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<div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Lexical particularities</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lexical_particularities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sample" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sample"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Sample</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sample-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span 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.ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Cri%C8%99ana_dialect" title="Special:EditPage/Crișana dialect">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Cri%C8%99ana+dialect%22">"Crișana dialect"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Cri%C8%99ana+dialect%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Cri%C8%99ana+dialect%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Cri%C8%99ana+dialect%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Cri%C8%99ana+dialect%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Cri%C8%99ana+dialect%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">May 2022</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Dialect of the Romanian language</div> <p>The <b>Crișana dialect</b> (<i>subdialectul / graiul crișean</i>) is one of the <a href="/wiki/Romanian_dialects" title="Romanian dialects">dialects</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Romanian_language" title="Romanian language">Romanian language</a> (Daco-Romanian). Its geographic distribution covers approximately the historical region of <a href="/wiki/Cri%C8%99ana" title="Crișana">Crișana</a>, in western <a href="/wiki/Transylvania" title="Transylvania">Transylvania</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Classification">Classification</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cri%C8%99ana_dialect&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Classification"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Crișana dialect is part of the group of relatively fragmented <a href="/wiki/Transylvanian_varieties_of_Romanian" title="Transylvanian varieties of Romanian">Transylvanian varieties</a>, along with the <a href="/wiki/Maramure%C8%99_dialect" title="Maramureș dialect">Maramureș dialect</a>. As such, the Crișana dialect is a member of the northern group of Romanian dialects, which also includes <a href="/wiki/Moldavian_dialect" title="Moldavian dialect">Moldavian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Banat_Romanian_dialect" title="Banat Romanian dialect">Banat</a>, and shares with them a large number of characteristics, as opposed to the <a href="/wiki/Wallachian_dialect" title="Wallachian dialect">Wallachian dialect</a>. </p><p>As with all other dialects of Romanian, the one of Crișana is distinguished primarily by its phonetic features and to a lesser degree by its morphological, syntactic, and lexical features. However, in the context of the more fragmented Transylvanian speech varieties, these characteristics are less distinct than those of other dialectal areas. As a consequence, in some classifications the Crișana dialect is not individualized, such as those of <a href="/wiki/Gustav_Weigand" title="Gustav Weigand">Gustav Weigand</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alexandru_Philippide" title="Alexandru Philippide">Alexandru Philippide</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iorgu_Iordan" title="Iorgu Iordan">Iorgu Iordan</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Emanuel_Vasiliu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Emanuel Vasiliu (page does not exist)">Emanuel Vasiliu</a>. Other analyses, however, include the Crișana dialect in their classifications of four or five dialects (the fifth would be the even less distinct <a href="/wiki/Maramure%C8%99_dialect" title="Maramureș dialect">Maramureș dialect</a>); this view is supported particularly by more recent studies, such as those of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Romulus_Todoran&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Romulus Todoran (page does not exist)">Romulus Todoran</a>, <a href="/wiki/Emil_Petrovici" title="Emil Petrovici">Emil Petrovici</a>, and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ion_Coteanu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ion Coteanu (page does not exist)">Ion Coteanu</a>. This divergence is a matter of definition. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geographic_distribution">Geographic distribution</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cri%C8%99ana_dialect&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Geographic distribution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Crișana dialect has its name from the historical region of <a href="/wiki/Cri%C8%99ana" title="Crișana">Crișana</a>, although the dialectal area and the historical region only partially overlap. More precisely, the dialect is spoken in the following <a href="/wiki/Counties_of_Romania" title="Counties of Romania">Romanian counties</a>: <a href="/wiki/Bihor_County" title="Bihor County">Bihor</a>, <a href="/wiki/S%C4%83laj_County" title="Sălaj County">Sălaj</a>, <a href="/wiki/Satu_Mare_County" title="Satu Mare County">Satu Mare</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alba_County" title="Alba County">Alba</a> (north-western part), <a href="/wiki/Cluj_County" title="Cluj County">Cluj</a> (western half), <a href="/wiki/Arad_County" title="Arad County">Arad</a> (northern half, delimited by the <a href="/wiki/Mure%C8%99_river" class="mw-redirect" title="Mureș river">Mureș river</a>), <a href="/wiki/Hunedoara_County" title="Hunedoara County">Hunedoara</a> (northern part), <a href="/wiki/Maramure%C8%99_County" title="Maramureș County">Maramureș</a> (south-western part). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Subdivisions">Subdivisions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cri%C8%99ana_dialect&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Subdivisions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Several varieties can be further distinguished within the Crișana dialect, specifically those of <a href="/wiki/Bihor_County" title="Bihor County">Bihor</a>, <a href="/wiki/%C8%9Aara_Mo%C8%9Bilor" title="Țara Moților">Țara Moților</a>, the area of the <a href="/wiki/Some%C8%99_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Someș River">Someș River</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Oa%C8%99_Country" class="mw-redirect" title="Oaș Country">Țara Oașului</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Particularities">Particularities</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cri%C8%99ana_dialect&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Particularities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Phonetic_features">Phonetic features</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cri%C8%99ana_dialect&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Phonetic features"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Unstressed vowels <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[a,<span class="wrap"> </span>e,<span class="wrap"> </span>o]</span> often close to <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ə,<span class="wrap"> </span>i,<span class="wrap"> </span>u]</span>, respectively: <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[pəˈhar,<span class="wrap"> </span>ˈpuni,<span class="wrap"> </span>akupeˈrit]</span> for standard <i>pahar</i>, <i>pune</i>, <i>acoperit</i>.</li> <li>Conversely, vowel <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ə]</span> sometimes opens to <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[a]</span>: <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[paˈduri,<span class="wrap"> </span>kapaˈtat]</span> for standard <i>pădure</i>, <i>căpătat</i>.</li> <li>The diphthong <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[o̯a]</span> is systematically monophthongized to <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɔ]</span>: <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ˈpɔtʲe,<span class="wrap"> </span>ˈkɔʒə]</span> for standard <i>poate</i>, <i>coajă</i>.</li> <li>After labials, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[e]</span> becomes <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ə]</span> and the diphthong <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[e̯a]</span> is monophthongized to <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[a]</span>: <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[mərɡ,<span class="wrap"> </span>ˈmarɡə]</span> for standard <i>merg</i>, <i>meargă</i>.</li> <li>After the consonants <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[s,<span class="wrap"> </span>z,<span class="wrap"> </span>t͡s,<span class="wrap"> </span>d͡z]</span>, front vowels become central, and the diphthong <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[e̯a]</span> monophthongizes to <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[a]</span>: <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ˈsɨŋɡur,<span class="wrap"> </span>ˈsarə,<span class="wrap"> </span>ˈzamə,<span class="wrap"> </span>t͡sɨn]</span> for standard <i>singur</i>, <i>seară</i>, <i>zeamă</i>, <i>țin</i>. In certain areas, the same happens with consonants <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ʃ,<span class="wrap"> </span>ʒ]</span>; in other areas, they palatalize and make the subsequent central vowels front: <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ˈkwɔʒʲe,<span class="wrap"> </span>ˈuʃʲe]</span> for standard <i>coajă</i>, <i>ușă</i>.</li> <li>The vowel <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[o]</span> in word-initial positions diphthongizes to <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[wə]</span>: <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[wəj,<span class="wrap"> </span>wərb]</span> for standard <i>oi</i>, <i>orb</i>.</li> <li>Asyllabic word-final vowels<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="IPA ʲ and ʷ do not represent vowels, but palatal and labial articulations respectively (April 2020)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ʲ,<span class="wrap"> </span>ʷ]</span> occur: <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[a<span class="wrap"> </span>spusʷ]</span> for standard <i>a spus</i>.</li> <li>The diphthong <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɨj]</span> monophthongizes to <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɨ]</span>: <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ˈkɨne,<span class="wrap"> </span>ˈmɨne,<span class="wrap"> </span>ˈpɨne]</span> for standard <i>câine</i>, <i>mâine</i>, <i>pâine</i>.