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<div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Political system of Kerala</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 125%; background-color: #ededed"><div style="display:inline" class="fn org">Political System of Kerala</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Government_of_Kerala_Logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Government_of_Kerala_Logo.svg/130px-Government_of_Kerala_Logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="130" height="85" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Government_of_Kerala_Logo.svg/195px-Government_of_Kerala_Logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Government_of_Kerala_Logo.svg/260px-Government_of_Kerala_Logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="717" data-file-height="471" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption"><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Kerala" class="mw-redirect" title="Coat of arms of Kerala">Coat of arms of Kerala</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Polity type</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Democracy" title="Democracy">Democratic</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Constitution</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_India" title="Constitution of India">Constitution of India</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Formation</th><td class="infobox-data">1950</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="vertical-align: middle; background-color:#EBEBEB;"><a href="/wiki/Legislature" title="Legislature">Legislative branch</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Name</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Kerala_Legislative_Assembly" title="Kerala Legislative Assembly">Kerala Legislative Assembly</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Type</th><td class="infobox-data">Unicameral</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Meeting place</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Niyamasabha_Mandiram" title="Niyamasabha Mandiram">Assembly Building</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Presiding officer</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/A._N._Shamseer" title="A. N. Shamseer">A. N. Shamseer</a>, Speaker</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="vertical-align: middle; background-color:#EBEBEB;"><a href="/wiki/Executive_(government)" title="Executive (government)">Executive branch</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Head_of_state" title="Head of state">Head of state</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Title</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Kerala" class="mw-redirect" title="Governor of Kerala">Governor</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Currently</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Rajendra_Arlekar" title="Rajendra Arlekar">Rajendra Vishwanath Arlekar</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Head_of_government" title="Head of government">Head of government</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Title</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Chief_minister_(India)" title="Chief minister (India)">Chief Minister</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Currently</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Pinarayi_Vijayan" title="Pinarayi Vijayan">Pinarayi Vijayan</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Appointer</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Kerala" class="mw-redirect" title="Governor of Kerala">Governor</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_(government)" title="Cabinet (government)">Cabinet</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Name</th><td class="infobox-data">Cabinet of Kerala</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Current cabinet</th><td class="infobox-data">Cabinet Vijayan</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Leader</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Chief_minister_(India)" title="Chief minister (India)">Chief Minister</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Appointer</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Kerala" class="mw-redirect" title="Governor of Kerala">Governor</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="vertical-align: middle; background-color:#EBEBEB;"><a href="/wiki/Judiciary" title="Judiciary">Judicial branch</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Name</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_India" title="Judiciary of India">Judiciary of India</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Kerala_High_Court" title="Kerala High Court">Kerala High Court</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Chief judge</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/S._Manikumar" title="S. Manikumar">S. Manikumar</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Seat</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Kochi" title="Kochi">Kochi</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><a href="/wiki/Kerala" title="Kerala">Kerala</a> is an Indian state, where federal <a href="/wiki/Legislative_power" class="mw-redirect" title="Legislative power">legislative power</a> is vested in the <a href="/wiki/Unicameralism" title="Unicameralism">unicameral</a> <a href="/wiki/Kerala_Legislative_Assembly" title="Kerala Legislative Assembly">Kerala Legislative Assembly</a>. The multilateral system has, since 1956, been dominated by the several pre-poll and post-poll alliances. </p><p>The judiciary of Kerala is independent of the <a href="/wiki/Executive_(government)" title="Executive (government)">executive</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Legislature" title="Legislature">legislature</a>, while it is common for leading members of the executive (Kerala Council of Ministers) to be members of the legislature as well. The political system is laid out in the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_India" title="Constitution of India">Constitution of India</a> (1950). </p><p><a href="/wiki/Kerala_Legislative_Assembly" title="Kerala Legislative Assembly">Legislative Assembly</a> has a membership of 141, where 140 are elected and one is nominated from the <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Indian" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo-Indian">Anglo-Indian</a> community. Kerala has 20 seats in the <a href="/wiki/Lok_Sabha" title="Lok Sabha">Lok Sabha (Indian Lower House)</a> and nine seats in the <a href="/wiki/Rajya_Sabha" title="Rajya Sabha">Rajya Sabha (the Council of States)</a>. Elections are also held to choose representatives to the <a href="/wiki/Corporations,_municipalities_and_taluks_of_Kerala" class="mw-redirect" title="Corporations, municipalities and taluks of Kerala">civic bodies</a> at various levels within Kerala. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Political_parties">Political parties</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Politics_of_Kerala&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Political parties"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Political_parties_in_Kerala" title="Political parties in Kerala">Political parties in Kerala</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Alliances">Alliances</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Politics_of_Kerala&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Alliances"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Sl No </th> <th>Alliance Name </th> <th>Flag </th> <th>Current Status </th></tr> <tr> <td>1 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Left_Democratic_Front" title="Left Democratic Front">Left Democratic Front</a> (LDF) </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Left_Democratic_Front_(Kerala)_Logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Left_Democratic_Front_%28Kerala%29_Logo.svg/100px-Left_Democratic_Front_%28Kerala%29_Logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Left_Democratic_Front_%28Kerala%29_Logo.svg/150px-Left_Democratic_Front_%28Kerala%29_Logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Left_Democratic_Front_%28Kerala%29_Logo.svg/200px-Left_Democratic_Front_%28Kerala%29_Logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span> </td> <td style="background:#bfd; color:black; vertical-align:middle; text-align:center;" class="table-yes2">Government </td></tr> <tr> <td>2 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/United_Democratic_Front_(Kerala)" title="United Democratic Front (Kerala)">United Democratic Front</a> (UDF) </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:UDF_logo.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/UDF_logo.png/100px-UDF_logo.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/UDF_logo.png/150px-UDF_logo.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/UDF_logo.png/200px-UDF_logo.png 2x" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="480" /></a></span> </td> <td style="background: #FFE3E3; color: black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-no2">Opposition </td></tr> <tr> <td>3 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/National_Democratic_Alliance" title="National Democratic Alliance">National Democratic Alliance</a> ( NDA ) </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:National_Democratic_Alliance.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/National_Democratic_Alliance.svg/100px-National_Democratic_Alliance.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="42" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/National_Democratic_Alliance.svg/150px-National_Democratic_Alliance.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/National_Democratic_Alliance.svg/200px-National_Democratic_Alliance.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="708" data-file-height="300" /></a></span> </td> <td>None </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="National_parties">National parties</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Politics_of_Kerala&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: National parties"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Sl No </th> <th>Party Name </th> <th>Symbol </th> <th>Alliance </th> <th>Current Status </th></tr> <tr> <td>1 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_India_(Marxist)" title="Communist Party of India (Marxist)">Communist Party of India (Marxist)</a> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:CPI(M)_election_symbol_-_Hammer_Sickle_and_Star.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/CPI%28M%29_election_symbol_-_Hammer_Sickle_and_Star.svg/100px-CPI%28M%29_election_symbol_-_Hammer_Sickle_and_Star.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="88" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/CPI%28M%29_election_symbol_-_Hammer_Sickle_and_Star.svg/150px-CPI%28M%29_election_symbol_-_Hammer_Sickle_and_Star.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/CPI%28M%29_election_symbol_-_Hammer_Sickle_and_Star.svg/200px-CPI%28M%29_election_symbol_-_Hammer_Sickle_and_Star.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="452" /></a></span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Left_Democratic_Front" title="Left Democratic Front">LDF</a> </td> <td style="background:#bfd; color:black; vertical-align:middle; text-align:center;" class="table-yes2">Government </td></tr> <tr> <td>2 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Indian_National_Congress" title="Indian National Congress">Indian National Congress</a> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Hand_INC.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Hand_INC.svg/100px-Hand_INC.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="89" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Hand_INC.svg/150px-Hand_INC.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Hand_INC.svg/200px-Hand_INC.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="538" data-file-height="478" /></a></span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/United_Democratic_Front_(Kerala)" title="United Democratic Front (Kerala)">UDF</a> </td> <td style="background: #FFE3E3; color: black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-no2">Opposition </td></tr> <tr> <td>3 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bharatiya_Janata_Party" title="Bharatiya Janata Party">Bharatiya Janata Party</a> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:BJP_Election_Symbol.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/BJP_Election_Symbol.svg/100px-BJP_Election_Symbol.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="85" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/BJP_Election_Symbol.svg/150px-BJP_Election_Symbol.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/BJP_Election_Symbol.svg/200px-BJP_Election_Symbol.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="520" data-file-height="440" /></a></span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/National_Democratic_Alliance" title="National Democratic Alliance">NDA</a> </td> <td>None </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Recognised_State_Parties">Recognised State Parties</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Politics_of_Kerala&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Recognised State Parties"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Sr No </th> <th>Party Name </th> <th>Symbol </th> <th>Alliance </th></tr> <tr> <td>1 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_India" title="Communist Party of India">Communist Party of India</a> (PWA) </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:CPI_symbol.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/CPI_symbol.svg/80px-CPI_symbol.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="64" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/CPI_symbol.svg/120px-CPI_symbol.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/CPI_symbol.svg/160px-CPI_symbol.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="323" data-file-height="258" /></a></span> </td> <td rowspan="4"><a href="/wiki/Left_Democratic_Front" title="Left Democratic Front">Left Democratic Front</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kerala_Congress_(M)" title="Kerala Congress (M)">Kerala Congress (M)</a> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Indian_election_symbol_two_leaves.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Indian_election_symbol_two_leaves.svg/80px-Indian_election_symbol_two_leaves.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="57" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Indian_election_symbol_two_leaves.svg/120px-Indian_election_symbol_two_leaves.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Indian_election_symbol_two_leaves.svg/160px-Indian_election_symbol_two_leaves.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="415" data-file-height="294" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>3 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Janata_Dal_(Secular)" title="Janata Dal (Secular)">Janata Dal (Secular)</a> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Indian_election_symbol_female_farmer.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Indian_election_symbol_female_farmer.svg/80px-Indian_election_symbol_female_farmer.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="121" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Indian_election_symbol_female_farmer.svg/120px-Indian_election_symbol_female_farmer.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Indian_election_symbol_female_farmer.svg/160px-Indian_election_symbol_female_farmer.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="301" data-file-height="457" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>4 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Nationalist_Congress_Party_(Sharadchandra_Pawar)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nationalist Congress Party (Sharadchandra Pawar)">Nationalist Congress Party (Sharadchandra Pawar)</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>5 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Indian_Union_Muslim_League" title="Indian Union Muslim League">Indian Union Muslim League</a> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Indian_Election_Symbol_Lader.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Indian_Election_Symbol_Lader.svg/80px-Indian_Election_Symbol_Lader.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="94" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Indian_Election_Symbol_Lader.svg/120px-Indian_Election_Symbol_Lader.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Indian_Election_Symbol_Lader.svg/160px-Indian_Election_Symbol_Lader.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="485" data-file-height="571" /></a></span> </td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/United_Democratic_Front_(Kerala)" title="United Democratic Front (Kerala)">United Democratic Front</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>6 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_Socialist_Party_(India)" title="Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)">Revolutionary Socialist Party</a> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Indian_Election_Symbol_Spade_and_Stoker.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Indian_Election_Symbol_Spade_and_Stoker.png/80px-Indian_Election_Symbol_Spade_and_Stoker.