CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"/> <title>Africa - GAMEO</title> <script>document.documentElement.className="client-js";RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":!1,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy","wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"Z8BzET2iSYy4BGl35e5QqgAAAHE","wgCSPNonce":!1,"wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":!1,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Africa","wgTitle":"Africa","wgCurRevisionId":177116,"wgRevisionId":177116,"wgArticleId":37350,"wgIsArticle":!0,"wgIsRedirect":!1,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["A","Places","Continents"],"wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Africa","wgRelevantArticleId":37350,"wgIsProbablyEditable":!1,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":!1,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgULSAcceptLanguageList":[],"wgULSCurrentAutonym":"English", "wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"accuracy":{"levels":3,"quality":2,"pristine":4},"depth":{"levels":3,"quality":1,"pristine":4},"style":{"levels":3,"quality":1,"pristine":4}}},"wgStableRevisionId":177116,"wgMediaViewerOnClick":!0,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":!0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"egMapsScriptPath":"/extensions/Maps/","egMapsDebugJS":!1,"egMapsAvailableServices":["leaflet","googlemaps3"],"egMapsLeafletLayersApiKeys":{"MapBox":"","MapQuestOpen":"","Thunderforest":"","GeoportailFrance":""},"wgULSPosition":"personal","wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":!1};RLSTATE={"site.styles":"ready","noscript":"ready","user.styles":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.flaggedRevs.icons":"ready","oojs-ui-core.styles":"ready","oojs-ui.styles.indicators":"ready","mediawiki.widgets.styles":"ready","oojs-ui-core.icons":"ready","skins.vector.styles.legacy":"ready","mediawiki.toc.styles":"ready", "skins.vector.styles.responsive":"ready","ext.uls.pt":"ready","ext.flaggedRevs.basic":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["site","mediawiki.page.startup","mediawiki.page.ready","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.legacy.js","ext.uls.interface","ext.flaggedRevs.advanced","mmv.head","mmv.bootstrap.autostart","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.implement("user.options@1hzgi",function($,jQuery,require,module){/*@nomin*/mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); });});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.flaggedRevs.basic%2Cicons%7Cext.uls.pt%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cmediawiki.toc.styles%7Cmediawiki.widgets.styles%7Coojs-ui-core.icons%2Cstyles%7Coojs-ui.styles.indicators%7Cskins.vector.styles.legacy%2Cresponsive&only=styles&skin=vector"/> <script async="" src="/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""/> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector"/> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.35.1"/> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1"/> <link rel="shortcut icon" href="/favicon.ico"/> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/opensearch_desc.php" title="GAMEO (en)"/> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="https://gameo.org/api.php?action=rsd"/> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="GAMEO Atom feed" href="/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"/>  </head> <body class="mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Africa rootpage-Africa skin-vector action-view skin-vector-legacy"> <div id="mw-page-base" class="noprint"></div> <div id="mw-head-base" class="noprint"></div> <div id="content" class="mw-body" role="main"> <a id="top"></a> <div id="siteNotice" class="mw-body-content"></div> <div class="mw-indicators mw-body-content"> </div> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading" lang="en">Africa</h1> <div id="bodyContent" class="mw-body-content"> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From GAMEO</div> <div id="contentSub"></div> <div id="contentSub2"></div> <div id="jump-to-nav"></div> <a class="mw-jump-link" href="#mw-head">Jump to navigation</a> <a class="mw-jump-link" href="#searchInput">Jump to search</a> <div id="mw-content-text" lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"><div class="mw-parser-output"><div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none" /><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#1955_Article"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">1955 