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vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">przypnij</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">ukryj</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Początek</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Życiorys" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Życiorys"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Życiorys</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Życiorys-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Przełącz podsekcję Życiorys</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Życiorys-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Rodzina" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rodzina"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Rodzina</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rodzina-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pierwszy_wynalazek" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pierwszy_wynalazek"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Pierwszy wynalazek</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pierwszy_wynalazek-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Edukacja" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Edukacja"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Edukacja</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Edukacja-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Wyjazd_do_Kanady_i_wynalezienie_telefonu" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wyjazd_do_Kanady_i_wynalezienie_telefonu"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Wyjazd do Kanady i wynalezienie telefonu</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Wyjazd_do_Kanady_i_wynalezienie_telefonu-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bell_Telephone_Company" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bell_Telephone_Company"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Bell Telephone Company</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bell_Telephone_Company-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Wkład_w_rozwój_lotnictwa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wkład_w_rozwój_lotnictwa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6</span> <span>Wkład w rozwój lotnictwa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Wkład_w_rozwój_lotnictwa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Odznaczenia_i_nagrody" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Odznaczenia_i_nagrody"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Odznaczenia i nagrody</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Odznaczenia_i_nagrody-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Upamiętnienie" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Upamiętnienie"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Upamiętnienie</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Upamiętnienie-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Zobacz_też" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Zobacz_też"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Zobacz też</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Zobacz_też-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Przypisy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Przypisy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Przypisy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Przypisy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliografia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliografia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Bibliografia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliografia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Linki_zewnętrzne" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Linki_zewnętrzne"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Linki zewnętrzne</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Linki_zewnętrzne-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Spis treści" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Przełącz stan spisu treści" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Przełącz stan spisu treści</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Alexander Graham Bell</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Przejdź do artykułu w innym języku. Treść dostępna w 126 językach" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-126" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">126 języków</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Graham_Bell" title="Alexander Graham Bell – afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Alexander Graham Bell" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8A%A0%E1%88%8C%E1%8A%AD%E1%88%B3%E1%8A%95%E1%8B%B0%E1%88%AD_%E1%8C%8D%E1%88%AB%E1%88%9D_%E1%89%A0%E1%88%8D" title="አሌክሳንደር ግራም በል – amharski" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="አሌክሳንደር ግራም በል" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="amharski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D9%84%D9%83%D8%B3%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B1_%D8%BA%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%85_%D8%A8%D9%84" title="ألكسندر غراهام بل – arabski" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ألكسندر غراهام بل" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arabski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Graham_Bell" title="Alexander Graham Bell – aragoński" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Alexander Graham Bell" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="aragoński" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D5%AC%D5%A5%D6%84%D5%BD%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%BF%D6%80_%D4%BF%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%B0%D5%A1%D5%B4_%D5%8A%D5%A5%D5%AC%D5%AC" title="Ալեքսանտր Կրահամ Պելլ – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Ալեքսանտր Կրահամ Պելլ" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Արեւմտահայերէն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A3%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%BE%E0%A7%B0_%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%8D%E0%A7%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE_%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%87%27%E0%A6%B2" title="আলেকজেণ্ডাৰ গ্ৰাহাম বে'ল – asamski" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="আলেকজেণ্ডাৰ গ্ৰাহাম বে'ল" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="asamski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Graham_Bell" title="Alexander Graham Bell – asturyjski" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Alexander Graham Bell" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="asturyjski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleksandr_Qreyam_Bell" title="Aleksandr Qreyam Bell – azerbejdżański" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Aleksandr Qreyam Bell" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="azerbejdżański" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Graham_Bell" title="Alexander Graham Bell – balijski" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Alexander Graham Bell" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="balijski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE_%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B2" title="আলেকজান্ডার গ্রাহাম বেল – bengalski" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="আলেকজান্ডার গ্রাহাম বেল" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="bengalski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Graham_Bell" title="Alexander Graham Bell – minnański" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Alexander Graham Bell" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="minnański" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-map-bms mw-list-item"><a href="https://map-bms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Graham_Bell" title="Alexander Graham Bell – Banyumasan" lang="jv-x-bms" hreflang="jv-x-bms" data-title="Alexander Graham Bell" data-language-autonym="Basa Banyumasan" data-language-local-name="Banyumasan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Banyumasan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80_%D0%93%D1%80%D1%8D%D1%8F%D0%BC_%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BB" title="Аляксандр Грэям Бел – białoruski" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Аляксандр Грэям Бел" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="białoruski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80_%D0%93%D1%80%D1%8D%D0%BC_%D0%91%D1%8D%D0%BB" title="Аляксандар Грэм Бэл – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Аляксандар Грэм Бэл" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%8A%D1%80_%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BB" title="Александър Бел – bułgarski" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Александър Бел" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="bułgarski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Graham_Bell" title="Alexander Graham Bell – bośniacki" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Alexander Graham Bell" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="bośniacki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Graham_Bell" title="Alexander Graham Bell – bretoński" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Alexander Graham Bell" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="bretoński" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Graham_Bell" title="Alexander Graham Bell – kataloński" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Alexander Graham Bell" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="kataloński" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80_%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%B0%D0%BC_%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BB" title="Александр Грейам Белл – czuwaski" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Александр Грейам Белл" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="czuwaski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Graham_Bell" title="Alexander Graham Bell – cebuański" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Alexander Graham Bell" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="cebuański" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Graham_Bell" title="Alexander Graham Bell – czeski" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Alexander Graham Bell" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="czeski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Graham_Bell" title="Alexander Graham Bell – walijski" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Alexander Graham Bell" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="walijski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Graham_Bell" title="Alexander Graham Bell – duński" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Alexander Graham Bell" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="duński" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Graham_Bell" title="Alexander Graham Bell – niemiecki" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Alexander Graham Bell" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="niemiecki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Graham_Bell" title="Alexander Graham Bell – estoński" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Alexander Graham Bell" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="estoński" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CE%BB%CE%B5%CE%BE%CE%AC%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%B5%CF%81_%CE%93%CE%BA%CF%81%CE%AC%CF%87%CE%B1%CE%BC_%CE%9C%CF%80%CE%B5%CE%BB" title="Αλεξάντερ Γκράχαμ Μπελ – grecki" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Αλεξάντερ Γκράχαμ Μπελ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="grecki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Graham_Bell" title="Alexander Graham Bell – angielski" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Alexander Graham Bell" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="angielski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BB,_%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80_%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Белл, Александр Грейам – erzja" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Белл, Александр Грейам" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="erzja" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Эрзянь</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="dobry artykuł"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Graham_Bell" title="Alexander Graham Bell – hiszpański" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Alexander Graham Bell" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="hiszpański" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Graham_Bell" title="Alexander Graham Bell – esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Alexander Graham Bell" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Graham_Bell" title="Alexander Graham Bell – baskijski" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Alexander Graham Bell" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="baskijski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%DA%A9%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B1_%DA%AF%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%85_%D8%A8%D9%84" title="الکساندر گراهام بل – perski" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="الکساندر گراهام بل" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="perski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Graham_Bell" title="Alexander Graham Bell – francuski" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Alexander Graham Bell" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="francuski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Graham_Bell" title="Alexander Graham Bell – zachodniofryzyjski" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Alexander Graham Bell" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="zachodniofryzyjski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Graham_Bell" title="Alexander Graham Bell – irlandzki" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Alexander Graham Bell" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="irlandzki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Graham_Bell" title="Alexander Graham Bell – manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Alexander Graham Bell" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="manx" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Graham_Bell" title="Alexander Graham Bell – szkocki gaelicki" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Alexander Graham Bell" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="szkocki gaelicki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Graham_Bell" title="Alexander Graham Bell – galicyjski" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Alexander Graham Bell" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="galicyjski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%8F%E0%AA%B2%E0%AB%87%E0%AA%95%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%9D%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%A8%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%A1%E0%AA%B0_%E0%AA%97%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%B0%E0%AB%87%E0%AA%B9%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%AE_%E0%AA%AC%E0%AB%87%E0%AA%B2" title="એલેક્ઝાન્ડર ગ્રેહામ બેલ – gudżarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="એલેક્ઝાન્ડર ગ્રેહામ બેલ" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="gudżarati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Graham_Bell" title="Alexander Graham Bell – hakka" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Alexander Graham Bell" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="hakka" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%95%8C%EB%A0%89%EC%82%B0%EB%8D%94_%EA%B7%B8%EB%A0%88%EC%9D%B4%EC%97%84_%EB%B2%A8" title="알렉산더 그레이엄 벨 – koreański" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="알렉산더 그레이엄 벨" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="koreański" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D5%AC%D5%A5%D6%84%D5%BD%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A4%D6%80_%D4%B2%D5%A5%D5%AC%D5%AC" title="Ալեքսանդր Բելլ – ormiański" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ալեքսանդր Բելլ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="ormiański" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%90%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BC%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%AE_%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2" title="ऐलेक्ज़ैन्डर ग्राहम बेल – hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="ऐलेक्ज़ैन्डर ग्राहम बेल" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Graham_Bell" title="Alexander Graham Bell – chorwacki" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Alexander Graham Bell" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="chorwacki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Graham_Bell" title="Alexander Graham Bell – ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Alexander Graham Bell" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Graham_Bell" title="Alexander Graham Bell – ilokano" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Alexander Graham Bell" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="ilokano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Graham_Bell" title="Alexander Graham Bell – indonezyjski" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Alexander Graham Bell" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonezyjski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Graham_Bell" title="Alexander Graham Bell – islandzki" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Alexander Graham Bell" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="islandzki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Graham_Bell" title="Alexander Graham Bell – włoski" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Alexander Graham Bell" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="włoski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%9B%D7%A1%D7%A0%D7%93%D7%A8_%D7%92%D7%A8%D7%94%D7%9D_%D7%91%D7%9C" title="אלכסנדר גרהם בל – hebrajski" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אלכסנדר גרהם בל" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="hebrajski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Graham_Bell" title="Alexander Graham Bell – jawajski" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Alexander Graham Bell" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="jawajski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%85%E0%B2%B2%E0%B3%86%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B8%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%A1%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D_%E0%B2%97%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%B9%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%82_%E0%B2%AC%E0%B3%86%E0%B2%B2%E0%B3%8D%E2%80%8C" title="ಅಲೆಕ್ಸಾಂಡರ್ ಗ್ರಹಾಂ ಬೆಲ್‌ – kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಅಲೆಕ್ಸಾಂಡರ್ ಗ್ರಹಾಂ ಬೆಲ್‌" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Graham_Bell" title="Alexander Graham Bell – pampango" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Alexander Graham Bell" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="pampango" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kapampangan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%A5%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%93%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0_%E1%83%92%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%98%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B_%E1%83%91%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98" title="ალექსანდერ გრეიამ ბელი – gruziński" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ალექსანდერ გრეიამ ბელი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="gruziński" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80_%D0%93%D1%80%D1%8D%D1%85%D1%8D%D0%BC_%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BB" title="Александр Грэхэм Белл – kazachski" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Александр Грэхэм Белл" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="kazachski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Graham_Bell" title="Alexander