color-base)">Archaeology</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Chalcolithic" title="Chalcolithic">Chalcolithic (Copper Age)</a><br /></dt></dl> <p><i>Pontic Steppe</i><br /> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Domestication_of_the_horse" title="Domestication of the horse">Domestication of the horse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurgan" title="Kurgan">Kurgan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kurgan_stelae" title="Kurgan stelae">Kurgan stelae</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurgan_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Kurgan culture">Kurgan culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Horse,_the_Wheel,_and_Language" title="The Horse, the Wheel, and Language">Steppe cultures</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Bug%E2%80%93Dniester_culture" title="Bug–Dniester culture">Bug–Dniester</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Sredny_Stog_culture" title="Sredny Stog culture">Sredny Stog</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Dnieper%E2%80%93Donets_culture" title="Dnieper–Donets culture">Dnieper–Donets</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Samara_culture" title="Samara culture">Samara</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Khvalynsk_culture" title="Khvalynsk culture">Khvalynsk</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Yamnaya_culture" title="Yamnaya culture">Yamnaya</a></span> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Mikhaylovka_culture" title="Mikhaylovka culture">Mikhaylovka culture</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Novotitarovskaya_culture" title="Novotitarovskaya culture">Novotitarovskaya culture</a></span></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> <p><i>Caucasus</i><br /> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maykop_culture" title="Maykop culture">Maykop</a></li></ul> <p><i>East Asia</i><br /> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afanasievo_culture" title="Afanasievo culture">Afanasievo</a></li></ul> <p><i>Eastern Europe</i><br /> </p> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Usatovo_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Usatovo culture">Usatovo</a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cernavod%C4%83_culture" title="Cernavodă culture">Cernavodă</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cucuteni%E2%80%93Trypillia_culture" title="Cucuteni–Trypillia culture">Cucuteni</a></li></ul> <p><i>Northern Europe</i><br /> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Corded_Ware_culture" title="Corded Ware culture">Corded ware</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Baden_culture" title="Baden culture">Baden</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Middle_Dnieper_culture" title="Middle Dnieper culture">Middle Dnieper</a></span></li></ul></li></ul> <hr /> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age" title="Bronze Age">Bronze Age</a><br /></dt></dl> <p><i>Pontic Steppe</i><br /> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chariot" title="Chariot">Chariot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yamnaya_culture" title="Yamnaya culture">Yamnaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catacomb_culture" title="Catacomb culture">Catacomb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multi-cordoned_ware_culture" title="Multi-cordoned ware culture">Multi-cordoned ware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poltavka_culture" title="Poltavka culture">Poltavka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Srubnaya_culture" title="Srubnaya culture">Srubnaya</a></li></ul> <p><i>Northern/Eastern Steppe</i><br /> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abashevo_culture" title="Abashevo culture">Abashevo culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andronovo_culture" title="Andronovo culture">Andronovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sintashta_culture" title="Sintashta culture">Sintashta</a></li></ul> <p><i>Europe</i><br /> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Globular_Amphora_culture" title="Globular Amphora culture">Globular Amphora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corded_Ware_culture" title="Corded Ware culture">Corded ware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bell_Beaker_culture" title="Bell Beaker culture">Bell Beaker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%9An%C4%9Btice_culture" title="Únětice culture">Únětice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trzciniec_culture" title="Trzciniec culture">Trzciniec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nordic_Bronze_Age" title="Nordic Bronze Age">Nordic Bronze Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terramare_culture" title="Terramare culture">Terramare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tumulus_culture" title="Tumulus culture">Tumulus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urnfield_culture" title="Urnfield culture">Urnfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Villanovan_culture" title="Proto-Villanovan culture">Proto-Villanovan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lusatian_culture" title="Lusatian culture">Lusatian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Este_culture" title="Este culture">Este</a></li></ul> <p><i>South Asia</i><br /> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bishkent_culture" title="Bishkent culture">Bishkent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vakhsh_culture" title="Vakhsh culture">Vakhsh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bactria%E2%80%93Margiana_Archaeological_Complex" title="Bactria–Margiana Archaeological Complex">BMAC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ochre_Coloured_Pottery_culture" title="Ochre Coloured Pottery culture">Ochre Coloured Pottery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copper_Hoard_culture" title="Copper Hoard culture">Copper Hoard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cemetery_H_culture" title="Cemetery H culture">Cemetery H</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gandhara_grave_culture" title="Gandhara grave culture">Gandhara grave</a></li></ul> <hr /> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Iron_Age" title="Iron Age">Iron Age</a></dt></dl> <p><i>Steppe</i><br /> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chernoles_culture" title="Chernoles culture">Chernoles</a></li></ul> <p><i>Europe</i><br /> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thraco-Cimmerian" title="Thraco-Cimmerian">Thraco-Cimmerian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hallstatt_culture" title="Hallstatt culture">Hallstatt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latial_culture" title="Latial culture">Latial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jastorf_culture" title="Jastorf culture">Jastorf</a></li></ul> <p><i>Caucasus</i><br /> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Colchian_culture" title="Colchian culture">Colchian</a></li></ul> <p><i>Central Asia</i> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yaz_culture" title="Yaz culture">Yaz</a></li></ul> <p><i>India</i> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Painted_Grey_Ware_culture" title="Painted Grey Ware culture">Painted Grey Ware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Black_Polished_Ware" title="Northern Black Polished Ware">Northern Black Polished Ware</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:rgb(220,245,220);padding-left:0.4em;text-align:left;;color: var(--color-base)">Peoples and societies</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age" title="Bronze Age">Bronze Age</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anatolian_peoples" title="Anatolian peoples">Anatolian peoples</a> (<span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Hittites" title="Hittites">Hittites</a></span>) <br /></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenians" title="Armenians">Armenians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mycenaean_Greece" title="Mycenaean Greece">Mycenaean Greeks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Iranians" title="Indo-Iranians">Indo-Iranians</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Iron_Age" title="Iron Age">Iron Age</a></dt></dl> <p><i>Indo-Aryans</i><br /> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Aryan_peoples" title="Indo-Aryan peoples">Indo-Aryans</a></li></ul> <p><i>Iranians</i><br /> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_peoples" title="Iranian peoples">Iranians</a></li></ul> <p><i>Nuristanis</i><br /> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nuristani_peoples" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuristani peoples">Nuristanis</a></li></ul> <p><i>East Asia</i><br /> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wusun" title="Wusun">Wusun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuezhi" title="Yuezhi">Yuezhi</a></li></ul> <p><i>Europe</i><br /> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Celts" title="Celts">Celts</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Gauls" title="Gauls">Gauls</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Celtiberians" title="Celtiberians">Celtiberians</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Insular_Celts" title="Insular Celts">Insular Celts</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cimmerians" title="Cimmerians">Cimmerians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greeks" title="Greeks">Hellenic peoples</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Italic peoples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_peoples" title="Germanic peoples">Germanic peoples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleo-Balkan_languages" title="Paleo-Balkan languages">Paleo-Balkan</a>/<a href="/wiki/Iron_Age_Anatolia" class="mw-redirect" title="Iron Age Anatolia">Anatolia</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Thracians" title="Thracians">Thracians</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Dacians" title="Dacians">Dacians</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Illyrians" title="Illyrians">Illyrians</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Paeonians" title="Paeonians">Paeonians</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Phrygians" title="Phrygians">Phrygians</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scythians" title="Scythians">Scythians</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a></dt></dl> <p><i>East Asia</i><br /> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tocharians" title="Tocharians">Tocharians</a></li></ul> <p><i>Europe</i><br /> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Origin_of_the_Albanians" title="Origin of the Albanians">Albanians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balts" title="Balts">Balts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Slavs" title="Early Slavs">Slavs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norsemen" title="Norsemen">Norsemen</a>/<a href="/wiki/North_Germanic_peoples" title="North Germanic peoples">Medieval Scandinavians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a></li></ul> <p><i>Indo-Aryan</i> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_India" title="Medieval India">Medieval India</a></li></ul> <p><i>Iranian</i> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Iran" title="Greater Iran">Greater Iran</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:rgb(220,245,220);padding-left:0.4em;text-align:left;;color: var(--color-base)">Religion and mythology</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <dl><dt><i>Reconstructed</i></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_mythology" title="Proto-Indo-European mythology">Proto-Indo-European mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-Iranian_paganism" title="Proto-Indo-Iranian paganism">Proto-Indo-Iranian paganism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_Vedic_religion" title="Historical Vedic religion">Historical Vedic religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Iranian_religion" title="Ancient Iranian religion">Ancient Iranian religion</a></li></ul> <hr /> <dl><dt><i>Historical</i></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hittite_mythology_and_religion" title="Hittite mythology and religion">Hittite</a></li></ul> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Indian_religions" title="Indian religions">Indo-Aryan</a></i><br /> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historical_Vedic_religion" title="Historical Vedic religion">Vedic</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Jainism" title="Jainism">Jainism</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Sikhism" title="Sikhism">Sikhism</a></span></li></ul> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Iranian_religions" title="Iranian religions">Iranian</a></i><br /> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persian_mythology" title="Persian mythology">Persian</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism" title="Zoroastrianism">Zoroastrianism</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_mythology" title="Kurdish mythology">Kurdish</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Yazidis" title="Yazidis">Yazidism</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Yarsanism" title="Yarsanism">Yarsanism</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scythian_religion" title="Scythian religion">Scythian</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Ossetian_mythology" title="Ossetian mythology">Ossetian</a></span></li></ul></li></ul> <p><i>Others</i><br /> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_mythology" title="Armenian mythology">Armenian</a></li></ul> <p><i><a href="/wiki/European_paganism" class="mw-redirect" title="European paganism">European</a></i><br /> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paleo-Balkan_mythology" title="Paleo-Balkan mythology">Paleo-Balkan</a> (<a href="/wiki/Albanian_paganism" title="Albanian paganism">Albanian</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Illyrian_religion" title="Illyrian religion">Illyrian</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Thracian_religion" title="Thracian religion">Thracian</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Dacian_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Dacian religion">Dacian</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_religion" title="Ancient Greek religion">Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_ancient_Rome" title="Religion in ancient Rome">Roman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Celtic_religion" title="Ancient Celtic religion">Celtic</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Irish_mythology" title="Irish mythology">Irish</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Scottish_mythology" title="Scottish mythology">Scottish</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Breton_mythology" title="Breton mythology">Breton</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Welsh_mythology" title="Welsh mythology">Welsh</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Cornish_mythology" title="Cornish mythology">Cornish</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_paganism" title="Germanic paganism">Germanic</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_paganism" title="Anglo-Saxon paganism">Anglo-Saxon</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Continental_Germanic_mythology" title="Continental Germanic mythology">Continental</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Old_Norse_religion" title="Old Norse religion">Norse</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baltic_mythology" title="Baltic mythology">Baltic</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Latvian_mythology" title="Latvian mythology">Latvian</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_mythology" title="Lithuanian mythology">Lithuanian</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavic_paganism" title="Slavic paganism">Slavic</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><i>Practices</i></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fire_worship#Indo-European_religions" title="Fire worship">Fire rituals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horse_sacrifice" title="Horse sacrifice">Horse sacrifice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sati_(practice)" title="Sati (practice)">Sati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winter_solstice" title="Winter solstice">Winter solstice</a>/<a href="/wiki/Yule" title="Yule">Yule</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:rgb(220,245,220);padding-left:0.4em;text-align:left;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Indo-European_studies" title="Indo-European studies">Indo-European studies</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <dl><dt><i>Scholars</i></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marija_Gimbutas" title="Marija Gimbutas">Marija Gimbutas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._P._Mallory" title="J. P. Mallory">J. P. Mallory</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><i>Institutes</i></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Copenhagen_Studies_in_Indo-European" title="Copenhagen Studies in Indo-European">Copenhagen Studies in