Article</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#1987_Update"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">1987 Update</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><a href="#Bibliography"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Bibliography</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4"><a href="#Additional_Information"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Additional Information</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1"><a href="#Cite_This_Article"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Cite This Article</span></a></li> </ul> </div> <h1><span class="mw-headline" id="1955_Article">1955 Article</span></h1> <p>The continent of Africa has been the scene of Mennonite mission activity for more than a century. In 1890 <a href="/index.php?title=Hershey,_Eusebius_(1823-1891)" title="Hershey, Eusebius (1823-1891)">Eusebius Hershey</a> of the <a href="/index.php?title=Mennonite_Brethren_in_Christ" title="Mennonite Brethren in Christ">Mennonite Brethren in Christ</a> Church went on his own to Liberia to engage in missionary work without denominational support. He soon died on the field but his sacrifice inspired others of his church to volunteer for work in Africa. In 1901 workers from his church went to Africa under the Sudan Interior Mission. In 1905 the Mennonite Brethren in Christ Missionary Society for Africa was founded. With the formation of the <a href="/index.php?title=United_Missionary_Society" title="United Missionary Society">United Missionary Society</a> in 1920 by the Mennonite Brethren in Christ, the work was taken over by the new organization. </p><p>The <a href="/index.php?title=Fellowship_of_Evangelical_Churches" title="Fellowship of Evangelical Churches">Defenseless Mennonite Conference</a> supported missionaries in Africa beginning about 1890 and the <a href="/index.php?title=Central_Conference_Mennonite_Church" title="Central Conference Mennonite Church">Central Conference of Mennonites</a> sent its first missionaries to that continent in 1906. Both churches, however, discontinued their work in 1909 because of the congested condition of the field in which they were working. The two churches then in 1911 organized the United Mennonite Board of Missions, which name was changed to the <a href="/index.php?title=Africa_Inter-Mennonite_Mission" title="Africa Inter-Mennonite Mission">Congo Inland Mission</a> in 1912. </p><p>In 1920 <a href="/index.php?title=Mennonite_Brethren_Church" title="Mennonite Brethren Church">Mennonite Brethren</a> missionaries established an independent mission in the <a href="/index.php?title=Congo,_Democratic_Republic_of" title="Congo, Democratic Republic of">Belgian Congo</a>. The Africa Mission Association later assumed responsibility for the mission. After this organization had operated the mission for more than a decade, the Mennonite Brethren general conference in 1943 took official charge of the field. </p><p>The <a href="/index.php?title=Eastern_Mennonite_Missions_(Lancaster_Mennonite_Conference)" title="Eastern Mennonite Missions (Lancaster Mennonite Conference)">Eastern Mennonite Board of Missions and Charities</a> of the <a href="/index.php?title=LMC:_a_Fellowship_of_Anabaptist_Churches" title="LMC: a Fellowship of Anabaptist Churches">Lancaster Mennonite Conference</a> opened work in Tanganyika Territory, Africa, in 1934. The Eastern Board sent its first missionaries to Italian Somaliland in 1953. </p><p>The <a href="/index.php?title=Mennonite_Central_Committee_(International)" title="Mennonite Central Committee (International)">Mennonite Central Committee </a> in its relief program during World War II cooperated with the <a href="/index.php?title=UNRRA_(The_United_Nations_Relief_and_Rehabilitation_Administration)" title="UNRRA (The United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration)">UNRRA</a> in <a href="/index.php?title=Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a>, furnishing workers and relief supplies for the refugee camps in that area. In 1945 three of these Mennonite Central Committee workers were transferred by UNRRA to <a href="/index.php?title=Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a>. During the next few years other workers were sent into this field, and a relief program was operated by the <a href="/index.php?title=Mennonite_Relief_and_Service_Committee_(Mennonite_Church)" title="Mennonite Relief and Service Committee (Mennonite Church)">Mennonite Relief Committee</a> (Elkhart). Finally in 1948 the emperor