Graham Bell – suahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Alexander Graham Bell" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="suahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Graham_Bell" title="Alexander Graham Bell – kurdyjski" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Alexander Graham Bell" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="kurdyjski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Graham_Bell" title="Alexander Graham Bell – łaciński" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Alexander Graham Bell" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="łaciński" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleksandrs_Greiems_Bells" title="Aleksandrs Greiems Bells – łotewski" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Aleksandrs Greiems Bells" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="łotewski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Graham_Bell" title="Alexander Graham Bell – luksemburski" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Alexander Graham Bell" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="luksemburski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Graham_Bell" title="Alexander Graham Bell – litewski" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Alexander Graham Bell" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="litewski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Graham_Bell" title="Alexander Graham Bell – węgierski" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Alexander Graham Bell" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="węgierski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%AE_%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2" title="अलेक्ज्याण्डर ग्राहम बेल – maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="अलेक्ज्याण्डर ग्राहम बेल" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मैथिली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80_%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%BC_%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BB" title="Александар Грејам Бел – macedoński" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Александар Грејам Бел" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="macedoński" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandre_Graham_Bell" title="Alexandre Graham Bell – malgaski" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Alexandre Graham Bell" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="malgaski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%85%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A3%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%BC_%E0%B4%97%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%B9%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%82_%E0%B4%AC%E0%B5%86%E0%B5%BD" title="അലക്സാണ്ടർ ഗ്രഹാം ബെൽ – malajalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="അലക്സാണ്ടർ ഗ്രഹാം ബെൽ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="malajalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9D%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%85%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%85%E0%A4%AE_%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2" title="अलेक्झांडर ग्रॅहॅम बेल – marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="अलेक्झांडर ग्रॅहॅम बेल" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%A5%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%93%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0_%E1%83%92%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%98%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B_%E1%83%91%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98" title="ალექსანდერ გრეიამ ბელი – megrelski" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ალექსანდერ გრეიამ ბელი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="megrelski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%83%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B1_%D8%AC%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%85_%D8%A8%D9%8A%D9%84" title="اليكساندر جراهام بيل – egipski arabski" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="اليكساندر جراهام بيل" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="egipski arabski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%DA%A9%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B1_%DA%AF%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%85_%D8%A8%D9%84" title="الکساندر گراهام بل – mazanderański" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="الکساندر گراهام بل" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="mazanderański" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Graham_Bell" title="Alexander Graham Bell – malajski" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Alexander Graham Bell" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="malajski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Graham_Bell" title="Alexander Graham Bell – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Alexander Graham Bell" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80_%D0%93%D1%80%D1%8D%D1%85%D1%8D%D0%BC_%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BB" title="Александр Грэхэм Белл – mongolski" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Александр Грэхэм Белл" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="mongolski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%A1%E1%80%9C%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA%E1%80%87%E1%80%94%E1%80%B9%E1%80%92%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B8_%E1%80%82%E1%80%9B%E1%80%B1%E1%80%9F%E1%80%99%E1%80%BA_%E1%80%98%E1%80%B2%E1%80%9C%E1%80%BA" title="အလက်ဇန္ဒား ဂရေဟမ် ဘဲလ် – birmański" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="အလက်ဇန္ဒား ဂရေဟမ် ဘဲလ်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="birmański" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Graham_Bell" title="Alexander Graham Bell – niderlandzki" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Alexander Graham Bell" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="niderlandzki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%AE_%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2" title="एलेक्जेन्डर ग्राहम बेल – nepalski" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="एलेक्जेन्डर ग्राहम बेल" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="nepalski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D_%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2" title="अलेकजेन्डर ग्राहम् बेल – newarski" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="अलेकजेन्डर ग्राहम् बेल" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="newarski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="dobry artykuł"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%83%AC%E3%82%AF%E3%82%B5%E3%83%B3%E3%83%80%E3%83%BC%E3%83%BB%E3%82%B0%E3%83%A9%E3%83%8F%E3%83%A0%E3%83%BB%E3%83%99%E3%83%AB" title="アレクサンダー・グラハム・ベル – japoński" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="アレクサンダー・グラハム・ベル" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japoński" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Graham_Bell" title="Alexander Graham Bell – norweski (bokmål)" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Alexander Graham Bell" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="norweski (bokmål)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Graham_Bell" title="Alexander Graham Bell – norweski (nynorsk)" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Alexander Graham Bell" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="norweski (nynorsk)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Graham_Bell" title="Alexander Graham Bell – oksytański" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Alexander Graham Bell" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="oksytański" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Graham_Bell" title="Alexander Graham Bell – uzbecki" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Alexander Graham Bell" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="uzbecki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%95%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%A6%E0%A8%B0_%E0%A8%97%E0%A9%8D%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B9%E0%A8%AE_%E0%A8%AC%E0%A9%88%E0%A9%B1%E0%A8%B2" title="ਸਿਕੰਦਰ ਗ੍ਰਾਹਮ ਬੈੱਲ – pendżabski" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਸਿਕੰਦਰ ਗ੍ਰਾਹਮ ਬੈੱਲ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="pendżabski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D8%B1%D8%A7%DB%81%D9%85_%D8%A8%D9%84" title="گراہم بل – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="گراہم بل" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%90%DA%A9%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%89%D8%B1_%DA%AF%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%85_%D8%A8%DB%90%D9%84" title="الېکسانډر گراهام بېل – paszto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="الېکسانډر گراهام بېل" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="paszto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Graham_Bell" title="Alexander Graham Bell – piemoncki" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Alexander Graham Bell" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="piemoncki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Graham_Bell" title="Alexander Graham Bell – portugalski" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Alexander Graham Bell" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugalski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Graham_Bell" title="Alexander Graham Bell – rumuński" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Alexander Graham Bell" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="rumuński" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Graham_Bell" title="Alexander Graham Bell – keczua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Alexander Graham Bell" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="keczua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BB,_%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80_%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Белл, Александр Грейам – rosyjski" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Белл, Александр Грейам" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="rosyjski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80_%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BB" title="Александр Белл – jakucki" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Александр Белл" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="jakucki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D_%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D_%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D" title="अलेक्जाण्डर् ग्राहम् बेल् – sanskryt" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="अलेक्जाण्डर् ग्राहम् बेल्" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="sanskryt" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Graham_Bell" title="Alexander Graham Bell – scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Alexander Graham Bell" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleksander_Graham_Bell" title="Aleksander Graham Bell – albański" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Aleksander Graham Bell" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="albański" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Graham_Bell" title="Alexander Graham Bell – sycylijski" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Alexander Graham Bell" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="sycylijski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%87%E0%B6%BD%E0%B7%99%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%8A%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%90%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%A9%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%8A_%E0%B6%9C%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%90%E0%B7%84%E0%B7%90%E0%B6%B8%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%B6%E0%B7%99%E0%B6%BD%E0%B7%8A" title="ඇලෙක්සැන්ඩර් ග්‍රැහැම්බෙල් – syngaleski" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ඇලෙක්සැන්ඩර් ග්‍රැහැම්බෙල්" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="syngaleski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Graham_Bell" title="Alexander Graham Bell – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Alexander Graham Bell" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A%DA%AF%D8%B2%D9%8A%D9%86%DA%8A%D8%B1_%DA%AF%D8%B1%D8%A7%DA%BE%D9%85_%D8%A8%D9%8A%D9%84" title="اليگزينڊر گراھم بيل – sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="اليگزينڊر گراھم بيل" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Graham_Bell" title="Alexander Graham Bell – słowacki" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Alexander Graham Bell" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="słowacki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Graham_Bell" title="Alexander Graham Bell – słoweński" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Alexander Graham Bell" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="słoweński" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Graham_Bell" title="Alexander Graham Bell – somalijski" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Alexander Graham Bell" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="somalijski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%DB%95%D9%84%DB%8E%DA%A9%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%DB%95%D8%B1_%DA%AF%D8%B1%D8%A7%DA%BE%D8%A7%D9%85_%D8%A8%DB%8E%DA%B5" title="ئەلێکساندەر گراھام بێڵ – sorani" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ئەلێکساندەر گراھام بێڵ" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="sorani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80_%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%BC_%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BB" title="Александер Грејам Бел – serbski" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Александер Грејам Бел" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="serbski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Graham_Bell" title="Alexander Graham Bell – serbsko-chorwacki" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Alexander Graham Bell" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="serbsko-chorwacki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Graham_Bell" title="Alexander Graham Bell – sundajski" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Alexander Graham Bell" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="sundajski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Graham_Bell" title="Alexander Graham Bell – fiński" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Alexander Graham Bell" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="fiński" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Graham_Bell" title="Alexander Graham Bell – szwedzki" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Alexander Graham Bell" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="szwedzki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Graham_Bell" title="Alexander Graham Bell – tagalski" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Alexander Graham Bell" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="tagalski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A3%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D" title="அலெக்சாண்டர் கிரகாம் பெல் – tamilski" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="அலெக்சாண்டர் கிரகாம் பெல்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="tamilski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80_%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BB" title="Александр Белл – tatarski" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Александр Белл" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="tatarski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%85%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%86%E0%B0%97%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%9C%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%A1%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8D_%E0%B0%97%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B9%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%AC%E0%B1%86%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%8D" title="అలెగ్జాండర్ గ్రాహంబెల్ – telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="అలెగ్జాండర్ గ్రాహంబెల్" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AD%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%87%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C_%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AE%E0%B8%A1_%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%8C" title="อเล็กซานเดอร์ เกรแฮม เบลล์ – tajski" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="อเล็กซานเดอร์ เกรแฮม เบลล์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="tajski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80_%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B5%D2%B3%D0%B5%D0%BC_%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BB" title="Александр Греҳем Белл – tadżycki" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Александр Греҳем Белл" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="tadżycki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Graham_Bell" title="Alexander Graham Bell – turecki" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Alexander Graham Bell" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turecki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alek%C2%ADsandr_Gra%C3%BDam_Bell" title="Aleksandr Graýam Bell – turkmeński" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Aleksandr Graýam Bell" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="turkmeński" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkmençe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80_%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BC_%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BB" title="Александер Грем Белл – ukraiński" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Александер Грем Белл" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ukraiński" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C%DA%AF%D8%B2%D9%86%DA%88%D8%B1_%DA%AF%D8%B1%D8%A7%DB%81%D9%85_%D8%A8%DB%8C%D9%84" title="الیگزنڈر گراہم بیل – urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="الیگزنڈر گراہم بیل" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Graham_Bell" title="Alexander Graham Bell – wietnamski" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Alexander Graham Bell" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="wietnamski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Graham_Bell" title="Alexander Graham Bell – waraj" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Alexander Graham Bell" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="waraj" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BA%9A%E5%8E%86%E5%B1%B1%E5%A4%A7%C2%B7%E6%A0%BC%E9%9B%B7%E5%8E%84%E5%A7%86%C2%B7%E8%B4%9D%E5%B0%94" title="亚历山大·格雷厄姆·贝尔 – wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="亚历山大·格雷厄姆·贝尔" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%A2%D7%A7%D7%A1%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%93%D7%A2%D7%A8_%D7%92%D7%A8%D7%A2%D7%94%D7%A2%D7%9D_%D7%91%D7%A2%D7%9C" title="אלעקסאנדער גרעהעם בעל – jidysz" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="אלעקסאנדער גרעהעם בעל" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="jidysz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BA%9E%E6%AD%B7%E5%B1%B1%E5%A4%A7%E8%B2%9D%E7%88%BE" title="亞歷山大貝爾 – kantoński" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="亞歷山大貝爾" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="kantoński" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Graham_Bell" title="Alexander Graham Bell – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Alexander Graham Bell" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BA%9A%E5%8E%86%E5%B1%B1%E5%A4%A7%C2%B7%E6%A0%BC%E9%9B%B7%E5%8E%84%E5%A7%86%C2%B7%E8%B4%9D%E5%B0%94" title="亚历山大·格雷厄姆·贝尔 – chiński" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="亚历山大·格雷厄姆·贝尔" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="chiński" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-btm mw-list-item"><a href="https://btm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Graham_Bell" title="Alexander Graham Bell – Batak Mandailing" lang="btm" hreflang="btm" data-title="Alexander Graham Bell" data-language-autonym="Batak Mandailing" data-language-local-name="Batak Mandailing" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Batak Mandailing</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dtp mw-list-item"><a href="https://dtp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Graham_Bell" title="Alexander Graham Bell – dusun centralny" lang="dtp" hreflang="dtp" data-title="Alexander Graham Bell" data-language-autonym="Kadazandusun" data-language-local-name="dusun centralny" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kadazandusun</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span 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id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="pl" dir="ltr"><div class="noprint noexcerpt disambig navigation-not-searchable" style="line-height:1.5em; padding: 3px 6px; background-color: var(--background-color-interactive-subtle, #f8f9fa); color: inherit; border-bottom: 1px solid var(--border-color-subtle, #c8ccd1); font-size: 95%; margin-bottom: 1em; display: flex; gap: 4px; align-items: center;"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Strona_ujednoznaczniaj%C4%85ca" title="Inne znaczenia"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Disambig.svg/25px-Disambig.