Indo-European</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><i>Publications</i></dt></dl> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Indo-European_Culture" title="Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture">Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Horse,_the_Wheel,_and_Language" title="The Horse, the Wheel, and Language">The Horse, the Wheel, and Language</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Indo-European_Studies" title="Journal of Indo-European Studies">Journal of Indo-European Studies</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Indogermanisches_etymologisches_W%C3%B6rterbuch" title="Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch">Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Indo-European_Etymological_Dictionary" title="Indo-European Etymological Dictionary">Indo-European Etymological Dictionary</a></i></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Indo-European_topics" title="Template:Indo-European topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Indo-European_topics" title="Template talk:Indo-European topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Indo-European_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Indo-European topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Bell_Beaker_culture#Genetics" title="Bell Beaker culture">Bell Beaker culture § Genetics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Urnfield_culture#Genetics" title="Urnfield culture">Urnfield culture § Genetics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hallstatt_culture#Genetics" title="Hallstatt culture">Hallstatt culture § Genetics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Celts#Genetics" title="Celts">Celts § Genetics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Etruscan_civilization#Genetic_research" title="Etruscan civilization">Etruscan civilization § Genetic research</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Latins_(Italic_tribe)#Genetics" title="Latins (Italic tribe)">Latins (Italic tribe) § Genetics</a></div> <p>A genetic study published in <i><a href="/wiki/Science_(journal)" title="Science (journal)">Science</a></i> in November 2019 examined the remains of six <a href="/wiki/Latins_(Italic_tribe)" title="Latins (Italic tribe)">Latin</a> males buried near <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a> between 900 BC and 200 BC. They carried the paternal haplogroups <a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_R-M269" title="Haplogroup R-M269">R-M269</a>, <a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_R-M269" title="Haplogroup R-M269">R-311</a>, R-PF7589 and <a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_R-M269#R-P312" title="Haplogroup R-M269">R-P312</a> and the maternal haplogroups <a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_H_(mtDNA)#H1" title="Haplogroup H (mtDNA)">H1aj1a</a>, <a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_T_(mtDNA)" title="Haplogroup T (mtDNA)">T2c1f</a>, <a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_H_(mtDNA)#H2" title="Haplogroup H (mtDNA)">H2a</a>, <a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_U_(mtDNA)#Haplogroup_U4" class="mw-redirect" title="Haplogroup U (mtDNA)">U4a1a</a>, <a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_H_(mtDNA)#H11" title="Haplogroup H (mtDNA)">H11a</a> and <a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_H_(mtDNA)#H10" title="Haplogroup H (mtDNA)">H10</a>. A female from the preceding <a href="/wiki/Proto-Villanovan_culture" title="Proto-Villanovan culture">Proto-Villanovan culture</a> carried the maternal haplogroups <a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_U_(mtDNA)#Haplogroup_U5a2b" class="mw-redirect" title="Haplogroup U (mtDNA)">U5a2b</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAntonio_et_al.2019Table_2_Sample_Information,_Rows_29-32,_36-37_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAntonio_et_al.2019Table_2_Sample_Information,_Rows_29-32,_36-37-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These examined individuals were distinguished from preceding populations of Italy by the presence of about 25–35% <a href="/wiki/Steppe_ancestry" class="mw-redirect" title="Steppe ancestry">steppe ancestry</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAntonio_et_al.20192_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAntonio_et_al.20192-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Overall, the genetic differentiation between the Latins, Etruscans and the preceding proto-villanovan population of Italy was found to be insignificant.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAntonio_et_al.20193_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAntonio_et_al.20193-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Italic_peoples&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Italic_peoples" class="mw-redirect" title="List of ancient Italic peoples">List of Italic peoples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romance-speaking_world" class="mw-redirect" title="Romance-speaking world">Romance-speaking world</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legacy_of_the_Roman_Empire" title="Legacy of the Roman Empire">Legacy of the Roman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Latinism" title="Pan-Latinism">Pan-Latinism</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Italic_peoples&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-WM452-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-WM452_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-WM452_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-WM452_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-WM452_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWaldmanMason2006">Waldman & Mason 2006</a>, pp. 452–459</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/ancient-Italic-people">"Ancient Italic people | Etruscans, Latins, & Samnites | Britannica"</a>. <i>www.britannica.com</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.britannica.com&rft.atitle=Ancient+Italic+people+%26%23124%3B+Etruscans%2C+Latins%2C+%26+Samnites+%26%23124%3B+Britannica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2Fancient-Italic-people&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItalic+peoples" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mallory314-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Mallory314_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mallory314_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mallory314_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mallory314_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mallory314_3-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMallory1997">Mallory 1997</a>, pp. 314–319</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAnthony2007">Anthony 2007</a>, p. 305</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAnthony2007">Anthony 2007</a>, p. 344</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHans" class="citation web cs1">Hans, Wagner. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eurasischesmagazin.de/artikel/Anatolien-war-nicht-Ur-Heimat-der-indogermanischen-Staemme/20040313">"Anatolien war nicht Ur-Heimat der indogermanischen Stämme"</a>. eurasischesmagazin<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 July</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Anatolien+war+nicht+Ur-Heimat+der+indogermanischen+St%C3%A4mme&rft.pub=eurasischesmagazin&rft.aulast=Hans&rft.aufirst=Wagner&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.eurasischesmagazin.de%2Fartikel%2FAnatolien-war-nicht-Ur-Heimat-der-indogermanischen-Staemme%2F20040313&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItalic+peoples" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrayAtkinsonGreenhill2011" class="citation journal cs1">Gray, Russell D.; Atkinson, Quentin D.; Greenhill, Simon J. (12 April 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://rstb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/366/1567/1090.abstract">"Language evolution and human history: what a difference a date makes, Russell D. Gray, Quentin D. Atkinson and Simon J. Greenhill (2011)"</a>. <i>Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences</i>. <b>366</b> (1567): <span class="nowrap">1090–</span>1100. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frstb.2010.0378">10.1098/rstb.2010.0378</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3049109">3049109</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21357231">21357231</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Philosophical+Transactions+of+the+Royal+Society+B%3A+Biological+Sciences&rft.atitle=Language+evolution+and+human+history%3A+what+a+difference+a+date+makes%2C+Russell+D.+Gray%2C+Quentin+D.+Atkinson+and+Simon+J.