of Ethiopia gave the Mennonites consent to begin mission activity in his country, after which the Eastern Mennonite Board of Missions and Charities opened work 250 miles southeast of Addis Ababa. -- <i>Melvin Gingerich</i> </p> <h1><span class="mw-headline" id="1987_Update">1987 Update</span></h1> <p>Though a single continent, Africa in reality combines two very different worlds, i.e., the Arabic Muslim world of the north and the black animistic world of central and southern Africa. While the former has been part of Mediterranean and European history across the centuries, sub-Saharan Africa has been a world apart, which has experienced its own unique history. </p> <div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:302px;"><a href="/index.php?title=File:AfricaMap2003.jpg&filetimestamp=20130823171401&" class="image"><img alt="" src="/images/thumb/1/11/AfricaMap2003.jpg/300px-AfricaMap2003.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="366" class="thumbimage" srcset="/images/thumb/1/11/AfricaMap2003.jpg/450px-AfricaMap2003.jpg 1.5x, /images/thumb/1/11/AfricaMap2003.jpg/600px-AfricaMap2003.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1106" data-file-height="1350" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/index.php?title=File:AfricaMap2003.jpg&filetimestamp=20130823171401" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div><i>Source: Africa Map & Statistics, 2003</i></div></div></div> <p>With the dramatic exploratory treks of Livingstone and Stanley in the 1860s and 1870s, Africa below the Sahara Desert quickly became the focus of attention for the European powers and the Christian world of that era. As Europeans scurried to establish colonial holdings on that continent, Christians in widely scattered areas of the world also organized themselves to undertake missions of witness and service. Already before 1900, Mennonites and Brethren in Christ missionary pioneers were arriving on the continent. </p><p>In 1890 <a href="/index.php?title=Hershey,_Eusebius_(1823-1891)" title="Hershey, Eusebius (1823-1891)">Eusebius Hershey</a> of the <a href="/index.php?title=Mennonite_Brethren_in_Christ" title="Mennonite Brethren in Christ">Mennonite Brethren in Christ</a> Church (United] Missionary Church) went to Liberia on his own to engage in missionary work. He soon sickened and died there, but his example prompted others from his church to volunteer. In 1920 the Mennonite Brethren in Christ organized the <a href="/index.php?title=United_Missionary_Society" title="United Missionary Society">United Missionary Society</a> and subsequently took charge of the missionary endeavor of its personnel in West Africa, notably in <a href="/index.php?title=Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a>. </p><p>In 1896 the Defenseless Mennonite Church (later known as the Evangelical Mennonite Church, and in 2003 as the <a href="/index.php?title=Fellowship_of_Evangelical_Churches" title="Fellowship of Evangelical Churches">Fellowship of Evangelical Churches</a>) sent <a href="/index.php?title=Kohm,_Mathilda_(1871-1949)" title="Kohm, Mathilda (1871-1949)">Mathilda Kohm</a> as its first missionary to the Congo Free State (<a href="/index.php?title=Zaire" class="mw-redirect" title="Zaire">Zaire</a>) to work with the Christian and Missionary Alliance Mission. A second woman, <a href="/index.php?title=Doering,_Alma_(1878-1959)" title="Doering, Alma (1878-1959)">Alma Doering</a>, was sent in 1900 to join her, this time to work with the Swedish Baptists. </p><p>In 1906 the Defenseless Mennonite Church sent six missionaries to British East Africa (<a href="/index.php?title=Kenya" title="Kenya">Kenya</a>, <a href="/index.php?title=Uganda" title="Uganda">Uganda</a>, and <a href="/index.php?title=Tanzania,_United_Republic_of" title="Tanzania, United Republic of">Tanzania</a>) to work under the auspices of the <a href="/index.php?title=Africa_Inland_Mission" title="Africa Inland Mission">Africa Inland Mission</a>. In that same year, the <a href="/index.php?title=Central_Conference_Mennonite_Church" title="Central Conference Mennonite Church">Central Conference Mennonite Church</a> sent its first missionary couple, Lawrence and Rose Haigh, also to work in East Africa with the Africa Inland Mission. By 1910 the missionaries of these two conferences persuaded their sponsoring bodies to dispose of their work in East Africa and engage in pioneering efforts elsewhere. In January 1911 the two conferences created the United Mennonite Board of Missions which envisioned a cooperative effort in Africa. In 