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Disambig.svg/38px-Disambig.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Disambig.svg/50px-Disambig.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="230" data-file-height="183" /></a></span><span>Zobacz też: <a href="/wiki/Graham_Bell" class="mw-disambig" title="Graham Bell">Graham Bell</a>.</span></div> <table class="infobox"> <caption class="naglowek"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r65781301">.mw-parser-output .infobox>caption>.iboxt-flex{display:flex;justify-content:flex-start;align-items:center;gap:4px}.mw-parser-output .infobox>caption>.iboxt-flex>.iboxt-ikona{flex-grow:0;flex-shrink:0;font-size:7px;max-width:40px;overflow:hidden}.mw-parser-output .infobox>caption>.iboxt-flex>.iboxt-tekst{flex-grow:1}.mw-parser-output .infobox>caption .iboxt-1{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .infobox>caption .iboxt-2{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output .infobox>caption .iboxt-3{font-style:italic;font-size:90%}</style><div class="iboxt-1">Alexander Graham Bell</div> </caption> <tbody><tr class="grafika iboxs"> <td colspan="2"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Plik:Alexander_Graham_Bell.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Ilustracja" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Alexander_Graham_Bell.jpg/184px-Alexander_Graham_Bell.jpg" decoding="async" width="184" height="240" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Alexander_Graham_Bell.jpg/277px-Alexander_Graham_Bell.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Alexander_Graham_Bell.jpg/369px-Alexander_Graham_Bell.jpg 2x" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="624" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Data i miejsce urodzenia </th> <td> <p><span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/3_marca" title="3 marca">3 marca</a> <a href="/wiki/1847" title="1847">1847</a></span> <br /><a href="/wiki/Edynburg" title="Edynburg">Edynburg</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Data i miejsce śmierci </th> <td> <p><span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2_sierpnia" title="2 sierpnia">2 sierpnia</a> <a href="/wiki/1922" title="1922">1922</a></span> <br /><a href="/w/index.php?title=Beinn_Bhreagh&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Beinn Bhreagh (strona nie istnieje)">Beinn Bhreagh</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Zawód, zajęcie </th> <td> <p><a href="/wiki/Logopedia" title="Logopedia">logopeda</a>, wynalazca </p> </td></tr> <tr class="grafika iboxs grafika-z-wikidanych"> <td colspan="2"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Plik:Alexander_Graham_Bell_(signature).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="podpis" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Alexander_Graham_Bell_%28signature%29.svg/130px-Alexander_Graham_Bell_%28signature%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="130" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Alexander_Graham_Bell_%28signature%29.svg/195px-Alexander_Graham_Bell_%28signature%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Alexander_Graham_Bell_%28signature%29.svg/260px-Alexander_Graham_Bell_%28signature%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="505" data-file-height="76" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="background:#EAECF0; color:black; text-align:center; font-weight:bold; border:1px solid #aaa;">Odznaczenia </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Hughes_Medal" title="Hughes Medal"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/HughesMedal.jpg/30px-HughesMedal.jpg" decoding="async" width="30" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/HughesMedal.jpg/45px-HughesMedal.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/HughesMedal.jpg/60px-HughesMedal.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1234" data-file-height="1221" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Medal_Hughesa" class="mw-redirect" title="Medal Hughesa">Medal Hughesa</a> </td></tr> <tr class="noprint plainlinks" style="border-top:1px solid var(--border-color-base, #a2a9b1); text-align:center;"> <td colspan="2" style="padding:0;"> <table cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" style="width:100%; margin:0px; background:var(--background-color-base, #fff); color:inherit"> <tbody><tr> <td style="vertical-align:middle; width:30px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Alexander_Graham_Bell" title="Commons"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/21px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/31px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/42px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Alexander_Graham_Bell" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Alexander Graham Bell">Multimedia w Wikimedia Commons</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr class="noprint plainlinks" style="border-top:1px solid var(--border-color-base, #a2a9b1); text-align:center;"> <td colspan="2" style="padding:0;"> <table cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" style="width:100%; margin:0px; background:var(--background-color-base, #fff); color:inherit"> <tbody><tr> <td style="vertical-align:middle; width:30px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://pl.wikiquote.org/wiki/Alexander_Graham_Bell" title="Wikicytaty"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/24px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/35px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/47px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></a></span> </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle;"><a href="https://pl.wikiquote.org/wiki/Alexander_Graham_Bell" class="extiw" title="q:Alexander Graham Bell">Cytaty w Wikicytatach</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <p><b>Alexander Graham Bell</b> (ur. <a href="/wiki/3_marca" title="3 marca">3 marca</a> <a href="/wiki/1847" title="1847">1847</a> w <a href="/wiki/Edynburg" title="Edynburg">Edynburgu</a><sup id="cite_ref-epwn_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-epwn-1">[1]</a></sup>, zm. <a href="/wiki/2_sierpnia" title="2 sierpnia">2 sierpnia</a> <a href="/wiki/1922" title="1922">1922</a> w <a href="/w/index.php?title=Beinn_Bhreagh&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Beinn Bhreagh (strona nie istnieje)">Beinn Bhreagh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nowa_Szkocja" title="Nowa Szkocja">Nowa Szkocja</a> w <a href="/wiki/Kanada" title="Kanada">Kanadzie</a>) – <a href="/wiki/Szkocja" title="Szkocja">szkocki</a> naukowiec, wynalazca, z zawodu <a href="/wiki/Logopedia" title="Logopedia">logopeda</a> i nauczyciel muzyki. Wynalazca <a href="/wiki/Telefon" title="Telefon">telefonu</a> i kilkudziesięciu innych wynalazków <a href="/wiki/Telekomunikacja" title="Telekomunikacja">telekomunikacyjnych</a>. </p><p>Syn <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Melville_Bell" title="Alexander Melville Bell">Alexandra Melville’a Bella</a> (1819–1905), <a href="/wiki/Fonetyka" title="Fonetyka">fonetyka</a>, specjalisty w dziedzinach <a href="/wiki/Ortoepia" title="Ortoepia">ortoepii</a> i <a href="/wiki/Elokucja" title="Elokucja">elokucji</a>, który opracował obrazkowy <a href="/wiki/System_pisma" title="System pisma">system pisma</a> dla <a href="/wiki/Transkrypcja_fonetyczna" title="Transkrypcja fonetyczna">transkrypcji fonetycznej</a>, tzw. <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Visible_Speech&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Visible Speech (strona nie istnieje)">Visible Speech</a></i>, ukazujący pozycje <a href="/wiki/Gard%C5%82o" title="Gardło">gardła</a>, <a href="/wiki/J%C4%99zyk_(anatomia)" title="Język (anatomia)">języka</a> i <a href="/wiki/Wargi_ust" title="Wargi ust">ust</a> przy wydawaniu <a href="/wiki/D%C5%BAwi%C4%99k" title="Dźwięk">dźwięków</a>, wykorzystywany w nauczaniu mowy osób <a href="/wiki/G%C5%82uchoniemota" title="Głuchoniemota">głuchoniemych</a>. Wnuk Alexandra Bella (1790–1865), specjalisty w zakresie fonetyki i zaburzeń mowy. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Życiorys"><span id=".C5.BByciorys"></span>Życiorys</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexander_Graham_Bell&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Edytuj sekcję: Życiorys" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>edytuj</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexander_Graham_Bell&action=edit&section=1" title="Edytuj kod źródłowy sekcji: Życiorys"><span>edytuj kod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rodzina">Rodzina</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexander_Graham_Bell&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Edytuj sekcję: Rodzina" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>edytuj</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexander_Graham_Bell&action=edit&section=2" title="Edytuj kod źródłowy sekcji: Rodzina"><span>edytuj kod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Alexander Bell urodził się 3 marca 1847 roku w <a href="/wiki/Edynburg" title="Edynburg">Edynburgu</a> jako drugi syn <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Melville_Bell" title="Alexander Melville Bell">Alexandra Melville’a Bella</a> (1819–1905), <a href="/wiki/Fonetyka" title="Fonetyka">fonetyka</a>, specjalisty w dziedzinach <a href="/wiki/Ortoepia" title="Ortoepia">ortoepii</a> i <a href="/wiki/Elokucja" title="Elokucja">elokucji</a>, i Elizy Grace Symonds, portrecistki. Miał dwóch braci, którzy zmarli młodo na <a href="/wiki/Gru%C5%BAlica" title="Gruźlica">gruźlicę</a>: Melville’a Jamesa – nazywanego „Melly'm” (1845–1870<sup id="cite_ref-DCB_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DCB-2">[2]</a></sup>) i Edwarda Charles’a – nazywanego „Tedem” (1848–1867<sup id="cite_ref-DCB_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DCB-2">[2]</a></sup>.)<sup id="cite_ref-Pasachoff11_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pasachoff11-3">[3]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Carson5_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Carson5-4">[4]</a></sup>. W wieku 10 lat uprosił ojca o drugie imię i w 11. urodziny przyjął imię „Graham” na cześć przyjaciela rodziny Alexandra Grahama<sup id="cite_ref-Bruce22_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bruce22-5">[5]</a></sup>. Rodzina i przyjaciele nazywali go „Aleckiem”<sup id="cite_ref-Pasachoff11_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pasachoff11-3">[3]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Carson5_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Carson5-4">[4]</a></sup>. </p><p>Matka Bella cierpiała na postępującą <a href="/wiki/G%C5%82uchota" title="Głuchota">głuchotę</a> i by się z nią porozumiewać, młody Aleksander opanował <a href="/wiki/J%C4%99zyk_migowy" title="Język migowy">język migowy</a>, a także opracował technikę komunikacji polegającą na przykładaniu ust do czoła matki i wypowiadania słów modulowanym głosem o niskich tonach<sup id="cite_ref-Pasachoff13_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pasachoff13-6">[6]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Pasachoff14_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pasachoff14-7">[7]</a></sup>. </p><p>Rodzina Bellów od dwóch pokoleń zajmowała się zagadnieniami mowy, <a href="/wiki/Fonetyka" title="Fonetyka">fonetyki</a> i <a href="/wiki/Elokucja" title="Elokucja">elokucji</a><sup id="cite_ref-Beyer112_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Beyer112-8">[8]</a></sup>. Dziadek w Londynie – Alexander Bell (1790–1865), wuj w Dublinie – <a href="/w/index.php?title=David_Charles_Bell&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="David Charles Bell (strona nie istnieje)">David Charles Bell</a> (1819–1902) i ojciec <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Melville_Bell" title="Alexander Melville Bell">Alexander Melville Bell</a> (1819–1905) w Edynburgu – byli specjalistami w zakresie fonetyki, elokucji i zaburzeń mowy<sup id="cite_ref-Bruce9-16_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bruce9-16-9">[9]</a></sup>. Prace ojca weszły do kanonu literatury przedmiotu, np. <i>The Standard Elocutionist</i>. Ponadto ojciec opracował obrazkowy <a href="/wiki/System_pisma" title="System pisma">system pisma</a> dla <a href="/wiki/Transkrypcja_fonetyczna" title="Transkrypcja fonetyczna">transkrypcji fonetycznej</a>, tzw. <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Visible_Speech&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Visible Speech (strona nie istnieje)">Visible Speech</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Gard%C5%82o" title="Gardło">gardła</a>, <a href="/wiki/J%C4%99zyk_(anatomia)" title="Język (anatomia)">języka</a> i <a href="/wiki/Wargi_ust" title="Wargi ust">ust</a> przy produkcji <a href="/wiki/D%C5%BAwi%C4%99k" title="Dźwięk">dźwięków</a>, wykorzystywany w nauczaniu mowy osób <a href="/wiki/G%C5%82uchoniemota" title="Głuchoniemota">głuchoniemych</a><sup id="cite_ref-ACAB_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ACAB-10">[10]</a></sup>. Alexander opanował <i>Visible Speech</i> perfekcyjnie i był w stanie odszyfrować słowa w innych językach – m.in. w <a href="/wiki/Sanskryt" title="Sanskryt">sanskrycie</a> – i je prawidłowo wymówić, nie mając uprzedniej wiedzy o ich <a href="/wiki/Wymowa" title="Wymowa">wymowie</a><sup id="cite_ref-Pasachoff13_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pasachoff13-6">[6]</a></sup>. Uczestniczył często w wystąpieniach ojca, demonstrując praktyczne użycie <i>Visible Speech</i><sup id="cite_ref-Pasachoff13_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pasachoff13-6">[6]</a></sup>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pierwszy_wynalazek">Pierwszy wynalazek</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexander_Graham_Bell&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Edytuj sekcję: Pierwszy wynalazek" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>edytuj</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexander_Graham_Bell&action=edit&section=3" title="Edytuj kod źródłowy sekcji: Pierwszy wynalazek"><span>edytuj kod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>W 1857 roku do ojca Alexandra na terapię zaczął uczęszczać <a href="/wiki/J%C4%85kanie" title="Jąkanie">jąkający się</a> syn sąsiadów – Ben Herdman, z którym młody Alexander się zaprzyjaźnił<sup id="cite_ref-Bruce26_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bruce26-11">[11]</a></sup>. Rodzina Herdmana miała młyn, gdzie chłopcy często przebywali<sup id="cite_ref-Bruce26_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bruce26-11">[11]</a></sup>. Pewnego dnia chłopcy byli szczególnie głośni i ojciec Bena napomniał ich, mówiąc by zajęli się czymś użytecznym. Na pytanie czym mieliby się zająć, odpowiedział, że oddzielanie ziarna od <a href="/wiki/Plewa" title="Plewa">plew</a> bardzo długo trwa<sup id="cite_ref-Bruce26_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bruce26-11">[11]</a></sup>. Dwunastoletni Alexander wymyślił urządzenie, które zautomatyzowało oddzielanie plew od ziarna poprzez zastosowanie szczoteczek na rotujących łopatkach jednej z maszyn we młynie<sup id="cite_ref-Bruce26_11-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bruce26-11">[11]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-DCB_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DCB-2">[2]</a></sup>. Urządzenie to było następnie używane we młynie Herdmannów<sup id="cite_ref-Bruce26_11-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bruce26-11">[11]</a></sup>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Edukacja">Edukacja</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexander_Graham_Bell&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Edytuj sekcję: Edukacja" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>edytuj</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexander_Graham_Bell&action=edit&section=4" title="Edytuj kod źródłowy sekcji: Edukacja"><span>edytuj kod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Alexander wraz z braćmi pobierał pierwsze nauki w domu<sup id="cite_ref-DCB_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DCB-2">[2]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Bruce20_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bruce20-12">[12]</a></sup>. Ojciec rozwijał jego pasję do <a href="/wiki/Biologia" title="Biologia">biologii</a>, a matka do <a href="/wiki/Muzyka" title="Muzyka">muzyki</a><sup id="cite_ref-DCB_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DCB-2">[2]</a></sup>. Alexander pobierał lekcje gry na fortepianie u Benoît-Auguste's Bertiniego, który zachęcał go do kariery zawodowego pianisty<sup id="cite_ref-Bruce22_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bruce22-5">[5]</a></sup>. W 1857 roku Alexander wraz z bratem Teddem rozpoczęli naukę w Maclaren's Hamilton Place Academy<sup id="cite_ref-Bruce22_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bruce22-5">[5]</a></sup> a rok później w <a href="/w/index.php?title=Royal_High_School_(Edinburgh)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Royal High School (Edinburgh) (strona nie istnieje)">Royal High School</a><sup id="cite_ref-Bruce26_11-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bruce26-11">[11]</a></sup>. Alexander nie osiągał dobrych wyników w szkole – prawdopodobnie ukończył jedynie cztery klasy<sup id="cite_ref-Bruce28_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bruce28-13">[13]</a></sup>. </p><p>W 1862 roku w wieku lat 15 Alexander został wysłany na rok do dziadka do Londynu, który zainspirował go do solidnej nauki i pracy badawczej<sup id="cite_ref-DCB_2-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DCB-2">[2]</a></sup>. Podczas pobytu w Londynie, Alexander Melville Bell zaprowadził syna do wynalazcy sir <a href="/wiki/Charles_Wheatstone" title="Charles Wheatstone">Charlesa Wheatstone’a</a> (1802–1875), który pracował nad konstrukcją elektrycznego <a href="/wiki/Telegraf" title="Telegraf">telegrafu</a> i który zaprezentował Bellom swój model maszyny mówiącej <a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_von_Kempelen" title="Wolfgang von Kempelen">Wolfganga von Kempelena</a> (1734–1804)<sup id="cite_ref-DCB_2-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DCB-2">[2]</a></sup>. Maszyna Wheatstone’a naśladowała ludzki głos<sup id="cite_ref-Bruce35_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bruce35-14">[14]</a></sup>. Wynalazek Wheatstone’a zainspirował Melvilla Bella do zachęcenia synów Alexandra i Melvilla do zbudowania własnego modelu mówiącej maszyny – Alexander zbudował części odpowiadające <a href="/wiki/Jama_ustna" title="Jama ustna">jamie ustnej</a> i <a href="/wiki/J%C4%99zyk_(anatomia)" title="Język (anatomia)">językowi</a>, a Melville – <a href="/wiki/P%C5%82uco" title="Płuco">płucom</a>, <a href="/wiki/Krta%C5%84" title="Krtań">krtani</a> i <a href="/wiki/Gard%C5%82o" title="Gardło">gardłu</a><sup id="cite_ref-Bruce36_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bruce36-15">[15]</a></sup>. </p><p>W wieku lat 16 Alexander wystarał się o posadę nauczyciela-praktykanta elokucji i muzyki w Weston