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Available in 21 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-21" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">21 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%86%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%9A%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%84_%D0%A4%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%B4%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%85_%D0%93%D1%83%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BC%D1%83%D1%82%D1%81" title="Іаган Крыстаф Фрыдрых Гутсмутс – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Іаган Крыстаф Фрыдрых Гутсмутс" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Christoph_Friedrich_GutsMuths" title="Johann Christoph Friedrich GutsMuths – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Johann Christoph Friedrich GutsMuths" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Christoph_Friedrich_GutsMuths" title="Johann Christoph Friedrich GutsMuths – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Johann Christoph Friedrich GutsMuths" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Christoph_Friedrich_GutsMuths" title="Johann Christoph Friedrich GutsMuths – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Johann Christoph Friedrich GutsMuths" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Christoph_Friedrich_GutsMuths" title="Johann Christoph Friedrich GutsMuths – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Johann Christoph Friedrich GutsMuths" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Christoph_Friedrich_GutsMuths" title="Johann Christoph Friedrich GutsMuths – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Johann Christoph Friedrich GutsMuths" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9A%94%ED%95%9C_%ED%81%AC%EB%A6%AC%EC%8A%A4%ED%86%A0%ED%94%84_%ED%94%84%EB%A6%AC%EB%93%9C%EB%A6%AC%ED%9E%88_%EA%B5%AC%EC%B8%A0%EB%AC%B4%EC%B8%A0" title="요한 크리스토프 프리드리히 구츠무츠 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="요한 크리스토프 프리드리히 구츠무츠" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ioannes_Christophorus_Fredericus_Gutsmuths" title="Ioannes Christophorus Fredericus Gutsmuths – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Ioannes Christophorus Fredericus Gutsmuths" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Christoph_Friedrich_GutsMuths" title="Johann Christoph Friedrich GutsMuths – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Johann Christoph Friedrich GutsMuths" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%86_%D9%83%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%81_%D9%81%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AF%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B4_%D8%AC%D9%88%D8%AA%D8%B3%D9%85%D9%88%D8%AB%D8%B3" title="يوهان كريستوف فريدريش جوتسموثس – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="يوهان كريستوف فريدريش جوتسموثس" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Christoph_Friedrich_GutsMuths" title="Johann Christoph Friedrich GutsMuths – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Johann Christoph Friedrich GutsMuths" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%A8%E3%83%8F%E3%83%B3%E3%83%BB%E3%82%AF%E3%83%AA%E3%82%B9%E3%83%88%E3%83%95%E3%83%BB%E3%82%B0%E3%83%BC%E3%83%84%E3%83%BB%E3%83%A0%E3%83%BC%E3%83%84" title="ヨハン・クリストフ・グーツ・ムーツ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ヨハン・クリストフ・グーツ・ムーツ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Guts-Muths" title="Johann Guts-Muths – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Johann Guts-Muths" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Christoph_Friedrich_GutsMuths" title="Johann Christoph Friedrich GutsMuths – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Johann Christoph Friedrich GutsMuths" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Christoph_Friedrich_GutsMuths" title="Johann Christoph Friedrich GutsMuths – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Johann Christoph Friedrich GutsMuths" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guts_Muths" title="Guts Muths – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Guts Muths" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%83%D1%82%D1%81-%D0%9C%D1%83%D1%82%D1%81,_%D0%98%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD_%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%84_%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%85" title="Гутс-Мутс, Иоганн Кристоф Фридрих – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Гутс-Мутс, Иоганн Кристоф Фридрих" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%88%D0%BE%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%84_%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%85_%D0%93%D1%83%D1%82%D1%81_%D0%9C%D1%83%D1%82%D1%81" title="Јохан Кристоф Фридрих Гутс Мутс – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Јохан Кристоф Фридрих Гутс Мутс" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Christoph_Friedrich_GutsMuths" title="Johann Christoph Friedrich GutsMuths – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Johann Christoph Friedrich GutsMuths" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Christoph_Friedrich_GutsMuths" 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/J-C-F-GutsMuths.jpg/330px-J-C-F-GutsMuths.