1912 this new inter-Mennonite organization commissioned its first missionaries, Lawrence and Rose Haigh and Alma Doering. By mid-year the Haighs were in the <a href="/index.php?title=Congo,_Democratic_Republic_of" title="Congo, Democratic Republic of">Belgian Congo</a> (Zaire), engaged in exploratory travel for their board. In January 1912, the home board changed its name to the <a href="/index.php?title=Africa_Inter-Mennonite_Mission" title="Africa Inter-Mennonite Mission">Congo Inland Mission</a> (known as Africa Inter-Mennonite Mission since 1971). Across the years the ministry of Africa Inter-Mennonite Mission (AIMM) in Africa has been broadened. After working until 1972 exclusively in Zaire, mission workers were placed in <a href="/index.php?title=Lesotho,_Kingdom_of" title="Lesotho, Kingdom of">Lesotho</a> in 1973, in <a href="/index.php?title=Botswana" title="Botswana">Botswana</a> in 1975, in <a href="/index.php?title=Burkina_Faso" title="Burkina Faso">Burkina Faso</a> in 1978, and in the Transkei in 1982. In <a href="/index.php?title=North_America" title="North America">North America</a>, AIMM 's supporting base of conferences, working in partnership, has increased from two to six. </p><p>In 1898 the first <a href="/index.php?title=Brethren_in_Christ_Church" title="Brethren in Christ Church">Brethren in Christ</a> missionaries arrived in Southern Rhodesia (<a href="/index.php?title=Zimbabwe" title="Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a>) followed by other recruits in 1906 in Northern Rhodesia (<a href="/index.php?title=Zambia" title="Zambia">Zambia</a>). The Brethren in Christ have maintained a continuous witness and ministry in these areas to the present (2004). </p><p>In 1934 the Eastern Mennonite [MC] Board of Missions and Charities (EMBMC; later known as Eastern Mennonite Missions) sent <a href="/index.php?title=Stauffer,_Elam_(1899-1981)" title="Stauffer, Elam (1899-1981)">Elam and Elizabeth Stauffer</a>, and <a href="/index.php?title=Mosemann,_John_H._(1907-1989)" title="Mosemann, John H. (1907-1989)">John and Ruth Mosemann</a> to Tanganyika (<a href="/index.php?title=Tanzania,_United_Republic_of" title="Tanzania, United Republic of">Tanzania</a>), where they opened a work at Shirati in the <a href="/index.php?title=Musoma_(Tanzania)" title="Musoma (Tanzania)">Musoma district</a>. Stations at <a href="/index.php?title=Bukiroba_Mennonite_Church_(Mara_Region,_Tanzania)" title="Bukiroba Mennonite Church (Mara Region, Tanzania)">Bukiroba</a>, <a href="/index.php?title=Mugango_Mennonite_Church_(Musoma,_Tanzania)" title="Mugango Mennonite Church (Musoma, Tanzania)">Mugango</a>, Bumani, and Nyabisi were soon added. Later personnel was placed in <a href="/index.php?title=Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a> (1948), <a href="/index.php?title=Somalia" title="Somalia">Somalia</a> (1953), Kenya (1964), Swaziland (1971), southern <a href="/index.php?title=Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudan</a> (1972) and <a href="/index.php?title=Mozambique" title="Mozambique">Mozambique</a> (1978-86). Along the way <a href="/index.php?title=Nairobi_(Kenya)" title="Nairobi (Kenya)">Nairobi</a> has become the administrative center for both EMBMC and Mennonite Central Committee in East Africa. </p><p>Already in 1921, Mennonite Brethren missionaries <a href="/index.php?title=Janzen,_Aaron_A._(1882-1957)_and_Janzen,_Ernestina_Strauss_(1879-1937)" title="Janzen, Aaron A. (1882-1957) and Janzen, Ernestina Strauss (1879-1937)">Aaron and Ernestina Janzen</a> opened an independent work at Kafumba in the Kwilu area of the <a href="/index.php?title=Congo,_Democratic_Republic_of" title="Congo, Democratic Republic of">Belgian Congo</a> (Zaire). After World War II, several smaller independent missions in Kwilu and <a href="/index.php?title=Kwango_Mennonite_Brethren_Mission_(Democratic_Republic_of_Congo)" title="Kwango Mennonite Brethren Mission (Democratic Republic of Congo)">Kwango</a> disbanded and appealed to other organizations to take over responsibility. The Mennonite Brethren Board of Missions then became heavily involved in this area. They took over Janzen's work at Kafumba and sent personnel to <a href="/index.php?title=Kikwit_(Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo)" title="Kikwit (Democratic Republic of the Congo)">Kikwit</a>, Lusemvu, Panzi and Kajiji. The Mennonite Brethren also placed people in <a href="/index.php?title=Kinshasa_(Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo)" title="Kinshasa (Democratic Republic of the