House Academy w <a href="/wiki/Elgin_(Szkocja)" title="Elgin (Szkocja)">Elgin</a><sup id="cite_ref-DCB_2-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DCB-2">[2]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Bruce37_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bruce37-16">[16]</a></sup>. Za nauczanie otrzymywał zakwaterowanie i 10 <a href="/wiki/Funt_szterling" title="Funt szterling">funtów</a>, przy czym sam jeszcze pobierał lekcje <a href="/wiki/%C5%81acina" title="Łacina">łaciny</a> i <a href="/wiki/J%C4%99zyk_grecki_klasyczny" title="Język grecki klasyczny">greki</a><sup id="cite_ref-Bruce37_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bruce37-16">[16]</a></sup>. W tym samym czasie jego brat Melville studiował na <a href="/wiki/Uniwersytet_Edynburski" title="Uniwersytet Edynburski">Uniwersytecie Edynburskim</a> a po roku chłopcy zamienili się miejscami<sup id="cite_ref-Bruce37_16-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bruce37-16">[16]</a></sup>. Niewiele jest wiadomo na temat studiów Alexandra w Edynburgu, nie jest nawet pewne czy ukończył rok akademicki – w 1864 roku Alexander Melville Bell skończył prace nad <i>Visibile Speech</i> i młody Alexander zaangażowany był w jej promowanie<sup id="cite_ref-Bruce44_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bruce44-17">[17]</a></sup>. </p><p>W kwietniu 1865 roku zmarł senior Alexander Bell i Bellowie przenieśli się do Londynu – w Edynburgu został młody Mellville Bell<sup id="cite_ref-Bruce44_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bruce44-17">[17]</a></sup>. Na jesieni 1865 roku młody Alexander powrócił do Elgin jako asystent<sup id="cite_ref-Bruce44_17-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bruce44-17">[17]</a></sup>. Intensywnie zajmował się <a href="/wiki/Fizjologia" title="Fizjologia">fizjologią</a> mowy, prowadząc eksperymenty z zakresu produkcji dźwięków, szczególnie dźwięków <a href="/wiki/Samog%C5%82oska" title="Samogłoska">samogłosek</a><sup id="cite_ref-DCB_2-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DCB-2">[2]</a></sup>. Alexander Bell opisał swoje doświadczenia i przedstawił swoje przemyślenia w raporcie, który wysłał w marcu 1866 roku jednemu z ówczesnych czołowych filologów <a href="/wiki/Alexander_John_Ellis" title="Alexander John Ellis">Alexandrowi Johnowi Ellisowi</a><sup id="cite_ref-Bruce47_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bruce47-18">[18]</a></sup>. Będąc pod ogromnym wrażeniem osiągnięć Bella, Ellis zaproponował mu członkostwo w londyńskim towarzystwie filologicznym <a href="/w/index.php?title=Philological_Society&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Philological Society (strona nie istnieje)">Philological Society</a><sup id="cite_ref-DCB_2-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DCB-2">[2]</a></sup>. </p><p>Ellis naprowadził również młodego Bella na prace <a href="/wiki/Hermann_von_Helmholtz" title="Hermann von Helmholtz">Hermanna von Helmholtza</a> (1821–1894) na polu mechanicznej produkcji samogłosek<sup id="cite_ref-Bruce48_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bruce48-19">[19]</a></sup>. Bell nie znał jednak <a href="/wiki/J%C4%99zyk_niemiecki" title="Język niemiecki">niemieckiego</a>, by samodzielnie zapoznać się z osiągnięciami von Helmholtza i Ellis tłumaczył Bellowi prace niemieckiego fizjologa<sup id="cite_ref-Bruce51_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bruce51-20">[20]</a></sup>. Ani Ellis, ani Bell nie znali się na <a href="/wiki/Elektryczno%C5%9B%C4%87" title="Elektryczność">elektryczności</a> na tyle, by w pełni zrozumieć wywody von Helmholtza<sup id="cite_ref-Bruce51_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bruce51-20">[20]</a></sup>. Bell omyłkowo zrozumiał, że von Helmholtzowi udało się nie tyle wyprodukować dźwięk samogłosek, ale przesłać go na odległość przy pomocy elektryczności<sup id="cite_ref-Bruce51_20-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bruce51-20">[20]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Beyer112_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Beyer112-8">[8]</a></sup>. Na tej podstawie wywnioskował, że przesyłać można również dźwięk spółgłosek, mowy, muzyki – każdy dźwięk<sup id="cite_ref-Bruce51_20-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bruce51-20">[20]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Beyer112_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Beyer112-8">[8]</a></sup>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Wyjazd_do_Kanady_i_wynalezienie_telefonu">Wyjazd do Kanady i wynalezienie telefonu</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexander_Graham_Bell&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Edytuj sekcję: Wyjazd do Kanady i wynalezienie telefonu" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>edytuj</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexander_Graham_Bell&action=edit&section=5" title="Edytuj kod źródłowy sekcji: Wyjazd do Kanady i wynalezienie telefonu"><span>edytuj kod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="12" data-mwtitle="Alexander_Graham_Bell's_Voice.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/Plik:Alexander_Graham_Bell%27s_Voice.ogg"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/ab/Alexander_Graham_Bell%27s_Voice.ogg/Alexander_Graham_Bell%27s_Voice.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/ab/Alexander_Graham_Bell%27s_Voice.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AAlexander_Graham_Bell%27s_Voice.ogg&lang=ar&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="ar" label="العربية ‪(ar)‬" data-dir="rtl" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AAlexander_Graham_Bell%27s_Voice.ogg&lang=en&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="en" label="English ‪(en)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AAlexander_Graham_Bell%27s_Voice.ogg&lang=pl&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="pl" label="polski ‪(pl)‬" data-dir="ltr" /></audio></span><figcaption>Nagranie z 1885 z głosem Bella</figcaption></figure> <p>W 1870 Bell wyjechał do <a href="/wiki/Kanada" title="Kanada">Kanady</a> na rehabilitację po zapaleniu płuc. W trakcie tego pobytu zaproponowano mu stanowisko profesora fizjologii dźwięku na Uniwersytecie w Bostonie. Ojciec jego żony był bardzo zamożnym człowiekiem i gdy dowiedział się o pomyśle Bella na skonstruowanie elektrycznego wzmacniacza dźwięku dla niedosłyszących (Bell był nauczycielem głuchoniemych), postanowił finansować te badania. W ramach tych badań opatentował <a href="/wiki/G%C5%82o%C5%9Bnik" title="Głośnik">głośnik</a> i <a href="/wiki/Mikrofon" title="Mikrofon">mikrofon</a>. Były one jednak zbyt duże i wymagały zbyt dużych źródeł zasilania, aby można je było użyć do budowy urządzenia, które niedosłyszący mogliby nosić przy sobie. Połączył jednak jedno z drugim i uzyskał urządzenie przekazujące dźwięk na odległość. Dwa takie urządzenia połączone razem w ten sposób, że na każdym końcu znajduje się jeden mikrofon i jeden głośnik, dały w rezultacie urządzenie – telefon. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bell_Telephone_Company">Bell Telephone Company</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexander_Graham_Bell&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Edytuj sekcję: Bell Telephone Company" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>edytuj</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexander_Graham_Bell&action=edit&section=6" title="Edytuj kod źródłowy sekcji: Bell Telephone Company"><span>edytuj kod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Alexander Bell i jego teść zdecydowali się założyć przedsiębiorstwo <a href="/wiki/Bell_Telephone_Company" title="Bell Telephone Company">Bell Telephone Company</a>, aby rozpowszechnić wynalazek Bella. Wynalazek ten zrobił furorę na pokazie w <a href="/wiki/Filadelfia" title="Filadelfia">Filadelfii</a>, Bell dostał astronomiczną na owe czasy nagrodę 50 000 dolarów od Filadelfijskiego Towarzystwa Naukowego i rozpoczął z teściem produkcję swojego wynalazku. </p><p>Bell Telephone Company została później przekształcona w <a href="/wiki/AT%26T" title="AT&T">AT&T</a>, do niedawna największą firmę telekomunikacyjną świata. Po osiągnięciu sukcesu komercyjnego Bell założył sieć laboratoriów badawczych, które po jego śmierci nazwano <a href="/wiki/Bell_Labs" title="Bell Labs">Bell Laboratories</a>. Po przekształceniu Bell Telephone Company w AT&T laboratoria Bella stały się głównym ośrodkiem badawczym tej firmy. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Wkład_w_rozwój_lotnictwa"><span id="Wk.C5.82ad_w_rozw.C3.B3j_lotnictwa"></span>Wkład w rozwój lotnictwa</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexander_Graham_Bell&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Edytuj sekcję: Wkład w rozwój lotnictwa" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>edytuj</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexander_Graham_Bell&action=edit&section=7" title="Edytuj kod źródłowy sekcji: Wkład w rozwój lotnictwa"><span>edytuj kod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Mało znanym fragmentem działalności Bella był jego wkład w rozwój lotnictwa. Na wieść o sukcesach <a href="/wiki/Bracia_Wright" title="Bracia Wright">braci Wright</a> i za radą żony, Mabel Bell, zgromadził wokół siebie grupę entuzjastów, w skład której wchodzili: Frederick “Casey” Baldwin, wieloletni współpracownik Bella – Douglas McCurdy i amerykański wojskowy, porucznik Thomas Selfridge – jedyny oficer amerykańskich sił zbrojnych, który od początku wierzył w przyszłość lotnictwa. Zawiązana w <a href="/wiki/Halifax_(miejscowo%C5%9B%C4%87_w_Kanadzie)" title="Halifax (miejscowość w Kanadzie)">Halifaksie</a> spółka tej czwórki – Aerial Experiment Association – za pieniądze Mabel Bell w ciągu półtora roku prac doprowadziła do historycznego dla Kanady wydarzenia: kontrolowanego lotu maszyny o nazwie <i>Silver Dart</i> nad zamarzniętymi wodami jeziora <a href="/wiki/Bras_d%E2%80%99Or_Lake" title="Bras d’Or Lake">Bras d’Or Lake</a> w <a href="/wiki/Nowa_Szkocja" title="Nowa Szkocja">Nowej Szkocji</a>. </p><p>23 lutego 1909 roku pilotowana przez Douglasa McCurdy <i>Silver Dart</i> wzbiła się na wysokość 9 metrów i w ciągu 40-sekundowego lotu pokonała odległość 800 metrów. Był to pierwszy w Kanadzie lot maszyny cięższej od powietrza i pierwszy taki lot w wykonaniu obywatela <a href="/wiki/Imperium_brytyjskie" title="Imperium brytyjskie">Imperium Brytyjskiego</a>. Kolejny lot następnego dnia, 24 lutego, pozwolił już na pokonanie dystansu czterech i pół mili. </p><p>Alexander Graham Bell, naturalizowany Amerykanin, doprowadził do tego wydarzenia w niesprzyjających warunkach wietrznej Nowej Szkocji właśnie po to, by był to „kanadyjski” lot i by w ten sposób odwdzięczyć się swojej nowej ojczyźnie za gościnę po emigracji ze <a href="/wiki/Szkocja" title="Szkocja">Szkocji</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Odznaczenia_i_nagrody">Odznaczenia i nagrody</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexander_Graham_Bell&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Edytuj sekcję: Odznaczenia i nagrody" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>edytuj</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexander_Graham_Bell&action=edit&section=8" title="Edytuj kod źródłowy sekcji: Odznaczenia i nagrody"><span>edytuj kod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>1880 – <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nagroda_Volty&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nagroda Volty (strona nie istnieje)">Nagroda Volty</a> „za wynalezienie telefonu”<sup id="cite_ref-nps_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nps-21">[21]</a></sup></li> <li>1881 – <a href="/wiki/Legia_Honorowa" title="Legia Honorowa">Legia Honorowa</a><sup id="cite_ref-lh_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lh-22">[22]</a></sup></li> <li>1913 – <a href="/wiki/Hughes_Medal" title="Hughes Medal">Hughes Medal</a> „za wkład w wynalezienie telefonu, a w szczególności za konstrukcję słuchawki telefonu”<sup id="cite_ref-rs_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rs-23">[23]</a></sup></li> <li>1914 – <a href="/wiki/Medal_Edisona" title="Medal Edisona">Medal Edisona</a> „za wybitne osiągnięcia przy wynalezieniu telefonu”<sup id="cite_ref-IEEEEdison_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IEEEEdison-24">[24]</a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Upamiętnienie"><span id="Upami.C4.99tnienie"></span>Upamiętnienie</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexander_Graham_Bell&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Edytuj sekcję: Upamiętnienie" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>edytuj</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexander_Graham_Bell&action=edit&section=9" title="Edytuj kod źródłowy sekcji: Upamiętnienie"><span>edytuj kod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Plik:IEEE_Bell_medal_scan_-front_-NO_COPYRIGHT_APPLIES-.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/IEEE_Bell_medal_scan_-front_-NO_COPYRIGHT_APPLIES-.jpg/120px-IEEE_Bell_medal_scan_-front_-NO_COPYRIGHT_APPLIES-.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="123" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/IEEE_Bell_medal_scan_-front_-NO_COPYRIGHT_APPLIES-.jpg/180px-IEEE_Bell_medal_scan_-front_-NO_COPYRIGHT_APPLIES-.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/IEEE_Bell_medal_scan_-front_-NO_COPYRIGHT_APPLIES-.jpg/240px-IEEE_Bell_medal_scan_-front_-NO_COPYRIGHT_APPLIES-.jpg 2x" data-file-width="563" data-file-height="578" /></a><figcaption><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexander_Graham_Bell_Medal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alexander Graham Bell Medal (strona nie istnieje)">Alexander Graham Bell Medal</a> przyznawany przez <a href="/wiki/Institute_of_Electrical_and_Electronics_Engineers" class="mw-redirect" title="Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers">Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers</a> (IEEE).</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexander_Graham_Bell_Medal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alexander Graham Bell Medal (strona nie istnieje)">Alexander Graham Bell Medal</a> – ustanowiony w 1976 roku medal przyznawany dorocznie przez <a href="/wiki/Institute_of_Electrical_and_Electronics_Engineers" class="mw-redirect" title="Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers">Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers</a> (IEEE) w uznaniu osiągnięć w dziedzinie telekomunikacji<sup id="cite_ref-IEEEBell_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IEEEBell-25">[25]</a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bel_(jednostka)" title="Bel (jednostka)">bel</a> (1 B) i <a href="/wiki/Decybel" title="Decybel">decybel</a> (1 dB) – logarytmiczne jednostki miary nazwane na cześć Bella<sup id="cite_ref-Chapuis276_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chapuis276-26">[26]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Pasachoff32_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pasachoff32-27">[27]</a></sup></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bell_Telephone_Memorial&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bell Telephone Memorial (strona nie istnieje)">Bell Telephone Memorial</a> – pomnik upamiętniający wynalezienie telefonu i A.G. Bella w <a href="/wiki/Brantford" title="Brantford">Brantford</a><sup id="cite_ref-Whitaker_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Whitaker-28">[28]</a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Zobacz_też"><span id="Zobacz_te.C5.BC"></span>Zobacz też</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexander_Graham_Bell&veaction=edit&section=10" title="Edytuj sekcję: Zobacz też" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>edytuj</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexander_Graham_Bell&action=edit&section=10" title="Edytuj kod źródłowy sekcji: Zobacz też"><span>edytuj kod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emil_Berliner" title="Emil Berliner">Emil Berliner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Meucci" title="Antonio Meucci">Antonio Meucci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bell_Canada" title="Bell Canada">Bell Canada</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Przypisy">Przypisy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexander_Graham_Bell&veaction=edit&section=11" title="Edytuj sekcję: Przypisy" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>edytuj</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexander_Graham_Bell&action=edit&section=11" title="Edytuj kod źródłowy sekcji: Przypisy"><span>edytuj kod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="do-not-make-smaller refsection"><div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-epwn-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-epwn_1-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web open-access"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://encyklopedia.pwn.pl/haslo/;3875748"><i>Bell Alexander Graham</i></a>, [w:] <i><a href="/wiki/Encyklopedia_PWN_(internetowa)" title="Encyklopedia PWN (internetowa)">Encyklopedia PWN</a></i> [online], <a href="/wiki/Wydawnictwo_Naukowe_PWN" title="Wydawnictwo Naukowe PWN">Wydawnictwo Naukowe PWN</a><span class="accessdate"> [dostęp 2022-12-03]</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft.gengre=unknown&rft.atitle=Bell+Alexander+Graham&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.jtitle=%5B%5BWydawnictwo+Naukowe+PWN%5D%5D&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fencyklopedia.pwn.pl%2Fhaslo%2F%3B3875748" style="display:none"> </span>.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-DCB-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-DCB_2-0">a</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-DCB_2-1">b</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-DCB_2-2">c</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-DCB_2-3">d</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-DCB_2-4">e</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-DCB_2-5">f</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-DCB_2-6">g</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-DCB_2-7">h</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-DCB_2-8">i</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-DCB_2-9">j</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Lawrence Surtees: BELL, ALEXANDER GRAHAM. W: <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.biographi.ca/en/bio/bell_alexander_graham_15E.html">Dictionary of Canadian Biography, vol. 15</a></i>. University of Toronto/Université Laval, 2003. [dostęp 2015-08-10].<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+Canadian+Biography%2C+vol.+15&rft.atitle=BELL%2C+ALEXANDER+GRAHAM&rft.aulast=Surtees&rft.aufirst=Lawrence&rft.date=2003&rft.pub=University+of+Toronto%2FUniversit%C3%A9+Laval&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.biographi.ca%2Fen%2Fbio%2Fbell_alexander_graham_15E.html"></span></cite><span class="problemy" aria-hidden="true" data-nosnippet=""> Brak numerów stron w książce</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pasachoff11-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Pasachoff11_3-0">a</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Pasachoff11_3-1">b</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Naomi Pasachoff: <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.ca/books?id=EqgFnAZEPhgC&pg=PA11&dq=%22Alexander+Melville+Bell%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0CDUQ6AEwBzgeahUKEwjBi5yZqJ7HAhUBiSwKHTWqBXw#v=onepage&q=%22Alexander%20Melville%20Bell%22&f=false">Alexander Graham Bell: Making Connections</a></i>. Oxford University Press, 1996, s. 11. <a href="/wiki/Specjalna:Ksi%C4%85%C5%BCki/9780195099089" title="Specjalna:Książki/9780195099089">ISBN <span class="isbn isbn-ulepszony">978-0-19-509908-9</span></a>. [dostęp 2015-08-10].<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Alexander+Graham+Bell%3A+Making+Connections&rft.au=Naomi+Pasachoff&rft.date=1996&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.pages=11&rft.isbn=9780195099089&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.ca%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DEqgFnAZEPhgC%26pg%3DPA11%26dq%3D%2522Alexander%2BMelville%2BBell%2522%26hl%3Den%26sa%3DX%26ved%3D0CDUQ6AEwBzgeahUKEwjBi5yZqJ7HAhUBiSwKHTWqBXw%23v%3Donepage%26q%3D%2522Alexander%2520Melville%2520Bell%2522%26f%3Dfalse"></span> <span class="lang-list">(<abbr title="Treść w języku angielskim (English)">ang.