</li> <li>The diphthong <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ja]</span> becomes <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[je]</span> in certain words: <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[bəˈjet,<span class="wrap"> </span>təmɨˈjet]</span> for standard <i>băiat</i>, <i>tămâiat</i>.</li> <li>The archaic consonant <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[d͡z]</span> becomes <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[z]</span> in most of the dialectal area, whereas <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[d͡ʒ]</span> is preserved, although in <a href="/wiki/Free_variation" title="Free variation">free variation</a> with <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ʒ]</span>.</li> <li>The labials and the labio-dentals are palatalized in specific ways when followed by front vowels: <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[p,<span class="wrap"> </span>b,<span class="wrap"> </span>m]</span> become <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ptʲ,<span class="wrap"> </span>bdʲ,<span class="wrap"> </span>mnʲ]</span>, respectively; <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[f]</span> becomes <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[hʲ]</span> or <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ʃʲ]</span>, and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[v]</span> becomes <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɦʲ]</span> or <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[dʲ]</span>. Examples: <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ˈptʲele,<span class="wrap"> </span>ˈbdʲinʲe,<span class="wrap"> </span>mnʲik,<span class="wrap"> </span>ˈhʲi.e<span class="wrap"> </span>/<span class="wrap"> </span>ˈʃʲi.e,<span class="wrap"> </span>ɦʲiˈt͡səl<span class="wrap"> </span>/<span class="wrap"> </span>dʲiˈt͡səl]</span> for standard <i>piele</i>, <i>bine</i>, <i>mic</i>, <i>(să) fie</i>, <i>vițel</i>. However, the palatalization is not generalized (it is more widespread in the northern part of the dialectal area<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) and fluctuations occur.</li> <li>Dentals <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[t,<span class="wrap"> </span>d]</span> palatalize when followed by front vowels: <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ˈfratʲe,<span class="wrap"> </span>ˈbadʲe]</span> for standard <i>frate</i>, <i>bade</i>.</li> <li>The affricate <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[t͡ʃ]</span> remains unchanged, while <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[d͡ʒ]</span> becomes <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ʒ]</span>: <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ˈsɨnʒe,<span class="wrap"> </span>ˈfuʒe]</span> for standard <i>sânge</i>, <i>fuge</i>.</li> <li>The sequence <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[sl]</span> receives an <a href="/wiki/Epenthesis" title="Epenthesis">epenthetic</a> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[k]</span> and becomes <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[skl]</span>: <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[sklab,<span class="wrap"> </span>skləˈninə]</span> for standard <i>slab</i>, <i>slănină</i>.</li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/%C8%9Aara_Mo%C8%9Bilor" title="Țara Moților">Țara Moților</a>, a specific kind of <a href="/wiki/Rhotacism_(sound_change)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhotacism (sound change)">rhotacism</a> occurs, by which intervocalic <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[n]</span> is replaced with <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[r]</span> in old words: <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ˈwamirʲ,<span class="wrap"> </span>lumnʲirə]</span> for standard <i>oameni</i>, <i>lumină</i>. An identical phenomenon, which may be historically related, occurs in <a href="/wiki/Istro-Romanian_language" title="Istro-Romanian language">Istro-Romanian</a>.</li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/Oa%C8%99_Country" class="mw-redirect" title="Oaș Country">Țara Oașului</a>, when <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[l]</span> is followed by a consonant, it is <a href="/wiki/Velarized_alveolar_lateral_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Velarized alveolar lateral approximant">velarized</a> to <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɫ]</span> or even <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[w]</span>: <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[aɫb<span class="wrap"> </span>/<span class="wrap"> </span>awb]</span> for standard <i>alb</i>.</li> <li>In Țara Oașului, the consonant <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[r]</span> is realized with multiple vibrations.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="what are the realizations? (April 2020)">specify</span></a></i>]</sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Morphological_and_syntactical_features">Morphological and syntactical features</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cri%C8%99ana_dialect&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Morphological and syntactical features"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>The possessive article is invariable: <i>a meu</i>, <i>a mea</i>, <i>a mei</i>, <i>a mele</i> ("mine", compare with standard <i>al meu</i>, <i>a mea</i>, <i>ai mei</i>, <i>ale mele</i>).