Anode vs Cathode | Battery Definitions and Priciples

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They are often described as the positive and negative electrodes. However, the flow of electrons is determined by the state of the battery." /><link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="180x180" href="//www.ossila.com/cdn/shop/t/303/assets/apple-touch-icon.png?v=47689890648139992551729065668"> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="32x32" href="//www.ossila.com/cdn/shop/t/303/assets/favicon-32x32.png?v=170914528706734454101729065668"> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="16x16" href="//www.ossila.com/cdn/shop/t/303/assets/favicon-16x16.png?v=162550173345868048431729065668"> <link rel="manifest" href="//www.ossila.com/cdn/shop/t/303/assets/site.webmanifest?v=100969836723433583841729065669"> <link rel="mask-icon" href="//www.ossila.com/cdn/shop/t/303/assets/safari-pinned-tab.svg?v=95647162979764929801729065669" color="#39499c"> <meta name="msapplication-TileColor" content="#418fde"> <meta name="theme-color" content="#ffffff"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://www.ossila.com/pages/anode-vs-cathode-batteries" />  <link rel="stylesheet" href="//www.ossila.com/cdn/shop/t/303/assets/main-style.css?v=129786468726129743101731684242">  <script>var shopifyMoneyFormat = '${{amount}}';</script> <script defer src="//www.ossila.com/cdn/shop/t/303/assets/main.js?v=120109391065215852831729088283"></script>  <meta property="og:type" content="website" /> <meta property="og:title" content="Anode vs Cathode | Battery Definitions and Priciples" /> <meta property="og:description" content="The difference between a cathode and an anode are easily confused. They are often described as the positive and negative electrodes. However, the flow of electrons is determined by the state of the battery." /> <meta property="og:url" content="https://www.ossila.com/pages/anode-vs-cathode-batteries" /> <meta property="og:site_name" content="Ossila" /> <meta name="twitter:site" content="@ossilascience"> <meta name="twitter:card" content="summary"> <meta name="twitter:title" content="Anode vs Cathode: What is the Difference?"> <meta name="twitter:description" content="Anodes and cathodes are important components of how a battery works. The difference between, and the roles of, a cathode and an anode are easily confused. They are often described as the positive and negative electrodes. Yet, this definition does not sufficiently explain cathodes and anodes in all systems. Cathode vs Anode Defining Current Defining a cathode and anode as positive and negative, or as the source and sink of a current, depends on your definition of current itself. Current can describe the flow of positive or negative charge: Conventional current describes the flow of positive charge. This is despite the fact electrons constitute the actual electrical flow. Electron current describes the actual flow of negative electrons. The flow direction of electrons and positive ions depends on the state of the battery. 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Supplies</a> <a href="/collections/spectroscopy"> <svg class="icon icon-navigate_next"><use xlink:href="#icon-navigate_next"></use></svg> Spectroscopy Equipment</a> <a href="/collections/solution-making"> <svg class="icon icon-navigate_next"><use xlink:href="#icon-navigate_next"></use></svg> Solution Making Supplies</a> <a href="/collections/equipment-accessories"> <svg class="icon icon-navigate_next"><use xlink:href="#icon-navigate_next"></use></svg> Equipment Accessories</a> <a href="/collections/general-laboratory-supplies"> <svg class="icon icon-navigate_next"><use xlink:href="#icon-navigate_next"></use></svg> General Laboratory Supplies</a> </div> </div> </ul> </li> </ul> </nav> </div> </div> </div>  <div class="container"> <div id="unsupported-browser-message" class="alert-warning"> <p>It looks like you are using an unsupported browser. You can still place orders by emailing us on <a href="mailto:info@ossila.com">info@ossila.com</a>, but you may experience issues browsing our website. Please consider upgrading to a modern browser for better security and an improved browsing experience.</p> </div> </div>  <main> <div id="informational-page"> <h1>Anode vs Cathode: What is the Difference?</h1> <div class="container"> <img width="1340" src="https://www.ossila.com/cdn/shop/files/Battery-Materials.jpg?crop=center&width=1340&height=280" loading="lazy" height="280" class="featured-image" alt="Cathode vs Anode: What is the Difference?"