</abbr>)</span>.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Carson5-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Carson5_4-0">a</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Carson5_4-1">b</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Mary Kay Carson: <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.ca/books?id=m_qjIoVvzUYC&pg=PA1821&dq=Alexander+Melville+Bell&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0CCUQ6AEwAjgUahUKEwiV5Mvki5zHAhWFkywKHXFoATQ#v=onepage&q=Melville%20Bell&f=false">Alexander Graham Bell: Giving Voice to the World</a></i>. Sterling Publishing Company, Inc., 2007, s. 5. <a href="/wiki/Specjalna:Ksi%C4%85%C5%BCki/9781402749513" title="Specjalna:Książki/9781402749513">ISBN <span class="isbn isbn-ulepszony">978-1-4027-4951-3</span></a>. [dostęp 2015-08-10].<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Alexander+Graham+Bell%3A+Giving+Voice+to+the+World&rft.au=Mary+Kay+Carson&rft.date=2007&rft.pub=Sterling+Publishing+Company%2C+Inc.&rft.pages=5&rft.isbn=9781402749513&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.ca%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dm_qjIoVvzUYC%26pg%3DPA1821%26dq%3DAlexander%2BMelville%2BBell%26hl%3Den%26sa%3DX%26ved%3D0CCUQ6AEwAjgUahUKEwiV5Mvki5zHAhWFkywKHXFoATQ%23v%3Donepage%26q%3DMelville%2520Bell%26f%3Dfalse"></span> <span class="lang-list">(<abbr title="Treść w języku angielskim (English)">ang.</abbr>)</span>.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bruce22-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Bruce22_5-0">a</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Bruce22_5-1">b</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Bruce22_5-2">c</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Robert V. Bruce: <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.bg/books?id=ZmR0MOQAu0UC&printsec=frontcover&dq=alexander+graham+bell&hl=en&sa=X&sqi=2&ved=0CCkQ6AEwAmoVChMI6eK7rfSgxwIVgQ8sCh3VXQ5U#v=onepage&q=alexander%20graham%20bell&f=false">Bell: Alexander Graham Bell and the Conquest of Solitude</a></i>. Cornell University Press, 1990, s. 22. <a href="/wiki/Specjalna:Ksi%C4%85%C5%BCki/9780801496912" title="Specjalna:Książki/9780801496912">ISBN <span class="isbn isbn-ulepszony">978-0-8014-9691-2</span></a>. [dostęp 2015-08-11].<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bell%3A+Alexander+Graham+Bell+and+the+Conquest+of+Solitude&rft.au=Robert+V.+Bruce&rft.date=1990&rft.pub=Cornell+University+Press&rft.pages=22&rft.isbn=9780801496912&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.bg%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZmR0MOQAu0UC%26printsec%3Dfrontcover%26dq%3Dalexander%2Bgraham%2Bbell%26hl%3Den%26sa%3DX%26sqi%3D2%26ved%3D0CCkQ6AEwAmoVChMI6eK7rfSgxwIVgQ8sCh3VXQ5U%23v%3Donepage%26q%3Dalexander%2520graham%2520bell%26f%3Dfalse"></span> <span class="lang-list">(<abbr title="Treść w języku angielskim (English)">ang.</abbr>)</span>.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pasachoff13-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Pasachoff13_6-0">a</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Pasachoff13_6-1">b</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Pasachoff13_6-2">c</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Naomi Pasachoff: <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.ca/books?id=EqgFnAZEPhgC&pg=PA11&dq=%22Alexander+Melville+Bell%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0CDUQ6AEwBzgeahUKEwjBi5yZqJ7HAhUBiSwKHTWqBXw#v=onepage&q=%22Alexander%20Melville%20Bell%22&f=false">Alexander Graham Bell: Making Connections</a></i>. Oxford University Press, 1996, s. 13. <a href="/wiki/Specjalna:Ksi%C4%85%C5%BCki/9780195099089" title="Specjalna:Książki/9780195099089">ISBN <span class="isbn isbn-ulepszony">978-0-19-509908-9</span></a>. [dostęp 2015-08-10].<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Alexander+Graham+Bell%3A+Making+Connections&rft.au=Naomi+Pasachoff&rft.date=1996&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.pages=13&rft.isbn=9780195099089&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.ca%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DEqgFnAZEPhgC%26pg%3DPA11%26dq%3D%2522Alexander%2BMelville%2BBell%2522%26hl%3Den%26sa%3DX%26ved%3D0CDUQ6AEwBzgeahUKEwjBi5yZqJ7HAhUBiSwKHTWqBXw%23v%3Donepage%26q%3D%2522Alexander%2520Melville%2520Bell%2522%26f%3Dfalse"></span> <span class="lang-list">(<abbr title="Treść w języku angielskim (English)">ang.</abbr>)</span>.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pasachoff14-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Pasachoff14_7-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Naomi Pasachoff: <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.ca/books?id=EqgFnAZEPhgC&pg=PA11&dq=%22Alexander+Melville+Bell%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0CDUQ6AEwBzgeahUKEwjBi5yZqJ7HAhUBiSwKHTWqBXw#v=onepage&q=%22Alexander%20Melville%20Bell%22&f=false">Alexander Graham Bell: Making Connections</a></i>. Oxford University Press, 1996, s. 14. <a href="/wiki/Specjalna:Ksi%C4%85%C5%BCki/9780195099089" title="Specjalna:Książki/9780195099089">ISBN <span class="isbn isbn-ulepszony">978-0-19-509908-9</span></a>. [dostęp 2015-08-10].<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Alexander+Graham+Bell%3A+Making+Connections&rft.au=Naomi+Pasachoff&rft.date=1996&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.pages=14&rft.isbn=9780195099089&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.ca%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DEqgFnAZEPhgC%26pg%3DPA11%26dq%3D%2522Alexander%2BMelville%2BBell%2522%26hl%3Den%26sa%3DX%26ved%3D0CDUQ6AEwBzgeahUKEwjBi5yZqJ7HAhUBiSwKHTWqBXw%23v%3Donepage%26q%3D%2522Alexander%2520Melville%2520Bell%2522%26f%3Dfalse"></span> <span class="lang-list">(<abbr title="Treść w języku angielskim (English)">ang.</abbr>)</span>.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Beyer112-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Beyer112_8-0">a</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Beyer112_8-1">b</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Beyer112_8-2">c</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Robert T. Beyer: <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.ca/books?id=kebDOljfX7oC&pg=PA128&dq=MAckenzie+Alexander+Graham+Bell+1928&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0CC8Q6AEwA2oVChMIjaOr8-GjxwIVB-9yCh1r1QUc#v=onepage&q=Bell&f=false">Sounds of Our Times: Two Hundred Years of Acoustics</a></i>. Springer Science & Business Media,, 1999, s. 112. <a href="/wiki/Specjalna:Ksi%C4%85%C5%BCki/9780387984353" title="Specjalna:Książki/9780387984353">ISBN <span class="isbn isbn-ulepszony">978-0-387-98435-3</span></a>. [dostęp 2015-08-11].<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sounds+of+Our+Times%3A+Two+Hundred+Years+of+Acoustics&rft.au=Robert+T.+Beyer&rft.date=1999&rft.pub=Springer+Science+%26+Business+Media%2C&rft.pages=112&rft.isbn=9780387984353&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.ca%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkebDOljfX7oC%26pg%3DPA128%26dq%3DMAckenzie%2BAlexander%2BGraham%2BBell%2B1928%26hl%3Den%26sa%3DX%26ved%3D0CC8Q6AEwA2oVChMIjaOr8-GjxwIVB-9yCh1r1QUc%23v%3Donepage%26q%3DBell%26f%3Dfalse"></span></cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bruce9-16-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Bruce9-16_9-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Robert V. Bruce: <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.bg/books?id=ZmR0MOQAu0UC&printsec=frontcover&dq=alexander+graham+bell&hl=en&sa=X&sqi=2&ved=0CCkQ6AEwAmoVChMI6eK7rfSgxwIVgQ8sCh3VXQ5U#v=onepage&q=alexander%20graham%20bell&f=false">Bell: Alexander Graham Bell and the Conquest of Solitude</a></i>. Cornell University Press, 1990, s. 9-16. <a href="/wiki/Specjalna:Ksi%C4%85%C5%BCki/9780801496912" title="Specjalna:Książki/9780801496912">ISBN <span class="isbn isbn-ulepszony">978-0-8014-9691-2</span></a>. [dostęp 2015-08-11].<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bell%3A+Alexander+Graham+Bell+and+the+Conquest+of+Solitude&rft.au=Robert+V.+Bruce&rft.date=1990&rft.pub=Cornell+University+Press&rft.pages=9-16&rft.isbn=9780801496912&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.bg%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZmR0MOQAu0UC%26printsec%3Dfrontcover%26dq%3Dalexander%2Bgraham%2Bbell%26hl%3Den%26sa%3DX%26sqi%3D2%26ved%3D0CCkQ6AEwAmoVChMI6eK7rfSgxwIVgQ8sCh3VXQ5U%23v%3Donepage%26q%3Dalexander%2520graham%2520bell%26f%3Dfalse"></span> <span class="lang-list">(<abbr title="Treść w języku angielskim (English)">ang.</abbr>)</span>.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ACAB-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-ACAB_10-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Bell, Alexander Melville. W: James Grant Wilson, John Fiske: <i><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Appletons%27_Cyclop%C3%A6dia_of_American_Biography/Bell,_Alexander_Melville">Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography</a></i>. 1900. [dostęp 2015-08-10].<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Appletons%27+Cyclop%C3%A6dia+of+American+Biography&rft.atitle=Bell%2C+Alexander+Melville&rft.au=James+Grant+Wilson%2C+John+Fiske&rft.date=1900&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikisource.org%2Fwiki%2FAppletons%2527_Cyclop%25C3%25A6dia_of_American_Biography%2FBell%2C_Alexander_Melville"></span> <span class="lang-list">(<abbr title="Treść w języku angielskim (English)">ang.</abbr>)</span>.</cite><span class="problemy" aria-hidden="true" data-nosnippet=""> Brak numerów stron w książce</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bruce26-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Bruce26_11-0">a</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Bruce26_11-1">b</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Bruce26_11-2">c</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Bruce26_11-3">d</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Bruce26_11-4">e</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Bruce26_11-5">f</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Robert V. Bruce: <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.bg/books?id=ZmR0MOQAu0UC&printsec=frontcover&dq=alexander+graham+bell&hl=en&sa=X&sqi=2&ved=0CCkQ6AEwAmoVChMI6eK7rfSgxwIVgQ8sCh3VXQ5U#v=onepage&q=alexander%20graham%20bell&f=false">Bell: Alexander Graham Bell and the Conquest of Solitude</a></i>. Cornell University Press, 1990, s. 26. <a href="/wiki/Specjalna:Ksi%C4%85%C5%BCki/9780801496912" title="Specjalna:Książki/9780801496912">ISBN <span class="isbn isbn-ulepszony">978-0-8014-9691-2</span></a>. [dostęp 2015-08-11].<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bell%3A+Alexander+Graham+Bell+and+the+Conquest+of+Solitude&rft.au=Robert+V.+Bruce&rft.date=1990&rft.pub=Cornell+University+Press&rft.pages=26&rft.isbn=9780801496912&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.bg%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZmR0MOQAu0UC%26printsec%3Dfrontcover%26dq%3Dalexander%2Bgraham%2Bbell%26hl%3Den%26sa%3DX%26sqi%3D2%26ved%3D0CCkQ6AEwAmoVChMI6eK7rfSgxwIVgQ8sCh3VXQ5U%23v%3Donepage%26q%3Dalexander%2520graham%2520bell%26f%3Dfalse"></span> <span class="lang-list">(<abbr title="Treść w języku angielskim (English)">ang.</abbr>)</span>.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bruce20-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Bruce20_12-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Robert V. Bruce: <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.bg/books?id=ZmR0MOQAu0UC&printsec=frontcover&dq=alexander+graham+bell&hl=en&sa=X&sqi=2&ved=0CCkQ6AEwAmoVChMI6eK7rfSgxwIVgQ8sCh3VXQ5U#v=onepage&q=alexander%20graham%20bell&f=false">Bell: Alexander Graham Bell and the Conquest of Solitude</a></i>. Cornell University Press, 1990, s. 20. <a href="/wiki/Specjalna:Ksi%C4%85%C5%BCki/9780801496912" title="Specjalna:Książki/9780801496912">ISBN <span class="isbn isbn-ulepszony">978-0-8014-9691-2</span></a>. [dostęp 2015-08-11].<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bell%3A+Alexander+Graham+Bell+and+the+Conquest+of+Solitude&rft.au=Robert+V.+Bruce&rft.date=1990&rft.pub=Cornell+University+Press&rft.pages=20&rft.isbn=9780801496912&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.bg%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZmR0MOQAu0UC%26printsec%3Dfrontcover%26dq%3Dalexander%2Bgraham%2Bbell%26hl%3Den%26sa%3DX%26sqi%3D2%26ved%3D0CCkQ6AEwAmoVChMI6eK7rfSgxwIVgQ8sCh3VXQ5U%23v%3Donepage%26q%3Dalexander%2520graham%2520bell%26f%3Dfalse"></span> <span class="lang-list">(<abbr title="Treść w języku angielskim (English)">ang.</abbr>)</span>.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bruce28-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Bruce28_13-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Robert V. Bruce: <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.bg/books?id=ZmR0MOQAu0UC&printsec=frontcover&dq=alexander+graham+bell&hl=en&sa=X&sqi=2&ved=0CCkQ6AEwAmoVChMI6eK7rfSgxwIVgQ8sCh3VXQ5U#v=onepage&q=alexander%20graham%20bell&f=false">Bell: Alexander Graham Bell and the Conquest of Solitude</a></i>. Cornell University Press, 1990, s. 28. <a href="/wiki/Specjalna:Ksi%C4%85%C5%BCki/9780801496912" title="Specjalna:Książki/9780801496912">ISBN <span class="isbn isbn-ulepszony">978-0-8014-9691-2</span></a>. [dostęp 2015-08-11].<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bell%3A+Alexander+Graham+Bell+and+the+Conquest+of+Solitude&rft.au=Robert+V.+Bruce&rft.date=1990&rft.pub=Cornell+University+Press&rft.pages=28&rft.isbn=9780801496912&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.bg%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZmR0MOQAu0UC%26printsec%3Dfrontcover%26dq%3Dalexander%2Bgraham%2Bbell%26hl%3Den%26sa%3DX%26sqi%3D2%26ved%3D0CCkQ6AEwAmoVChMI6eK7rfSgxwIVgQ8sCh3VXQ5U%23v%3Donepage%26q%3Dalexander%2520graham%2520bell%26f%3Dfalse"></span> <span class="lang-list">(<abbr title="Treść w języku angielskim (English)">ang.</abbr>)</span>.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bruce35-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Bruce35_14-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Robert V. Bruce: <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.bg/books?id=ZmR0MOQAu0UC&printsec=frontcover&dq=alexander+graham+bell&hl=en&sa=X&sqi=2&ved=0CCkQ6AEwAmoVChMI6eK7rfSgxwIVgQ8sCh3VXQ5U#v=onepage&q=alexander%20graham%20bell&f=false">Bell: Alexander Graham Bell and the Conquest of Solitude</a></i>. Cornell University Press, 1990, s. 35. <a href="/wiki/Specjalna:Ksi%C4%85%C5%BCki/9780801496912" title="Specjalna:Książki/9780801496912">ISBN <span class="isbn isbn-ulepszony">978-0-8014-9691-2</span></a>. [dostęp 2015-08-11].<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bell%3A+Alexander+Graham+Bell+and+the+Conquest+of+Solitude&rft.au=Robert+V.+Bruce&rft.date=1990&rft.pub=Cornell+University+Press&rft.pages=35&rft.isbn=9780801496912&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.bg%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZmR0MOQAu0UC%26printsec%3Dfrontcover%26dq%3Dalexander%2Bgraham%2Bbell%26hl%3Den%26sa%3DX%26sqi%3D2%26ved%3D0CCkQ6AEwAmoVChMI6eK7rfSgxwIVgQ8sCh3VXQ5U%23v%3Donepage%26q%3Dalexander%2520graham%2520bell%26f%3Dfalse"></span> <span class="lang-list">(<abbr title="Treść w języku angielskim (English)">ang.</abbr>)</span>.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bruce36-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Bruce36_15-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Robert V. Bruce: <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.bg/books?id=ZmR0MOQAu0UC&printsec=frontcover&dq=alexander+graham+bell&hl=en&sa=X&sqi=2&ved=0CCkQ6AEwAmoVChMI6eK7rfSgxwIVgQ8sCh3VXQ5U#v=onepage&q=alexander%20graham%20bell&f=false">Bell: Alexander Graham Bell and the Conquest of Solitude</a></i>. Cornell University Press, 1990, s. 36. <a href="/wiki/Specjalna:Ksi%C4%85%C5%BCki/9780801496912" title="Specjalna:Książki/9780801496912">ISBN <span class="isbn isbn-ulepszony">978-0-8014-9691-2</span></a>. [dostęp 2015-08-11].<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bell%3A+Alexander+Graham+Bell+and+the+Conquest+of+Solitude&rft.au=Robert+V.+Bruce&rft.date=1990&rft.pub=Cornell+University+Press&rft.pages=36&rft.isbn=9780801496912&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.bg%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZmR0MOQAu0UC%26printsec%3Dfrontcover%26dq%3Dalexander%2Bgraham%2Bbell%26hl%3Den%26sa%3DX%26sqi%3D2%26ved%3D0CCkQ6AEwAmoVChMI6eK7rfSgxwIVgQ8sCh3VXQ5U%23v%3Donepage%26q%3Dalexander%2520graham%2520bell%26f%3Dfalse"></span> <span class="lang-list">(<abbr title="Treść w języku angielskim (English)">ang.</abbr>)</span>.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bruce37-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Bruce37_16-0">a</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Bruce37_16-1">b</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Bruce37_16-2">c</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Robert V. Bruce: <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.bg/books?id=ZmR0MOQAu0UC&printsec=frontcover&dq=alexander+graham+bell&hl=en&sa=X&sqi=2&ved=0CCkQ6AEwAmoVChMI6eK7rfSgxwIVgQ8sCh3VXQ5U#v=onepage&q=alexander%20graham%20bell&f=false">Bell: Alexander Graham Bell and the Conquest of Solitude</a></i>. Cornell University Press, 1990, s. 37. <a href="/wiki/Specjalna:Ksi%C4%85%C5%BCki/9780801496912" title="Specjalna:Książki/9780801496912">ISBN <span class="isbn isbn-ulepszony">978-0-8014-9691-2</span></a>. [dostęp 2015-08-11].<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bell%3A+Alexander+Graham+Bell+and+the+Conquest+of+Solitude&rft.au=Robert+V.+Bruce&rft.date=1990&rft.pub=Cornell+University+Press&rft.pages=37&rft.isbn=9780801496912&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.bg%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZmR0MOQAu0UC%26printsec%3Dfrontcover%26dq%3Dalexander%2Bgraham%2Bbell%26hl%3Den%26sa%3DX%26sqi%3D2%26ved%3D0CCkQ6AEwAmoVChMI6eK7rfSgxwIVgQ8sCh3VXQ5U%23v%3Donepage%26q%3Dalexander%2520graham%2520bell%26f%3Dfalse"></span> <span class="lang-list">(<abbr title="Treść w języku angielskim (English)">ang.</abbr>)</span>.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bruce44-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Bruce44_17-0">a</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Bruce44_17-1">b</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Bruce44_17-2">c</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Robert V. Bruce: <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.bg/books?id=ZmR0MOQAu0UC&printsec=frontcover&dq=alexander+graham+bell&hl=en&sa=X&sqi=2&ved=0CCkQ6AEwAmoVChMI6eK7rfSgxwIVgQ8sCh3VXQ5U#v=onepage&q=alexander%20graham%20bell&f=false">Bell: Alexander Graham Bell and the Conquest of Solitude</a></i>. Cornell University Press, 1990, s. 44. <a href="/wiki/Specjalna:Ksi%C4%85%C5%BCki/9780801496912" title="Specjalna:Książki/9780801496912">ISBN <span class="isbn isbn-ulepszony">978-0-8014-9691-2</span></a>. [dostęp 2015-08-11].<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bell%3A+Alexander+Graham+Bell+and+the+Conquest+of+Solitude&rft.au=Robert+V.+Bruce&rft.date=1990&rft.pub=Cornell+University+Press&rft.pages=44&rft.isbn=9780801496912&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.bg%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZmR0MOQAu0UC%26printsec%3Dfrontcover%26dq%3Dalexander%2Bgraham%2Bbell%26hl%3Den%26sa%3DX%26sqi%3D2%26ved%3D0CCkQ6AEwAmoVChMI6eK7rfSgxwIVgQ8sCh3VXQ5U%23v%3Donepage%26q%3Dalexander%2520graham%2520bell%26f%3Dfalse"></span> <span class="lang-list">(<abbr title="Treść w języku angielskim (English)">ang.</abbr>)</span>.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bruce47-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Bruce47_18-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Robert V. Bruce: <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.bg/books?id=ZmR0MOQAu0UC&printsec=frontcover&dq=alexander+graham+bell&hl=en&sa=X&sqi=2&ved=0CCkQ6AEwAmoVChMI6eK7rfSgxwIVgQ8sCh3VXQ5U#v=onepage&q=alexander%20graham%20bell&f=false">Bell: Alexander Graham Bell and the Conquest of Solitude</a></i>. Cornell University Press, 1990, s. 47. <a href="/wiki/Specjalna:Ksi%C4%85%C5%BCki/9780801496912" title="Specjalna:Książki/9780801496912">ISBN <span class="isbn isbn-ulepszony">978-0-8014-9691-2</span></a>. [dostęp 2015-08-11].<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bell%3A+Alexander+Graham+Bell+and+the+Conquest+of+Solitude&rft.au=Robert+V.