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/J-C-F-GutsMuths.jpg/440px-J-C-F-GutsMuths.jpg 2x" data-file-width="961" data-file-height="1000" /></a><figcaption>Johann Christoph Friedrich GutsMuths</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Quedlinburg_GutsMuths-Denkmal_(2006).JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Quedlinburg_GutsMuths-Denkmal_%282006%29.JPG/170px-Quedlinburg_GutsMuths-Denkmal_%282006%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Quedlinburg_GutsMuths-Denkmal_%282006%29.JPG/255px-Quedlinburg_GutsMuths-Denkmal_%282006%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Quedlinburg_GutsMuths-Denkmal_%282006%29.JPG/340px-Quedlinburg_GutsMuths-Denkmal_%282006%29.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="1707" /></a><figcaption>GutsMuths statue in <a href="/wiki/Quedlinburg" title="Quedlinburg">Quedlinburg</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Quedlinburg_GutsMuths-Geburtshaus_(2006).JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Quedlinburg_GutsMuths-Geburtshaus_%282006%29.JPG/170px-Quedlinburg_GutsMuths-Geburtshaus_%282006%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Quedlinburg_GutsMuths-Geburtshaus_%282006%29.JPG/255px-Quedlinburg_GutsMuths-Geburtshaus_%282006%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Quedlinburg_GutsMuths-Geburtshaus_%282006%29.JPG/340px-Quedlinburg_GutsMuths-Geburtshaus_%282006%29.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="2560" /></a><figcaption>House of birth</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Johann Christoph Friedrich GutsMuths</b>, also called <b>Guts Muth</b> or <b>Gutsmuths</b> (9 August 1759 – 21 May 1839), was a teacher and educator in <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a>, and is especially known for his role in the development of <a href="/wiki/Physical_education" title="Physical education">physical education</a>. He is thought of as the "grandfather of gymnastics" – the "father" being <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Ludwig_Jahn" title="Friedrich Ludwig Jahn">Friedrich Ludwig Jahn</a>. GutsMuths introduced systematic physical exercise into the school curriculum, and he developed the basic principles of <a href="/wiki/Artistic_gymnastics" title="Artistic gymnastics">artistic gymnastics</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Goodbody_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Goodbody-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> GutsMuths is also considered by many to be the father of modern <a href="/wiki/Pole_vault" title="Pole vault">pole vaulting</a>, as he described the jumping standards, the distance of the approach, recommendations on hand grip, and the principles of pole jumping.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Biography">Biography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Johann_Christoph_Friedrich_GutsMuths&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Biography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>He was born in <a href="/wiki/Quedlinburg" title="Quedlinburg">Quedlinburg</a>. He attended the University of Halle from 1778 to 1782, where he studied <a href="/wiki/Pedagogy" title="Pedagogy">pedagogy</a>. Sometime after 1785 while a private tutor in Schnepfenthal (where he remained his entire life) he was appointed as a teacher, and it was there he taught gymnastics supervised by <a href="/wiki/Christian_Gotthilf_Salzmann" title="Christian Gotthilf Salzmann">Salzmann</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-H_Lempa_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-H_Lempa-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Jan_Todd_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jan_Todd-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1793, GutsMuths published <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Gymnastik für die Jugend</i></span>, the first systematic coursebook on <a href="/wiki/Gymnastics" title="Gymnastics">gymnastics</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-(K_Hardman)_R_Naul_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-(K_Hardman)_R_Naul-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>His literary output on both moral and physical education continued upwards of twenty-five years after the production of his seminal work <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Gymnastik</i></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-H_Lempa_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-H_Lempa-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gymnastik_für_die_Jugend"><span id="Gymnastik_f.C3.BCr_die_Jugend"></span><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Gymnastik für die Jugend</i></span></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Johann_Christoph_Friedrich_GutsMuths&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Gymnastik für die Jugend"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The full title of the manual is <i>Gymnastics for Youth: Or a practical guide to Delightful and Amusing exercises for the Use of Schools, An Essay Toward the Necessary Improvement of Education Chiefly as It Relates to Body.