Congo)">Kinshasa</a> early in their mission work and continue to maintain a strong emphasis on church planting and the creation of Christian literature in the major languages of the region. </p><p>In the late 1950s the Mennonite [MC] Board of Missions and Charities (MBM; later known as Mennonite Mission Network) received inquiries from western Africa in response to radio programs which the board sponsored. In 1959 Ed and Irene Weaver went to <a href="/index.php?title=Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a> to ascertain whether a ministry among these inquirers was feasible. Thus Mennonites became involved with African independent churches, a ministry which expanded to <a href="/index.php?title=C%C3%B4te_d%27Ivoire" title="C么te d'Ivoire">C么te d'Ivoire</a> (Ivory Coast) (1978), and Benin (1986). In addition the <a href="/index.php?title=Mennonite_Board_of_Missions_(Mennonite_Church)" title="Mennonite Board of Missions (Mennonite Church)">Mennonite Board of Missions</a> has planted Mennonite churches in <a href="/index.php?title=Ghana" title="Ghana">Ghana</a> and <a href="/index.php?title=Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a>. </p><p>French and Swiss Mennonites have sponsored missionaries for many years under <a href="/index.php?title=Europ%C3%A4isches_Mennonitisches_Evangelisationskomitee" title="Europ盲isches Mennonitisches Evangelisationskomitee">Europ盲isches Mennonitisches Evangelisationskomitee</a> (EMEK) in <a href="/index.php?title=Chad" title="Chad">Chad</a>, where they worked in partnership with the United Evangelical Mission, an umbrella organization for four different mission groups. In 1986 EMEK appointed a missionary couple to work in partnership with AIMM in Burkina Faso. </p><p>Africa has, since World War II, been a major area of involvement for the <a href="/index.php?title=Mennonite_Central_Committee_(International)" title="Mennonite Central Committee (International)">Mennonite Central Committee</a> (MCC). Since the early 1960s, MCC has responded to refugee needs and famine caused by political instability and severe drought in a number of areas. Many volunteers have also served in Africa under MCC's <a href="/index.php?title=Pax" title="Pax">Pax</a> Program and its Teachers Abroad Program (TAP), which was launched in <a href="/index.php?title=Botswana" title="Botswana">Botswana</a>. While working out formal partnership arrangements with the <a href="/index.php?title=Eastern_Mennonite_Missions_(Lancaster_Mennonite_Conference)" title="Eastern Mennonite Missions (Lancaster Mennonite Conference)">Eastern Mennonite Board of Missions and Charities</a> and with Africa Inter-Mennonite Mission in Botswana, MCC has always sought to maintain a supportive and cooperative role with the Mennonite missions in the areas where MCC personnel are located. In January 1988, MCC had 175 volunteers in 17 different countries in Africa. -- <i>James E. Bertsche</i> </p><p>By 1990, there were Mennonite or <a href="/index.php?title=Brethren_in_Christ_Church" title="Brethren in Christ Church">Brethren in Christ</a> churches in the African nations of <a href="/index.php?title=Angola" title="Angola">Angola</a>, <a href="/index.php?title=Burkina_Faso" title="Burkina Faso">Burkina Faso</a>, the <a href="/index.php?title=Congo,_Democratic_Republic_of" title="Congo, Democratic Republic of">Democratic Republic of Congo</a>, <a href="/index.php?title=Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a>, <a href="/index.php?title=Ghana" title="Ghana">Ghana</a>, <a href="/index.php?title=Kenya" title="Kenya">Kenya</a>, <a href="/index.php?title=Malawi" title="Malawi">Malawi</a>, <a href="/index.php?title=Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a>, <a href="/index.php?title=South_Africa,_Republic_of" title="South Africa, Republic of">South Africa</a>, <a href="/index.php?title=Tanzania,_United_Republic_of" title="Tanzania, United Republic of">Tanzania</a>, <a href="/index.php?title=Zambia" title="Zambia">Zambia</a> and <a href="/index.php?title=Zimbabwe" title="Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a>, with a total membership of 322,708. Of these, the largest numbers of members were in <a href="/index.php?title=Congo,_Democratic_Republic_of" title="Congo, Democratic Republic of">Congo</a> (175,837), <a href="/index.php?title=Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a> (57,011), <a href="/index.php?title=Tanzania,_United_Republic_of" title="Tanzania, United Republic of">Tanzania</a> (32,100) and <a href="/index.php?title=Zimbabwe" title="Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a> (20,606). -- <i>Richard D. Thiessen</i> </p> <h1><span class="mw-headline" id="Bibliography">Bibliography</span></h1> <p>Lapp, John A. and C. Arnold Snyder, gen. eds. <i>Anabaptist Songs in African Hearts</i>, 3rd ed. Global Mennonite History Series 1. Kitchener, ON: Pandora Press, 2006. </p><p><i>Mennonite World Handbook</i>, ed. Paul N. Kraybill. Lombard, Ill.: Mennonite World Conference, 1978: 35-37, 75-120. </p><p><i>Mennonite World Handbook Supplement.