</li> <li>Some <a href="/wiki/Romanian_verbs" title="Romanian verbs">verbs</a> of the 1st and 4th conjugation groups do not take the <i>-ez</i> and <i>-esc</i> suffixes: <i>lucră</i>, <i>străluce</i> ("he works", "it shines", compare with standard <i>lucrează</i>, <i>strălucește</i>). On the other hand, the suffix <i>-esc</i> does occur sometimes where in the standard language it doesn't: <i>împărțăsc</i>, <i>înghițăsc</i>, <i>simțăsc</i> ("I divide", "I swallow", "I feel", compare with standard <i>împart</i>, <i>înghit</i>, <i>simt</i>).</li> <li>The auxiliary used for the compound perfect of verbs in the 3rd person is <i>o</i> for the singular and <i>or / o</i> for the plural: <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[o<span class="wrap"> </span>zɨs,<span class="wrap"> </span>or<span class="wrap"> </span>zɨs]</span> ("he said", "they said", compare with standard <i>a zis</i>, <i>au zis</i>).</li> <li>The conjunction used for subjunctives is <i>și</i>: <i>și facă</i> ("for him to do, that he does", compare with standard <i>să facă</i>).</li> <li>The following forms occur for the 3rd person of the subjunctive, both singular and plural: <i>să deie</i>, <i>să steie</i>, <i>să beie</i>, <i>să vreie</i>, ending in <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ˈeje]</span>, where the standard language has <i>să dea</i>, <i>să stea</i>, <i>să bea</i>, <i>să vrea</i>, ending in <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ˈe̯a]</span>.</li> <li>The past tense of the optative-conditional mood is formed using the auxiliary <i>a vrea</i> and the infinitive, for instance <i>o vu cânta</i>, totally different from the standard <i>ar fi cântat</i>.</li> <li>When the object of a verb is another verb, the latter is in its infinitive form.</li> <li>In some constructions, analytic forms are preferred to synthetic ones, e.g. the preposition <i>cătă</i> ("towards", standard <i>către</i>) is used instead of the dative: <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[o<span class="wrap"> </span>zɨs<span class="wrap"> </span>ˈkətə<span class="wrap"> </span>ˈminʲe]</span> ("he said to me", compare with standard <i>mi-a zis</i>).</li> <li>In certain areas, the imperative is formed using the long infinitive: <i>nu plecareți!</i>, <i>nu vă lăudareți!</i> (standard: <i>nu plecați!</i>, <i>nu vă lăudați!</i>).</li> <li>In the northern and central parts of the dialectal area, certain verb forms have <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[n]</span> replaced with other sounds: <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[spuj,<span class="wrap"> </span>viw,<span class="wrap"> </span>viˈind]</span> ("I say", "I come", "coming", compare with standard <i>spun</i>, <i>vin</i>, <i>venind</i>). This feature is shared with the <a href="/wiki/Wallachian_dialect" title="Wallachian dialect">Wallachian dialect</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lexical_particularities">Lexical particularities</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cri%C8%99ana_dialect&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Lexical particularities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Particular forms of the indefinite pronouns (and their corresponding adjectives) occur: <i>oarecine</i> ("someone", standard <i>cineva</i>), <i>oarece</i> ("something", standard <i>ceva</i>).</li> <li>Other specific words: <i>arină</i> ("sand", standard <i>nisip</i>), <i>brâncă</i> ("hand", <i>mână</i>), <i>cotătoare</i> ("mirror", <i>oglindă</i>), <i>ștergură</i> ("towel", <i>prosop</i>), <i>vă!</i> ("go!", <i>du-te!</i>), <i>tulai!</i> ("oh!", <i>vai!</i>), no( used to express feelings or situations), etc.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sample">Sample</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cri%C8%99ana_dialect&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Sample"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Crișana dialect: <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[aˈtunt͡ʃ<span class="wrap"> </span>jar<span class="wrap"> </span>o<span class="wrap"> </span>jeˈʃɨt<span class="wrap"> </span>ʃɨ<span class="wrap"> </span>so<span class="wrap"> </span>ujˈtat<span class="wrap"> </span>‖<span class="wrap"> </span>am<span class="wrap"> </span>rədʲiˈkat<span class="wrap"> </span>ˈbrɨŋka<span class="wrap"> </span>‖<span class="wrap"> </span>ʃɨ<span class="wrap"> </span>ˈdomnu<span class="wrap"> </span>o<span class="wrap"> </span>zɨs<span class="wrap"> </span>‖<span class="wrap"> </span>ˈɨŋkaʃa<span class="wrap"> </span>nã<span class="wrap"> </span>vəˈzut<span class="wrap"> </span>ˈkɨnʲe<span class="wrap"> </span>‖<span class="wrap"> </span>ʃaˈtunt͡ʃ<span class="wrap"> </span>ˈkɨnʲile<span class="wrap"> </span>o<span class="wrap"> </span>vint<span class="wrap"> </span>ku<span class="wrap"> </span>ˈwə.ile<span class="wrap"> </span>ʃɨ<span class="wrap"> </span>so<span class="wrap"> </span>ujˈtat<span class="wrap"> </span>la<span class="wrap"> </span>ˈminʲe<span class="wrap"> </span>t͡ʃej<span class="wrap"> </span>maj<span class="wrap"> </span>spun<span class="wrap"> </span>‖<span class="wrap"> </span>kə<span class="wrap"> </span>jel<span class="wrap"> </span>o<span class="wrap"> </span>ʃtʲiˈut<span class="wrap"> </span>kəj<span class="wrap"> </span>maj<span class="wrap"> </span>spun<span class="wrap"> </span>t͡ʃeˈva]</span> </p><p>Standard Romanian: <i>Atunci iar a ieșit și s-a uitat. Am ridicat mâna. Și domnul a zis: Așa câine încă n-am văzut. Și-atunci câinele a venit cu oile și s-a uitat la mine [așteptând să vadă] ce-i mai spun. Că el a știut că-i mai spun ceva.