+Greenhill+%282011%29&rft.volume=366&rft.issue=1567&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1090-%3C%2Fspan%3E1100&rft.date=2011-04-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3049109%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F21357231&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1098%2Frstb.2010.0378&rft.aulast=Gray&rft.aufirst=Russell+D.&rft.au=Atkinson%2C+Quentin+D.&rft.au=Greenhill%2C+Simon+J.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Frstb.royalsocietypublishing.org%2Fcontent%2F366%2F1567%2F1090.abstract&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItalic+peoples" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://folksprak.org/common/material/pdf/A-Grammar-of-Proto-Germanic.pdf">"A Grammar of Proto-Germanic, Winfred P. Lehmann Jonathan Slocum"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+Grammar+of+Proto-Germanic%2C+Winfred+P.+Lehmann+Jonathan+Slocum&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffolksprak.org%2Fcommon%2Fmaterial%2Fpdf%2FA-Grammar-of-Proto-Germanic.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItalic+peoples" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Brad144-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Brad144_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">p. 144, Richard Bradley <i>The prehistory of Britain and Ireland,</i> Cambridge University Press, 2007, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-84811-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-84811-3">0-521-84811-3</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Anthony367-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Anthony367_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Anthony367_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Anthony367_10-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAnthony2007">Anthony 2007</a>, p. 367</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EB_Italic-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-EB_Italic_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/Italic-languages#ref74681">"Italic languages: Origins of the Italic languages"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Online" class="mw-redirect" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Online">Encyclopædia Britannica Online</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 10,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica+Online&rft.atitle=Italic+languages%3A+Origins+of+the+Italic+languages&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2FItalic-languages%23ref74681&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItalic+peoples" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EB_Europe-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-EB_Europe_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB_Europe_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB_Europe_12-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/history-of-Europe/Romans">"History of Europe: Romans"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Online" class="mw-redirect" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Online">Encyclopædia Britannica Online</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 10,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica+Online&rft.atitle=History+of+Europe%3A+Romans&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2Fhistory-of-Europe%2FRomans&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItalic+peoples" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBietti_Sestieri2010" class="citation book cs1">Bietti Sestieri, Anna Maria (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/663998477"><i>L'Italia nell'età del bronzo e del ferro : dalle palafitte a Romolo (2200-700 a.C.)</i></a>. Roma: Carocci. p. 21. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-88-430-5207-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-88-430-5207-3"><bdi>978-88-430-5207-3</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/663998477">663998477</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=L%27Italia+nell%27et%C3%A0+del+bronzo+e+del+ferro+%3A+dalle+palafitte+a+Romolo+%282200-700+a.C.%29&rft.place=Roma&rft.pages=21&rft.pub=Carocci&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F663998477&rft.isbn=978-88-430-5207-3&rft.aulast=Bietti+Sestieri&rft.aufirst=Anna+Maria&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F663998477&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItalic+peoples" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSergent1995" class="citation book cs1">Sergent, Bernard (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/708337872"><i>Les Indo-Européens histoire, langues, mythes</i></a>. 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Paris: Payot. p. 416. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-228-88956-3" title="Special:BookSources/2-228-88956-3"><bdi>2-228-88956-3</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/708337872">708337872</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Les+Indo-Europ%C3%A9ens+histoire%2C+langues%2C+mythes&rft.place=Paris&rft.pages=416&rft.pub=Payot&rft.date=1995&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F708337872&rft.isbn=2-228-88956-3&rft.aulast=Sergent&rft.aufirst=Bernard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F708337872&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItalic+peoples" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pearce1998-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Pearce1998_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPearce1998" class="citation journal cs1">Pearce, Mark (December 1, 1998). 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 July</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Storia+del+teatro%3A+lo+spazio+scenico+in+Toscana&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbrunelleschi.imss.fi.it%2Fitinerari%2Fitinerario%2Fstoriateatrospazioscenicotoscana.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItalic+peoples" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://riscoprendoleradici.com/2022/06/11/la-fertile-terra-di-nuceria-alfaterna/">"La fertile terra di Nuceria Alfaterna"</a> (in Italian)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 July</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=La+fertile+terra+di+Nuceria+Alfaterna&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Friscoprendoleradici.com%2F2022%2F06%2F11%2Fla-fertile-terra-di-nuceria-alfaterna%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItalic+peoples" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAntonio_et_al.2019Table_2_Sample_Information,_Rows_29-32,_36-37-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAntonio_et_al.2019Table_2_Sample_Information,_Rows_29-32,_36-37_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAntonio_et_al.2019">Antonio et al. 2019</a>, Table 2 Sample Information, Rows 29-32, 36-37.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAntonio_et_al.20192-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAntonio_et_al.20192_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAntonio_et_al.2019">Antonio et al. 2019</a>, p. 2.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAntonio_et_al.20193-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAntonio_et_al.20193_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAntonio_et_al.2019">Antonio et al. 2019</a>, p. 3.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Italic_peoples&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnthony2007" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_W._Anthony" title="David W. Anthony">Anthony, David</a> (2007). <a href="/wiki/The_Horse,_the_Wheel,_and_Language:_How_Bronze-Age_Riders_from_the_Eurasian_Steppes_Shaped_the_Modern_World" class="mw-redirect" title="The Horse, the Wheel, and Language: How Bronze-Age Riders from the Eurasian Steppes Shaped the Modern World"><i>The Horse, the Wheel, and Language: How Bronze-Age Riders from the Eurasian Steppes Shaped the Modern World</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Princeton_University_Press" title="Princeton University Press">Princeton University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-05887-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-05887-0"><bdi>978-0-691-05887-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Horse%2C+the+Wheel%2C+and+Language%3A+How+Bronze-Age+Riders+from+the+Eurasian+Steppes+Shaped+the+Modern+World&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-691-05887-0&rft.aulast=Anthony&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItalic+peoples" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAntonio_et_al.2019" class="citation journal cs1">Antonio, Margaret L.; et al. (November 8, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7093155">"Ancient Rome: A genetic crossroads of Europe and the Mediterranean"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Science_(journal)" title="Science (journal)">Science</a></i>. <b>366</b> (6466). <a href="/wiki/American_Association_for_the_Advancement_of_Science" title="American Association for the Advancement of Science">American Association for the Advancement of Science</a>: <span class="nowrap">708–</span>714. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2019Sci...366..708A">2019Sci...366..708A</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.aay6826">10.1126/science.aay6826</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7093155">7093155</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31699931">31699931</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=Ancient+Rome%3A+A+genetic+crossroads+of+Europe+and+the+Mediterranean&rft.volume=366&rft.issue=6466&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E708-%3C%2Fspan%3E714&rft.date=2019-11-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7093155%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F31699931&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.aay6826&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2019Sci...366..708A&rft.aulast=Antonio&rft.aufirst=Margaret+L.&rft.au=Gao%2C+Ziyue&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7093155&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItalic+peoples" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCole2011" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jeffrey_Cole" title="Jeffrey Cole">Cole, Jeffrey</a> (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Wlth0GRi0N0C"><i>Ethnic Groups of Europe: An Encyclopedia</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/ABC-CLIO" class="mw-redirect" title="ABC-CLIO">ABC-CLIO</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1598843026" title="Special:BookSources/978-1598843026"><bdi>978-1598843026</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ethnic+Groups+of+Europe%3A+An+Encyclopedia&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1598843026&rft.aulast=Cole&rft.aufirst=Jeffrey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWlth0GRi0N0C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItalic+peoples" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDevotoButi1974" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Giacomo_Devoto" title="Giacomo Devoto">Devoto, Giacomo</a>; Buti, Gianna G. (1974). <i>Preistoria e storia delle regioni d'Italia</i>. Florence: <a href="/wiki/Sansoni_(publisher)" title="Sansoni (publisher)">Sansoni</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Preistoria+e+storia+delle+regioni+d%27Italia&rft.place=Florence&rft.pub=Sansoni&rft.date=1974&rft.aulast=Devoto&rft.aufirst=Giacomo&rft.au=Buti%2C+Gianna+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItalic+peoples" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDevoto1951" class="citation book cs1">Devoto, Giacomo (1951). <i>Gli antichi Italici</i>. Florence: Vallechi.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gli+antichi+Italici&rft.place=Florence&rft.pub=Vallechi&rft.date=1951&rft.aulast=Devoto&rft.aufirst=Giacomo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItalic+peoples" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGP2001" class="citation book cs1">GP (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=i69BAQAAIAAJ"><i>MultiCultural Review: Dedicated to a Better Understanding of Ethnic, Racial, and Religious Diversity, Volume 10</i></a>. GP Subscription Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0823997006" title="Special:BookSources/0823997006"><bdi>0823997006</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=MultiCultural+Review%3A+Dedicated+to+a+Better+Understanding+of+Ethnic%2C+Racial%2C+and+Religious+Diversity%2C+Volume+10&rft.pub=GP+Subscription+Publications&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0823997006&rft.au=GP&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Di69BAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItalic+peoples" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMallory1997" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/J._P._Mallory" title="J. P. Mallory">Mallory, J. P.</a> (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tzU3RIV2BWIC"><i>Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Douglas_Q._Adams" title="Douglas Q. Adams">Douglas Q. Adams</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1884964982" title="Special:BookSources/1884964982"><bdi>1884964982</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 March</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Indo-European+Culture&rft.pub=Douglas+Q.+Adams&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=1884964982&rft.aulast=Mallory&rft.aufirst=J.+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtzU3RIV2BWIC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItalic+peoples" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMinahan2000" class="citation book cs1">Minahan, James (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NwvoM-ZFoAgC"><i>One Europe, Many Nations: A Historical Dictionary of European National Groups</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Greenwood_Publishing_Group" title="Greenwood Publishing Group">Greenwood Publishing Group</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0313309841" title="Special:BookSources/0313309841"><bdi>0313309841</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=One+Europe%2C+Many+Nations%3A+A+Historical+Dictionary+of+European+National+Groups&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0313309841&rft.aulast=Minahan&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNwvoM-ZFoAgC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItalic+peoples" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoscati1998" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Sabatino_Moscati" title="Sabatino Moscati">Moscati, Sabatino</a> (1998). <i>Così nacque l'Italia: profili di popoli riscoperti</i>. Turin: Società Editrice Internazionale.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cos%C3%AC+nacque+l%27Italia%3A+profili+di+popoli+riscoperti&rft.place=Turin&rft.pub=Societ%C3%A0+Editrice+Internazionale&rft.date=1998&rft.aulast=Moscati&rft.aufirst=Sabatino&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItalic+peoples" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPigorini1910" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Luigi_Pigorini" title="Luigi Pigorini">Pigorini, Luigi</a> (1910). <i>Gli abitanti primitivi dell'Italia</i>. Rome: Bertero.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gli+abitanti+primitivi+dell%27Italia&rft.place=Rome&rft.pub=Bertero&rft.date=1910&rft.aulast=Pigorini&rft.aufirst=Luigi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItalic+peoples" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPop1996" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ioan-Aurel_Pop" title="Ioan-Aurel Pop">Pop, Ioan-Aurel</a> (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xDwMAQAAMAAJ"><i>Romanians and Hungarians from the 9th to the 14th century</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Romanian_Cultural_Foundation" title="Romanian Cultural Foundation">Romanian Cultural Foundation</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0880334401" title="Special:BookSources/0880334401"><bdi>0880334401</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Romanians+and+Hungarians+from+the+9th+to+the+14th+century&rft.pub=Romanian+Cultural+Foundation&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=0880334401&rft.aulast=Pop&rft.aufirst=Ioan-Aurel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxDwMAQAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItalic+peoples" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPop1999" class="citation book cs1">Pop, Ioan-Aurel (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mEFpAAAAMAAJ"><i>Romanians and Romania: A Brief History</i></a>. East European Monographs. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9735770377" title="Special:BookSources/9735770377"><bdi>9735770377</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Romanians+and+Romania%3A+A+Brief+History&rft.pub=East+European+Monographs&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=9735770377&rft.aulast=Pop&rft.aufirst=Ioan-Aurel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DmEFpAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItalic+peoples" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTreptow1996" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-interwiki-linked-name"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurt_Treptow" class="extiw" title="ro:Kurt Treptow">Treptow, Kurt W.</a> <span class="cs1-format">[in Romanian]</span> (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=oSNpAAAAMAAJ"><i>A History of Romania</i></a>. East European Monographs. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0880333456" title="Special:BookSources/0880333456"><bdi>0880333456</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Romania&rft.pub=East+European+Monographs&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=0880333456&rft.aulast=Treptow&rft.aufirst=Kurt+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DoSNpAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItalic+peoples" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVillar1997" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Villar" class="mw-redirect" title="Francisco Villar">Villar, Francisco</a> (1997). <i>Gli Indoeuropei e le origini dell'Europa</i>. Bologna: Il Mulino. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/88-15-05708-0" title="Special:BookSources/88-15-05708-0"><bdi>88-15-05708-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gli+Indoeuropei+e+le+origini+dell%27Europa&rft.place=Bologna&rft.pub=Il+Mulino&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=88-15-05708-0&rft.aulast=Villar&rft.aufirst=Francisco&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItalic+peoples" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWaldmanMason2006" class="citation book cs1">Waldman, Carl; Mason, Catherine (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kfv6HKXErqAC"><i>Encyclopedia of European Peoples</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Infobase_Publishing" class="mw-redirect" title="Infobase Publishing">Infobase Publishing</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1438129181" title="Special:BookSources/1438129181"><bdi>1438129181</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+European+Peoples&rft.pub=Infobase+Publishing&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=1438129181&rft.aulast=Waldman&rft.aufirst=Carl&rft.au=Mason%2C+Catherine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dkfv6HKXErqAC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItalic+peoples" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Italic_peoples&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>M. Aberson, R. Wachter, «Ombriens, Sabins, Picéniens, peuples sabelliques des Abruzzes : une enquête historique, épigraphique et linguistique", in : <i>Entre archéologie et Histoire : dialogues sur divers peuples de l’Italie préromaine, Bern, etc.</i>, 2014, p. 167-201.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Italy_articles419" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Italy_topics" title="Template:Italy topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Italy_topics" title="Template talk:Italy topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Italy_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Italy topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Italy_articles419" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Italy" title="Outline of Italy">articles</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Italy" title="History of Italy">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.2em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Overview</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Italian_history" title="Timeline of Italian history">Timeline of Italian history</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.2em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">By topic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Italian_citizenship" title="History of Italian citizenship">Citizenship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_coins_in_Italy" title="History of coins in Italy">Currency and coinage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Italy" title="Economic history of Italy">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Italian_fashion" title="History of Italian fashion">Fashion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Italian_flags" title="List of Italian flags">Flags</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_history_of_Italy" title="Genetic history of Italy">Genetic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_historic_states_of_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="List of historic states of Italy">Historic states</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Italy" title="History of the Jews in Italy">Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_history_in_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT history in Italy">LGBT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Italy" title="Military history of Italy">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_history_of_Italy" title="Music history of Italy">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Name_of_Italy" title="Name of Italy">Name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postage_stamps_and_postal_history_of_Italy" title="Postage stamps and postal history of Italy">Postage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_rail_transport_in_Italy" title="History of rail transport in Italy">Railways</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.2em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Prehistory</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_Italy" title="Prehistoric Italy">Prehistory</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neolithic_Italy" title="Neolithic Italy">Neolithic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Villanovan_culture" title="Villanovan culture">Villanovan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terramare_culture" title="Terramare culture">Terramare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rinaldone_culture" title="Rinaldone culture">Rinaldone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apennine_culture" title="Apennine culture">Apennine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuragic_civilization" title="Nuragic civilization">Nuragic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golasecca_culture" title="Golasecca culture">Golasecca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canegrate_culture" title="Canegrate culture">Canegrate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latial_culture" title="Latial culture">Latial</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.2em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Ancient</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_peoples_of_Italy" title="List of ancient peoples of Italy">Ancient peoples</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Italic peoples</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Latins_(Italic_tribe)" title="Latins (Italic tribe)">Latins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osci" title="Osci">Osci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Picentes" title="Picentes">Picentes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samnites" title="Samnites">Samnites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umbri" title="Umbri">Umbri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adriatic_Veneti" title="Adriatic Veneti">Veneti</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etruscan_civilization" title="Etruscan civilization">Etruscans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cisalpine_Gaul" title="Cisalpine Gaul">Celts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magna_Graecia" title="Magna Graecia">Magna Graecia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ligures" title="Ligures">Ligures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Messapians" title="Messapians">Messapians</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Ancient Rome</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Kingdom" title="Roman Kingdom">Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Republic" title="Roman Republic">Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_expansion_in_Italy" title="Roman expansion in Italy">Roman conquest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Italy" title="Roman Italy">Roman Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Empire</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_Roman_Empire" title="Western Roman Empire">Western Empire</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.2em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Middle Ages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italy_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Italy in the Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a> <ul><li>Italy under <a href="/wiki/Odoacer#King_of_Italy" title="Odoacer">Odoacer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ostrogothic_Kingdom" title="Ostrogothic Kingdom">Ostrogoths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Italy" title="Byzantine Italy">Byzantium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Lombards" title="Kingdom of the Lombards">Lombards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_States" title="Papal States">Papal