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="54" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Indian_Election_Symbol_Spade_and_Stoker.png/120px-Indian_Election_Symbol_Spade_and_Stoker.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Indian_Election_Symbol_Spade_and_Stoker.png/160px-Indian_Election_Symbol_Spade_and_Stoker.png 2x" data-file-width="619" data-file-height="419" /></a></span> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Electoral_history">Electoral history</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Politics_of_Kerala&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Electoral history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Kerala" title="Elections in Kerala">Elections in Kerala</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kerala_Council_of_Ministers_1957_EMS.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Kerala_Council_of_Ministers_1957_EMS.jpg/420px-Kerala_Council_of_Ministers_1957_EMS.jpg" decoding="async" width="420" height="186" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Kerala_Council_of_Ministers_1957_EMS.jpg/630px-Kerala_Council_of_Ministers_1957_EMS.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/94/Kerala_Council_of_Ministers_1957_EMS.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="355" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/First_Namboodiripad_ministry" title="First Namboodiripad ministry">1st cabinet ministry</a> of Kerala led by <a href="/wiki/E._M._S._Namboodiripad" title="E. M. S. Namboodiripad">E. M. S. Namboodiripad</a> (1957)</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kerala_Council_of_Ministers_1978_PK_Vasudevan_Nair.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Kerala_Council_of_Ministers_1978_PK_Vasudevan_Nair.jpg/300px-Kerala_Council_of_Ministers_1978_PK_Vasudevan_Nair.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Kerala_Council_of_Ministers_1978_PK_Vasudevan_Nair.jpg/450px-Kerala_Council_of_Ministers_1978_PK_Vasudevan_Nair.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Kerala_Council_of_Ministers_1978_PK_Vasudevan_Nair.jpg/600px-Kerala_Council_of_Ministers_1978_PK_Vasudevan_Nair.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="532" /></a><figcaption>Kerala Council of Ministers under <a href="/wiki/P._K._Vasudevan_Nair" title="P. K. Vasudevan Nair">P. K. Vasudevan Nair</a> (1978)</figcaption></figure> <p>Results for the <a href="/wiki/Kerala_Legislative_Assembly" title="Kerala Legislative Assembly">Kerala Legislative Assembly</a> (from 1957) have been: </p><p><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.keralaassembly.org/">(Source)</a> </p> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2">Mandate </th> <th colspan="3">Seats secured </th> <th colspan="2" rowspan="2">Ruling C<b>oalition(s)</b> </th></tr> <tr> <th style="color:#f50222;"><b>CPI+</b> </th> <th style="color:#00BFFF;"><b>INC+</b> </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/1957_Kerala_Legislative_Assembly_election" title="1957 Kerala Legislative Assembly election">1957</a> </td> <th style="background-color:#f50222; color:white"><b>65</b><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <td>43<sup id="cite_ref-askh_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-askh-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td colspan="2" style="background-color:#f50222; color:white">CPI+ </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/1960_Kerala_Legislative_Assembly_election" title="1960 Kerala Legislative Assembly election">1960</a> </td> <td>29<sup id="cite_ref-askh_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-askh-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td style="background-color:#00BFFF; color:white"><b>95</b><sup id="cite_ref-askh_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-askh-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td colspan="2" style="background-color:#00BFFF; color:white">INC+ </td></tr> </tbody></table> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2">Mandate </th> <th colspan="2">Seats secured </th> <th colspan="2" rowspan="2">Ruling C<b>oalition(s)</b> </th></tr> <tr> <th style="color:#cc0d0d;"><b>CPI(M)</b> </th> <th style="color:#00BFFF;"><b>INC+</b> </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/1965_Kerala_Legislative_Assembly_election" title="1965 Kerala Legislative Assembly election">1965</a> </td> <td>40 </td> <td>36 </td> <td>No Government Formed </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/1967_Kerala_Legislative_Assembly_election" title="1967 Kerala Legislative Assembly election">1967</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#cc0d0d; color:white"><b>117</b> </td> <td>9 </td> <td style="background-color:#cc0d0d; color:white">CPI(M)+ </td></tr> </tbody></table> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2">Mandate </th> <th colspan="3">Seats secured </th> <th colspan="2" rowspan="2">Ruling C<b>oalition(s)</b> </th></tr> <tr> <th style="color:#cc0d0d;"><b>CPI(M)+</b> </th> <th style="color:#f50222;"><b>CPI</b> </th> <th style="color:#00BFFF;"><b>INC</b> </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/1970_Kerala_Legislative_Assembly_election" title="1970 Kerala Legislative Assembly election">1970</a> </td> <td>29<sup id="cite_ref-kla_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kla-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <th style="background-color:#f50222; color:white"><b>16</b> </th> <th style="background-color:#00BFFF; color:white"><b>30</b> </th> <th style="background-color:#f50222; color:white">CPI+INC </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/1977_Kerala_Legislative_Assembly_election" title="1977 Kerala Legislative Assembly election">1977</a> </td> <td>29<sup id="cite_ref-kla_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kla-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <th style="background-color:#f50222; color:white"><b>23</b><sup id="cite_ref-kla_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kla-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <td style="background-color:#00BFFF; color:white"><b>38</b> </td> <th style="background-color:#f50222; color:white">CPI+INC </th></tr> </tbody></table> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2">Mandate </th> <th colspan="3">Seats secured </th> <th rowspan="2">Ruling C<b>oalition</b> </th> <th rowspan="2">Majority </th></tr> <tr> <th style="background-color:#EE0000; color:white">LDF</th> <th style="background-color:#0078FF; color:white">UDF</th> <th>Others </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/1980_Kerala_Legislative_Assembly_election" title="1980 Kerala Legislative Assembly election">1980</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#EE0000; color:white"><b>93</b> </td> <td>46 </td> <td>1 </td> <td style="background-color:#EE0000; color:white">LDF </td> <td style="color:#EE0000;"><b>47</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/1982_Kerala_Legislative_Assembly_election" title="1982 Kerala Legislative Assembly election">1982</a> </td> <td>63</td> <td style="background-color:#0078FF; color:white"><b>77</b></td> <td>0</td> <td style="background-color:#0078FF; color:white">UDF </td> <td style="color:#0078FF;"><b>14</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/1987_Kerala_Legislative_Assembly_election" title="1987 Kerala Legislative Assembly election">1987</a></td> <td style="background-color:#EE0000; color:white"><b>78</b></td> <td>61</td> <td>1</td> <td style="background-color:#EE0000; color:white">LDF </td> <td style="color:#EE0000;"><b>17</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/1991_Kerala_Legislative_Assembly_election" title="1991 Kerala Legislative Assembly election">1991</a></td> <td>48</td> <td style="background-color:#0078FF; color:white"><b>90</b></td> <td>2</td> <td style="background-color:#0078FF; color:white">UDF </td> <td style="color:#0078FF;"><b>40</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/1996_Kerala_Legislative_Assembly_election" title="1996 Kerala Legislative Assembly election">1996</a></td> <td style="background-color:#EE0000; color:white"><b>80</b></td> <td>59</td> <td>1</td> <td style="background-color:#EE0000; color:white">LDF </td> <td style="color:#EE0000;"><b>21</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/2001_Kerala_Legislative_Assembly_election" title="2001 Kerala Legislative Assembly election">2001</a></td> <td>40</td> <td style="background-color:#0078FF; color:white"><b>99</b></td> <td>1</td> <td style="background-color:#0078FF; color:white">UDF </td> <td style="color:#0078FF;"><b>59</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/2006_Kerala_Legislative_Assembly_election" title="2006 Kerala Legislative Assembly election">2006</a></td> <td style="background-color:#EE0000; color:white"><b>98</b></td> <td>42</td> <td>0</td> <td style="background-color:#EE0000; color:white">LDF </td> <td style="color:#EE0000;"><b>56</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/2011_Kerala_Legislative_Assembly_election" title="2011 Kerala Legislative Assembly election">2011</a></td> <td>68</td> <td style="background-color:#0078FF; color:white"><b>72</b></td> <td>0</td> <td style="background-color:#0078FF; color:white">UDF </td> <td style="color:#0078FF;"><b>04</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/2016_Kerala_Legislative_Assembly_election" title="2016 Kerala Legislative Assembly election">2016</a></td> <td style="background-color:#EE0000; color:white"><b>91</b></td> <td>47</td> <td>2</td> <td style="background-color:#EE0000; color:white">LDF </td> <td style="color:#EE0000;"><b>44</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/2021_Kerala_Legislative_Assembly_election" title="2021 Kerala Legislative Assembly election">2021</a></td> <td style="background-color:#EE0000; color:white"><b>99</b></td> <td>41</td> <td>0</td> <td style="background-color:#EE0000; color:white">LDF </td> <td style="color:#EE0000;"><b>58</b> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Current_administrative_structure_by_alliance">Current administrative structure by alliance</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Politics_of_Kerala&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Current administrative structure by alliance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="5">Current administrative structure by alliance in Kerala </th></tr> <tr> <th>National Constituencies </th> <th>Total </th> <th>LDF </th> <th>UDF </th> <th>Others </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/List_of_constituencies_of_the_Lok_Sabha" title="List of constituencies of the Lok Sabha">Lok Sabha constituencies</a> </td> <th>20 </th> <td>1 </td> <td>18 </td> <td>1 </td></tr> <tr> <th>State Constituencies </th> <th>Total </th> <th>LDF </th> <th>UDF </th> <th>Others </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/List_of_constituencies_of_the_Kerala_Legislative_Assembly" title="List of constituencies of the Kerala Legislative Assembly">Legislative assembly constituencies</a> </td> <th>140 </th> <td>98 </td> <td>41 </td> <td>0 </td></tr> <tr> <th>Local self-government body </th> <th>Total </th> <th>LDF </th> <th>UDF </th> <th>Others </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/List_of_municipal_corporations_in_Kerala" title="List of municipal corporations in Kerala">Municipal Corporations</a> </td> <th>6 </th> <td>4 </td> <td>2 </td> <td>0 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/District_Panchayat" class="mw-redirect" title="District Panchayat">District Panchayats</a> </td> <th>14 </th> <td>11 </td> <td>3 </td> <td>0 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Municipalities_of_Kerala" class="mw-redirect" title="Municipalities of Kerala">Municipalities</a> </td> <th>87 </th> <td>43 </td> <td>41 </td> <td>2 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Local_government_in_Kerala" title="Local government in Kerala">Block Panchayats</a> </td> <th>152 </th> <td>90 </td> <td>61 </td> <td>0 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Local_government_in_Kerala" title="Local government in Kerala">Grama Panchayats</a> </td> <th>941 </th> <td>549 </td> <td>365 </td> <td>27 </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Popular_vote">Popular vote</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Politics_of_Kerala&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Popular vote"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:E._M._S._Namboodiripad.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/E._M._S._Namboodiripad.jpg/138px-E._M._S._Namboodiripad.jpg" decoding="async" width="138" height="183" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/E._M._S._Namboodiripad.jpg/207px-E._M._S._Namboodiripad.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/E._M._S._Namboodiripad.jpg/276px-E._M._S._Namboodiripad.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1266" data-file-height="1680" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/E._M._S._Namboodiripad" title="E. M. S. Namboodiripad">E. M. S. Namboodiripad</a>, <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_India" title="Communist Party of India">CPI</a> (first Chief Minister of Kerala, 1957- 59)</figcaption></figure> <table class="wikitable collapsible"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2">1957 Assembly elections </th> <th colspan="2">2021 Assembly elections </th></tr> <tr> <th>Parties </th> <th>Popular vote % </th> <th>Parties </th> <th>Popular vote % </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Indian_National_Congress" title="Indian National Congress">Indian National Congress</a> (INC) </td> <td>37.84 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_India_(Marxist)" title="Communist Party of India (Marxist)">Communist Party of India Marxist</a> (CPIM) </td> <td>25.4 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_India" title="Communist Party of India">Communist Party of India</a> (CPI) </td> <td>35.28 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Indian_National_Congress" title="Indian National Congress">Indian National Congress</a> (INC) </td> <td>25.1 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Praja_Socialist_Party" title="Praja Socialist Party">Praja Socialist Party</a> (PSP) </td> <td>10.76 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bharatiya_Janata_Party" title="Bharatiya Janata Party">Bharatiya Janata Party</a> (BJP) </td> <td>15.50 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_Socialist_Party_(India)" title="Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)">Revolutionary Socialist Party</a> (RSP) </td> <td>3.22 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Indian_Union_Muslim_League" title="Indian Union Muslim League">Indian Union Muslim League</a> (IUML) </td> <td>8.3 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" rowspan="3"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_India" title="Communist Party of India">Communist Party of India</a> (CPI) </td> <td>7.6 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kerala_Congress_(Mani)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kerala Congress (Mani)">Kerala Congress (Mani)</a> (KCM) </td> <td>3.3 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kerala_Congress" title="Kerala Congress">Kerala Congress</a> (KEC) </td> <td>2.7 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ideologies">Ideologies</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Politics_of_Kerala&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Ideologies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pinarayi_Vijayan_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Pinarayi_Vijayan_1.jpg/200px-Pinarayi_Vijayan_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Pinarayi_Vijayan_1.jpg/300px-Pinarayi_Vijayan_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Pinarayi_Vijayan_1.jpg/400px-Pinarayi_Vijayan_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3664" data-file-height="3176" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Pinarayi_Vijayan" title="Pinarayi Vijayan">Pinarayi Vijayan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chief_minister_of_Kerala" class="mw-redirect" title="Chief minister of Kerala">Chief minister of Kerala</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Left-wing/center-left_politics"><span id="Left-wing.2Fcenter-left_politics"></span>Left-wing/center-left politics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Politics_of_Kerala&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Left-wing/center-left politics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The general socio-political thought and behavior of the Keralite population inclines strongly toward <a href="/wiki/Left-wing" class="mw-redirect" title="Left-wing">left-wing</a> and <a href="/wiki/Center-left" class="mw-redirect" title="Center-left">center-left</a> groups, as such, <a href="/wiki/Communist" class="mw-redirect" title="Communist">communist</a> (<a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_India" title="Communist Party of India">Communist Party of India</a>, <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_India_(Marxist)" title="Communist Party of India (Marxist)">Communist Party of India (Marxist)</a>) parties have made strong inroads across the state for decades.