</i> </p><p>English translation: "Then it went out again and watched. I raised my hand. And the gentleman said: I've never seen a dog like this. And then the dog brought the sheep back and looked at me [waiting to see] what else I was going to say. Because it knew I was going to say something again." </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cri%C8%99ana_dialect&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Matilda_Caragiu_Mario%C8%9Beanu" title="Matilda Caragiu Marioțeanu">Matilda Caragiu Marioțeanu</a>, <i>Compendiu de dialectologie română</i>, Editura Științifică și Enciclopedică, 1975, p. 159 <span class="languageicon">(in Romanian)</span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cri%C8%99ana_dialect&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Ilona Bădescu, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120407025704/http://cis01.central.ucv.ro/litere/idd/cursuri/an_3/dialectologie/dialectologie_an3_badescu.pdf">"Dialectologie"</a>, teaching material for the University of Craiova <span class="languageicon">(in Romanian)</span></li> <li>Vasile Ursan, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120120003357/http://www.revistatransilvania.ro/arhiva/2008/pdf/numarul1/art18.pdf">"Despre configurația dialectală a dacoromânei actuale"</a>, <i>Transilvania</i> (new series), 2008, No. 1, pp. 77–85 <span class="languageicon">(in Romanian)</span></li> <li>Elena Buja, Liliana Coposescu, Gabriela Cusen, Luiza Meseșan Schmitz, Dan Chiribucă, Adriana Neagu, Iulian Pah, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110821193751/http://meridium.unistrapg.it/sites/meridium.unistrapg.internal/files/Country_report_RO_90_pagini_1_aprilie_2010_final.pdf"><i>Raport de țară: România</i></a>, country report for the Lifelong Learning Programme MERIDIUM <span class="languageicon">(in Romanian)</span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cri%C8%99ana_dialect&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_phonology" title="Romanian phonology">Romanian phonology</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Eastern_Romance_languages_and_dialects" title="Template:Eastern Romance languages and dialects"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Eastern_Romance_languages_and_dialects" title="Template talk:Eastern Romance languages and dialects"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Eastern_Romance_languages_and_dialects" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Eastern Romance languages and dialects"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Dialects_of_the_Eastern_Romance_languages" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Dialects of the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Romance_languages" title="Eastern Romance languages">Eastern Romance languages</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background: #9898FF"><div><a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Classical Latin</a> → <a href="/wiki/Vulgar_Latin" title="Vulgar Latin">Vulgar Latin</a> → <a href="/wiki/Common_Romanian" title="Common Romanian">Common Romanian</a> → Eastern Romance languages</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #9898FF"><a href="/wiki/Romanian_language" title="Romanian language">Romanian</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Romanian_dialects" title="Romanian dialects">dialects</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #9898FF">Northern variants</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #9898FF">Moldavian</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Moldavian_dialect" title="Moldavian dialect">Moldavian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bukovinian_Romanian_dialect" title="Bukovinian Romanian dialect">Bukovinian</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #9898FF">Transylvanian</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Transylvanian_varieties_of_Romanian" title="Transylvanian varieties of Romanian">Transylvanian</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Crișana</a>, divided into several subdialects</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maramure%C8%99_dialect" title="Maramureș dialect">Maramureș</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #9898FF">Banat</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Banat_Romanian_dialect" title="Banat Romanian dialect">Banat</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boyash_Romanian&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Boyash Romanian (page does not exist)">Boyash</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #9898FF">Southern variants</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #9898FF">Muntenian</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muntenian_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Muntenian dialect">Muntenian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #9898FF">Oltenian</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oltenian_dialect" title="Oltenian