+Bruce&rft.date=1990&rft.pub=Cornell+University+Press&rft.pages=47&rft.isbn=9780801496912&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.bg%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZmR0MOQAu0UC%26printsec%3Dfrontcover%26dq%3Dalexander%2Bgraham%2Bbell%26hl%3Den%26sa%3DX%26sqi%3D2%26ved%3D0CCkQ6AEwAmoVChMI6eK7rfSgxwIVgQ8sCh3VXQ5U%23v%3Donepage%26q%3Dalexander%2520graham%2520bell%26f%3Dfalse"></span> <span class="lang-list">(<abbr title="Treść w języku angielskim (English)">ang.</abbr>)</span>.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bruce48-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Bruce48_19-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Robert V. Bruce: <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.bg/books?id=ZmR0MOQAu0UC&printsec=frontcover&dq=alexander+graham+bell&hl=en&sa=X&sqi=2&ved=0CCkQ6AEwAmoVChMI6eK7rfSgxwIVgQ8sCh3VXQ5U#v=onepage&q=alexander%20graham%20bell&f=false">Bell: Alexander Graham Bell and the Conquest of Solitude</a></i>. Cornell University Press, 1990, s. 48. <a href="/wiki/Specjalna:Ksi%C4%85%C5%BCki/9780801496912" title="Specjalna:Książki/9780801496912">ISBN <span class="isbn isbn-ulepszony">978-0-8014-9691-2</span></a>. [dostęp 2015-08-11].<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bell%3A+Alexander+Graham+Bell+and+the+Conquest+of+Solitude&rft.au=Robert+V.+Bruce&rft.date=1990&rft.pub=Cornell+University+Press&rft.pages=48&rft.isbn=9780801496912&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.bg%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZmR0MOQAu0UC%26printsec%3Dfrontcover%26dq%3Dalexander%2Bgraham%2Bbell%26hl%3Den%26sa%3DX%26sqi%3D2%26ved%3D0CCkQ6AEwAmoVChMI6eK7rfSgxwIVgQ8sCh3VXQ5U%23v%3Donepage%26q%3Dalexander%2520graham%2520bell%26f%3Dfalse"></span> <span class="lang-list">(<abbr title="Treść w języku angielskim (English)">ang.</abbr>)</span>.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bruce51-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Bruce51_20-0">a</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Bruce51_20-1">b</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Bruce51_20-2">c</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Bruce51_20-3">d</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Robert V. Bruce: <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.bg/books?id=ZmR0MOQAu0UC&printsec=frontcover&dq=alexander+graham+bell&hl=en&sa=X&sqi=2&ved=0CCkQ6AEwAmoVChMI6eK7rfSgxwIVgQ8sCh3VXQ5U#v=onepage&q=alexander%20graham%20bell&f=false">Bell: Alexander Graham Bell and the Conquest of Solitude</a></i>. Cornell University Press, 1990, s. 51. <a href="/wiki/Specjalna:Ksi%C4%85%C5%BCki/9780801496912" title="Specjalna:Książki/9780801496912">ISBN <span class="isbn isbn-ulepszony">978-0-8014-9691-2</span></a>. [dostęp 2015-08-11].<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bell%3A+Alexander+Graham+Bell+and+the+Conquest+of+Solitude&rft.au=Robert+V.+Bruce&rft.date=1990&rft.pub=Cornell+University+Press&rft.pages=51&rft.isbn=9780801496912&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.bg%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZmR0MOQAu0UC%26printsec%3Dfrontcover%26dq%3Dalexander%2Bgraham%2Bbell%26hl%3Den%26sa%3DX%26sqi%3D2%26ved%3D0CCkQ6AEwAmoVChMI6eK7rfSgxwIVgQ8sCh3VXQ5U%23v%3Donepage%26q%3Dalexander%2520graham%2520bell%26f%3Dfalse"></span> <span class="lang-list">(<abbr title="Treść w języku angielskim (English)">ang.</abbr>)</span>.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nps-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-nps_21-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">National Register of Historic Places: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nps.gov/nr/travel/wash/dc14.htm">The Volta Laboratory and Bureau</a>. [dostęp 2015-08-11]. <span class="lang-list">(<abbr title="Treść w języku angielskim (English)">ang.</abbr>)</span>.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-lh-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-lh_22-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Gore, James Howard: <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.archive.org/stream/americanlegionna00goreiala/americanlegionna00goreiala_djvu.txt">American legionnaires of France; a directory of the citizens of the United States on whom France has conferred her national order, the Legion of Honor</a></i>. Washington: W.F. Roberts co., 1920. [dostęp 2015-08-11].<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=American+legionnaires+of+France%3B+a+directory+of+the+citizens+of+the+United+States+on+whom+France+has+conferred+her+national+order%2C+the+Legion+of+Honor&rft.au=Gore%2C+James+Howard&rft.date=1920&rft.pub=W.F.+Roberts+co.&rft.place=Washington&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.archive.org%2Fstream%2Famericanlegionna00goreiala%2Famericanlegionna00goreiala_djvu.txt"></span></cite><span class="problemy" aria-hidden="true" data-nosnippet=""> Brak numerów stron w książce</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-rs-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-rs_23-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">The Royal Society: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://royalsociety.org/awards/hughes-medal/">Hughes Medal</a>. [dostęp 2015-08-11]. <span class="lang-list">(<abbr title="Treść w języku angielskim (English)">ang.</abbr>)</span>.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-IEEEEdison-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-IEEEEdison_24-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.archive.org/web/20170813060329/http://www.ieee.org/documents/edison_rl.pdf">IEEE Edison Medal Recipients</a>. [dostęp 2015-08-11]. <span class="lang-list">(<abbr title="Treść w języku angielskim (English)">ang.</abbr>)</span>.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-IEEEBell-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-IEEEBell_25-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ieee.org/about/awards/medals/bell.html">IEEE Alexander Graham Bell Medal</a>. [dostęp 2015-08-11]. <span class="lang-list">(<abbr title="Treść w języku angielskim (English)">ang.</abbr>)</span>.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Chapuis276-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Chapuis276_26-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Robert J. Chapuis, Amos E. Joel: <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.bg/books?id=EaVSbjsaBfMC&pg=PA276&dq=decibel+Bell&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0CEUQ6AEwB2oVChMI2OXC7O2gxwIVhlUsCh32YARn#v=onepage&q=decibel%20Bell&f=false">100 Years of Telephone Switching, Part 1</a></i>. IOS Press, 2003, s. 276. <a href="/wiki/Specjalna:Ksi%C4%85%C5%BCki/9781586033491" title="Specjalna:Książki/9781586033491">ISBN <span class="isbn isbn-ulepszony">978-1-58603-349-1</span></a>. [dostęp 2015-08-11].<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=100+Years+of+Telephone+Switching%2C+Part+1&rft.au=Robert+J.+Chapuis%2C+Amos+E.+Joel&rft.date=2003&rft.pub=IOS+Press&rft.pages=276&rft.isbn=9781586033491&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.bg%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DEaVSbjsaBfMC%26pg%3DPA276%26dq%3Ddecibel%2BBell%26hl%3Den%26sa%3DX%26ved%3D0CEUQ6AEwB2oVChMI2OXC7O2gxwIVhlUsCh32YARn%23v%3Donepage%26q%3Ddecibel%2520Bell%26f%3Dfalse"></span> <span class="lang-list">(<abbr title="Treść w języku angielskim (English)">ang.</abbr>)</span>.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pasachoff32-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Pasachoff32_27-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Naomi Pasachoff: <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.ca/books?id=EqgFnAZEPhgC&pg=PA11&dq=%22Alexander+Melville+Bell%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0CDUQ6AEwBzgeahUKEwjBi5yZqJ7HAhUBiSwKHTWqBXw#v=onepage&q=%22Alexander%20Melville%20Bell%22&f=false">Alexander Graham Bell: Making Connections</a></i>. Oxford University Press, 1996, s. 32. <a href="/wiki/Specjalna:Ksi%C4%85%C5%BCki/9780195099089" title="Specjalna:Książki/9780195099089">ISBN <span class="isbn isbn-ulepszony">978-0-19-509908-9</span></a>. [dostęp 2015-08-10].<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Alexander+Graham+Bell%3A+Making+Connections&rft.au=Naomi+Pasachoff&rft.date=1996&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.pages=32&rft.isbn=9780195099089&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.ca%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DEqgFnAZEPhgC%26pg%3DPA11%26dq%3D%2522Alexander%2BMelville%2BBell%2522%26hl%3Den%26sa%3DX%26ved%3D0CDUQ6AEwBzgeahUKEwjBi5yZqJ7HAhUBiSwKHTWqBXw%23v%3Donepage%26q%3D%2522Alexander%2520Melville%2520Bell%2522%26f%3Dfalse"></span> <span class="lang-list">(<abbr title="Treść w języku angielskim (English)">ang.</abbr>)</span>.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Whitaker-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Whitaker_28-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">A.J. Whitaker: <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.telephonetribute.com/pdf/bell_memorial_booklet.pdf">Bell Telephone Memorial</a></i>. Brantford, Ontario: City of Brantford/Hurley Printing, 1944. [dostęp 2015-08-10].<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bell+Telephone+Memorial&rft.aulast=Whitaker&rft.aufirst=A.J.&rft.date=1944&rft.pub=City+of+Brantford%2FHurley+Printing&rft.place=Brantford%2C+Ontario&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.telephonetribute.com%2Fpdf%2Fbell_memorial_booklet.pdf"></span></cite><span class="problemy" aria-hidden="true" data-nosnippet=""> Brak numerów stron w książce</span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliografia">Bibliografia</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexander_Graham_Bell&veaction=edit&section=12" title="Edytuj sekcję: Bibliografia" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>edytuj</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexander_Graham_Bell&action=edit&section=12" title="Edytuj kod źródłowy sekcji: Bibliografia"><span>edytuj kod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i> The Canadian Encyclopedia,</i> Hurtig Publishers, Edmonton, 1988.</li> <li><i>The Beaver: Canada’s History Magazine; “First Flight”,</i> luty/marzec 2009.</li> <li>Jacek Kozak – <i>Szkice z bobrem</i>, Biogram Publishing, Mississauga, 2007.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Linki_zewnętrzne"><span id="Linki_zewn.C4.99trzne"></span>Linki zewnętrzne</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexander_Graham_Bell&veaction=edit&section=13" title="Edytuj sekcję: Linki zewnętrzne" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>edytuj</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexander_Graham_Bell&action=edit&section=13" title="Edytuj kod źródłowy sekcji: Linki zewnętrzne"><span>edytuj kod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><cite class="citation book"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nytimes.com/learning/general/onthisday/bday/0303.html"><i>Dr. Bell, Inventor of Telephone, Dies</i></a>, [w:] <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>, nytimes.com, 3 sierpnia 1922<span class="accessdate"> [dostęp 2014-08-06]</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft.gengre=unknown&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.date=1922-08-03&rft.jtitle=nytimes.com&rft.atitle=Dr.+Bell%2C+Inventor+of+Telephone%2C+Dies&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2Flearning%2Fgeneral%2Fonthisday%2Fbday%2F0303.html" style="display:none"> </span> <span class="lang-list">(<abbr title="Treść w języku angielskim (English)">ang.</abbr>)</span>.</cite></li></ul> <div class="navbox do-not-make-smaller mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" data-expandtext="pokaż" data-collapsetext="ukryj"><style 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.navbox>.caption>.image{display:none}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbox>.caption,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbox>tbody>tr>th{background-color:#3a3c3e}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbox .title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbox>.mw-collapsible-content>.above,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbox>.mw-collapsible-content>.below,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbox .opis{background-color:#303234}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbox.medaliści .opis.a1,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbox.medaliści .a1 .opis{background:#715f00}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbox.medaliści .opis.a2,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbox.medaliści .a2 .opis{background:#5f5f5f}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbox.medaliści .opis.a3,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbox.medaliści .a3 .opis{background:#764617}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbox>.caption,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbox>tbody>tr>th{background-color:#3a3c3e}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbox .title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbox>.mw-collapsible-content>.above,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbox>.mw-collapsible-content>.below,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbox .opis{background-color:#303234}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbox.medaliści .opis.a1,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbox.medaliści .a1 .opis{background:#715f00}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbox.medaliści .opis.a2,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbox.medaliści .a2 .opis{background:#5f5f5f}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbox.medaliści .opis.a3,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbox.medaliści .a3 .opis{background:#764617}}</style><ul class="tnavbar noprint plainlinks hlist"><li><a href="/wiki/Szablon:Laureaci_Medalu_Edisona" title="Szablon:Laureaci Medalu Edisona"><span title="Pokaż ten szablon">p</span></a></li><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dyskusja_szablonu:Laureaci_Medalu_Edisona&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dyskusja szablonu:Laureaci Medalu Edisona (strona nie istnieje)"><span title="Dyskusja na temat tego szablonu">d</span></a></li><li title="Możesz edytować ten szablon. Użyj przycisku podglądu przed zapisaniem zmian."><a class="external text" href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Szablon:Laureaci_Medalu_Edisona&action=edit">e</a></li></ul><div class="navbox-title caption">Laureaci <a href="/wiki/Medal_Edisona" title="Medal Edisona">Medalu Edisona</a></div><div class="mw-collapsible-content flex"><table class="navbox-main-content inner-standard"><tbody><tr class="a1"><th class="navbox-group opis" scope="row">XX wiek</th><td class="navbox-list spis hlist navbox-odd"> <ul><li>1909: <a href="/wiki/Elihu_Thomson" title="Elihu Thomson">Elihu Thomson</a></li> <li>1910: <a href="/wiki/Frank_Sprague" title="Frank Sprague">Frank Sprague</a></li> <li>1911: <a href="/wiki/George_Westinghouse" title="George Westinghouse">George Westinghouse</a></li> <li>1912: <a href="/wiki/William_Stanley_Jr." title="William Stanley Jr.">William Stanley Jr.</a></li> <li>1913: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_Brush&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Charles Brush (strona nie istnieje)">Charles Brush</a></li> <li>1914: <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Alexander Graham Bell</a></li> <li>1915: nie przyznano</li> <li>1916: <a href="/wiki/Nikola_Tesla" title="Nikola Tesla">Nikola Tesla</a></li> <li>1917: <a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Carty&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John Carty (strona nie istnieje)">John Carty</a></li> <li>1918: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Benjamin_Lamme&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Benjamin Lamme (strona nie istnieje)">Benjamin Lamme</a></li> <li>1919: <a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Le_Roy_Emmet&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="William Le Roy Emmet (strona nie istnieje)">William Le Roy Emmet</a></li> <li>1920: <a href="/wiki/Mihajlo_Pupin" title="Mihajlo Pupin">Mihajlo Pupin</a></li> <li>1921: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cummings_Chesney&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cummings Chesney (strona nie istnieje)">Cummings Chesney</a></li> <li>1922: <a href="/wiki/Robert_Millikan" title="Robert Millikan">Robert Millikan</a></li> <li>1923: <a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Lieb&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John Lieb (strona nie istnieje)">John Lieb</a></li> <li>1924: <a href="/w/index.php?title=John_White_Howell&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John White Howell (strona nie istnieje)">John White Howell</a></li> <li>1925: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Harris_Ryan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Harris Ryan (strona nie istnieje)">Harris Ryan</a></li> <li>1926: nie przyznano</li> <li>1927: <a href="/w/index.php?title=William_David_Coolidge&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="William David Coolidge (strona nie istnieje)">William D. Coolidge</a></li> <li>1928: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Frank_Jewett&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Frank Jewett (strona nie istnieje)">Frank Jewett</a></li> <li>1929: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_F._Scott&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Charles F. Scott (strona nie istnieje)">Charles F. Scott</a></li> <li>1930: <a href="/wiki/Frank_Conrad" title="Frank Conrad">Frank Conrad</a></li> <li>1931: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Edwin_Rice&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Edwin Rice (strona nie istnieje)">Edwin Rice</a></li> <li>1932: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bancroft_Gherardi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bancroft Gherardi (strona nie istnieje)">Bancroft Gherardi</a></li> <li>1933: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Arthur_Kennelly&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Arthur Kennelly (strona nie istnieje)">Arthur Kennelly</a></li> <li>1934: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Willis_Whitney&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Willis Whitney (strona nie istnieje)">Willis Whitney</a></li> <li>1935: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lewis_Stillwell&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lewis Stillwell (strona nie istnieje)">Lewis Stillwell</a></li> <li>1936: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Alex_Dow&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alex Dow (strona nie istnieje)">Alex Dow</a></li> <li>1937: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gano_Dunn&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gano Dunn (strona nie istnieje)">Gano Dunn</a></li> <li>1938: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dugald_Jackson&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dugald Jackson (strona nie istnieje)">Dugald Jackson</a></li> <li>1939: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Philip_Torchio&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Philip Torchio (strona nie istnieje)">Philip Torchio</a></li> <li>1940: <a href="/w/index.php?title=George_Ashley_Campbell&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="George Ashley Campbell (strona nie istnieje)">George Ashley Campbell</a></li> <li>1941: <a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Whitehead_(in%C5%BCynier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John Whitehead (inżynier) (strona nie istnieje)">John Whitehead</a></li> <li>1942: <a href="/wiki/Edwin_Howard_Armstrong" title="Edwin Howard Armstrong">Edwin Howard Armstrong</a></li> <li>1943: <a href="/wiki/Vannevar_Bush" title="Vannevar Bush">Vannevar Bush</a></li> <li>1944: <a href="/wiki/Ernst_Alexanderson" title="Ernst Alexanderson">Ernst Alexanderson</a></li> <li>1945: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Philip_Sporn&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Philip Sporn (strona nie istnieje)">Philip Sporn</a></li> <li>1946: <a href="/wiki/Lee_De_Forest" title="Lee De Forest">Lee De Forest</a></li> <li>1947: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Joseph_Slepian&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Joseph