> <p>Anodes and cathodes are important components of how a battery works. The difference between, and the roles of, a cathode and an anode are easily confused. They are often described as the positive and negative electrodes. Yet, this definition does not sufficiently explain cathodes and anodes in all systems.</p> <figure><img width="636" src="https://www.ossila.com/cdn/shop/files/Anode_vs_Cathode.svg?v=1698391387" loading="lazy" alt="Cathode vs Anode"> <figcaption>Cathode vs Anode</figcaption> </figure> <h2>Defining Current</h2> <hr> <p>Defining a cathode and anode as positive and negative, or as the source and sink of a current, depends on your definition of current itself. Current can describe the flow of positive or negative charge:</p> <ul> <li>Conventional current describes the flow of positive charge. This is despite the fact electrons constitute the actual electrical flow.</li> <li>Electron current describes the actual flow of negative electrons.</li> </ul> <p>The flow direction of electrons and positive ions depends on the state of the battery. Thus, it is important to describe the system further when defining the difference between an anode and a cathode.</p> <h2>Anodes and Cathodes</h2> <hr> <h3>What is a Cathode?</h3> <p>For intercalation-based batteries, such as lithium-ion batteries, the cathode supplies the positive ions that allow for intercalation with the anode.</p> <p>The <a title="Battery Materials" href="/collections/battery-materials">battery materials</a> used influence the intercalation process. Lithium-ion batteries use lithium ions (Li<sup>+</sup>), while sodium-ion batteries use sodium ions (Na<sup>+</sup>). The chemistry and structure of the cathode is selected to enhance the discharge rates and overall capacity of the battery.</p> <p><span data-mce-fragment="1">The intercalation process is dependent on the cathode and is the foundation for </span>how batteries work<span data-mce-fragment="1">. </span>As the source of positive ions, cathodes are typically the most complicated and important element of a battery.</p> <p>While research into all the components of a battery can push the experimental capacity closer to the theoretical, the cathode requires the most development. The cathode material can be designed to tackle different tasks with certain chemistries offering better cycle life in exchange for power output, and vice versa.</p> <h3>Examples of cathode active materials</h3> <p> <div class="product-row"> <div class="product-container text-center"> <a href="/products/lithium-nickel-manganese-oxide"> <img class="product-image img-responsive" width="189.583" height="189.583" loading="lazy" src="//www.ossila.com/cdn/shop/files/M2403A1.png?v=1719306221&width=190" alt="Lithium Nickel Manganese Oxide (LNMO) Powder" /> <p class="h4 word-wrap product-name">Lithium Nickel Manganese Oxide (LNMO) Powder</p><span class="product-min-price product-price">From $189</span> </a> </div> <div class="product-container text-center"> <a href="/products/lithium-iron-phosphate"> <img class="product-image img-responsive" width="189.583" height="189.583" loading="lazy" src="//www.ossila.com/cdn/shop/files/M2408A1.png?v=1719306313&width=190" alt="Lithium Iron Phosphate (LiFePO<sub>4</sub>) Powder" /> <p class="h4 word-wrap product-name">Lithium Iron Phosphate (LiFePO<sub>4</sub>) Powder</p><span class="product-min-price product-price">From $208</span> </a> </div> <div class="product-container text-center"> <a href="/products/nickel-ii-oxide-powder"> <img class="product-image img-responsive" width="189.583" height="189.583" loading="lazy" src="//www.ossila.com/cdn/shop/files/M2441A1.png?v=1718724695&width=190" alt="Nickel (II) Oxide Powder" /> <p class="h4 word-wrap product-name">Nickel (II) Oxide Powder</p><span class="product-min-price product-price">From $52</span> </a> </div> <div class="product-container text-center"> <a href="/products/lithium-manganese-oxide"> <img class="product-image img-responsive" width="189.583" height="189.583" loading="lazy" src="//www.ossila.com/cdn/shop/files/M2402A1.png?v=1719312971&width=190" alt="Lithium Manganese Oxide (LMO) Powder" /> <p class="h4 word-wrap product-name">Lithium Manganese Oxide (LMO) Powder</p><span class="product-min-price product-price">From $215</span> </a> </div> <div class="product-container text-center"> <a href="/products/nmc811"> <img class="product-image img-responsive" width="189.583" height="189.583" loading="lazy" src="//www.ossila.com/cdn/shop/files/M2405A1.png?v=1719824011&width=190" alt="Lithium Nickel Manganese Cobalt Oxide (NMC811) Powder" /> <p class="h4 word-wrap product-name">Lithium Nickel Manganese Cobalt Oxide (NMC811) Powder</p><span class="product-min-price product-price">From $208</span> </a> </div> </div> </p> <h3>What is an Anode?