States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy_(Holy_Roman_Empire)" title="Kingdom of Italy (Holy Roman Empire)">the Holy Roman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sardinian_medieval_kingdoms" title="Sardinian medieval kingdoms">the Sardinian Judicates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Islam_in_southern_Italy" title="History of Islam in southern Italy">Arabs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norman_conquest_of_southern_Italy" title="Norman conquest of southern Italy">Normans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guelphs_and_Ghibellines" title="Guelphs and Ghibellines">Guelphs and Ghibellines</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lombard_League" title="Lombard League">Lombard League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sicily" title="Kingdom of Sicily">Kingdom of Sicily</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Sicilian_Vespers" title="War of the Sicilian Vespers">War of the Sicilian Vespers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Naples" title="Kingdom of Naples">Kingdom of Naples</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.2em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Early modern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_city-states" title="Italian city-states">Italian city-states</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Florence" title="Republic of Florence">Florence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Siena" title="Republic of Siena">Siena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Milan" title="Duchy of Milan">Milan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maritime_republics" title="Maritime republics">Maritime republics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Venice" title="Republic of Venice">Venice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Genoa" title="Republic of Genoa">Genoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Pisa" title="Republic of Pisa">Pisa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Amalfi" title="Duchy of Amalfi">Amalfi</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sardinia_(1720%E2%80%931861)" title="Kingdom of Sardinia (1720–1861)">Kingdom of Sardinia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Tuscany" title="Grand Duchy of Tuscany">Grand Duchy of Tuscany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Savoy" title="Duchy of Savoy">Duchy of Savoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Renaissance" title="Italian Renaissance">Renaissance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Wars" title="Italian Wars">Italian Wars</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_early_modern_Italy" title="History of early modern Italy">Early Modern period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy_(Napoleonic)" title="Kingdom of Italy (Napoleonic)">Napoleonic Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Lombardy%E2%80%93Venetia" title="Kingdom of Lombardy–Venetia">Austrian occupation and Kingdom of Lombardy-Venetia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Two_Sicilies" title="Kingdom of the Two Sicilies">Kingdom of the Two Sicilies</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.2em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Late modern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Unification_of_Italy" title="Unification of Italy">Unification</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Italian_War_of_Independence" title="First Italian War of Independence">First War of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Italian_War_of_Independence" title="Second Italian War of Independence">Second War of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ni%C3%A7ard_exodus" title="Niçard exodus">Niçard exodus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expedition_of_the_Thousand" title="Expedition of the Thousand">Expedition of the Thousand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proclamation_of_the_Kingdom_of_Italy" title="Proclamation of the Kingdom of Italy">Proclamation of the Kingdom of Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Italian_War_of_Independence" title="Third Italian War of Independence">Third War of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Rome" title="Capture of Rome">Capture of Rome</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Kingdom_of_Italy_(1861%E2%80%931946)" title="History of the Kingdom of Italy (1861–1946)">Monarchy and the World Wars</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy" title="Kingdom of Italy">Kingdom of Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Empire" title="Italian Empire">Colonial Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Italy_during_World_War_I" title="Military history of Italy during World War I">World War I</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_entry_into_World_War_I" title="Italian entry into World War I">Fourth War of Independence</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascist_Italy" title="Fascist Italy">Fascist Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Italy_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of Italy during World War II">World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_the_Fascist_regime_in_Italy" title="Fall of the Fascist regime in Italy">Fall of the Fascist regime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_resistance_movement" title="Italian resistance movement">Resistance</a> and <a href="/wiki/Italian_Social_Republic" title="Italian Social Republic">Social Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Civil_War" title="Italian Civil War">Civil War</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.2em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Contemporary</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Italian_Republic" title="History of the Italian Republic">Republic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1946_Italian_institutional_referendum" title="1946 Italian institutional referendum">Institutional referendum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Istrian%E2%80%93Dalmatian_exodus" title="Istrian–Dalmatian exodus">Istrian–Dalmatian exodus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_economic_miracle" title="Italian economic miracle">Economic Boom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Years_of_Lead_(Italy)" title="Years of Lead (Italy)">Years of Lead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maxi_Trial" title="Maxi Trial">Maxi Trial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mani_pulite" title="Mani pulite">Mani pulite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Italy" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Italy">Coronavirus pandemic</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Italy" title="Geography of Italy">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italy_(geographical_region)" title="Italy (geographical region)">Italian geographical region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Peninsula" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian Peninsula">Peninsula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Italy" title="Climate of Italy">Climate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Italy" title="Climate change in Italy">Climate change</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geology_of_Italy" title="Geology of Italy">Geology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fauna_of_Italy" title="Fauna of Italy">Fauna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flora_of_Italy" title="Flora of Italy">Flora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountains_in_Italy" title="List of mountains in Italy">Mountains</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alpine_foothills" title="Alpine foothills">Prealps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alps" title="Alps">Alps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apennine_Mountains" title="Apennine Mountains">Apennines</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volcanism_of_Italy" title="Volcanism of Italy">Volcanism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_volcanoes_in_Italy" title="List of volcanoes in Italy">Volcanoes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_beaches_in_Italy" title="List of beaches in Italy">Beaches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_canals_in_Italy" title="List of canals in Italy">Canals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_caves_in_Italy" title="List of caves in Italy">Caves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_Italy" title="List of earthquakes in Italy">Earthquakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Italy" title="List of islands of Italy">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lakes_of_Italy" title="List