</i> Strassbourg, France, and Lombard, Ill.: Mennonite World Conference, 1984: 10-24. </p> <h1><span class="mw-headline" id="Additional_Information">Additional Information</span></h1> <p><a target="_blank" rel="nofollow noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="http://www.aimmintl.org/">Africa Inter-Mennonite Mission </a> </p><p><a target="_blank" rel="nofollow noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="http://www.bic-church.org/wm/">Brethren in Christ World Missions </a> </p><p><a target="_blank" rel="nofollow noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="http://www.emm.org/">Eastern Mennonite Missions </a> </p><p><a target="_blank" rel="nofollow noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="http://www.mbmission.org/">Mennonite Brethren Missions </a> </p><p><a target="_blank" rel="nofollow noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="http://www.mennonitemission.net/">Mennonite Mission Network</a> </p><p><a target="_blank" rel="nofollow noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="http://www.mwc-cmm.org/">Mennonite World Conference </a> </p><p><br /> </p> <table class="infobox"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="2"> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Author(s) </th> <td>Melvin Gingerich </td></tr> <tr> <th> </th> <td>James E. Bertsche </td></tr> <tr> <th> </th> <td>Richard D. Thiessen </td></tr> <tr> <th>Date Published </th> <td>1990 </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><a href="/index.php?title=Author1::Gingerich,_Melvin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Author1::Gingerich, Melvin (page does not exist)"> </a> <a href="/index.php?title=Author2::Bertsche,_James_E.&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Author2::Bertsche, James E. (page does not exist)"> </a> <a href="/index.php?title=Author3::Thiessen,_Richard_D.&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Author3::Thiessen, Richard D. (page does not exist)"> </a> <a href="/index.php?title=PublDate::1990&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="PublDate::1990 (page does not exist)"> </a> </p> <div style="clear: both;"></div> <h1><span class="mw-headline" id="Cite_This_Article">Cite This Article</span></h1> <p><b>MLA style</b> </p><p>Gingerich, Melvin, James E. Bertsche and Richard D. Thiessen. "Africa." <i>Global Anabaptist Mennonite Encyclopedia Online</i>. 1990. Web. 27 Feb 2025. <a target="_blank" rel="nofollow noreferrer noopener" class="external free" href="https://gameo.org/index.php?title=Africa&oldid=177116">https://gameo.org/index.php?title=Africa&oldid=177116</a>. </p><p><b>APA style</b> </p><p>Gingerich, Melvin, James E. Bertsche and Richard D. Thiessen. (1990). Africa. <i>Global Anabaptist Mennonite Encyclopedia Online</i>. Retrieved 27 February 2025, from <a target="_blank" rel="nofollow noreferrer noopener" class="external free" href="https://gameo.org/index.php?title=Africa&oldid=177116">https://gameo.org/index.php?title=Africa&oldid=177116</a>. </p><p><br /> </p> <hr /> <p><br /></p><div class="floatleft"><a href="/index.php?title=File:Hpbuttns.png&filetimestamp=20180129190736&" class="image"><img alt="Hpbuttns.png" src="/images/a/a0/Hpbuttns.png" decoding="async" width="144" height="56" data-file-width="144" data-file-height="56" /></a></div><p> Adapted by permission of <a target="_blank" rel="nofollow noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="http://www.heraldpress.com/">Herald Press</a>, Harrisonburg, Virginia, from <i>Mennonite Encyclopedia</i>, Vol. 1, p. 21; vol. 5, pp. 6-8. All rights reserved. </p><p><br /> 漏1996-2025 by the Global Anabaptist Mennonite Encyclopedia Online. All rights reserved. </p>    </div></div><div class="printfooter">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://gameo.org/index.php?title=Africa&oldid=177116">https://gameo.org/index.php?title=Africa&oldid=177116</a>"</div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/index.php?title=Special:Categories" title="Special:Categories">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/index.php?title=Category:A" title="Category:A">A</a></li><li><a