</h3> <p>In intercalation-based batteries, the anode is the intercalation point for positive ions.</p> <p>Typically, the anode requires a porous structure so intercalation can occur, and it must be electronically conductive. Other material qualities considered include thermal and electrical isometry. An anode that expands or contracts during intercalation or heating can cause battery failure.</p> <p>Carbon nanotubes and graphene based materials make excellent anode active materials due to their high electron conductivity, stability and low weights.</p> <h3>Examples of anode active materials</h3> <p> <div class="product-row"> <div class="product-container text-center"> <a href="/products/multi-walled-carbon-nanotubes"> <img class="product-image img-responsive" width="189.583" height="189.583" loading="lazy" src="//www.ossila.com/cdn/shop/files/multi-walled-carbon-nanotubes-mwcnt.png?v=1729497582&width=190" alt="Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotubes (MWCNT)" /> <p class="h4 word-wrap product-name">Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotubes (MWCNT)</p><span class="product-min-price product-price">From $85</span> </a> </div> <div class="product-container text-center"> <a href="/products/single-walled-carbon-nanotubes"> <img class="product-image img-responsive" width="189.583" height="189.583" loading="lazy" src="//www.ossila.com/cdn/shop/files/single-walled-carbon-nanotube-structure-title.png?v=1729248543&width=190" alt="Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes (SWCNT)" /> <p class="h4 word-wrap product-name">Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes (SWCNT)</p><span class="product-min-price product-price">From $130</span> </a> </div> <div class="product-container text-center"> <a href="/products/reduced-graphene-oxide-powders"> <img class="product-image img-responsive" width="189.583" height="189.583" loading="lazy" src="//www.ossila.com/cdn/shop/files/M0921A1.png?v=1719823974&width=190" alt="Reduced Graphene Oxide Powders" /> <p class="h4 word-wrap product-name">Reduced Graphene Oxide Powders</p><span class="product-min-price product-price">From $150</span> </a> </div> <div class="product-container text-center"> <a href="/products/nickel-phosphorus-trisulfide-powder-and-crystal"> <img class="product-image img-responsive" width="189.583" height="189.583" loading="lazy" src="//www.ossila.com/cdn/shop/files/M2211C1.png?v=1719310584&width=190" alt="Nickel Phosphorus Trisulfide (NiPS3) Powder and Crystal" /> <p class="h4 word-wrap product-name">Nickel Phosphorus Trisulfide (NiPS3) Powder and Crystal</p><span class="product-min-price product-price">From $286</span> </a> </div> <div class="product-container text-center"> <a href="/products/nitrogen-doped-graphene-oxide-powders-and-solutions"> <img class="product-image img-responsive" width="189.583" height="189.583" loading="lazy" src="//www.ossila.com/cdn/shop/files/M891.png?v=1719305331&width=190" alt="Nitrogen-doped Graphene Oxide Powders" /> <p class="h4 word-wrap product-name">Nitrogen-doped Graphene Oxide Powders</p><span class="product-min-price product-price">From $247</span> </a> </div> </div> </p> <h2>The Role in a Battery</h2> <hr> <h3></h3> <h3>Charging</h3> <p>During charging, the cathode supplies ions and electrons. The anode stores the positive ions through intercalation and hold the electrons ready for discharge.</p> <p>In a lithium-ion battery, when you apply an electric voltage, the lithium ions are 'pushed' through the electrolyte from the cathode to the anode. These ions will then intercalate with the anode, holding the positive charge until discharging occurs.</p> <p>During this process, electrons also move from the cathode to the anode through the circuit. Once the charging circuit is disconnected, the electrons are held at the anode ready for discharge. The non-conductive nature of the electrolyte prevents the electrons from returning to the cathode.</p> <p>In a rechargeable battery, this process occurs each time the battery is charged.