</i><sup id="cite_ref-Jan_Todd_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jan_Todd-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Wolff is acknowledged as being an influence on the writing, and especially the intellectual movement called naturalism, embodied in the work of the philosopher <a href="/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Rousseau" title="Jean-Jacques Rousseau">Jean-Jacques Rousseau</a> and using the prior <a href="/wiki/Gymnasium_(ancient_Greece)" title="Gymnasium (ancient Greece)">gymnastics of ancient Greece</a>. GutsMuths used the exercises known to his students in composing those within the work, his students were taken from European countries, and his work relied on a foundation of thought originating in the European tradition.<sup id="cite_ref-(K_Hardman)_R_Naul_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-(K_Hardman)_R_Naul-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gutsmuths is thought to have in some way imitated <a href="/wiki/Johann_Bernhard_Basedow" title="Johann Bernhard Basedow">Johann Bernhadt Basedow</a> and his <i>Philanthropinum</i>. Ultimately Gutsmuths' work was most influential in the formalizing of a novel way of understanding physical exercise.<sup id="cite_ref-H_Lempa_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-H_Lempa-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-J_A_Mangan_&_H.S._Ndee_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-J_A_Mangan_&_H.S._Ndee-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>He describes twenty-nine different exercises in his manual. GutsMuths designed the core of the curriculum as the <a href="/wiki/Pentathlon" title="Pentathlon">Greek pentathlon</a> and new exercises he himself had invented. His work also included <a href="/wiki/Climbing" title="Climbing">climbing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dancing" class="mw-redirect" title="Dancing">dancing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jumping" title="Jumping">jumping</a>, military exercises, <a href="/wiki/Running" title="Running">running</a>, <a href="/wiki/Swimming_(sport)" title="Swimming (sport)">swimming</a>, <a href="/wiki/Throwing" title="Throwing">throwing</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Walking" title="Walking">walking</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-H_Lempa_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-H_Lempa-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-J_A_Mangan_&_H.S._Ndee_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-J_A_Mangan_&_H.S._Ndee-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The second, longer volume contained additional information on <a href="/wiki/Balance_(ability)" title="Balance (ability)">balancing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bathing" title="Bathing">bathing</a>, carrying, <a href="/wiki/Declamation" title="Declamation">declamation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fasting" title="Fasting">fasting</a>, leaping exercises, lifting, <a href="/wiki/Manual_labour" title="Manual labour">manual labour</a>, organising an open air gymnasium, pulling and wrestling.<sup id="cite_ref-Jan_Todd_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jan_Todd-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Gutsmuths described gymnastics as <i>culture for the body</i>, which is integral to an holistic education with the aim of building a foundation of strength of character and achieving self-control. The first principle of an education in gymnastics for him was that it might:<sup id="cite_ref-R_Naul_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-R_Naul-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p> ... fully develop the aptitudes of the physical individual and attain the body's potential beauty and perfect usefulness.</p></blockquote> <p>A chapter of the book (<i>Ball mit Freystäten (oder das Englische Base-ball)</i> (English: Ball with Free Station, or English Base-ball)) contains a description of a precursor to modern <a href="/wiki/Baseball" title="Baseball">baseball</a>, including the first description of what would evolve into the <a href="/wiki/Strikeout" title="Strikeout">strikeout</a> rule.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="English_language_editions_of_Gymnastik_für_die_Jugend"><span id="English_language_editions_of_Gymnastik_f.C3.BCr_die_Jugend"></span>English language editions of <i>Gymnastik für die Jugend</i></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Johann_Christoph_Friedrich_GutsMuths&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: English language editions of Gymnastik für die Jugend"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Johann_Christoph_Friedich_Guths_Muths_Gymnastic_f%C3%BCr_die_Jugend.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Johann_Christoph_Friedich_Guths_Muths_Gymnastic_f%C3%BCr_die_Jugend.png/220px-Johann_Christoph_Friedich_Guths_Muths_Gymnastic_f%C3%BCr_die_Jugend.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="398" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Johann_Christoph_Friedich_Guths_Muths_Gymnastic_f%C3%BCr_die_Jugend.png/330px-Johann_Christoph_Friedich_Guths_Muths_Gymnastic_f%C3%BCr_die_Jugend.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Johann_Christoph_Friedich_Guths_Muths_Gymnastic_f%C3%BCr_die_Jugend.png/440px-Johann_Christoph_Friedich_Guths_Muths_Gymnastic_f%C3%BCr_die_Jugend.png 2x" data-file-width="528" data-file-height="954" /></a><figcaption><i>Gymnastic for the Youth</i></figcaption></figure> <p>An edition was published in London in 1800, printed by J.Johnston, and in the United States of America, within the state of Philadelphia, printed by William Duane in 1802.