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In fact, Kerala is the first autonomous polity in Asia and only second in the world to have democratically elected a fully communist-led (Communist Party of India) government into power,<sup id="cite_ref-:0_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with the first-ever being <a href="/wiki/San_Marino" title="San Marino">San Marino</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Microstate" title="Microstate">microstate</a> enclaved by Italy. </p><p>Northern Kerala, particularly the districts of <a href="/wiki/Kannur" title="Kannur">Kannur</a> and <a href="/wiki/Palakkad" title="Palakkad">Palakkad</a>, is generally considered the heartland of communist support. The districts of <a href="/wiki/Kollam" title="Kollam">Kollam</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alappuzha" title="Alappuzha">Alappuzha</a> also generally inclined towards left-wing or center-left parties, even though the <a href="/wiki/United_Democratic_Front_(India)" class="mw-redirect" title="United Democratic Front (India)">United Democratic Front</a> have won elections from the constituencies of these districts several times.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some parties like <a href="/wiki/Communist_Marxist_Party" title="Communist Marxist Party">Communist Marxist Party</a>, <a href="/wiki/Janathipathiya_Samrakshana_Samithy" title="Janathipathiya Samrakshana Samithy">Janathipathiya Samrakshana Samithy</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_Marxist_Party_of_India" title="Revolutionary Marxist Party of India">Revolutionary Marxist Party of India</a> also represent left-wing politics in the state. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Congress_politics">Congress politics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Politics_of_Kerala&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Congress politics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Indian_National_Congress" title="Indian National Congress">Indian National Congress</a> leads the <a href="/wiki/United_Democratic_Front_(India)" class="mw-redirect" title="United Democratic Front (India)">United Democratic Front</a> pre-poll alliance in Kerala. The alliance was created by the <a href="/wiki/Indian_National_Congress" title="Indian National Congress">Congress</a> (then known as <a href="/wiki/Indira_Gandhi" title="Indira Gandhi">Congress-Indira</a>) party leader <a href="/wiki/K._Karunakaran" title="K. Karunakaran">K. Karunakaran</a> in 1978.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since the 1980s, it has sustained itself as the front to take on the <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_India_(Marxist)" title="Communist Party of India (Marxist)">Communist Party of India Marxist</a>-led <a href="/wiki/Left_Democratic_Front_(Kerala)" class="mw-redirect" title="Left Democratic Front (Kerala)">Left Democratic Front</a>. </p><p>The alliance first came into power in Kerala in 1981 under <a href="/wiki/K._Karunakaran" title="K. Karunakaran">K. Karunakaran</a>. It led the Kerala government in 1981 - 82 (<a href="/wiki/K._Karunakaran" title="K. Karunakaran">Karunakaran</a>), 1982 - 87 (<a href="/wiki/K._Karunakaran" title="K. Karunakaran">Karunakaran</a>), 1991 - 96 (<a href="/wiki/K._Karunakaran" title="K. Karunakaran">Karunakaran</a> and <a href="/wiki/A._K._Antony" title="A. K. Antony">A. K. Antony</a>), 2001 - 06 (<a href="/wiki/A._K._Antony" title="A. K. Antony">Antony</a> and <a href="/wiki/Oommen_Chandy" title="Oommen Chandy">Oommen Chandy</a>) and 2011 - 16 (<a href="/wiki/Oommen_Chandy" title="Oommen Chandy">Chandy</a>). </p><p>The party has strong bases in <a href="/wiki/Ernakulam" title="Ernakulam">Ernakulam</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kottayam" title="Kottayam">Kottayam</a> regions of central Kerala. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Nationalist_Congress_Party-_Sharadchandra_Pawar" class="mw-redirect" title="Nationalist Congress Party- Sharadchandra Pawar">Nationalist Congress Party- Sharadchandra Pawar</a> and <a href="/wiki/Congress_(Secular)" title="Congress (Secular)">Congress (S)</a> are other parties which holds the Congress politics. Both of them were split from <a href="/wiki/Indian_National_Congress" title="Indian National Congress">Indian National Congress</a>, and now form allies of <a href="/wiki/Left_Democratic_Front_(Kerala)" class="mw-redirect" title="Left Democratic Front (Kerala)">LDF</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Kerala_Congress" title="Kerala Congress">Kerala Congress</a> factions also have their origin in a split which occurred in Indian National Congress in the year 1964. <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Indira_Congress_(Karunakaran)" title="Democratic Indira Congress (Karunakaran)">DIC(K)</a> was another party formed by raising Congress politics in Kerala, but was later dissolved. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Communitarian_politics">Communitarian politics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Politics_of_Kerala&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Communitarian politics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Indian_Union_Muslim_League" title="Indian Union Muslim League">Indian Union Muslim League</a> is a major member of the <a href="/wiki/United_Democratic_Front_(Kerala)" title="United Democratic Front (Kerala)">United Democratic Front</a>. Indian Union Muslim League first gained a ministry in Kerala Government as part of a <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_India_(Marxist)" title="Communist Party of India (Marxist)">Communist Party of India Marxist</a>-led alliance in the late 1960s. The party later switched fronts and formed an alliance with the <a href="/wiki/Indian_National_Congress" title="Indian National Congress">Congress</a>. It later became a chief constituent in a succession of <a href="/wiki/Indian_National_Congress" title="Indian National Congress">Indian National Congress</a>-lead ministries. </p><p>The party has strong bases in <a href="/wiki/Malappuram_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Malappuram District">Malappuram District</a> in central Kerala. The party is also strong in the northern belts of <a href="/wiki/Kasaragod_district" title="Kasaragod district">Kasaragod district</a> and the southern parts of <a href="/wiki/Kozhikode_district" title="Kozhikode district">Kozhikode district</a> in Northern Kerala. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Kerala_Congress" title="Kerala Congress">Kerala Congress</a>, which has several factions in <a href="/wiki/United_Democratic_Front_(Kerala)" title="United Democratic Front (Kerala)">United Democratic Front</a> and <a href="/wiki/Left_Democratic_Front_(Kerala)" class="mw-redirect" title="Left Democratic Front (Kerala)">Left Democratic Front</a>, has strong influence in central Kerala. The various Kerala Congress factions are primarily patronized by <a href="/wiki/Saint_Thomas_Christians" title="Saint Thomas Christians">Syrian Christian</a> community mostly in Central Travancore areas like <a href="/wiki/Kottayam" title="Kottayam">Kottayam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Idukki" class="mw-redirect" title="Idukki">Idukki</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pathanamthitta" title="Pathanamthitta">Pathanamthitta</a> and <a href="/wiki/Muvattupuzha" title="Muvattupuzha">Muvattupuzha</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Right-wing_politics">Right-wing politics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Politics_of_Kerala&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Right-wing politics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Right-wing politics in Kerala is represented by the <a href="/wiki/Bharatiya_Janata_Party" title="Bharatiya Janata Party">Bharatiya Janata Party</a>. The BJP got their first seat in the Kerala legislative assembly in 2016. The BJP failed to win a seat in the 2021 elections. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Coalition_politics">Coalition politics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Politics_of_Kerala&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Coalition politics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kerala_Council_of_Ministers_1957_EMS.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Kerala_Council_of_Ministers_1957_EMS.jpg/362px-Kerala_Council_of_Ministers_1957_EMS.jpg" decoding="async" width="362" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Kerala_Council_of_Ministers_1957_EMS.jpg/543px-Kerala_Council_of_Ministers_1957_EMS.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Kerala_Council_of_Ministers_1957_EMS.jpg/724px-Kerala_Council_of_Ministers_1957_EMS.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="355" /></a><figcaption>First Council of Ministers, EMS Namboothiripad Ministry</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kerala_Second_Niyamasabha_Ministry.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Kerala_Second_Niyamasabha_Ministry.png/361px-Kerala_Second_Niyamasabha_Ministry.png" decoding="async" width="361" height="247" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Kerala_Second_Niyamasabha_Ministry.png/542px-Kerala_Second_Niyamasabha_Ministry.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Kerala_Second_Niyamasabha_Ministry.png/722px-Kerala_Second_Niyamasabha_Ministry.png 2x" data-file-width="2472" data-file-height="1688" /></a><figcaption>Second Council of Ministers</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kerala_Council_of_Ministers_1977_1_Karunakaran_(version_1).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bf/Kerala_Council_of_Ministers_1977_1_Karunakaran_%28version_1%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="317" height="136" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="317" data-file-height="136" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/A._K._Antony" title="A. K. Antony">A. K. Antony</a>, <a href="/wiki/K._Karunakaran" title="K. Karunakaran">K. Karunakaran</a>, <a href="/wiki/K._M._Mani" title="K. M. Mani">K. M. Mani</a> and <a href="/wiki/C._H._Muhammed_Koya" class="mw-redirect" title="C. H. Muhammed Koya">C. H. Muhammed Koya</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The current politics in Kerala is largely dominated by two pre-poll alliances </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_India_(Marxist)" title="Communist Party of India (Marxist)">Communist Party of India (Marxist)</a>-led <a href="/wiki/Left_Democratic_Front_(Kerala)" class="mw-redirect" title="Left Democratic Front (Kerala)">Left Democratic Front (LDF)</a> and</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_National_Congress" title="Indian National Congress">Indian National Congress</a>-led <a href="/wiki/United_Democratic_Front_(India)" class="mw-redirect" title="United Democratic Front (India)">United Democratic Front (UDF)</a></li></ul> <p>The two alliances have been alternatively voted to power in Kerala since 1980 till 2021 (from the <a href="/wiki/First_E._K._Nayanar_ministry" class="mw-redirect" title="First E. K. Nayanar ministry">First E. K. Nayanar ministry</a> and until <a href="/wiki/First_Pinarayi_Vijayan_ministry" class="mw-redirect" title="First Pinarayi Vijayan ministry">First Pinarayi Vijayan ministry</a>). </p><p>The pre-poll political alliances of Kerala have stabilized strongly in such a manner that, with rare exceptions, most of the coalition partners stick their loyalty to the respective alliances (<a href="/wiki/Left_Democratic_Front_(Kerala)" class="mw-redirect" title="Left Democratic Front (Kerala)">Left Democratic Front</a> or <a href="/wiki/United_Democratic_Front_(India)" class="mw-redirect" title="United Democratic Front (India)">United Democratic Front</a>). As a result of this, ever since 1979, the power has been clearly alternating between the two alliances without any exceptions, until this spell was broken in the <a href="/wiki/2021_Kerala_Legislative_Assembly_election" title="2021 Kerala Legislative Assembly election">2021 Kerala Legislative Assembly election</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>However, till then the political scenario in Kerala (1957 - 1980) was characterized by continually shifting alliances, party mergers and splits, factionalism within the coalitions and within political parties, and the formation of a numerous splinter groups.<sup id="cite_ref-UN1_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UN1-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the late 1970s and early 1980s, two main pre-poll political alliances were formed: the <a href="/wiki/Left_Democratic_Front_(Kerala)" class="mw-redirect" title="Left Democratic Front (Kerala)">Left Democratic Front</a>, led by the <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_India_(Marxist)" title="Communist Party of India (Marxist)">Communist Party of India (Marxist)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_India" title="Communist Party of India">Communist Party of India</a> and the <a href="/wiki/United_Democratic_Front_(India)" class="mw-redirect" title="United Democratic Front (India)">United Democratic Front</a>, led by the <a href="/wiki/Indian_National_Congress" title="Indian National Congress">Indian National Congress</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-UN1_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UN1-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Since the early 1980s these two pre-poll political alliances have alternated in government with neither able to gain re-election for a second term. Clashes between supporters of the two coalitions have occurred periodically. Both have accused the other of corruption, promoting or condoning political violence, and "the general breakdown of law and order" during their periods in government.<sup id="cite_ref-UN1_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UN1-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Mandate </th> <th>Ministry <p>No. </p> </th> <th>Ruling C<b>oalition</b> <p>Name </p> </th></tr> <tr> <td>2021 </td> <td>23 </td> <td>LDF </td></tr> <tr> <td>2016 </td> <td>22 </td> <td>LDF </td></tr> <tr> <td>2011 </td> <td>21 </td> <td>UDF </td></tr> <tr> <td>2006 </td> <td>20 </td> <td>LDF </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">2001 </td> <td>19 </td> <td rowspan="2">UDF </td></tr> <tr> <td>18 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1996 </td> <td>17 </td> <td>LDF </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">1991 </td> <td>16 </td> <td rowspan="2">UDF </td></tr> <tr> <td>15 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1987 </td> <td>14 </td> <td>LDF </td></tr> <tr> <td>1982 </td> <td>13 </td> <td rowspan="2">UDF </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">1980 </td> <td>12 </td></tr> <tr> <td>11 </td> <td>LDF </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="4">1977 </td> <td>10 </td> <td rowspan="7">— </td></tr> <tr> <td>9 </td></tr> <tr> <td>8 </td></tr> <tr> <td>7 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1970 </td> <td>6 </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">1967 </td> <td>5 </td></tr> <tr> <td>4 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1965 </td> <td> </td> <td>No ministry formed </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">1960 </td> <td>3 </td> <td rowspan="3">— </td></tr> <tr> <td>2 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1957 </td> <td>1 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Student_politics">Student politics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Politics_of_Kerala&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Student politics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_India_(Marxist)" title="Communist Party of India (Marxist)">Communist Party of India Marxist</a> - <a href="/wiki/Students%27_Federation_of_India" title="Students' Federation of India">Student Federation of India (SFI)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Youth_Federation_of_India" title="Democratic Youth Federation of India">Democratic Youth Federation of India (DYFI)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_National_Congress" title="Indian National Congress">Indian National Congress</a> - <a href="/wiki/Kerala_Students_Union" title="Kerala Students Union">Kerala Students Union</a> (KSU)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_India" title="Communist Party of India">Communist Party of India</a> - <a href="/wiki/All_India_Students%27_Federation" title="All India Students' Federation">All India Students' Federation (AISF)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Union_Muslim_League" title="Indian Union Muslim League">Indian Union Muslim League</a> - <a href="/wiki/Muslim_Students_Federation_(Kerala_unit)" title="Muslim Students Federation (Kerala unit)">Muslim Students Federation - MSF</a> (MSF)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bharatiya_Janata_Party" title="Bharatiya Janata Party">Bharatiya Janata Party</a> - <a href="/wiki/Akhil_Bharatiya_Vidyarthi_Parishad" title="Akhil Bharatiya Vidyarthi Parishad">Akhil Bharatiya Vidyarthi Parishad</a> (ABVP)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="2021_Assembly_elections">2021 Assembly elections</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Politics_of_Kerala&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: 2021 Assembly elections"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable collapsible"> <tbody><tr> <th>LDF </th> <th>Seats </th> <th>UDF </th> <th>Seats </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_India_(Marxist)" title="Communist Party of India (Marxist)">CPI(M)</a> </td> <td>62 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Indian_National_Congress" title="Indian National Congress">INC</a> </td> <td>21 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_India" title="Communist Party of India">CPI</a> </td> <td>17 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Indian_Union_Muslim_League" title="Indian Union Muslim League">IUML</a> </td> <td>15 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Left_Democratic_Front_(Kerala)" class="mw-redirect" title="Left Democratic Front (Kerala)">LDF Independent</a> </td> <td>5 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kerala_Congress" title="Kerala Congress">KEC</a> </td> <td>2 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kerala_Congress_(M)" title="Kerala Congress (M)">KC(M)</a> </td> <td>5 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kerala_Congress_(Jacob)" title="Kerala Congress (Jacob)">KC(J)</a> </td> <td>1 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Janata_Dal_(Secular)" title="Janata Dal (Secular)">JD(S)</a> </td> <td>2 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_Marxist_Party_of_India" title="Revolutionary Marxist Party of India">RMPI</a> </td> <td>1 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Nationalist_Congress_Party" title="Nationalist Congress Party">NCP</a> </td> <td>2 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/United_Democratic_Front_(Kerala)" title="United Democratic Front (Kerala)">UDF Independent</a> </td> <td>1 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Congress_(Secular)" title="Congress (Secular)">C(S)</a> </td> <td>1 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_Socialist_Party_(India)" title="Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)">RSP</a> </td> <td>0 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kerala_Congress_(B)" title="Kerala Congress (B)">KC(B)</a> </td> <td>1 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Communist_Marxist_Party" title="Communist Marxist Party">CMP</a> </td> <td>0 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/National_Secular_Conference" title="National Secular Conference">NSC</a> </td> <td>1 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Indian_National_League" title="Indian National League">INL</a> </td> <td>1 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Janadhipathya_Kerala_Congress" title="Janadhipathya Kerala Congress">JKC</a> </td> <td>1 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Loktantrik_Janata_Dal" title="Loktantrik Janata Dal">LJD</a> </td> <td>1 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Indian_National_League" title="Indian National League">INL</a> </td> <td>0 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#ffffff;"><b><a href="/wiki/Left_Democratic_Front" title="Left Democratic Front">LDF</a></b> </td> <td style="background:#ffffff; color:black;"><b>99</b> </td> <td style="background:#ffffff;"><b><a href="/wiki/United_Democratic_Front_(Kerala)" title="United Democratic Front (Kerala)">UDF</a></b> </td> <td style="background:#ffffff; color:black;"><b>41</b> </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable collapsible"> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2">Parties </th> <th colspan="2">Popular vote </th> <th colspan="2">Seats </th></tr> <tr> <th>Votes </th> <th>% </th> <th>Candidates </th> <th>Won </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_India_(Marxist)" title="Communist Party of India (Marxist)">Communist Party of India Marxist (CPIM)</a> </td> <td>5,288,502 </td> <td>25.4 </td> <td>77 </td> <td>62 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Indian_National_Congress" title="Indian National Congress">Indian National Congress (INC)</a> </td> <td>5,233,429 </td> <td>25.1 </td> <td>93 </td> <td>21 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Bharatiya_Janata_Party" title="Bharatiya Janata Party">Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP)</a> </td> <td>2,354,468 </td> <td>11.3 </td> <td>113 </td> <td>0 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Indian_Union_Muslim_League" title="Indian Union Muslim League">Indian Union Muslim League (IUML)</a> </td> <td>1,723,593 </td> <td>8.3 </td> <td>25 </td> <td>15 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_India" title="Communist Party of India">Communist Party of India (CPI)</a> </td> <td>1,579,235 </td> <td>7.6 </td> <td>23 </td> <td>17 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kerala_Congress_(M)" title="Kerala Congress (M)">Kerala Congress (Mani) (KCM)</a> </td> <td>684,363 </td> <td>3.3 </td> <td>12 </td> <td>5 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kerala_Congress_(Secular)" title="Kerala Congress (Secular)">Kerala Congress (KEC)</a> </td> <td>554,115 </td> <td>2.7 </td> <td>10 </td> <td>2 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Politics_of_Kerala&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Political_parties_in_Kerala" title="Political parties in Kerala">Political parties in Kerala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_India_(Marxist),_Kerala" title="Communist Party of India (Marxist), Kerala">Communist Party of India (Marxist), Kerala</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Politics_of_Kerala&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3746-kerala-1957/"><i>STATISTICAL REPORT ON GENERAL ELECTION, 1957 TO THE LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY OF KERALA</i></a>. New Delhi: Election Commission of India. p. 7.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=STATISTICAL+REPORT+ON+GENERAL+ELECTION%2C+1957+TO+THE+LEGISLATIVE+ASSEMBLY+OF+KERALA&rft.place=New+Delhi&rft.pages=7&rft.pub=Election+Commission+of+India&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fold.eci.gov.in%2Ffiles%2Ffile%2F3746-kerala-1957%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitics+of+Kerala" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-askh-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-askh_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-askh_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-askh_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">DC Books, Kottayam, <i>Kerala Charithram</i>, A. Shreedhara Menon, P.367-369</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-kla-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-kla_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-kla_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-kla_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200814235820/https://kerala.gov.in/history-of-kerala-legislature">"History of Kerala Legislature"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kerala.gov.in/history-of-kerala-legislature">the original</a> on 14 August 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 May</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=History+of+Kerala+Legislature&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fkerala.gov.in%2Fhistory-of-kerala-legislature&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitics+of+Kerala" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/3693425.stm#kerala">Snapshots - India's final voting day BBC News</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ndtv.com/article/india/who-was-k-karunakaran-74555?trendingnow">Who was K Karunakaran? – NDTV</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/rewriting-history-pinarayi-vijayan-breaks-4-decade-old-political-trend-kerala-148169">"Rewriting history: Pinarayi Vijayan breaks 4-decade-old political trend in Kerala"</a>. <i>The News Minute</i>. 2 May 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 May</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+News+Minute&rft.atitle=Rewriting+history%3A+Pinarayi+Vijayan+breaks+4-decade-old+political+trend+in+Kerala&rft.date=2021-05-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thenewsminute.com%2Farticle%2Frewriting-history-pinarayi-vijayan-breaks-4-decade-old-political-trend-kerala-148169&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitics+of+Kerala" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-UN1-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-UN1_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-UN1_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-UN1_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20130416005158/http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/country,,AUS_RRT,,IND,,4b6fe22b5,0.html">"India"</a>. Australia: Refugee Review Tribunal. 19 March 2007. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/country,,AUS_RRT,,IND,,4b6fe22b5,0.html">the original</a> on 16 April 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 August</span> 2019</span> – via archive.is.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=India&rft.pub=Australia%3A+Refugee+Review+Tribunal&rft.date=2007-03-19&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.unhcr.org%2Frefworld%2Fcountry%2C%2CAUS_RRT%2C%2CIND%2C%2C4b6fe22b5%2C0.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitics+of+Kerala" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Politics_of_Kerala&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.niyamasabha.org/codes/14kla/chief%20ministers,%20ministers,%20leaders%20of%20opposition.pdf"><i>Chief Ministers, Ministers, and Leaders of Opposition of Kerala</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>, <a href="/wiki/Thiruvananthapuram" title="Thiruvananthapuram">Thiruvananthapuram</a>: Secratriat of <a href="/wiki/Kerala_Legislative_Assembly" title="Kerala Legislative Assembly">Kerala Legislature</a>, 2018</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chief+Ministers%2C+Ministers%2C+and+Leaders+of+Opposition+of+Kerala&rft.place=Thiruvananthapuram&rft.pub=Secratriat+of+Kerala+Legislature&rft.date=2018&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.niyamasabha.org%2Fcodes%2F14kla%2Fchief%2520ministers%2C%2520ministers%2C%2520leaders%2520of%2520opposition.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitics+of+Kerala" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChandran2018" class="citation book cs1">Chandran, VP (2018). <i>Mathrubhumi Yearbook Plus - 2019 (Malayalam Edition)</i>. Kozhikode: P. V. Chandran, Managing Editor, Mathrubhumi Printing & Publishing Company Limited, Kozhikode.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mathrubhumi+Yearbook+Plus+-+2019+%28Malayalam+Edition%29&rft.place=Kozhikode&rft.pub=P.+V.+Chandran%2C+Managing+Editor%2C+Mathrubhumi+Printing+%26+Publishing+Company+Limited%2C+Kozhikode&rft.date=2018&rft.aulast=Chandran&rft.aufirst=VP&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitics+of+Kerala" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMenon,_A._Sreedhara2007" class="citation book cs1">Menon, A. Sreedhara (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FVsw35oEBv4C"><i>A Survey of Kerala History</i></a>. DC Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788126415786" title="Special:BookSources/9788126415786"><bdi>9788126415786</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Survey+of+Kerala+History&rft.pub=DC+Books&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9788126415786&rft.au=Menon%2C+A.+Sreedhara&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFVsw35oEBv4C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitics+of+Kerala" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Politics_of_Kerala&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style 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style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Andhra_Pradesh" title="Politics of Andhra Pradesh">Andhra Pradesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Arunachal_Pradesh" title="Politics of Arunachal Pradesh">Arunachal Pradesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Assam" title="Politics of Assam">Assam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Bihar" title="Politics of Bihar">Bihar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Chhattisgarh" title="Politics of Chhattisgarh">Chhattisgarh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Goa" title="Politics of Goa">Goa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Gujarat" title="Politics of Gujarat">Gujarat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Haryana" title="Politics of Haryana">Haryana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Himachal_Pradesh" title="Politics of Himachal Pradesh">Himachal Pradesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Jharkhand" class="mw-redirect" title="Politics of Jharkhand">Jharkhand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Karnataka" title="Politics of Karnataka">Karnataka</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Kerala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Madhya_Pradesh" class="mw-redirect" title="Politics of Madhya Pradesh">Madhya Pradesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Maharashtra" title="Politics of Maharashtra">Maharashtra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Manipur" title="Politics of Manipur">Manipur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Meghalaya" class="mw-redirect" title="Politics of Meghalaya">Meghalaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Mizoram" title="Politics of Mizoram">Mizoram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Nagaland" title="Politics of Nagaland">Nagaland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Odisha" title="Politics of Odisha">Odisha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Punjab,_India" title="Politics of Punjab, India">Punjab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Rajasthan" title="Politics of Rajasthan">Rajasthan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Sikkim" class="mw-redirect" title="Politics of Sikkim">Sikkim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Tamil_Nadu" title="Politics of Tamil Nadu">Tamil Nadu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Telangana" title="Politics of Telangana">Telangana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Tripura" title="Politics of Tripura">Tripura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Uttar_Pradesh" class="mw-redirect" title="Politics of Uttar Pradesh">Uttar Pradesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Uttarakhand" class="mw-redirect" title="Politics of Uttarakhand">Uttarakhand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_West_Bengal" title="Politics of West Bengal">West Bengal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:right; vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Union_territory" title="Union territory">Union territories</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Politics_of_Andaman_and_Nicobar_Islands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Politics of Andaman and Nicobar Islands (page does not exist)">Andaman and Nicobar Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Chandigarh" title="Politics of Chandigarh">Chandigarh</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Politics_of_Dadra_and_Nagar_Haveli_and_Daman_and_Diu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Politics of Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu (page does not exist)">Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Politics_of_Delhi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Politics of Delhi (page does not exist)">Delhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Jammu_and_Kashmir_(union_territory)" class="mw-redirect" title="Politics of Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)">Jammu and Kashmir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Ladakh" title="Politics of Ladakh">Ladakh</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Politics_of_Lakshadweep&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Politics of Lakshadweep (page does not exist)">Lakshadweep</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Politics_of_Puducherry_(union_territory)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Politics of Puducherry (union territory) (page does not exist)">Puducherry</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="x20px&#124;Seal_of_Kerala_State_of_Kerala611" style="background: #e1ece4; vertical-align: middle;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background: #9cc1a5; padding-left: 1em; padding-right: 1em; text-align: center;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Kerala" title="Template:Kerala"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Kerala" title="Template talk:Kerala"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Kerala" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Kerala"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="x20px&#124;Seal_of_Kerala_State_of_Kerala611" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Banner_of_Kerala.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Seal of Kerala"><img alt="Seal of Kerala" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Banner_of_Kerala.png/36px-Banner_of_Kerala.png" decoding="async" width="36" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Banner_of_Kerala.png/54px-Banner_of_Kerala.