Slepian (strona nie istnieje)">Joseph Slepian</a></li> <li>1948: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Morris_Leeds&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Morris Leeds (strona nie istnieje)">Morris Leeds</a></li> <li>1949: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Karl_McEachron&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Karl McEachron (strona nie istnieje)">Karl McEachron</a></li> <li>1950: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Otto_Blackwell&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Otto Blackwell (strona nie istnieje)">Otto Blackwell</a></li> <li>1951: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_Wagner&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Charles Wagner (strona nie istnieje)">Charles Wagner</a></li> <li>1952: <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Zworykin" title="Vladimir Zworykin">Vladimir Zworykin</a></li> <li>1953: <a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Peters&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John Peters (strona nie istnieje)">John Peters</a></li> <li>1954: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Oliver_Buckley&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oliver Buckley (strona nie istnieje)">Oliver Buckley</a></li> <li>1955: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Leonid_Umansky&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Leonid Umansky (strona nie istnieje)">Leonid Umansky</a></li> <li>1956: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Comfort_Adams&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Comfort Adams (strona nie istnieje)">Comfort Adams</a></li> <li>1957: <a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Hodnette&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John Hodnette (strona nie istnieje)">John Hodnette</a></li> <li>1958: <a href="/wiki/Charles_Kettering" title="Charles Kettering">Charles Kettering</a></li> <li>1959: <a href="/w/index.php?title=James_Fairman&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="James Fairman (strona nie istnieje)">James Fairman</a></li> <li>1960: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Harold_Osborne&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Harold Osborne (strona nie istnieje)">Harold Osborne</a></li> <li>1961: <a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Kouwenhoven&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="William Kouwenhoven (strona nie istnieje)">William Kouwenhoven</a></li> <li>1962: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexander_Monteith&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alexander Monteith (strona nie istnieje)">Alexander Monteith</a></li> <li>1963: <a href="/wiki/John_R._Pierce" title="John R. Pierce">John R. Pierce</a></li> <li>1964: nie przyznano</li> <li>1965: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Walker_Lee_Cisler&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Walker Lee Cisler (strona nie istnieje)">Walker Lee Cisler</a></li> <li>1966: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Wilmer_Barrow&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wilmer Barrow (strona nie istnieje)">Wilmer Barrow</a></li> <li>1967: <a href="/w/index.php?title=George_Harold_Brown&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="George Harold Brown (strona nie istnieje)">George Harold Brown</a></li> <li>1968: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_Avila&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Charles Avila (strona nie istnieje)">Charles Avila</a></li> <li>1969: <a href="/wiki/Hendrik_Wade_Bode" title="Hendrik Wade Bode">Hendrik Wade Bode</a></li> <li>1970: <a href="/wiki/Howard_Aiken" title="Howard Aiken">Howard Aiken</a></li> <li>1971: <a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Wistar_Simpson&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John Wistar Simpson (strona nie istnieje)">John Wistar Simpson</a></li> <li>1972: <a href="/wiki/William_Pickering" title="William Pickering">William Pickering</a></li> <li>1973: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bernard_Tellegen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bernard Tellegen (strona nie istnieje)">Bernard Tellegen</a></li> <li>1974: <a href="/wiki/Jan_Rajchman" title="Jan Rajchman">Jan Rajchman</a></li> <li>1975: <a href="/wiki/Sidney_Darlington" title="Sidney Darlington">Sidney Darlington</a></li> <li>1976: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Murray_Joslin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Murray Joslin (strona nie istnieje)">Murray Joslin</a></li> <li>1977: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Henri_Busignies&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Henri Busignies (strona nie istnieje)">Henri Busignies</a></li> <li>1978: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Daniel_Noble&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Daniel Noble (strona nie istnieje)">Daniel Noble</a></li> <li>1979: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Albert_Rose&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Albert Rose (strona nie istnieje)">Albert Rose</a></li> <li>1980: <a href="/wiki/Robert_Adler_(wynalazca)" title="Robert Adler (wynalazca)">Robert Adler</a></li> <li>1981: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Chapin_Cutler&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chapin Cutler (strona nie istnieje)">Chapin Cutler</a></li> <li>1982: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nathan_Cohn&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nathan Cohn (strona nie istnieje)">Nathan Cohn</a></li> <li>1983: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Herman_Schwan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Herman Schwan (strona nie istnieje)">Herman Schwan</a></li> <li>1984: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Eugene_Gordon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eugene Gordon (strona nie istnieje)">Eugene Gordon</a></li> <li>1985: <a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Kraus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John Kraus (strona nie istnieje)">John Kraus</a></li> <li>1986: <a href="/wiki/James_Flanagan" title="James Flanagan">James Flanagan</a></li> <li>1987: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Henle&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Robert Henle (strona nie istnieje)">Robert Henle</a></li> <li>1988: <a href="/w/index.php?title=James_Ross_MacDonald&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="James Ross MacDonald (strona nie istnieje)">James Ross MacDonald</a></li> <li>1989: <a href="/wiki/Nick_Holonyak_Jr." title="Nick Holonyak Jr.">Nick Holonyak Jr.</a></li> <li>1990: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Archie_Straiton&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Archie Straiton (strona nie istnieje)">Archie Straiton</a></li> <li>1991: <a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Moll&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John Moll (strona nie istnieje)">John Moll</a></li> <li>1992: <a href="/w/index.php?title=George_Forney&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="George Forney (strona nie istnieje)">George Forney</a></li> <li>1993: <a href="/w/index.php?title=James_Pomerene&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="James Pomerene (strona nie istnieje)">James Pomerene</a></li> <li>1994: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Leslie_Geddes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Leslie Geddes (strona nie istnieje)">Leslie Geddes</a></li> <li>1995: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Lucky&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Robert Lucky (strona nie istnieje)">Robert Lucky</a></li> <li>1996: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Floyd_Dunn&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Floyd Dunn (strona nie istnieje)">Floyd Dunn</a></li> <li>1997: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Esther_Conwell&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Esther Conwell (strona nie istnieje)">Esther Conwell</a></li> <li>1998: <a href="/wiki/Rolf_Landauer" title="Rolf Landauer">Rolf Landauer</a></li> <li>1999: <a href="/wiki/Kees_Schouhamer_Immink" title="Kees Schouhamer Immink">Kees Schouhamer Immink</a></li> <li>2000: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jun-ichi_Nishizawa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jun-ichi Nishizawa (strona nie istnieje)">Jun-ichi Nishizawa</a></li></ul> </td></tr><tr class="a2"><th class="navbox-group opis" scope="row">XXI wiek</th><td class="navbox-list spis hlist navbox-even"> <ul><li>2001: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Dennard&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Robert Dennard (strona nie istnieje)">Robert Dennard</a></li> <li>2002: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Edward_Hammer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Edward Hammer (strona nie istnieje)">Edward Hammer</a></li> <li>2003: nie przyznano</li> <li>2004: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Federico_Capasso&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Federico Capasso (strona nie istnieje)">Federico Capasso</a></li> <li>2005: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Peter_Lawrenson&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Peter Lawrenson (strona nie istnieje)">Peter Lawrenson</a></li> <li>2006: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fawwaz_Ulaby&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fawwaz Ulaby (strona nie istnieje)">Fawwaz Ulaby</a></li> <li>2007: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Russel_Dupuis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Russel Dupuis (strona nie istnieje)">Russel Dupuis</a></li> <li>2008: <a href="/wiki/Dov_Frohman" title="Dov Frohman">Dov Frohman</a></li> <li>2009: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tingye_Li&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tingye Li (strona nie istnieje)">Tingye Li</a></li> <li>2010: <a href="/wiki/Ray_Dolby" title="Ray Dolby">Ray Dolby</a></li> <li>2011: <a href="/wiki/Isamu_Akasaki" title="Isamu Akasaki">Isamu Akasaki</a></li> <li>2012: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Michael_Francis_Tompsett&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Michael Francis Tompsett (strona nie istnieje)">Michael Francis Tompsett</a></li> <li>2013: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ivan_Kaminow&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ivan Kaminow (strona nie istnieje)">Ivan Kaminow</a></li> <li>2014: <a href="/wiki/Ralph_Baer" title="Ralph Baer">Ralph Baer</a></li> <li>2015: <a href="/w/index.php?title=James_Spilker&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="James Spilker (strona nie istnieje)">James Spilker</a></li> <li>2016: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Brodersen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Robert Brodersen (strona nie istnieje)">Robert Brodersen</a></li> <li>2017: <a href="/w/index.php?title=George_Craford&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="George Craford (strona nie istnieje)">George Craford</a></li> <li>2018: <a href="/wiki/Eli_Yablonovitch" title="Eli Yablonovitch">Eli Yablonovitch</a></li> <li>2019: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ursula_Keller&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ursula Keller (strona nie istnieje)">Ursula Keller</a></li> <li>2020: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Frede_Blaabjerg&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Frede Blaabjerg (strona nie istnieje)">Frede Blaabjerg</a></li> <li>2021: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kenichi_Iga&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kenichi Iga (strona nie istnieje)">Kenichi Iga</a></li> <li>2022: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Alan_Bovik&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alan Bovik (strona nie istnieje)">Alan Bovik</a></li></ul> </td></tr></tbody></table><div class="navbox-after after"> <p><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Plik:JohnWHowellEdisonMedal1924.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/JohnWHowellEdisonMedal1924.jpg/100px-JohnWHowellEdisonMedal1924.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="99" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/JohnWHowellEdisonMedal1924.jpg/150px-JohnWHowellEdisonMedal1924.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/JohnWHowellEdisonMedal1924.jpg/200px-JohnWHowellEdisonMedal1924.jpg 2x" data-file-width="288" data-file-height="285" /></a></span> </p> </div></div></div> <div class="navbox do-not-make-smaller mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" data-expandtext="pokaż" data-collapsetext="ukryj"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r74983602"><ul class="tnavbar noprint plainlinks hlist"><li><a href="/wiki/Szablon:Laureaci_Medalu_Hughesa" title="Szablon:Laureaci Medalu Hughesa"><span title="Pokaż ten szablon">p</span></a></li><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dyskusja_szablonu:Laureaci_Medalu_Hughesa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dyskusja szablonu:Laureaci Medalu Hughesa (strona nie istnieje)"><span title="Dyskusja na temat tego szablonu">d</span></a></li><li title="Możesz edytować ten szablon. Użyj przycisku podglądu przed zapisaniem zmian."><a class="external text" href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Szablon:Laureaci_Medalu_Hughesa&action=edit">e</a></li></ul><div class="navbox-title caption">Laureaci <a href="/wiki/Hughes_Medal" title="Hughes Medal">Medalu Hughesa</a></div><div class="mw-collapsible-content flex"><table class="navbox-main-content inner-standard"><tbody><tr class="a1"><th class="navbox-group opis" scope="row">XX wiek</th><td class="navbox-list spis hlist navbox-odd"> <ul><li>1902: <a href="/wiki/Joseph_John_Thomson" title="Joseph John Thomson">Joseph John Thomson</a></li> <li>1903: <a href="/wiki/Johann_Wilhelm_Hittorf" title="Johann Wilhelm Hittorf">Johann Wilhelm Hittorf</a></li> <li>1904: <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Wilson_Swan" title="Joseph Wilson Swan">Joseph Wilson Swan</a></li> <li>1905: <a href="/wiki/Augusto_Righi" title="Augusto Righi">Augusto Righi</a></li> <li>1906: <a href="/wiki/Hertha_Marks_Ayrton" title="Hertha Marks Ayrton">Hertha Marks Ayrton</a></li> <li>1907: <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Howard_Griffiths" title="Ernest Howard Griffiths">Ernest Griffiths</a></li> <li>1908: <a href="/wiki/Eugen_Goldstein" title="Eugen Goldstein">Eugen Goldstein</a></li> <li>1909: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Richard_Glazebrook&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Richard Glazebrook (strona nie istnieje)">Richard Glazebrook</a></li> <li>1910: <a href="/wiki/John_Ambrose_Fleming" title="John Ambrose Fleming">John Ambrose Fleming</a></li> <li>1911: <a href="/wiki/Charles_Thomson_Rees_Wilson" title="Charles Thomson Rees Wilson">Charles Thomson Rees Wilson</a></li> <li>1912: <a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Duddell&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="William Duddell (strona nie istnieje)">William Duddell</a></li> <li>1913: <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Alexander Graham Bell</a></li> <li>1914: <a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Sealy_Townsend&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John Sealy Townsend (strona nie istnieje)">John S. Townsend</a></li> <li>1915: <a href="/wiki/Paul_Langevin" title="Paul Langevin">Paul Langevin</a></li> <li>1916: <a href="/wiki/Elihu_Thomson" title="Elihu Thomson">Elihu Thomson</a></li> <li>1917: <a href="/wiki/Charles_Glover_Barkla" title="Charles Glover Barkla">Charles Glover Barkla</a></li> <li>1918: <a href="/wiki/Irving_Langmuir" title="Irving Langmuir">Irving Langmuir</a></li> <li>1919: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_Chree&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Charles Chree (strona nie istnieje)">Charles Chree</a></li> <li>1920: <a href="/wiki/Owen_Willans_Richardson" title="Owen Willans Richardson">Owen Willans Richardson</a></li> <li>1921: <a href="/wiki/Niels_Bohr" title="Niels Bohr">Niels H.D. Bohr</a></li> <li>1922: <a href="/wiki/Francis_William_Aston" title="Francis William Aston">Francis William Aston</a></li> <li>1923: <a href="/wiki/Robert_Millikan" title="Robert Millikan">Robert Millikan</a></li> <li>1925: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Frank_Edward_Smith&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Frank Edward Smith (strona nie istnieje)">Frank Edward Smith</a></li> <li>1926: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Henry_Jackson&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Henry Jackson (strona nie istnieje)">Henry Jackson</a></li> <li>1927: <a href="/w/index.php?title=William_David_Coolidge&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="William David Coolidge (strona nie istnieje)">William Coolidge</a></li> <li>1928: <a href="/wiki/Maurice_de_Broglie" title="Maurice de Broglie">Maurice de Broglie</a></li> <li>1929: <a href="/wiki/Hans_Geiger" title="Hans Geiger">Hans Geiger</a></li> <li>1930: <a href="/wiki/Chandrasekhara_Venkata_Raman" title="Chandrasekhara Venkata Raman">Venkata Raman</a></li> <li>1931: <a href="/wiki/William_Lawrence_Bragg" title="William Lawrence Bragg">William Lawrence Bragg</a></li> <li>1932: <a href="/wiki/James_Chadwick" title="James Chadwick">James Chadwick</a></li> <li>1933: <a href="/wiki/Edward_Victor_Appleton" title="Edward Victor Appleton">Edward Victor Appleton</a></li> <li>1934: <a href="/wiki/Manne_Siegbahn" title="Manne Siegbahn">Karl Manne Georg Siegbahn</a></li> <li>1935: <a href="/wiki/Clinton_Joseph_Davisson" title="Clinton Joseph Davisson">Clinton Joseph Davisson</a></li> <li>1936: <a href="/wiki/Walter_Schottky" title="Walter Schottky">Walter Schottky</a></li> <li>1937: <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Lawrence" title="Ernest Lawrence">Ernest Orlando Lawrence</a></li> <li>1938: <a href="/wiki/John_Douglas_Cockcroft" title="John Douglas Cockcroft">John Douglas Cockcroft</a> i <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Walton" title="Ernest Walton">Ernest Walton</a></li> <li>1939: <a href="/wiki/George_Thomson" title="George Thomson">George Thomson</a></li> <li>1940: <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Compton" title="Arthur Compton">Arthur Compton</a></li> <li>1941: <a href="/wiki/Nevill_Francis_Mott" title="Nevill Francis Mott">Nevill Francis Mott</a></li> <li>1942: <a href="/wiki/Enrico_Fermi" title="Enrico Fermi">Enrico Fermi</a></li> <li>1943: <a href="/wiki/Mark_Oliphant" title="Mark Oliphant">Marcus Laurence Elwin Oliphant</a></li> <li>1944: <a href="/w/index.php?title=George_Ingle_Finch&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="George Ingle Finch (strona nie istnieje)">George Ingle Finch</a></li> <li>1945: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Basil_F.J._Schonland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Basil F.J. Schonland (strona nie istnieje)">Basil F.J. Schonland</a></li> <li>1946: <a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Turton_Randall&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John Turton Randall (strona nie istnieje)">John Turton Randall</a></li> <li>1947: <a href="/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Joliot-Curie" title="Frédéric Joliot-Curie">Jean Frederick Joliot</a></li> <li>1948: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Watson-Watt&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Robert Watson-Watt (strona nie istnieje)">Robert Watson-Watt</a></li> <li>1949: <a href="/wiki/Cecil_Frank_Powell" title="Cecil Frank Powell">Cecil Frank Powell</a></li> <li>1950: <a href="/wiki/Max_Born" title="Max Born">Max Born</a></li> <li>1951: <a href="/wiki/Hendrik_Anthony_Kramers" title="Hendrik Anthony Kramers">Hendrik Anthony Kramers</a></li> <li>1952: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Philip_Dee&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Philip Dee (strona nie istnieje)">Philip Ivor Dee</a></li> <li>1953: <a href="/wiki/Edward_Bullard" title="Edward Bullard">Edward Bullard</a></li> <li>1954: <a href="/wiki/Martin_Ryle" title="Martin Ryle">Martin Ryle</a></li> <li>1955: <a href="/wiki/Harrie_Massey" title="Harrie Massey">Harrie S.W. Massey</a></li> <li>1956: <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Lindemann" title="Frederick Lindemann">Frederick Lindemann</a></li> <li>1957: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Joseph_Proudman&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Joseph Proudman (strona nie istnieje)">Joseph Proudman</a></li> <li>1958: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Edward_Andrade&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Edward Andrade (strona nie istnieje)">Edward Andrade</a></li> <li>1959: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Alfred_Brian_Pippard&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alfred Brian Pippard (strona nie istnieje)">Alfred Brian Pippard</a></li> <li>1960: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Joseph_Lade_Pawsey&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Joseph Lade Pawsey (strona nie istnieje)">Joseph Lade Pawsey</a></li> <li>1961: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Alan_Howard_Cottrell&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alan Howard Cottrell (strona nie istnieje)">Alan Howard Cottrell</a></li> <li>1962: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Brebis_Bleaney&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Brebis Bleaney (strona nie istnieje)">Brebis Bleaney</a></li> <li>1963: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Frederic_Calland_Williams&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Frederic Calland Williams (strona nie istnieje)">Frederic Calland Williams</a></li> <li>1964: <a href="/wiki/Abdus_Salam" title="Abdus Salam">Abdus Salam</a></li> <li>1965: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Denys_Wilkinson&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Denys Wilkinson (strona nie istnieje)">Denys Wilkinson</a></li> <li>1966: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nicholas_Kemmer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nicholas Kemmer (strona nie istnieje)">Nicholas Kemmer</a></li> <li>1967: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kurt_Mendelssohn&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kurt Mendelssohn (strona nie istnieje)">Kurt Mendelssohn</a></li> <li>1968: <a href="/wiki/Freeman_Dyson" title="Freeman Dyson">Freeman Dyson</a></li> <li>1969: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nicholas_Kurti&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nicholas Kurti (strona nie istnieje)">Nicholas Kurti</a></li> <li>1970: <a href="/wiki/David_Robert_Bates" title="David Robert Bates">David Bates</a></li> <li>1971: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Hanbury_Brown&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Robert Hanbury Brown (strona nie istnieje)">Robert Hanbury Brown</a></li> <li>1972: <a href="/wiki/Brian_David_Josephson" title="Brian David Josephson">Brian David Josephson</a></li> <li>1973: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Peter_Hirsch&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Peter Hirsch (strona nie istnieje)">Peter Hirsch</a></li> <li>1974: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Peter_H._Fowler&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Peter H. Fowler (strona nie istnieje)">Peter H. Fowler</a></li> <li>1975: <a href="/wiki/Richard_Dalitz" title="Richard Dalitz">Richard Dalitz</a></li> <li>1976: <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Hawking" title="Stephen Hawking">Stephen Hawking</a></li> <li>1977: <a href="/wiki/Antony_Hewish" title="Antony Hewish">Antony Hewish</a></li> <li>1978: <a href="/wiki/William_Cochran" title="William Cochran">William Cochran</a></li> <li>1979: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_J.P._Williams&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Robert J.P. Williams (strona nie istnieje)">Robert J.P. Williams</a></li> <li>1980: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Francis_James_Farley&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Francis James Farley (strona nie istnieje)">Francis James Farley</a></li> <li>1981: <a href="/wiki/Peter_Higgs" title="Peter Higgs">Peter Ware Higgs</a> i <a href="/wiki/Tom_Kibble" title="Tom Kibble">Tom Kibble</a></li> <li>1982: <a href="/wiki/Drummond_Matthews" title="Drummond Matthews">Drummond Matthews</a> i <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Vine" title="Frederick Vine">Frederick Vine</a></li> <li>1983: <a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Clive_Ward&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John Clive Ward (strona nie istnieje)">John Clive Ward</a></li> <li>1984: <a href="/wiki/Roy_P._Kerr" title="Roy P. Kerr">Roy P. Kerr</a></li> <li>1985: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tony_Skyrme&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tony Skyrme (strona nie istnieje)">Tony Skyrme</a></li> <li>1986: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Michael_Woolfson&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Michael Woolfson (strona nie istnieje)">Michael Woolfson</a></li> <li>1987: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Michael_Pepper&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Michael Pepper (strona nie istnieje)">Michael Pepper</a></li> <li>1988: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Archibald_Howie&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Archibald Howie (strona nie istnieje)">Archibald Howie</a> i <a href="/w/index.php?title=Michael_J._Whelan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Michael J. Whelan (strona nie istnieje)">Michael J. Whelan</a></li> <li>1989: <a href="/wiki/John_Stewart_Bell" title="John Stewart Bell">John Stewart Bell</a></li> <li>1990: <a href="/wiki/Thomas_George_Cowling" title="Thomas George Cowling">Thomas George Cowling</a></li> <li>1991: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Philip_Burton_Moon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Philip Burton Moon (strona nie istnieje)">Philip Burton Moon</a></li> <li>1992: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Michael_J._Seaton&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Michael J. Seaton (strona nie istnieje)">Michael J. Seaton</a></li> <li>1993: <a href="/wiki/George_Isaak" title="George Isaak">George Isaak</a></li> <li>1994: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_G._Chambers&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Robert G. Chambers (strona nie istnieje)">Robert G. Chambers</a></li> <li>1995: <a href="/w/index.php?title=David_Shoenberg&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="David Shoenberg (strona nie istnieje)">David Shoenberg</a></li> <li>1996: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Amyand_David_Buckingham&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Amyand David Buckingham (strona nie istnieje)">Amyand David Buckingham</a></li> <li>1997: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Andrew_R._Lang&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Andrew R. Lang (strona nie istnieje)">Andrew R. Lang</a></li> <li>1998: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Raymond_Hide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Raymond Hide (strona nie istnieje)">Raymond Hide</a></li> <li>1999: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexander_Boksenberg&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alexander Boksenberg (strona nie istnieje)">Alexander Boksenberg</a></li> <li>2000: <a href="/wiki/Chintamani_Nagesa_Ramachandra_Rao" title="Chintamani Nagesa Ramachandra Rao">Chintamani N.R. Rao</a></li></ul> </td></tr><tr class="a2"><th class="navbox-group opis" scope="row">XXI wiek</th><td class="navbox-list spis hlist navbox-even"> <ul><li>2001: <a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Pethica&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John Pethica (strona nie istnieje)">John Pethica</a></li> <li>2002: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexander_Dalgarno&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alexander Dalgarno (strona nie istnieje)">Alexander Dalgarno</a></li> <li>2003: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Peter_Edwards&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Peter Edwards (strona nie istnieje)">Peter Edwards</a></li> <li>2004: <a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Clarke&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John Clarke (strona nie istnieje)">John Clarke</a></li> <li>2005: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Keith_Moffatt&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Keith Moffatt (strona nie istnieje)">Keith Moffatt</a></li> <li>2006: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Michael_J._Kelly&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Michael J. Kelly (strona nie istnieje)">Michael J. Kelly</a></li> <li>2007: <a href="/wiki/Artur_Ekert" title="Artur Ekert">Artur Ekert</a></li> <li>2008: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Michele_Dougherty&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Michele Dougherty (strona nie istnieje)">Michele Dougherty</a></li> <li>2010: <a href="/wiki/Andriej_Gejm" title="Andriej Gejm">Andriej Gejm</a></li> <li>2011: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Matthew_Rosseinsky&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Matthew Rosseinsky (strona nie istnieje)">Matthew Rosseinsky</a></li> <li>2013: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Henning_Sirringhaus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Henning Sirringhaus (strona nie istnieje)">Henning Sirringhaus</a></li> <li>2015: <a href="/w/index.php?title=George_Efstathiou&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="George Efstathiou (strona nie istnieje)">George Efstathiou</a></li> <li>2017: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Peter_Bruce&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Peter Bruce (strona nie istnieje)">Peter Bruce</a></li> <li>2018: <a href="/w/index.php?title=James_Durrant&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="James Durrant (strona nie istnieje)">James Durrant</a></li> <li>2019: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Andrew_Cooper_(naukowiec)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Andrew Cooper (naukowiec) (strona nie istnieje)">Andrew Cooper</a></li> <li>2020: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Clare_Grey&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Clare Grey (strona nie istnieje)">Clare Grey</a></li> <li>2021: <a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Irvine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John Irvine (strona nie istnieje)">John Irvine</a></li> <li>2022: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Saiful_Islam&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Saiful Islam (strona nie istnieje)">Saiful Islam</a></li></ul> </td></tr></tbody></table><div class="navbox-after after"> <p><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Plik:HughesMedal.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/HughesMedal.jpg/100px-HughesMedal.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="99" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/HughesMedal.jpg/150px-HughesMedal.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/HughesMedal.jpg/200px-HughesMedal.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1234" data-file-height="1221" /></a></span> </p> </div></div></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r74016753">.mw-parser-output #normdaten>div+div{margin-top:0.5em}.mw-parser-output #normdaten>div>div{background:var(--background-color-neutral,#eaecf0);padding:.2em .5em}.mw-parser-output #normdaten ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output #normdaten ul li:first-child{padding-left:.5em;border-left:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1)}</style> <div id="normdaten" class="catlinks"><div class="normdaten-typ-p"><div><a href="/wiki/Kontrola_autorytatywna" title="Kontrola autorytatywna">Kontrola autorytatywna</a> (<span class="description">osoba</span>):</div><ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Name_Identifier" title="International Standard Name Identifier">ISNI</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000081386064">0000000081386064</a></span></li><li><a href="/wiki/Virtual_International_Authority_File" title="Virtual International Authority File">VIAF</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://viaf.org/viaf/59263727">59263727</a></span></li><li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_List_of_Artist_Names" class="extiw" title="en:Union List of Artist Names">ULAN</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.getty.edu/vow/ULANFullDisplay?find=&role=&nation=&subjectid=500002470">500002470</a></span></li><li><a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress_Control_Number" title="Library of Congress Control Number">LCCN</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lccn.loc.gov/n79113947">n79113947</a></span></li><li><a href="/wiki/Gemeinsame_Normdatei" title="Gemeinsame Normdatei">GND</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://d-nb.info/gnd/119408643">119408643</a></span></li><li><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_NDL_Authorities" class="extiw" title="de:Web NDL Authorities">NDL</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00620343">00620343</a></span></li><li><a href="/wiki/Biblioth%C3%A8que_nationale" title="Bibliothèque nationale">BnF</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb13746617f">13746617f</a></span></li><li><a href="/wiki/Syst%C3%A8me_Universitaire_de_Documentation" title="Système Universitaire de Documentation">SUDOC</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.idref.fr/066924146">066924146</a></span></li><li><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Servizio_bibliotecario_nazionale" class="extiw" title="it:Servizio bibliotecario nazionale">SBN</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.sbn.it/af/PUVV240900">PUVV240900</a></span></li><li><a href="/wiki/Biblioteka_Narodowa_Australii" title="Biblioteka Narodowa Australii">NLA</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an48221036">48221036</a></span></li><li><a href="/wiki/Biblioteka_Narodowa_Republiki_Czeskiej" title="Biblioteka Narodowa Republiki Czeskiej">NKC</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://aut.nkp.cz/jn20000700146">jn20000700146</a></span></li><li><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digitale_Bibliotheek_voor_de_Nederlandse_Letteren" class="extiw" title="nl:Digitale Bibliotheek voor de Nederlandse Letteren">DBNL</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dbnl.org/auteurs/auteur.php?id=bell062">bell062</a></span></li><li><a href="/wiki/Hiszpa%C5%84ska_Biblioteka_Narodowa" title="Hiszpańska Biblioteka Narodowa">BNE</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX851713">XX851713</a></span></li><li><a href="/wiki/Holenderska_Biblioteka_Narodowa" title="Holenderska Biblioteka Narodowa">NTA</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/doc/thes/p070261121">070261121</a></span></li><li><a href="/wiki/BIBSYS" title="BIBSYS">BIBSYS</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90168840">90168840</a></span></li><li><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/CiNii" class="extiw" title="jp:CiNii">CiNii</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA09993894">DA09993894</a></span></li><li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_Library" class="extiw" title="en:Open Library">Open Library</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL348101A">OL348101A</a></span></li><li><a href="/wiki/Biblioteka_Narodowa_(Warszawa)" title="Biblioteka Narodowa (Warszawa)">PLWABN</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810622160205606">9810622160205606</a></span></li><li><a href="/wiki/NUKAT" title="NUKAT">NUKAT</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nukat.edu.pl/aut/n%20%2001051100">n01051100</a></span></li><li><a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography" title="Dictionary of National Biography">OBIN</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093/ref:odnb/30680">30680</a></span></li><li><a href="/wiki/Biblioteka_Narodowa_Izraela" title="Biblioteka Narodowa Izraela">J9U</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007274818805171">987007274818805171</a></span></li><li><a href="/wiki/Biblioteka_Narodowa_Portugalii" title="Biblioteka Narodowa Portugalii">PTBNP</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://urn.bn.pt/nca/unimarc-authorities/txt?id=1174852">1174852</a></span></li><li><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biblioteca_Nacional_de_Chile" class="extiw" title="es:Biblioteca Nacional de Chile">BNC</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bncatalogo.cl/F?func=direct&local_base=red10&doc_number=000481041">000481041</a></span></li><li><a href="/wiki/Grecka_Biblioteka_Narodowa" title="Grecka Biblioteka Narodowa">ΕΒΕ</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.nlg.gr/resource/authority/record125947">125947</a></span></li><li><a href="/wiki/Brazylijska_Biblioteka_Narodowa" title="Brazylijska Biblioteka Narodowa">BLBNB</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://acervo.bn.br/sophia_web/autoridade/detalhe/000611959">000611959</a></span></li><li><a href="/wiki/Biblioteka_Narodowa_Korei" title="Biblioteka Narodowa Korei">KRNLK</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://librarian.nl.go.kr/LI/contents/L20101000000.do?id=KAC199602067">KAC199602067</a></span></li></ul></div><div class="normdaten-andere"><div><a href="/wiki/Encyklopedia_internetowa" title="Encyklopedia internetowa">Encyklopedie internetowe</a>:</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Encyklopedia_PWN_(internetowa)" title="Encyklopedia PWN (internetowa)">PWN</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://encyklopedia.pwn.pl/haslo/;3875748.html">3875748</a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Encyklopedia_Britannica" title="Encyklopedia Britannica">Britannica</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Alexander-Graham-Bell">biography/Alexander-Graham-Bell</a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enciclopedia_Treccani" title="Enciclopedia Treccani">Treccani</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/alexander-graham-bell">alexander-graham-bell</a></span></li> <li><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Property:P3219" class="extiw" title="d:Property:P3219">Universalis</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.universalis.fr/encyclopedie/alexander-graham-bell/">alexander-graham-bell</a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalencyklopedin" title="Nationalencyklopedin">NE.se</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ne.se/uppslagsverk/encyklopedi/lång/alexander-graham-bell">alexander-graham-bell</a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Store_norske_leksikon" title="Store norske leksikon">SNL</a>: <span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=4342&url_prefix=https://snl.no/&id=Alexander_Graham_Bell">Alexander_Graham_Bell</a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visuotin%C4%97_lietuvi%C5%B3_enciklopedija" title="Visuotinė lietuvių enciklopedija">VLE</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vle.lt/straipsnis/alexander-graham-bell/">alexander-graham-bell</a></span></li> <li><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Property:P1296" class="extiw" title="d:Property:P1296">Catalana</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.enciclopedia.cat/ec-gec-0008759.xml">0008759</a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Den_Store_Danske_Encyklop%C3%A6di" title="Den Store Danske Encyklopædi">DSDE</a>: <span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8313&url_prefix=https://lex.dk/&id=Alexander_Graham_Bell">Alexander_Graham_Bell</a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hrvatska_enciklopedija" title="Hrvatska enciklopedija">Hrvatska enciklopedija</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.enciklopedija.hr/Natuknica.aspx?ID=6740">6740</a></span></li></ul> </div><div class="normdaten-andere"><div>Identyfikatory zewnętrzne:</div> <ul><li><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Property:P1153" class="extiw" title="d:Property:P1153">Scopus</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scopus.com/authid/detail.uri?authorId=56290543300">56290543300</a></span></li></ul> </div></div></div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: 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