<sup id="cite_ref-Jan_Todd_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jan_Todd-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A second edition of <i>Gymnastic for the Youth</i> was published in 1804.<sup id="cite_ref-R_Naul_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-R_Naul-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>P.H. Clias, a Captain in the English army and Superintendent of gymnastics in the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Military_College,_Sandhurst" title="Royal Military College, Sandhurst">Royal Military College</a> (after 1822), was a follower of the teachings of GutsMuths. He subsequently wrote his own work on gymnastics, which was in its fourth edition in 1825.<sup id="cite_ref-J_A_Mangan_&_H.S._Ndee_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-J_A_Mangan_&_H.S._Ndee-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>GutsMuths died on 21 May 1839 in <a href="/wiki/Waltershausen" title="Waltershausen">Waltershausen</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Johann_Christoph_Friedrich_GutsMuths&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Goodbody-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Goodbody_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFGoodbody1982" class="citation book cs1">Goodbody, John (1982). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/illustratedhisto0000good"><i>The Illustrated History of Gymnastics</i></a></span>. London: Stanley Paul & Co. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-09-143350-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-09-143350-9"><bdi>0-09-143350-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Illustrated+History+of+Gymnastics&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Stanley+Paul+%26+Co.&rft.date=1982&rft.isbn=0-09-143350-9&rft.aulast=Goodbody&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fillustratedhisto0000good&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohann+Christoph+Friedrich+GutsMuths" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDe_Castro2012" class="citation web cs1">De Castro, Dylan (21 August 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://vaultermagazine.com/ancient-pole-vaulting/">"Ancient Pole Vaulting"</a>. <i>Vaulter Magazine</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Vaulter+Magazine&rft.atitle=Ancient+Pole+Vaulting&rft.date=2012-08-21&rft.aulast=De+Castro&rft.aufirst=Dylan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fvaultermagazine.com%2Fancient-pole-vaulting%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohann+Christoph+Friedrich+GutsMuths" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMemmel2017" class="citation magazine cs1">Memmel, Eliah (May 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://issuu.com/thevaultermagazine/docs/may_final_e02829ecdee094">"Development of Pole Vaulting Safety and Technology"</a>. <i>Vaulter Magazine</i>. No. 61. pp. 18–22.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Vaulter+Magazine&rft.atitle=Development+of+Pole+Vaulting+Safety+and+Technology&rft.issue=61&rft.pages=18-22&rft.date=2017-05&rft.aulast=Memmel&rft.aufirst=Eliah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fissuu.com%2Fthevaultermagazine%2Fdocs%2Fmay_final_e02829ecdee094&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohann+Christoph+Friedrich+GutsMuths" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-H_Lempa-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-H_Lempa_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-H_Lempa_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-H_Lempa_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-H_Lempa_4-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLempa2007" class="citation book cs1">Lempa, Heikki (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=k-OpgUChK6QC&pg=PA74"><i>Beyond the Gymnasium: Educating the Middle-class Bodies in Classical Germany</i></a>. Lexington Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0739120903" title="Special:BookSources/978-0739120903"><bdi>978-0739120903</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Beyond+the+Gymnasium%3A+Educating+the+Middle-class+Bodies+in+Classical+Germany&rft.pub=Lexington+Books&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0739120903&rft.aulast=Lempa&rft.aufirst=Heikki&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dk-OpgUChK6QC%26pg%3DPA74&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohann+Christoph+Friedrich+GutsMuths" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jan_Todd-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Jan_Todd_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jan_Todd_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jan_Todd_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jan_Todd_5-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTodd1998" class="citation book cs1">Todd, Jan (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=W1PnCu9k6OEC&pg=PA60">"Souls of fire in iron hearts"</a>. <i>Physical Culture and the Body Beautiful: Purposive Exercise in the Lives of American Women, 1800–1870</i>. Mercer University Press. p. 60. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0865545618" title="Special:BookSources/0865545618"><bdi>0865545618</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Souls+of+fire+in+iron+hearts&rft.btitle=Physical+Culture+and+the+Body+Beautiful%3A+Purposive+Exercise+in+the+Lives+of+American+Women%2C+1800%E2%80%931870&rft.pages=60&rft.pub=Mercer+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=0865545618&rft.aulast=Todd&rft.aufirst=Jan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DW1PnCu9k6OEC%26pg%3DPA60&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohann+Christoph+Friedrich+GutsMuths" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-(K_Hardman)_R_Naul-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-(K_Hardman)_R_Naul_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-(K_Hardman)_R_Naul_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNaul2005" class="citation book cs1">Naul, Roland (26 July 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZpsWZrosNGMC&pg=PA15">"History of Sport and physical education in Germany 1800–1945"</a>. In Naul, Roland; Hardman, Ken (eds.). <i>Sport and Physical Education in Germany</i>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1135802912" title="Special:BookSources/1135802912"><bdi>1135802912</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=History+of+Sport+and+physical+education+in+Germany+1800%E2%80%931945&rft.btitle=Sport+and+Physical+Education+in+Germany&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2005-07-26&rft.isbn=1135802912&rft.aulast=Naul&rft.aufirst=Roland&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZpsWZrosNGMC%26pg%3DPA15&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohann+Christoph+Friedrich+GutsMuths" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-J_A_Mangan_&_H.S._Ndee-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-J_A_Mangan_&_H.S._Ndee_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-J_A_Mangan_&_H.S._Ndee_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-J_A_Mangan_&_H.S._Ndee_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFManganHamad_S.2004" class="citation book cs1">Mangan, J.A.; Hamad S., Ndee (2 August 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=x0mQAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA74">"Chapter 4. Military drill—rather more than 'brief and basic': English elementary schools and English militarism"</a>. In Mangan, J.A. (ed.). <i>Militarism, Sport, Europe: War Without Weapons</i>. Routledge. pp. 73–74. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1135773173" title="Special:BookSources/1135773173"><bdi>1135773173</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+4.+Military+drill%E2%80%94rather+more+than+%27brief+and+basic%27%3A+English+elementary+schools+and+English+militarism&rft.btitle=Militarism%2C+Sport%2C+Europe%3A+War+Without+Weapons&rft.pages=73-74&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2004-08-02&rft.isbn=1135773173&rft.aulast=Mangan&rft.aufirst=J.A.&rft.au=Hamad+S.%2C+Ndee&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dx0mQAgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA74&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohann+Christoph+Friedrich+GutsMuths" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-R_Naul-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-R_Naul_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-R_Naul_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNaul2008" class="citation book cs1">Naul, Roland (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tkIvX8PhuAMC&pg=PA41"><i>Olympic Education</i></a>. Meyer & Meyer. p. 41. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1841262543" title="Special:BookSources/978-1841262543"><bdi>978-1841262543</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Olympic+Education&rft.pages=41&rft.pub=Meyer+%26+Meyer&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1841262543&rft.aulast=Naul&rft.aufirst=Roland&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtkIvX8PhuAMC%26pg%3DPA41&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohann+Christoph+Friedrich+GutsMuths" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHershberger2015" class="citation journal cs1">Hershberger, Richard (Spring 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sabr.org/journal/article/the-dropped-third-strike-the-life-and-times-of-a-rule/">"The Dropped Third Strike: The Life and Times of a Rule"</a>. <i>Baseball Research Journal</i>. SABR (Society for American Baseball Research)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 30,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Baseball+Research+Journal&rft.atitle=The+Dropped+Third+Strike%3A+The+Life+and+Times+of+a+Rule&rft.ssn=spring&rft.date=2015&rft.aulast=Hershberger&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsabr.org%2Fjournal%2Farticle%2Fthe-dropped-third-strike-the-life-and-times-of-a-rule%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohann+Christoph+Friedrich+GutsMuths" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClias1825" class="citation book cs1">Clias, Peter Heinrich (1825). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/009724916"><i>An Elementary Course of Gymnastic Exercises: Intended to Develop and Improve the Physical Powers of Man; with the Report Made to the Medical Faculty of Paris on the Subject; and a New and Complete Treatise on the Art of Swimming</i></a> (4th ed.). Sherwood, Gilbert, and Piper<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-01-12</span></span> – via <a href="/wiki/Hathi_Trust" class="mw-redirect" title="Hathi Trust">Hathi Trust</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Elementary+Course+of+Gymnastic+Exercises%3A+Intended+to+Develop+and+Improve+the+Physical+Powers+of+Man%3B+with+the+Report+Made+to+the+Medical+Faculty+of+Paris+on+the+Subject%3B+and+a+New+and+Complete+Treatise+on+the+Art+of+Swimming&rft.edition=4th&rft.pub=Sherwood%2C+Gilbert%2C+and+Piper&rft.date=1825&rft.aulast=Clias&rft.aufirst=Peter+Heinrich&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcatalog.hathitrust.org%2FRecord%2F009724916&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohann+Christoph+Friedrich+GutsMuths" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Physical_culture" title="Template:Physical culture"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Physical_culture" title="Template talk:Physical culture"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Physical_culture" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Physical culture"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Physical_culture" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Physical_culture" title="Physical culture">Physical culture</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Antecedents</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Johann Christoph Friedrich GutsMuths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Ludwig_Jahn" title="Friedrich Ludwig Jahn">Friedrich Ludwig Jahn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Baptist_Krebs" title="Johann Baptist Krebs">Johann Baptist Krebs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pehr_Henrik_Ling" title="Pehr Henrik Ling">Pehr Henrik Ling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franz_Nachtegall" title="Franz Nachtegall">Franz Nachtegall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Amor%C3%B3s_y_Ondeano" title="Francisco Amorós y Ondeano">Francisco Amorós y Ondeano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adolf_Spiess" title="Adolf Spiess">Adolf Spiess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Topham" title="Thomas Topham">Thomas Topham</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Systems</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Western_physical_culture" title="Western physical culture">Western</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">European</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bert_Assirati" title="Bert Assirati">Bert Assirati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Bankier" title="William Bankier">William Bankier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_William_Barton-Wright" title="Edward William Barton-Wright">Edward William Barton-Wright</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zishe_Breitbart" title="Zishe Breitbart">Zishe Breitbart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niels_Bukh" title="Niels Bukh">Niels Bukh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victor_Dane" title="Victor Dane">Victor Dane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Delsarte" title="François Delsarte">François Delsarte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmond_Desbonnet" title="Edmond Desbonnet">Edmond Desbonnet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Launceston_Elliot" title="Launceston Elliot">Launceston Elliot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tony_Emmott" title="Tony Emmott">Tony Emmott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Ferrero" title="Juan Ferrero">Juan Ferrero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eileen_Fowler" title="Eileen Fowler">Eileen Fowler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Fitzsimmons" title="Bob Fitzsimmons">Bob Fitzsimmons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustav_Fri%C5%A1tensk%C3%BD" title="Gustav Frištenský">Gustav Frištenský</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edith_Margaret_Garrud" class="mw-redirect" title="Edith Margaret Garrud">Edith Margaret Garrud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermann_G%C3%B6rner" title="Hermann Görner">Hermann Görner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Hackenschmidt" title="George Hackenschmidt">George Hackenschmidt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georges_H%C3%A9bert" title="Georges Hébert">Georges Hébert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oscar_Heidenstam" title="Oscar Heidenstam">Oscar Heidenstam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F._A._Hornibrook" title="F. A. Hornibrook">F. A. Hornibrook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Inch" title="Thomas Inch">Thomas Inch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Lees_(bodybuilder)" title="John Lees (bodybuilder)">John Lees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dan_McLeod_(wrestler)" title="Dan McLeod (wrestler)">Dan McLeod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%B8rgen_Peter_M%C3%BCller" title="Jørgen Peter Müller">Jørgen Peter Müller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hartvig_Nissen_(gymnast)" title="Hartvig Nissen (gymnast)">Hartvig Nissen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reg_Park" title="Reg Park">Reg Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Pullum" title="William Pullum">William Pullum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joan_Rhodes" title="Joan Rhodes">Joan Rhodes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugen_Sandow" title="Eugen Sandow">Eugen Sandow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Saxon" title="Arthur