href="/index.php?title=Category:Places" title="Category:Places">Places</a></li><li><a href="/index.php?title=Category:Continents" title="Category:Continents">Continents</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </div> <div id="mw-navigation"> <h2>Navigation menu</h2> <div id="mw-head">  <nav id="p-personal" class="vector-menu" aria-labelledby="p-personal-label" role="navigation" > <h3 id="p-personal-label"> <span>Personal tools</span> </h3>  <div class="body vector-menu-content">  <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"><li id="pt-uls" class="active"><a href="#" class="uls-trigger">English</a></li><li id="pt-login"><a href="/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Africa" title="You are encouraged to log in; however, it is not mandatory [o]" accesskey="o">Log in</a></li></ul> </div> </nav> <div id="left-navigation">  <nav id="p-namespaces" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs vectorTabs" aria-labelledby="p-namespaces-label" role="navigation" > <h3 id="p-namespaces-label"> <span>Namespaces</span> </h3>  <div class="body vector-menu-content">  <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"><li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected"><a href="/index.php?title=Africa" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c">Page</a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="new"><a href="/index.php?title=Talk:Africa&action=edit&redlink=1" rel="discussion" title="Discussion about the content page (page does not exist) [t]" accesskey="t">Discussion</a></li></ul> </div> </nav>  <nav id="p-variants" class="vector-menu-empty emptyPortlet vector-menu vector-menu-dropdown vectorMenu" aria-labelledby="p-variants-label" role="navigation" > <input type="checkbox" class="vector-menu-checkbox vectorMenuCheckbox" aria-labelledby="p-variants-label" /> <h3 id="p-variants-label"> <span>Variants</span> </h3>  <div class="body vector-menu-content">  <ul class="menu vector-menu-content-list"></ul> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation">  <nav id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs vectorTabs" aria-labelledby="p-views-label" role="navigation" > <h3 id="p-views-label"> <span>Views</span> </h3>  <div class="body vector-menu-content">  <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"><li id="ca-view" class="collapsible selected"><a href="/index.php?title=Africa">Read</a></li><li id="ca-viewsource" class="collapsible"><a href="/index.php?title=Africa&action=edit" title="This page is protected.
You can view its source [e]" accesskey="e">View source</a></li><li id="ca-history" class="collapsible"><a href="/index.php?title=Africa&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h">View history</a></li></ul> </div> </nav>  <nav id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu-empty emptyPortlet vector-menu vector-menu-dropdown vectorMenu" aria-labelledby="p-cactions-label" role="navigation" > <input type="checkbox" class="vector-menu-checkbox vectorMenuCheckbox" aria-labelledby="p-cactions-label" /> <h3 id="p-cactions-label"> <span>More</span> </h3>  <div class="body vector-menu-content">  <ul class="menu vector-menu-content-list"></ul> </div> </nav> <div id="p-search" role="search"> <h3 > <label for="searchInput">Search</label> </h3> <form action="/index.php" id="searchform"> <div id="simpleSearch"> <input type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search GAMEO" title="Search GAMEO [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput"/> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> <input type="submit" name="fulltext" value="Search" title="Search the pages for this text" id="mw-searchButton" class="searchButton mw-fallbackSearchButton"/> <input type="submit" name="go" value="Go" title="Go to a page with this exact name if it exists" id="searchButton" class="searchButton"/> </div> </form> </div> </div> </div> <div id="mw-panel"> <div id="p-logo" role="banner"> <a title="Visit the main page" class="mw-wiki-logo" href="/index.php?title=Welcome_to_GAMEO"></a> </div>  <nav id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu vector-menu-portal portal portal-first" aria-labelledby="p-navigation-label" role="navigation" > <h3 id="p-navigation-label"> <span>Navigation</span> </h3>  <div class="body vector-menu-content">  <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"><li id="n-mainpage-description"><a