of lakes of Italy">Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Marine_Protected_Areas_of_Italy" title="List of Marine Protected Areas of Italy">Marine protected areas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_national_parks_of_Italy" title="List of national parks of Italy">National parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_regional_parks_of_Italy" title="List of regional parks of Italy">Regional parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Italy" title="List of rivers of Italy">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_valleys_of_Italy" title="List of valleys of Italy">Valleys</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Italy" title="Politics of Italy">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Italy" title="Constitution of Italy">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Italy" title="Elections in Italy">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Italy" title="Foreign relations of Italy">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Italy" title="Government of Italy">Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Italy" title="Human rights in Italy">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Italy">LGBT rights</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_Italy" title="Judiciary of Italy">Judiciary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_Italy" title="Law of Italy">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Italy" title="Law enforcement in Italy">Law enforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Armed_Forces" title="Italian Armed Forces">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_nationality_law" title="Italian nationality law">Nationality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Parliament" title="Italian Parliament">Parliament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Italy" title="List of political parties in Italy">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Italy" title="President of Italy">President</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_Italy" title="List of presidents of Italy">List</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Italy" title="Prime Minister of Italy">Prime Minister</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_prime_ministers_of_Italy" title="List of prime ministers of Italy">List</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Ministers_(Italy)" title="Council of Ministers (Italy)">Council of Ministers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_Italy" title="Regions of Italy">Regions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_Italy" title="Provinces of Italy">Provinces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_cities_of_Italy" title="Metropolitan cities of Italy">Metropolitan cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Italy" title="List of cities in Italy">Cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comune" title="Comune">Comune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_municipalities_of_Italy" title="List of municipalities of Italy">Municipalities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_intelligence_agencies" title="Italian intelligence agencies">Security and intelligence</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Italy" title="Economy of Italy">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Italy" title="Economy of Italy">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Italian_regions_by_GDP" title="List of Italian regions by GDP">Italian regions by GDP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Italy" title="Agriculture in Italy">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_Italy" title="Automotive industry in Italy">Automotive industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banking_in_Italy" title="Banking in Italy">Banking</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_banks_in_Italy" title="List of banks in Italy">Banks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bank_of_Italy" title="Bank of Italy">Central Bank</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Italian_brands" title="List of Italian brands">Brands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_companies_of_Italy" title="List of companies of Italy">Companies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Italy" title="Energy in Italy">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_exports_of_Italy" title="List of exports of Italy">Exports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_Italy" title="Science and technology in Italy">Science and technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_question" title="Southern question">Southern question</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borsa_Italiana" title="Borsa Italiana">Stock exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_Italy" title="Taxation in Italy">Taxation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Italy" title="Telecommunications in Italy">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Italy" title="Tourism in Italy">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_trade_unions_in_Italy" title="List of trade unions in Italy">Trade unions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Italy" title="Transport in Italy">Transport</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_airports_in_Italy" title="List of airports in Italy">air</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_in_Italy" title="Rail transport in Italy">rail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roads_in_Italy" title="Roads in Italy">road</a></li></ul></li> <li><a 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title="Languages of Italy">Languages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Regional_Italian" title="Regional Italian">Regional</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Italian_provinces_by_life_expectancy" title="List of Italian provinces by life expectancy">Life expectancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orders,_decorations,_and_medals_of_Italy" title="Orders, decorations, and medals of Italy">Orders, decorations, and medals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_Italy" title="Poverty in Italy">Poverty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostitution_in_Italy" title="Prostitution in Italy">Prostitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_public_administration" title="Italian public administration">Public administration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Italy" title="Racism in Italy">Racism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Italy" title="Religion in Italy">Religion</a></li> <li><a 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Template:Cite_web"," 17.34% 107.620 23 Template:Cite_book"," 16.40% 101.802 1 Template:Indo-European_topics"," 11.99% 74.433 1 Template:Short_description"," 7.90% 49.026 1 Template:Italy_topics"," 7.42% 46.074 2 Template:Pagetype"," 6.62% 41.103 3 Template:Sfn"," 4.70% 29.204 3 Template:ISBN"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.410","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":7395025,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"anchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"CITEREFAgnoletto1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAnthony2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAntonio_et_al.2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBietti_Sestieri2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCole2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDevoto1951\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDevotoButi1974\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFarinacci\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGP2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGrayAtkinsonGreenhill2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHans\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKruta1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLeonelli\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMallory1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMinahan2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMoscati1998\"] = 1,\n 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peoples","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Italic_peoples","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q3617880","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q3617880","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2005-07-15T05:03:05Z","dateModified":"2025-01-08T13:38:32Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/f\/f6\/Return_of_the_warrior._Detail_of_Lucanian_tomb.jpg","headline":"peoples who are or were native speakers of an Italic language, and are or were related to one of them"}</script> </body> </html>