</p> <h3>Discharging</h3> <p>As the battery is used, or discharged, the anode releases electrons and ions. Connecting the battery to a circuit allows this discharge. This provides a path for the flow of electrons, which defines electrical current, through the circuit. The release of electrons triggers the ions intercalated with the anode to flow back to the cathode through the electrolyte.</p> <p>Once the battery is fully discharged, the cathode holds the electrons and ions. This process is also repeated in rechargeable batteries.</p> <h2></h2> <h2>Summary</h2> <hr> <p>Cathodes and anodes are key parts of a <a title="An Introduction to Batteries" href="/pages/how-batteries-work">battery</a>. While often labelled as either positive or negative, these terms do not fully describe their roles. The direction of current, either as positive charge flow or actual electron flow, also matters. Whether the battery is charging or discharging determines which electrode supplies the flow of electrons. In both processes, a flow of negative electrons and positive ions occurs at the same time, in the same direction. Therefore, the positive and negative terminals are not the same in all cases.</p> <h2>Related Products</h2> <hr> <div class="collection-container"> <div class="collection-tile"> <a href="/collections/cathode-active-materials"> <div class="collection-button background-ossila-blue"> <img width="150" src="https://www.ossila.com/cdn/shop/files/lithium-iron-phosphate-collection-design.png?v=1718697122&width=150&height=109" loading="lazy" height="109" alt="Cathode Active Materials Collection"> <p>Cathode Active Materials</p> </div> </a> <p><a href="/collections/cathode-active-materials">Cathode Active Materials</a></p> <p>Explore the range of high purity cathode active materials.</p> </div> <div class="collection-tile"> <a href="/collections/anode-active-materials"> <div class="collection-button background-ossila-blue"> <img width="150" src="https://www.ossila.com/cdn/shop/files/bismuth-oxide-collection-design.png?v=1718697116&width=150&height=109" loading="lazy" height="109" alt="Anode Active Materials Collection"> <p>Anode Active Materials</p> </div> </a> <p><a href="/collections/anode-active-materials">Anode Active Materials</a></p> <p>Explore the range of anode active materials including graphite.</p> </div> </div> <h2>Learn More</h2> <hr> <div class="row button-row"> <div class="col-xs-12 col-sm-6 button-col"> <div class="card-box card-truncate"> <a href="/pages/how-batteries-work"><img alt="An Introduction to Batteries" height="160" loading="lazy" src="https://www.ossila.com/cdn/shop/files/how-batteries-work-diagram.png?v=1696342943&crop=center&width=160&height=160" width="160"></a> <a href="/pages/how-batteries-work"> An Introduction to Batteries</a> <p>Typically, batteries work by a process known as intercalation. This process occurs across the battery components. Most batteries consist of the same components.</p> <a href="/pages/how-batteries-work">Read more...</a> </div> </div> <div class="col-xs-12 col-sm-6 button-col"> <div class="card-box card-truncate"> <a href="/pages/lithium-ion-batteries"><img alt="How Lithium-Ion Batteries Work" height="160" loading="lazy" src="https://www.ossila.com/cdn/shop/files/lithium-ion-battery-work-diagram.png?v=1696343218&crop=center&width=160&height=160" width="160"></a> <a href="/pages/lithium-ion-batteries"> How Lithium-Ion Batteries Work</a> <p>Lithium-ion batteries use the reversible lithium intercalation reaction. The battery has several important components to enable this intercalation.</p> <a href="/pages/lithium-ion-batteries">Read more...</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="panel panel-default"> <div class="panel-body"> <h3>Contributing Authors</h3> <hr> <p>Written by</p> <p class="no-margin"><a title="Contributing Authors" href="/pages/our-writers#other-authors">Brett Pasquill</a></p> <p class="text-muted">Scientific Writer</p> </div> </div> <script type="application/ld+json"> { "@context": "https://schema.org", "@type": "Article", "abstract": "Anodes and cathodes are important components of how a battery works. The difference between, and the roles of, a cathode and an anode are easily confused. They are often described as the positive and negative electrodes. Yet, this definition does not sufficiently explain cathodes and anodes in all systems.", "author": [ { "@type": "Person", "name": "Brett Pasquill", "jobTitle": "Scientific Writer", "url": "https://www.ossila.com/pages/our-writers#other-authors" } ], "headline": "Cathode vs Anode: What is the