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Banner_of_Kerala.png/71px-Banner_of_Kerala.png 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="1080" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/States_and_union_territories_of_India" title="States and union territories of India">State</a> of <a href="/wiki/Kerala" title="Kerala">Kerala</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background: none; padding-left: 1em; padding-right: 1em; text-align: center;"><div><a href="/wiki/List_of_state_and_union_territory_capitals_in_India" title="List of state and union territory capitals in India">Capital</a>: <b><a href="/wiki/Thiruvananthapuram" title="Thiruvananthapuram">Thiruvananthapuram</a></b></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #cde0d2; padding-left: 1em; padding-right: 1em; text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_districts_of_Kerala" title="List of districts of Kerala">Districts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: transparent; text-align: left/center;;background: transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thiruvananthapuram_district" title="Thiruvananthapuram district">Thiruvananthapuram KL-01</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kollam_district" title="Kollam district">Kollam KL-02</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pathanamthitta_district" title="Pathanamthitta district">Pathanamthitta KL-03</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alappuzha_district" title="Alappuzha district">Alappuzha KL-04</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kottayam_district" title="Kottayam district">Kottayam KL-05</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idukki_district" title="Idukki district">Idukki KL-06</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernakulam_district" title="Ernakulam district">Ernakulam KL-07</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thrissur_district" title="Thrissur district">Thrissur KL-08</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palakkad_district" title="Palakkad district">Palakkad KL-09</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malappuram_district" title="Malappuram district">Malappuram KL-10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kozhikode_district" title="Kozhikode district">Kozhikode KL-11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wayanad_district" title="Wayanad district">Wayanad KL-12</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kannur_district" title="Kannur district">Kannur KL-13</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kasaragod_district" title="Kasaragod district">Kasaragod KL-14</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #cde0d2; padding-left: 1em; padding-right: 1em; text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Category:Kerala" title="Category:Kerala">Topics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: transparent; text-align: left/center;;background: #f6fbf7;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arts_of_Kerala" title="Arts of Kerala">Arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Kerala" title="Culture of Kerala">Culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Kerala" title="Demographics of Kerala">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Kerala" title="Economy of Kerala">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Kerala" title="Education in Kerala">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malayalam_cinema" title="Malayalam cinema">Film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Kerala" title="Geography of Kerala">Geography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roads_in_Kerala" title="Roads in Kerala"> Roads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ports_in_Kerala" title="Ports in Kerala"> Ports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Kerala" title="History of Kerala">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_Kerala" title="Wildlife of Kerala">Wildlife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Kerala" title="Government of Kerala">Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Kerala" title="Tourism in Kerala">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sports_in_Kerala" title="Sports in Kerala">Sports</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #cde0d2; padding-left: 1em; padding-right: 1em; text-align: center;">Symbols</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: transparent; text-align: left/center;;background: transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>Bird</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Great_hornbill" title="Great hornbill">Great hornbill</a></dd> <dt>Animal</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Indian_elephant" title="Indian elephant">Indian elephant</a></dd> <dt>Tree</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Coconut" title="Coconut">Coconut</a></dd> <dt>Flower</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Cassia_fistula" title="Cassia fistula">Golden rain</a></dd> <dt>Fish</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Karimeen" class="mw-redirect" title="Karimeen">Karimeen</a></dd> <dt>Fruit</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Jackfruit" title="Jackfruit">Jackfruit</a></dd> <dt>Insect</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Papilio_buddha" title="Papilio buddha">Papilio buddha</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #cde0d2; padding-left: 1em; padding-right: 1em; text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_taluks_of_Kerala" title="List of taluks of Kerala">Taluks</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: transparent; text-align: left/center;;background: #f6fbf7;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adoor" title="Adoor">Adoor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alathur" title="Alathur">Alathur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aluva" title="Aluva">Aluva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambalappuzha" title="Ambalappuzha">Ambalappuzha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chalakudy" title="Chalakudy">Chalakudy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Changanassery" title="Changanassery">Changanassery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chavakkad" title="Chavakkad">Chavakkad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chengannur" title="Chengannur">Chengannur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cherthala" title="Cherthala">Cherthala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chirayinkeezhu_taluk" title="Chirayinkeezhu taluk">Chirayinkeezhu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chittur-Thathamangalam" title="Chittur-Thathamangalam">Chittur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devikulam" title="Devikulam">Devikulam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eranad_Taluk" class="mw-redirect" title="Eranad Taluk">Eranad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hosdurg_taluk" title="Hosdurg taluk">Hosdurg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idukki" class="mw-redirect" title="Idukki">Idukki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iritty_taluk" title="Iritty taluk">Iritty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanayannur" title="Kanayannur">Kanayannur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanjirappally" title="Kanjirappally">Kanjirappally</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kannur_taluk" title="Kannur taluk">Kannur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karthikappally" title="Karthikappally">Karthikappally</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karunagappalli" title="Karunagappalli">Karunagappalli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kasaragod_taluk" title="Kasaragod taluk">Kasaragod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kattakada" title="Kattakada">Kattakada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kochi" title="Kochi">Kochi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kodungallur" title="Kodungallur">Kodungallur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kollam_taluk" title="Kollam taluk">Kollam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kondotty_taluk" title="Kondotty taluk">Kondotty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konni,_Kerala" title="Konni, Kerala">Konni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kothamangalam,_Kerala" title="Kothamangalam, Kerala">Kothamangalam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kottarakkara" title="Kottarakkara">Kottarakkara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kottayam" title="Kottayam">Kottayam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koyilandy" title="Koyilandy">Koyilandy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kozhencherry" title="Kozhencherry">Kozhencherry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kozhikode" title="Kozhikode">Kozhikode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kunnamkulam" title="Kunnamkulam">Kunnamkulam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kunnathunad" title="Kunnathunad">Kunnathunad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kunnathur,_Kerala" title="Kunnathur, Kerala">Kunnathur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuttanad" title="Kuttanad">Kuttanad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mallapally" title="Mallapally">Mallapally</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mananthavady" title="Mananthavady">Mananthavady</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manjeshwaram_taluk" title="Manjeshwaram taluk">Manjeshwaram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mannarkkad" title="Mannarkkad">Mannarkkad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mavelikkara" title="Mavelikkara">Mavelikkara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meenachil" title="Meenachil">Meenachil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mukundapuram_Taluk" title="Mukundapuram Taluk">Mukundapuram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muvattupuzha" title="Muvattupuzha">Muvattupuzha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nedumangad_taluk" title="Nedumangad taluk">Nedumangad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neyyattinkara_taluk" title="Neyyattinkara taluk">Neyyattinkara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nilambur" title="Nilambur">Nilambur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paravur_taluk" title="Paravur taluk">North Paravur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottapalam" title="Ottapalam">Ottapalam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palakkad" title="Palakkad">Palakkad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pathanapuram" title="Pathanapuram">Pathanapuram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pattambi" title="Pattambi">Pattambi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Payyanur_taluk" title="Payyanur taluk">Payyanur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peermade" title="Peermade">Peermade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perinthalmanna_taluk" title="Perinthalmanna taluk">Perinthalmanna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ponnani_taluk" title="Ponnani taluk">Ponnani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punalur" title="Punalur">Punalur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ranni,_Kerala" title="Ranni, Kerala">Ranni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultan_Bathery" title="Sultan Bathery">Sultan Bathery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taliparamba_taluk" title="Taliparamba taluk">Taliparamba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thalapilly" title="Thalapilly">Thalapilly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thalassery" title="Thalassery">Thalassery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thamarassery" title="Thamarassery">Thamarassery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thiruvalla" title="Thiruvalla">Thiruvalla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thiruvananthapuram_Taluk" title="Thiruvananthapuram Taluk">Thiruvananthapuram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thodupuzha" title="Thodupuzha">Thodupuzha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thrissur" title="Thrissur">Thrissur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tirur_Taluk" title="Tirur Taluk">Tirur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tirurangadi_Taluk_Office" title="Tirurangadi Taluk Office">Tirurangadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Udumbanchola" title="Udumbanchola">Udumbanchola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaikom" title="Vaikom">Vaikom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varkala" title="Varkala">Varkala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatakara" title="Vatakara">Vatakara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vellarikundu_Taluk" class="mw-redirect" title="Vellarikundu Taluk">Vellarikundu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vythiri" title="Vythiri">Vythiri</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #cde0d2; padding-left: 1em; padding-right: 1em; text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_municipal_corporations_in_Kerala" title="List of municipal corporations in Kerala">Municipal corporations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: transparent; text-align: left/center;;background: transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thiruvananthapuram_Corporation" title="Thiruvananthapuram Corporation">Thiruvananthapuram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kozhikode_Municipal_Corporation" title="Kozhikode Municipal Corporation">Kozhikode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kochi_Municipal_Corporation" title="Kochi Municipal Corporation">Kochi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kollam_Municipal_Corporation" title="Kollam Municipal Corporation">Kollam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thrissur_Municipal_Corporation" title="Thrissur Municipal Corporation">Thrissur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kannur_Municipal_Corporation" title="Kannur Municipal Corporation">Kannur</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #cde0d2; padding-left: 1em; padding-right: 1em; text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Municipalities_of_Kerala" class="mw-redirect" title="Municipalities of Kerala">Municipalities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: transparent; text-align: left/center;;background: #f6fbf7;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adoor" title="Adoor">Adoor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthoor" title="Anthoor">Anthoor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alappuzha" title="Alappuzha">Alappuzha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aluva" title="Aluva">Aluva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angamaly" title="Angamaly">Angamaly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attingal" title="Attingal">Attingal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chalakudy" title="Chalakudy">Chalakudy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Changanassery" title="Changanassery">Changanassery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chavakkad" title="Chavakkad">Chavakkad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chengannur" title="Chengannur">Chengannur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cherthala" title="Cherthala">Cherthala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chittur-Thathamangalam" title="Chittur-Thathamangalam">Chittur-Thathamangalam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eloor" title="Eloor">Eloor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guruvayur" title="Guruvayur">Guruvayur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irinjalakuda" title="Irinjalakuda">Irinjalakuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iritty" title="Iritty">Iritty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalamassery" title="Kalamassery">Kalamassery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalpetta" title="Kalpetta">Kalpetta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanhangad" title="Kanhangad">Kanhangad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karunagappalli" title="Karunagappalli">Karunagappalli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kasaragod" title="Kasaragod">Kasaragod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kattappana" title="Kattappana">Kattappana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kayamkulam" title="Kayamkulam">Kayamkulam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kodungallur" title="Kodungallur">Kodungallur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kondotty" title="Kondotty">Kondotty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuthuparamba" title="Kuthuparamba">Kuthuparamba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kothamangalam,_Kerala" title="Kothamangalam, Kerala">Kothamangalam, Kerala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kottakkal" title="Kottakkal">Kottakkal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kottarakkara" title="Kottarakkara">Kottarakkara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kottayam" title="Kottayam">Kottayam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koyilandy" title="Koyilandy">Koyilandy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kunnamkulam" title="Kunnamkulam">Kunnamkulam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malappuram" title="Malappuram">Malappuram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manjeri" title="Manjeri">Manjeri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maradu" title="Maradu">Maradu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mattanur" title="Mattanur">Mattanur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mavelikkara" title="Mavelikkara">Mavelikkara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muvattupuzha" title="Muvattupuzha">Muvattupuzha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nedumangad" title="Nedumangad">Nedumangad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neyyattinkara" title="Neyyattinkara">Neyyattinkara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nilambur" title="Nilambur">Nilambur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nileshwaram" title="Nileshwaram">Nileshwaram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Paravur" title="North