href="/index.php?title=Welcome_to_GAMEO" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z">Main page</a></li><li id="n-portal"><a href="/index.php?title=GAMEO:Community_portal" title="About the project, what you can do, where to find things">Community portal</a></li><li id="n-recentchanges"><a href="/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes in the wiki [r]" accesskey="r">Recent changes</a></li><li id="n-randompage"><a href="/index.php?title=Special:Random" title="Load a random page [x]" accesskey="x">Random page</a></li><li id="n-Encyclopedia-Index"><a href="/index.php?title=A-Z_index">Encyclopedia Index</a></li></ul> </div> </nav>  <nav id="p-Help" class="vector-menu vector-menu-portal portal" aria-labelledby="p-Help-label" role="navigation" > <h3 id="p-Help-label"> <span>Help</span> </h3>  <div class="body vector-menu-content">  <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"><li id="n-Deutsch"><a href="/index.php?title=Hilfe:Inhalt">Deutsch</a></li><li id="n-English"><a href="/index.php?title=Help:Contents">English</a></li><li id="n-Espa.C3.B1ol"><a href="/index.php?title=Ayuda:Contenidos">Espa帽ol</a></li><li id="n-Fran.C3.A7ais"><a href="/index.php?title=Aide:Sommaire">Fran莽ais</a></li></ul> </div> </nav>  <nav id="p-tb" class="vector-menu vector-menu-portal portal" aria-labelledby="p-tb-label" role="navigation" > <h3 id="p-tb-label"> <span>Tools</span> </h3>  <div class="body vector-menu-content">  <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"><li id="t-whatlinkshere"><a href="/index.php?title=Special:WhatLinksHere/Africa" title="A list of all wiki pages that link here [j]" accesskey="j">What links here</a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked"><a href="/index.php?title=Special:RecentChangesLinked/Africa" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k">Related changes</a></li><li id="t-specialpages"><a href="/index.php?title=Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q">Special pages</a></li><li id="t-print"><a href="javascript:print();" rel="alternate" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p">Printable version</a></li><li id="t-permalink"><a href="/index.php?title=Africa&oldid=177116" title="Permanent link to this revision of the page">Permanent link</a></li><li id="t-info"><a href="/index.php?title=Africa&action=info" title="More information about this page">Page information</a></li></ul> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" role="contentinfo" > <ul id="footer-info" > <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 8 August 2023, at 19:14.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places" > <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="/index.php?title=GAMEO:Privacy_policy" title="GAMEO:Privacy policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/index.php?title=GAMEO:About" title="GAMEO:About">About GAMEO</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimer"><a href="/index.php?title=GAMEO:General_disclaimer" title="GAMEO:General disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" target="_blank"><img src="/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki_88x31.png" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" srcset="/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki_132x47.png 1.5x, /resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki_176x62.png 2x" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"/></a></li> </ul> <div style="clear: both;"></div> </footer> <script src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtag/js?id=G-DN1Z6VHE5Q" async=""></script><script> window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; function gtag(){dataLayer.push(arguments);} gtag('js', new Date()); gtag('config', 'G-DN1Z6VHE5Q', {}); </script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"0.090","walltime":"0.098","ppvisitednodes":{"value":252,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":2804,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":489,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":7,"limit":40},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":0,"limit":100},"unstrip-depth":{"value":0,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":0,"limit":5000000},"timingprofile":["100.00% 12.829 1 Template:GAMEO_footer-3","100.00% 12.829 1 -total"," 34.27% 4.396 1 Template:Auth_and_cite-3"," 18.47% 2.369 1 Template:HeraldPress"," 18.10% 2.322 1 Template:Copyright"]},"cachereport":{"timestamp":"20250227141337","ttl":3600,"transientcontent":true}}});mw.config.set({"wgBackendResponseTime":418});});</script></body></html>