Difference?", "image": [ "https://www.ossila.com/cdn/shop/files/Anode_vs_Cathode.svg?v=1698391387" ], "inLanguage": "en", "publisher": { "@type": "Organization", "name": "Ossila", "url": "https://www.ossila.com" }, "url": "https://www.ossila.com/pages/anode-vs-cathode-batteries" } </script> </div> </div> </main>  <div class="full-width-footer"> <footer id="footer" class="footer container"> <div class="clearfix footer-elems nav-footer" id="footer-links"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-xs-12 col-sm-3"> <span class="h2">Ossila</span> <ul class="nav-footer"> <li><a href="/pages/about">About Ossila</a></li> <li><a href="/pages/press-and-media">Press and Media</a></li> <li><a href="/pages/our-writers">Our Writing Team</a></li> <li><a href="/pages/awards-and-testimonials">Awards and Testimonials</a></li> <li><a href="/pages/feedback">Leave Feedback</a></li> <li><a href="/pages/terms-and-conditions">Terms and Conditions</a></li> <li><a href="/pages/privacy-policy">Privacy Policy</a></li> </ul> <span>Copyright © 2024 Ossila</span> </div> <div class="col-xs-12 col-sm-3"> <span class="h2">Join the Team</span> <ul class="nav-footer"> <li><a href="/pages/careers">Careers at Ossila</a></li> <li><a href="/pages/jobs-in-sheffield">Jobs in Sheffield</a></li> <li><a href="/pages/jobs-in-leiden">Jobs in Leiden</a></li> </ul> <span class="h2">Collaborate</span> <ul class="nav-footer"> <li><a href="/pages/reprinting-permissions">Free Digital Assets</a></li> <li><a href="/pages/conference-fund">Conference Sponsorship for Students</a></li> <li><a href="/pages/outreach-support">Science Outreach Support</a></li> <li><a href="/pages/graduation-awards-sponsorship">Graduation Awards</a></li> <li><a href="/pages/letters-of-support">Letters of Support</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="col-xs-12 col-sm-3"> <span class="h2">Your Account</span> <ul class="nav-footer"> <li><a href="/account/login">Log In</a></li> <li><a href="/account/register">Create Account</a></li> </ul> <span class="h2">Order Information</span> <ul class="nav-footer"> <li><a href="/pages/how-to-order">How to Order</a></li> <li><a href="/pages/worldwide-shipping">Worldwide Shipping Charges</a></li> <li><a href="/pages/returns-and-cancellations">Returns and Cancellations</a></li> <li><a href="/pages/warranty-information">Warranty Information</a></li> <li><a href="/pages/distributors">Regional Distributors</a></li> <li><a href="/collections/deals-and-discounts">Deals and Discounts</a></li> <li><a href="/pages/price-drop-guarantee">Price Drop Guarantee</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="col-xs-12 col-sm-3"> <span class="h2">Customer Support</span> <ul class="nav-footer"> <li><svg class="icon icon-envelope"><use xlink:href="#icon-envelope"></use></svg> <a href="/pages/contact-us">Send an Enquiry</a></li> <li><svg class="icon icon-envelope"><use xlink:href="#icon-envelope"></use></svg> <a href="mailto:info@ossila.com">info@ossila.com</a></li> <li class="no-padding-bottom"><a href="https://www.ossila.com/pages/about#our-locations" class="text-bold">Main Office</a></li> <li class="no-padding"><svg class="icon icon-phone"><use xlink:href="#icon-phone"></use></svg> +44 (0)114 2999 180</li> <li class="no-padding-top">Mon-Fri, 8:00-17:00 (GMT/BST)</li> <li class="no-padding-bottom"><a href="https://www.ossila.com/pages/about#our-locations" class="text-bold">EU Office</a></li> <li class="no-padding"><svg class="icon icon-phone"><use xlink:href="#icon-phone"></use></svg> +31 (0)718 081020</li> <li class="no-padding-top">Mon-Fri, 9:00-17:00 (CET/CEST)</li> </ul> </div> </div> <div class="text-center"> <span class="double-right-padding">Ossila Ltd</span> <span class="double-right-padding">Company Number 06920105</span> <span class="double-right-padding">VAT Number GB 978 2092 81</span> <span>EORI Number GB978209281000</span> </div> <div class="text-center"> <span class="double-right-padding">Ossila BV</span> <span class="double-right-padding">CCI number 84102241</span> <span class="double-right-padding">VAT Number NL 863097182B01</span> <span>EORI Number NL863097182</span> </div> </div> </footer> </div> <div id="bottom-banner" class="hidden"> <div id="cookie-banner" class="hidden"> <div class="container"> <div class="row"> <span class="col-xs-12 col-sm-8 no-margin pad-half-height">The Ossila website uses cookies for core functionality. 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Anode vs Cathode | Battery Definitions and Priciples | Ossila