Saxon">Arthur Saxon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clara_Schlaffhorst" title="Clara Schlaffhorst">Clara Schlaffhorst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sokol_(sport_organization)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sokol (sport organization)">Sokol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Bagot_Stack" title="Mary Bagot Stack">Mary Bagot Stack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lionel_Strongfort" title="Lionel Strongfort">Lionel Strongfort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maxalding" title="Maxalding">Maxalding</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Max_Sick" title="Max Sick">Maxick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monte_Saldo" title="Monte Saldo">Monte Saldo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vulcana" title="Vulcana">Vulcana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Walker_(weightlifter)" title="Ronald Walker (weightlifter)">Ronald Walker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emily_Diana_Watts" title="Emily Diana Watts">Emily Diana Watts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freddie_Welsh" title="Freddie Welsh">Freddie Welsh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">New World</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marguerite_Agniel" title="Marguerite Agniel">Marguerite Agniel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Atlas" title="Charles Atlas">Charles Atlas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clarence_Bass" title="Clarence Bass">Clarence Bass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanford_Bennett" title="Sanford Bennett">Sanford Bennett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Bernard_(yogi)" title="Pierre Bernard (yogi)">Pierre Bernard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Berry_(author)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mark Berry (author)">Mark Berry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joe_Bonomo_(strongman)" title="Joe Bonomo (strongman)">Joe Bonomo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Brosius" title="George Brosius">George Brosius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Joseph_Drexel_Biddle_Sr." title="Anthony Joseph Drexel Biddle Sr.">Drexel Biddle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marie_Bjelke_Petersen" title="Marie Bjelke Petersen">Marie Bjelke Petersen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Blaikie" title="William Blaikie">William Blaikie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Bragg" title="Paul Bragg">Paul Bragg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alan_Calvert" title="Alan Calvert">Alan Calvert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edwin_Checkley" title="Edwin Checkley">Edwin Checkley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._Ward_Crampton" title="C. Ward Crampton">C. Ward Crampton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Delinger" title="Jack Delinger">Jack Delinger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Durlacher" title="Ludwig Durlacher">Ludwig Durlacher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Eiferman" title="George Eiferman">George Eiferman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carrica_Le_Favre" title="Carrica Le Favre">Carrica Le Favre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keene_Fitzpatrick" title="Keene Fitzpatrick">Keene Fitzpatrick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Forest" title="Mark Forest">Mark Forest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ed_Fury" title="Ed Fury">Ed Fury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_B._Gagnon" title="John B. Gagnon">John B. Gagnon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vince_Gironda" title="Vince Gironda">Vince Gironda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joe_Greenstein" title="Joe Greenstein">Joe Greenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Grimek" title="John Grimek">John Grimek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milo_Hastings" title="Milo Hastings">Milo Hastings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roy_Hilligenn" title="Roy Hilligenn">Roy Hilligenn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Hoffman_(sports_promoter)" title="Bob Hoffman (sports promoter)">Bob Hoffman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_F._Jowett" title="George F. Jowett">George F. Jowett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annette_Kellerman" title="Annette Kellerman">Annette Kellerman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siegmund_Klein" title="Siegmund Klein">Siegmund Klein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_LaLanne" title="Jack LaLanne">Jack LaLanne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W._R._C._Latson" title="W. R. C. Latson">W. R. C. Latson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diocletian_Lewis" title="Diocletian Lewis">Diocletian Lewis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilman_Low" title="Gilman Low">Gilman Low</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dan_Lurie" title="Dan Lurie">Dan Lurie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernarr_Macfadden" title="Bernarr Macfadden">Bernarr Macfadden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artie_McGovern" title="Artie McGovern">Artie