dialect">Oltenian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #9898FF">†Dician</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>†<a href="/w/index.php?title=Dician_dialect&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dician dialect (page does not exist)">Dician</a> (original Dobrujan dialect)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #9898FF">Romanian-based<br />argots/speech forms<big>*</big></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gumu%C8%9Beasca" title="Gumuțeasca">Gumuțeasca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Totoiana" title="Totoiana">Totoiana</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #B8B8FF"><a href="/wiki/Aromanian_language" title="Aromanian language">Aromanian</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Aromanian_dialects" title="Aromanian dialects">dialects</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #B8B8FF">Northern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Farsherot</li> <li>Grabovean/Moscopolean</li> <li>Muzachiar</li> <li>Gopeš–Malovište</li> <li>Gorna Belica–Dolna Belica</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #B8B8FF">Southern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Pindean <ul><li>Olympian</li></ul></li> <li>Gramostean</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #D8D8FF"><a href="/wiki/Megleno-Romanian_language" title="Megleno-Romanian language">Megleno-Romanian</a><br />dialects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #D8D8FF">Northern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Northern</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #D8D8FF">Southern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Southern</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #E8E8FF"><a href="/wiki/Istro-Romanian_language" title="Istro-Romanian language">Istro-Romanian</a><br />dialects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #E8E8FF">In Istria</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #E8E8FF">Northern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Northern</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #E8E8FF">Southern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Southern (variants between villages)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #E8E8FF">†In Krk</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="†Krko-Romanian" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #E8E8FF">†Krko-Romanian</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>†Krko-Romanian</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><big>*</big> = Not strictly dialects; † = extinct</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Romanian_language" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Romanian_language" title="Template:Romanian language"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Romanian_language" title="Template talk:Romanian language"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Romanian_language" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Romanian language"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Romanian_language" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Romanian_language" title="Romanian language">Romanian language</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Romanian_dialects" title="Romanian dialects">Subdialects</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wallachian_dialect" title="Wallachian dialect">Wallachia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oltenian_dialect" title="Oltenian dialect">Oltenia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dobrujan_dialect&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dobrujan dialect (page does not exist)">Dobruja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moldavian_dialect" title="Moldavian dialect">Moldavia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bukovinian_Romanian_dialect" title="Bukovinian Romanian dialect">Bukovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moldovan_language" title="Moldovan language">Republic of Moldova</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banat_Romanian_dialect" title="Banat Romanian dialect">Banat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transylvanian_varieties_of_Romanian" title="Transylvanian varieties of Romanian">Transylvania</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Crișana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maramure%C8%99_dialect" title="Maramureș dialect">Maramureș</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Argots_and_speech_forms" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Argots and speech forms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gumu%C8%9Beasca" title="Gumuțeasca">Gumuțeasca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Totoiana" title="Totoiana">Totoiana</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Dialects/related languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Daco-Romanian" class="mw-redirect" title="Daco-Romanian">Daco-Romanian</a> (Romanian itself)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aromanian_language" title="Aromanian language">Aromanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megleno-Romanian_language" title="Megleno-Romanian language">Megleno-Romanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Istro-Romanian_language" title="Istro-Romanian