Paravur">North Paravur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottapalam" title="Ottapalam">Ottapalam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pala,_Kerala" title="Pala, Kerala">Pala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palakkad" title="Palakkad">Palakkad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panoor" title="Panoor">Panoor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parappanangadi" title="Parappanangadi">Parappanangadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paravur,_Kollam" title="Paravur, Kollam">Paravur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pathanamthitta" title="Pathanamthitta">Pathanamthitta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Payyanur" title="Payyanur">Payyanur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perinthalmanna" title="Perinthalmanna">Perinthalmanna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perumbavoor" title="Perumbavoor">Perumbavoor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ponnani" title="Ponnani">Ponnani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punalur" title="Punalur">Punalur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shoranur" title="Shoranur">Shoranur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sreekandapuram" title="Sreekandapuram">Sreekandapuram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanur,_Malappuram" title="Tanur, Malappuram">Tanur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thalassery" title="Thalassery">Thalassery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taliparamba" title="Taliparamba">Taliparamba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thiruvalla" title="Thiruvalla">Thiruvalla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thodupuzha" title="Thodupuzha">Thodupuzha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thrikkakkara" title="Thrikkakkara">Thrikkakkara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thrippunithura" title="Thrippunithura">Thrippunithura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tirur" title="Tirur">Tirur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tirurangadi" title="Tirurangadi">Tirurangadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valanchery" title="Valanchery">Valanchery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatakara" title="Vatakara">Vatakara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaikom" title="Vaikom">Vaikom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varkala" title="Varkala">Varkala</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #cde0d2; padding-left: 1em; padding-right: 1em; text-align: center;">Other towns</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: transparent; text-align: left/center;;background: transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #cde0d2; padding-left: 1em; padding-right: 1em; text-align: center;">North</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Edappal" title="Edappal">Edappal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thavanur" title="Thavanur">Thavanur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puthanathani" title="Puthanathani">Puthanathani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kottakkal" title="Kottakkal">Kottakkal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angadipuram" title="Angadipuram">Angadipuram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mankada" title="Mankada">Mankada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuttippuram" title="Kuttippuram">Kuttippuram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karipur" title="Karipur">Karipur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Areekode" title="Areekode">Areekode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wandoor,_Kerala" title="Wandoor, Kerala">Wandoor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vengara,_Malappuram_district" title="Vengara, Malappuram district">Vengara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vallikkunnu" title="Vallikkunnu">Vallikkunnu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olavanna" title="Olavanna">Olavanna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kunnamangalam" title="Kunnamangalam">Kunnamangalam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thamarassery" title="Thamarassery">Thamarassery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thiruvambady" title="Thiruvambady">Thiruvambady</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kodencheri" title="Kodencheri">Kodencheri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balussery" title="Balussery">Balussery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perambra" title="Perambra">Perambra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nadapuram" title="Nadapuram">Nadapuram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuttiady" title="Kuttiady">Kuttiady</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lakkidi,_Wayanad" title="Lakkidi, Wayanad">Lakkidi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vythiri" title="Vythiri">Vythiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chundale" title="Chundale">Chundale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meppadi" title="Meppadi">Meppadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kottappadi_Part,_Meppadi" title="Kottappadi Part, Meppadi">Kottappadi Part</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muttil,_Kalpetta" title="Muttil, Kalpetta">Muttil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Padinharethara" title="Padinharethara">Padinharethara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meenangadi" title="Meenangadi">Meenangadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panamaram" title="Panamaram">Panamaram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulpally" title="Pulpally">Pulpally</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peravoor" title="Peravoor">Peravoor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharmadom" title="Dharmadom">Dharmadom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anjarakkandy" title="Anjarakkandy">Anjarakkandy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muzhappilangad" title="Muzhappilangad">Muzhappilangad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azhikode_and_Azhikkal" title="Azhikode and Azhikkal">Azhikode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cherukunnu" title="Cherukunnu">Cherukunnu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pappinisseri" title="Pappinisseri">Pappinisseri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalliasseri" title="Kalliasseri">Kalliasseri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irikkur" title="Irikkur">Irikkur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alakode,_Kannur_district" title="Alakode, Kannur district">Alakode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thrikaripur" title="Thrikaripur">Thrikaripur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheruvathur" title="Cheruvathur">Cheruvathur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bekal" title="Bekal">Bekal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Udma" title="Udma">Udma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vellarikundu" title="Vellarikundu">Vellarikundu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parappa_(village)" class="mw-redirect" title="Parappa (village)">Parappa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karadka" title="Karadka">Karadka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumbla" title="Kumbla">Kumbla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mangalpady" title="Mangalpady">Mangalpady</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uppala" title="Uppala">Uppala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manjeshwar" title="Manjeshwar">Manjeshwar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #cde0d2; padding-left: 1em; padding-right: 1em; text-align: center;">Central</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peermade" title="Peermade">Peermade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vandiperiyar" title="Vandiperiyar">Vandiperiyar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumily" title="Kumily">Kumily</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajakkad" title="Rajakkad">Rajakkad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Munnar" title="Munnar">Munnar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devikulam" title="Devikulam">Devikulam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adimali" title="Adimali">Adimali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kolenchery" title="Kolenchery">Kolenchery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puthencruz" title="Puthencruz">Puthencruz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kunnathunad" title="Kunnathunad">Kunnathunad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalady" title="Kalady">Kalady</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malayattoor" title="Malayattoor">Malayattoor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chottanikkara" title="Chottanikkara">Chottanikkara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Udayamperoor" title="Udayamperoor">Udayamperoor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varappuzha" title="Varappuzha">Varappuzha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sreemoolanagaram" title="Sreemoolanagaram">Sreemoolanagaram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nedumbassery" title="Nedumbassery">Nedumbassery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mala,_Kerala" title="Mala, Kerala">Mala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kodakara" title="Kodakara">Kodakara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puthukkad" title="Puthukkad">Puthukkad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manaloor" title="Manaloor">Manaloor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pavaratty" title="Pavaratty">Pavaratty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chelakkara" title="Chelakkara">Chelakkara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vadakkencherry" class="mw-redirect" title="Vadakkencherry">Vadakkencherry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alathur" title="Alathur">Alathur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nemmara" title="Nemmara">Nemmara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puthunagaram" title="Puthunagaram">Puthunagaram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malampuzha" title="Malampuzha">Malampuzha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sreekrishnapuram,_Palakkad" title="Sreekrishnapuram, Palakkad">Sreekrishnapuram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lakkidi,_Palakkad" title="Lakkidi, Palakkad">Lakkidi-Perur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thrithala" title="Thrithala">Thrithala</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #cde0d2; padding-left: 1em; padding-right: 1em; text-align: center;">South</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Parassala" title="Parassala">Parassala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balaramapuram" title="Balaramapuram">Balaramapuram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kattakada" title="Kattakada">Kattakada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chirayinkeezhu" title="Chirayinkeezhu">Chirayinkeezhu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kilimanoor" title="Kilimanoor">Kilimanoor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parippally" title="Parippally">Parippally</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chathannoor" title="Chathannoor">Chathannoor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kottiyam" title="Kottiyam">Kottiyam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kundara" title="Kundara">Kundara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neendakara" title="Neendakara">Neendakara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chavara" title="Chavara">Chavara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oachira" title="Oachira">Oachira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sasthamkotta" title="Sasthamkotta">Sasthamkotta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kunnathur,_Kerala" title="Kunnathur, Kerala">Kunnathur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anchal" title="Anchal">Anchal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kadakkal" title="Kadakkal">Kadakkal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pathanapuram" title="Pathanapuram">Pathanapuram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thenmala" title="Thenmala">Thenmala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kulathupuzha" title="Kulathupuzha">Kulathupuzha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kozhencherry" title="Kozhencherry">Kozhencherry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konni,_Kerala" title="Konni, Kerala">Konni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ranni,_Kerala" title="Ranni, Kerala">Ranni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mallapally" title="Mallapally">Mallapally</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumbanad" title="Kumbanad">Kumbanad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aranmula" title="Aranmula">Aranmula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kulanada" title="Kulanada">Kulanada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omallur" title="Omallur">Omallur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vadasserikara" title="Vadasserikara">Vadasserikara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parumala" title="Parumala">Parumala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mannar,_Alappuzha" title="Mannar, Alappuzha">Mannar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charummoodu" title="Charummoodu">Charummoodu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambalappuzha" title="Ambalappuzha">Ambalappuzha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mararikulam" title="Mararikulam">Mararikulam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aroor" title="Aroor">Aroor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanjirappally" title="Kanjirappally">Kanjirappally</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erumely" title="Erumely">Erumely</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mundakayam" title="Mundakayam">Mundakayam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vazhoor" title="Vazhoor">Vazhoor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karukachal" title="Karukachal">Karukachal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pampady" title="Pampady">Pampady</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puthuppally,_Kottayam" title="Puthuppally, Kottayam">Puthuppally</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuravilangad" title="Kuravilangad">Kuravilangad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uzhavoor" title="Uzhavoor">Uzhavoor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thalayolaparambu" title="Thalayolaparambu">Thalayolaparambu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaduthuruthy" title="Kaduthuruthy">Kaduthuruthy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #cde0d2; padding-left: 1em; padding-right: 1em; text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Kerala#Subdivisions" title="Kerala">Historical regions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: transparent; text-align: left/center;;background: #f6fbf7;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kolathunadu" title="Kolathunadu">Kolathunadu (Kingdom of Cannanore)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zamorin" title="Zamorin">Zamorin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malabar_District" title="Malabar District">Malabar</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/North_Malabar" title="North Malabar">North Malabar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Malabar" title="South Malabar">South Malabar</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Cochin" title="Kingdom of Cochin">Cochin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venad_(kingdom)" class="mw-redirect" title="Venad (kingdom)">Venad (kingdom)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Travancore" title="Travancore">Travancore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Travancore%E2%80%93Cochin" title="Travancore–Cochin">Travancore–Cochin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background: #9CC1A5; padding-left: 1em; padding-right: 1em; text-align: center;"><div><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/32px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/48px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/64px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:India" title="Portal:India">India portal</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div 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id="Kerala_topics495" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Kerala" title="Kerala">Kerala</a> <a href="/wiki/Category:Kerala" title="Category:Kerala">topics</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Kerala" title="History of Kerala">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sangam_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Sangam period">Sangam period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edakkal_Caves" class="mw-redirect" title="Edakkal Caves">Edakkal Caves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ariyannur_Umbrellas" title="Ariyannur Umbrellas">Ariyannur Umbrellas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kudakkallu_Parambu" title="Kudakkallu Parambu">Kudakkallu Parambu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chovvanur_burial_cave" title="Chovvanur burial cave">Chovvanur burial cave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chera_dynasty" title="Chera dynasty">Chera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zamorin_of_Calicut" class="mw-redirect" title="Zamorin of Calicut">Zamorin of Calicut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venad" class="mw-redirect" title="Venad">Venad Swaroopam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kolathunadu" title="Kolathunadu">Kingdom of Cannanore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerala_school_of_astronomy_and_mathematics" title="Kerala school of astronomy and mathematics">Kerala school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Colachel" title="Battle of Colachel">Battle of Kulachal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arakkal_kingdom" title="Arakkal kingdom">Arakkal kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lakshadweep" title="Lakshadweep">Lakshadweep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Mysore_Wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo-Mysore Wars">Anglo-Mysore Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Quilon" title="Battle of Quilon">Battle of Quilon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaikom_Satyagraham" class="mw-redirect" title="Vaikom Satyagraham">Vaikom Satyagraham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cochin_Royal_Family" class="mw-redirect" title="Cochin Royal Family">Perumpadapu Swaroopam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malabar_Migration" title="Malabar Migration">Malabar Migration</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Kerala" title="Government of Kerala">Government</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Category:Politics_of_Kerala" title="Category:Politics of Kerala">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Kerala_State_Government_Organizations" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Kerala State Government Organizations">Agencies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Chief_Ministers_of_Kerala" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Chief Ministers of Kerala">Chief Ministers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Governors_of_Kerala" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Governors of Kerala">Governors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerala_Legislative_Assembly" title="Kerala Legislative Assembly">Legislative Assembly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Local_Body_Election_in_Kerala" class="mw-redirect" title="Local Body Election in Kerala"><i>Panchayat</i> elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saptakakshi_Munnani" class="mw-redirect" title="Saptakakshi Munnani">Saptakakshi Munnani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Front_(Kerala)" class="mw-redirect" title="United Front (Kerala)">Aikya Munnani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Left_Democratic_Front" title="Left Democratic Front">Left Democratic Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Democratic_Front_(Kerala)" title="United Democratic Front (Kerala)">United Democratic Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_politicians_of_Kerala" class="mw-redirect" title="List of politicians of Kerala">Politicians</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Incidents" class="mw-redirect" title="Incidents">Incidents</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peruman_railway_accident" title="Peruman railway accident">1988 Perumon tragedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kadalundi_train_derailment" title="Kadalundi train derailment">2001 Kadalundi Train derailment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puttingal_temple_fire" title="Puttingal temple fire">2016 Paravur temple fire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018_Kerala_floods" title="2018 Kerala floods">2018 Kerala floods</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Kerala" title="Geography of Kerala">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agasthyamala_Biosphere_Reserve" title="Agasthyamala Biosphere Reserve">Agasthyamala Biosphere Reserve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashtamudi_Lake" title="Ashtamudi Lake">Ashtamudi Lake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kavvayi_Backwaters" title="Kavvayi Backwaters">Kavvayi Backwaters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerala_Backwaters" class="mw-redirect" title="Kerala Backwaters">Backwaters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Districts_of_Kerala" class="mw-redirect" title="Districts of Kerala">Districts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eravikulam_National_Park" title="Eravikulam National Park">Eravikulam National Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flora_and_fauna_of_Kerala" class="mw-redirect" title="Flora and fauna of Kerala">Flora and fauna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malabar_Coast" title="Malabar Coast">Malabar Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marayoor" class="mw-redirect" title="Marayoor">Marayoor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nelliampathi" title="Nelliampathi">Nelliampathi Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nilgiri_Biosphere_Reserve" title="Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve">Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nilgiris_(mountains)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nilgiris (mountains)">Nilgiri Hills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palakkad_Gap" title="Palakkad Gap">Palakkad Gap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protected_areas_of_Kerala" class="mw-redirect" title="Protected areas of Kerala">Protected areas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sasthamcotta_Lake" title="Sasthamcotta Lake">Sasthamcotta Lake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vembanad_Lake" class="mw-redirect" title="Vembanad Lake">Vembanad Lake</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Kerala" title="Demographics of Kerala">Demographics</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Kerala" title="Economy of Kerala">Economy</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Religions_of_Kerala" class="mw-redirect" title="Religions of Kerala">Religion</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Malayali" class="mw-redirect" title="Malayali">Malayalis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namboothiri_Brahmin" class="mw-redirect" title="Namboothiri Brahmin">Namboothiris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambalavasi" title="Ambalavasi">Ambalavasis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samanta_Kshatriya" class="mw-redirect" title="Samanta Kshatriya">Samanthas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nairs" class="mw-redirect" title="Nairs">Nairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_Mappila" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim Mappila">Mappilas</a></li> <li>Thiyyas</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Thomas_Christians" title="Saint Thomas Christians">Saint Thomas Christians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerala_Iyers" class="mw-redirect" title="Kerala Iyers">Kerala Iyers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ezhava" title="Ezhava">Ezhavas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cochin_Jews" title="Cochin Jews">Cochin Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jainism_in_Kerala" title="Jainism in Kerala">Jainism in Kerala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulayar" title="Pulayar">Pulayar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dravidian_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Dravidian people">Dravidians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adivasi" title="Adivasi">Adivasis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Scheduled_Tribes_in_India#Kerala" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Scheduled Tribes in India">Scheduled Tribes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerala_model" title="Kerala model">Kerala model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Kerala" title="Tourism in Kerala">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Kerala" title="Education in Kerala">Education</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Colleges_in_Kerala" class="mw-redirect" title="Colleges in Kerala">colleges and universities</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Kerala" title="Culture of Kerala">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arts_of_Kerala" title="Arts of Kerala">Arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Kerala" title="Architecture of Kerala">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_Kerala" class="mw-redirect" title="Cuisine of Kerala">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalarippayattu" class="mw-redirect" title="Kalarippayattu">Kalarippayattu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malayalam_literature" title="Malayalam literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarpam_Thullal" title="Sarpam Thullal">Sarpam Thullal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triumvirate_poets_of_modern_Malayalam" class="mw-redirect" title="Triumvirate poets of modern Malayalam">Triumvirate poets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vallam_kali" title="Vallam kali">Vallam kali</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Dance / Drama / Cinema</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kathakali" title="Kathakali">Kathakali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kolkali" title="Kolkali">Kolkali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koodiyattam" title="Koodiyattam">Koodiyattam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohiniyattam" title="Mohiniyattam">Mohiniyattam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margamkali" title="Margamkali">Margamkali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottamthullal" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottamthullal">Ottamthullal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theyyam" title="Theyyam">Theyyam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malayalam_cinema" title="Malayalam cinema">Cinema of Kerala</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Festivals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vishu" title="Vishu">Vishu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onam" title="Onam">Onam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pooram" title="Pooram">Pooram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eid_al-Fitr" title="Eid al-Fitr">Eid al-Fitr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eid_al-Adha" title="Eid al-Adha">Eid al-Adha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas" title="Christmas">Christmas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Malayalam" title="Malayalam">Malayalam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malayalam_calendar" title="Malayalam calendar">Malayalam calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabi_Malayalam" title="Arabi Malayalam">Arabi Malayalam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suriyani_Malayalam" title="Suriyani Malayalam">Suriyani Malayalam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Malayalam" title="Judeo-Malayalam">Judeo-Malayalam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irula_language" title="Irula language">Irula language</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Kerala" title="Music of Kerala">Music</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chenda" title="Chenda">Chenda</a> (<a href="/wiki/Thayambaka" title="Thayambaka">Thayambaka</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kolkali" title="Kolkali">Kolkali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panchari_melam" title="Panchari melam">Panchari melam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panchavadyam" title="Panchavadyam">Panchavadyam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sopanam" class="mw-redirect" title="Sopanam">Sopanam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Organisations/Agencies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nair_Service_Society" title="Nair Service Society">Nair Service Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sree_Narayana_Dharma_Paripalana_Yogam_(SNDP)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sree Narayana Dharma Paripalana Yogam (SNDP)">Sree Narayana Dharma Paripalana Yogam</a></li> <li>Samastha <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Samastha_Kerala_Jem-iyyathul_Ulama_(1926%E2%80%931989)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Samastha Kerala Jem-iyyathul Ulama (1926–1989) (page does not exist)">Samastha Kerala Jem-iyyathul Ulama (1926–1989)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samastha_Kerala_Jem-iyyathul_Ulama_(1989%E2%80%93present)" class="mw-redirect" title="Samastha Kerala Jem-iyyathul Ulama (1989–present)">Samastha Kerala Jem-iyyathul Ulama (1989–present)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerala_Nadvathul_Mujahideen" title="Kerala Nadvathul Mujahideen">Kerala Nadvathul Mujahideen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syro-Malabar_Church" title="Syro-Malabar Church">Syro-Malabar Church</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Kerala" title="Tourism in Kerala">Tourism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alappuzha#Commerce_and_tourism" title="Alappuzha">Alappuzha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athirappilly_Falls" title="Athirappilly Falls">Athirappilly Falls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beaches_in_Kerala" title="Beaches in Kerala">Beaches in Kerala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bekal" title="Bekal">Bekal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chembra_Peak" title="Chembra Peak">Chembra Peak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerala_Backwaters" class="mw-redirect" title="Kerala Backwaters">Kerala Backwaters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kollam#Tourism.2C_Places_of_interest_and_historical_significance" title="Kollam">Kollam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malappuram_district#Places_of_Interest" title="Malappuram district">Places of Interest in Malappuram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourist_attractions_in_Kannur" title="Tourist attractions in Kannur">Tourist attractions in Kannur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islands_of_Kollam" title="Islands of Kollam">Islands of Kollam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palakkad_district" title="Palakkad district">Tourist attractions of Palakkad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kovalam" title="Kovalam">Kovalam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tourist_attractions_in_Kasaragod" title="List of tourist attractions in Kasaragod">Tourism in Kasaragod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Munnar" title="Munnar">Munnar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muzhappilangad_Beach" title="Muzhappilangad Beach">Muzhappilangad Beach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peruvanam" title="Peruvanam">Peruvanam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tourist_attractions_in_Kozhikode" title="List of tourist attractions in Kozhikode">List of tourist attractions in Kozhikode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estuaries_of_Paravur" title="Estuaries of Paravur">Estuaries of Paravur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Thiruvananthapuram" title="Tourism in Thiruvananthapuram">Tourism in Thiruvananthapuram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vallam_kali" title="Vallam kali">Vallam kali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wayanad" class="mw-redirect" title="Wayanad">Wayanad</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/32px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" 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class="navbox-group" style="background:#EE0000; color:white;;width:1%">Members</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#EE0000 ; color:white;;width:1%">National Parties</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_India_(Marxist)" title="Communist Party of India (Marxist)">Communist Party of India (Marxist)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#EE0000 ; color:white;;width:1%">State Parties</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_India" title="Communist Party of India">Communist Party of India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalist_Congress_Party" title="Nationalist Congress Party">Nationalist Congress Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerala_Congress_(M)" title="Kerala Congress (M)">Kerala Congress (M)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Janata_Dal_(Secular)" title="Janata Dal (Secular)">Janata Dal (Secular)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#EE0000 ; color:white;;width:1%">Registered <br />Unrecognised <br />Parties</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kerala_Congress_(B)" title="Kerala Congress (B)">Kerala Congress (B)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congress_(Secular)" title="Congress (Secular)">Congress (Secular)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_National_League" title="Indian National League">Indian National League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_Socialist_Party_(Leninist)" title="Revolutionary Socialist Party (Leninist)">Revolutionary Socialist Party (Leninist)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Secular_Conference" title="National Secular Conference">National Secular Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loktantrik_Janata_Dal" title="Loktantrik Janata Dal">Loktantrik Janata Dal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Janathipathiya_Samrakshana_Samithy" title="Janathipathiya Samrakshana Samithy">Janathipathiya Samrakshana Samithy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerala_Congress_(Skaria_Thomas)" title="Kerala Congress (Skaria Thomas)">Kerala Congress (Skaria Thomas)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Janadhipathya_Kerala_Congress" title="Janadhipathya Kerala Congress">Janadhipathya Kerala Congress</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Left_Democratic_Front_(Kerala)_Logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Left_Democratic_Front_%28Kerala%29_Logo.svg/100px-Left_Democratic_Front_%28Kerala%29_Logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Left_Democratic_Front_%28Kerala%29_Logo.svg/150px-Left_Democratic_Front_%28Kerala%29_Logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Left_Democratic_Front_%28Kerala%29_Logo.svg/200px-Left_Democratic_Front_%28Kerala%29_Logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#EE0000; color:white;;width:1%">Leaders</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/E._M._S._Namboodiripad" title="E. M. S. Namboodiripad">E. M. S. Namboodiripad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E._K._Nayanar" title="E. K. Nayanar">E. K. Nayanar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V._S._Achuthanandan" title="V. S. Achuthanandan">V. S. Achuthanandan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinarayi_Vijayan" title="Pinarayi Vijayan">Pinarayi Vijayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kodiyeri_Balakrishnan" title="Kodiyeri Balakrishnan">Kodiyeri Balakrishnan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prakash_Karat" title="Prakash Karat">Prakash Karat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S._Ramachandran_Pillai" title="S. Ramachandran Pillai">S. Ramachandran Pillai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M._B._Rajesh" title="M. B. Rajesh">M. B. Rajesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._Achutha_Menon" title="C. Achutha Menon">C. Achutha Menon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pannyan_Raveendran" class="mw-redirect" title="Pannyan Raveendran">Pannyan Raveendran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanam_Rajendran" title="Kanam Rajendran">Kanam Rajendran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K._E._Ismail" title="K. E. Ismail">K. E. Ismail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._K._Saseendran" title="A. K. Saseendran">A. K. Saseendran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Chandy" title="Thomas Chandy">Thomas Chandy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K._Krishnankutty" title="K. Krishnankutty">K. Krishnankutty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mathew_T._Thomas" title="Mathew T. Thomas">Mathew T. Thomas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R._Balakrishna_Pillai" title="R. Balakrishna Pillai">R. Balakrishna Pillai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kadannappalli_Ramachandran" title="Kadannappalli Ramachandran">Kadannappalli Ramachandran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P._T._A._Rahim" title="P. T. A. Rahim">P. T. A. Rahim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M._P._Veerendra_Kumar" title="M. P. Veerendra Kumar">M. P. Veerendra Kumar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K._R._Gowri_Amma" class="mw-redirect" title="K. R. Gowri Amma">K. R. Gowri Amma</a></li> <li>Skaria Thomas</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_George_(politician)" title="Francis George (politician)">Francis George</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#EE0000; color:white;;width:1%">Chief Ministers of Kerala</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/E._K._Nayanar" title="E. K. Nayanar">E. K. Nayanar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V._S._Achuthanandan" title="V. S. Achuthanandan">V. S. Achuthanandan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinarayi_Vijayan" title="Pinarayi Vijayan">Pinarayi Vijayan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="United_Democratic_Front_(Kerala)171" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#0078FF; color:white;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:United_Democratic_Front_(Kerala)" title="Template:United Democratic Front (Kerala)"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:white">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:United_Democratic_Front_(Kerala)" title="Template talk:United Democratic Front (Kerala)"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:white">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:United_Democratic_Front_(Kerala)" title="Special:EditPage/Template:United Democratic Front (Kerala)"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:white">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="United_Democratic_Front_(Kerala)171" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/United_Democratic_Front_(Kerala)" title="United Democratic Front (Kerala)"><span style="color:white;">United Democratic Front (Kerala)</span></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#0078FF; color:white;;width:1%">Members</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#0078FF; color:white;;width:1%">National party</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kerala_Pradesh_Congress_Committee" title="Kerala Pradesh Congress Committee">Indian National Congress</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#0078FF; color:white;;width:1%">State parties</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Union_Muslim_League" title="Indian Union Muslim League">Indian Union Muslim League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerala_Congress" title="Kerala Congress">Kerala Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_Socialist_Party_(India)" title="Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)">Revolutionary Socialist Party</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#0078FF; color:white;;width:1%">Registered unrecognised parties</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/All_India_Forward_Bloc" title="All India Forward Bloc">All India Forward Bloc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bharatiya_National_Janata_Dal" title="Bharatiya National Janata Dal">Bharatiya National Janata Dal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Marxist_Party_(John)" title="Communist Marxist Party (John)">Communist Marxist Party (John)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerala_Congress_(Jacob)" title="Kerala Congress (Jacob)">Kerala Congress (Jacob)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalist_Congress_Kerala" class="mw-redirect" title="Nationalist Congress Kerala">Nationalist Congress Kerala</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#0078FF; color:white;;width:1%">Conveners</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/P._J._Joseph" title="P. J. Joseph">P. J. Joseph</a> (1980-82)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oommen_Chandy" title="Oommen Chandy">Oommen Chandy</a> (1982-85, 2001-04)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/K._Sankaranarayanan" title="K. Sankaranarayanan">K. Sankaranarayanan</a> (1985-2001)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/P._P._Thankachan" title="P. P. Thankachan">P. P. Thankachan</a> (2004-18)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benny_Behanan" title="Benny Behanan">Benny Behanan</a> (2018-20)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/M._M._Hassan" title="M. M. Hassan">M. M. Hassan</a> (2020-<a href="/wiki/Incumbent" title="Incumbent">Incumbent</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#0078FF; color:white;;width:1%">Leaders</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:white; color:#0078FF;;width:1%">Congress (various)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/K._Karunakaran" title="K. Karunakaran">K. Karunakaran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._K._Antony" title="A. K. Antony">A. K. Antony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oommen_Chandy" title="Oommen Chandy">Oommen Chandy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K._Sudhakaran" title="K. Sudhakaran">K. Sudhakaran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V._D._Satheesan" title="V. D. Satheesan">V. D. Satheesan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramesh_Chennithala" title="Ramesh Chennithala">Ramesh Chennithala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shashi_Tharoor" title="Shashi Tharoor">Shashi Tharoor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K._Muraleedharan" title="K. Muraleedharan">K. Muraleedharan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K._R._Narayanan" title="K. R. Narayanan">K. R. Narayanan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mullappally_Ramachandran" title="Mullappally Ramachandran">Mullappally Ramachandran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P._J._Kurien" title="P. J. Kurien">P. J. Kurien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K._Sankaranarayanan" title="K. Sankaranarayanan">K. Sankaranarayanan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P._P._Thankachan" title="P. P. Thankachan">P. P. Thankachan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V._M._Sudheeran" title="V. M. Sudheeran">V. M. Sudheeran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M._M._Hassan" title="M. M. Hassan">M. M. Hassan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vayalar_Ravi" title="Vayalar Ravi">Vayalar Ravi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K._C._Venugopal" title="K. C. Venugopal">K. C. Venugopal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:white; color:#0078FF;;width:1%">Indian Union Muslim League</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/C._H._Mohammed_Koya" title="C. H. Mohammed Koya">C. H. Mohammed Koya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K._Avukader_Kutty_Naha" title="K. Avukader Kutty Naha">K. Avukader Kutty Naha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E._Ahamed" title="E. Ahamed">E. Ahamed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P._K._Kunhalikutty" title="P. K. Kunhalikutty">P. K. Kunhalikutty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E._T._Mohammed_Basheer" title="E. T. Mohammed Basheer">E. T. Mohammed Basheer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:white; color:#0078FF;;width:1%">Kerala Congress (various)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/K._M._Mani" title="K. M. Mani">K. M. Mani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P._J._Joseph" title="P. J. Joseph">P. J. Joseph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T._M._Jacob" title="T. M. Jacob">T. M. Jacob</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R._Balakrishna_Pillai" title="R. Balakrishna Pillai">R. Balakrishna Pillai</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:white; color:#0078FF;;width:1%">Left-parties</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/M._V._Raghavan" title="M. V. Raghavan">M. V. Raghavan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K._R._Gouri_Amma" title="K. R. Gouri Amma">K. R. Gouri Amma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N._K._Premachandran" title="N. K. Premachandran">N. K. Premachandran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shibu_Baby_John" title="Shibu Baby John">Shibu Baby John</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._A._Aziz" title="A. A. Aziz">A. A. Aziz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._P._John" title="C. P. John">C. P. John</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mani_C._Kappan" title="Mani C. Kappan">Mani C. Kappan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#0078FF; color:white;;width:1%">In government</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>1981–87 (<a href="/wiki/K._Karunakaran" title="K. Karunakaran">K. Karunakaran</a>)</li> <li>1991–96 (<a href="/wiki/K._Karunakaran" title="K. Karunakaran">K. Karunakaran</a> and <a href="/wiki/A._K._Antony" title="A. K. Antony">A. K. Antony</a>)</li> <li>2001–2006 (<a href="/wiki/A._K._Antony" title="A. K. Antony">A. K. Antony</a> and <a href="/wiki/Oommen_Chandy" title="Oommen Chandy">Oommen Chandy</a>)</li> <li>2011–16 (<a href="/wiki/Oommen_Chandy" title="Oommen Chandy">Oommen Chandy</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#0078FF; color:white;;width:1%">Kerala chief ministers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/K._Karunakaran" title="K. Karunakaran">K. Karunakaran</a> (1981–82, 1982–1987, 1991–95)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._K._Antony" title="A. K. Antony">A. K. Antony</a> (1995–96, 2001–04)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oommen_Chandy" title="Oommen Chandy">Oommen Chandy</a> (2004–06, 2011–16)</li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Kerala_deputy_chief_ministers29" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:white; color:#0078FF;;width:1%">Kerala deputy chief ministers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/C._H._Mohammed_Koya" title="C. H. Mohammed Koya">C. H. Mohammed Koya</a> (1981–83)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/K._Avukader_Kutty_Naha" title="K. Avukader Kutty Naha">K. Avukader Kutty Naha</a> (1983-87)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#0078FF; color:white;;width:1%">Ministries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Second_Karunakaran_ministry" title="Second Karunakaran ministry">Second Karunakaran ministry</a> (1981-82)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Karunakaran_ministry" title="Third Karunakaran ministry">Third Karunakaran ministry</a> (1982-87)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Karunakaran_ministry" title="Fourth Karunakaran ministry">Fourth Karunakaran ministry</a> (1991-95)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Antony_ministry" title="Second Antony ministry">Second Antony ministry</a> (1995-96)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Antony_ministry" title="Third Antony ministry">Third Antony ministry</a> (2001-04)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Chandy_ministry" title="First Chandy ministry">First Chandy ministry</a> (2004-06)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Chandy_ministry" title="Second Chandy ministry">Second Chandy ministry</a> (2011-16)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Politics_of_Kerala&oldid=1271926370">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Politics_of_Kerala&oldid=1271926370</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Category</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Politics_of_Kerala" title="Category:Politics of Kerala">Politics of Kerala</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description matches Wikidata">Short description matches Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_August_2019" title="Category:Use dmy dates from August 2019">Use dmy dates from August 2019</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_Indian_English_from_August_2019" title="Category:Use Indian English from August 2019">Use Indian English from August 2019</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_Wikipedia_articles_written_in_Indian_English" title="Category:All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English">All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Commons_category_link_is_on_Wikidata" title="Category:Commons category link is on Wikidata">Commons category link is on Wikidata</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 26 January 2025, at 10:36<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. 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