McGovern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Muldoon" title="William Muldoon">William Muldoon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Parcaut" title="Ralph Parcaut">Ralph Parcaut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kid_Parker" title="Kid Parker">Kid Parker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_Paschall" title="Harry Paschall">Harry Paschall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Pearl" title="Bill Pearl">Bill Pearl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steve_Reeves" title="Steve Reeves">Steve Reeves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_Robert" title="Leo Robert">Leo Robert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joe_Rollino" title="Joe Rollino">Joe Rollino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tony_Sansone" title="Tony Sansone">Tony Sansone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dudley_Allen_Sargent" title="Dudley Allen Sargent">Dudley Allen Sargent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larry_Scott_(bodybuilder)" title="Larry Scott (bodybuilder)">Larry Scott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amos_Alonzo_Stagg" title="Amos Alonzo Stagg">Amos Alonzo Stagg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genevieve_Stebbins" title="Genevieve Stebbins">Genevieve Stebbins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alois_P._Swoboda" title="Alois P. Swoboda">Alois P. Swoboda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armand_Tanny" title="Armand Tanny">Armand Tanny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vic_Tanny" title="Vic Tanny">Vic Tanny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Terpak" title="John Terpak">John Terpak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warren_Lincoln_Travis" title="Warren Lincoln Travis">Warren Lincoln Travis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al_Treloar" title="Al Treloar">Al Treloar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turners" title="Turners">Turners</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Traditional_physical_culture_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Traditional physical culture of India">Indian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Bodybuilding</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Manohar_Aich" title="Manohar Aich">Manohar Aich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramesh_Balsekar" title="Ramesh Balsekar">Ramesh Balsekar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Great_Gama" title="The Great Gama">The Great Gama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bishnu_Charan_Ghosh" title="Bishnu Charan Ghosh">B. C. Ghosh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambika_Charan_Guha" title="Ambika Charan Guha">Ambika Charan Guha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jatindra_Charan_Guho" title="Jatindra Charan Guho">Jatindra Charan Guho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guru_Hanuman" title="Guru Hanuman">Guru Hanuman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K._V._Iyer" title="K. V. Iyer">K. V. Iyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kodi_Rammurthy_Naidu" title="Kodi Rammurthy Naidu">Kodi Rammurthy Naidu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chandgi_Ram" title="Chandgi Ram">Chandgi Ram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monotosh_Roy" title="Monotosh Roy">Monotosh Roy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Yoga_as_exercise" title="Yoga as exercise">Yogic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Krishnamacharya" class="mw-redirect" title="Krishnamacharya">Krishnamacharya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuvalayananda" class="mw-redirect" title="Kuvalayananda">Kuvalayananda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seetharaman_Sundaram" title="Seetharaman Sundaram">Seetharaman Sundaram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shri_Yogendra" class="mw-redirect" title="Shri Yogendra">Shri Yogendra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malladihalli_Raghavendra" title="Malladihalli Raghavendra">Tiruka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhawanrao_Shriniwasrao_Pant_Pratinidhi" title="Bhawanrao Shriniwasrao Pant Pratinidhi">Bhawanrao Shriniwasrao</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Systems" title="Battle of the Systems">Battle of the Systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fitness_culture" title="Fitness culture">Fitness culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gymnastics" title="Gymnastics">Gymnastics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Muscular_religion" title="Category:Muscular religion">Muscular religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga_as_exercise" title="Yoga as exercise">Yoga as exercise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orthopathy" title="Orthopathy">Natural 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0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000110683958">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/66580317">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/167294/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJhCKfP3bD3xRcjjfHYpT3">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118699520">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n85121825">United 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