language">Istro-Romanian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Linguistics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_grammar" title="Romanian grammar">Grammar</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_nouns" title="Romanian nouns">nouns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_verbs" title="Romanian verbs">verbs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_numbers" title="Romanian numbers">numbers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%82" title="Ă">Ă</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%82" title="Â">Â</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%8E" title="Î">Î</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C8%98" title="Ș">Ș</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T-comma" class="mw-redirect" title="T-comma">Ț</a></li> <li>Former: <a href="/wiki/D%CC%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="D̦">D̦</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%AC" title="Ŭ">Ŭ</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_lexis" title="Romanian lexis">Lexis and vocabulary</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Longest_word_in_Romanian" title="Longest word in Romanian">longest Romanian word</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_calendar#Traditional_month_names" title="Romanian calendar">traditional month names</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_profanity" title="Romanian profanity">profanities</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_phonology" title="Romanian phonology">Phonology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Periods of <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Romanian_language" title="History of the Romanian language">historic evolution</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Classical Latin</a> → <a href="/wiki/Vulgar_Latin" title="Vulgar Latin">Vulgar Latin</a> → <a href="/wiki/Common_Romanian" title="Common Romanian">Common Romanian</a> → <a href="/wiki/Old_Romanian" title="Old Romanian">Old Romanian</a> → <a href="/wiki/Re-latinization_of_Romanian" title="Re-latinization of Romanian">Re-latinization</a> → <a href="/wiki/Modern_Romanian" title="Modern Romanian">Modern Romanian</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Written form</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_alphabet" title="Romanian alphabet">Modern alphabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_transitional_alphabet" title="Romanian transitional alphabet">Romanian transitional alphabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moldovan_Cyrillic_alphabet" title="Moldovan Cyrillic alphabet">Moldovan Cyrillic alphabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_Cyrillic_alphabet" title="Romanian Cyrillic alphabet">Romanian Cyrillic alphabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_Braille" title="Romanian Braille">Romanian Braille</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Institutions and movements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Transylvanian_School" title="Transylvanian School">Transylvanian School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Junimea" title="Junimea">Junimea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_Academy" title="Romanian Academy">Romanian Academy</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Dic%C8%9Bionarul_explicativ_al_limbii_rom%C3%A2ne" title="Dicționarul explicativ al limbii române">Dicționarul explicativ al limbii române</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dic%C8%9Bionarul_Limbii_Rom%C3%A2ne" title="Dicționarul Limbii Române">Dicționarul Limbii Române</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dic%C8%9Bionar_moldovenesc-rom%C3%A2nesc" title="Dicționar moldovenesc-românesc">Dicționar moldovenesc-românesc</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Academy_of_Sciences_of_Moldova" title="Academy of Sciences of Moldova">Academy of Sciences of Moldova</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Language contact</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Substrate_in_Romanian" title="Substrate in Romanian">Substrata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balkan_sprachbund" title="Balkan sprachbund">Balkan sprachbund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanian%E2%80%93Eastern_Romance_linguistic_parallels" title="Albanian–Eastern Romance linguistic parallels">Linguistic parallels with Albanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavic_influence_on_Romanian" title="Slavic influence on Romanian">Slavic superstratum and adstratum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Romance_influence_on_Slavic_languages" title="Eastern Romance influence on Slavic languages">Influence on Slavic languages</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Speech communities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Romanians" title="Romanians">Romanians</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Origin_of_the_Romanians" title="Origin of the Romanians">origin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_diaspora" title="Romanian diaspora">diaspora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moldovans" title="Moldovans">Moldovans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vlachs_of_Serbia" title="Vlachs of Serbia">Timok Vlachs</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td 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