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Sanctuary-Based Research - Farm Sanctuary
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href="https://www.farmsanctuary.org/the-sanctuaries/watkins-glen-ny/" target="_self"> <picture class="" data-title="Sheep pasture landscape at Farm Sanctuary" tabindex="0"> <source media="(min-width: 1280px)" srcset="https://assets.farmsanctuary.org/content/uploads/2020/05/27054216/2017_06-02_FSNY_Sheep_pasture_landscape_DSC_8640_CREDIT_Farm_Sanctuary-760x422.jpg"> <source media="(min-width: 760px)" srcset="https://assets.farmsanctuary.org/content/uploads/2020/05/27054216/2017_06-02_FSNY_Sheep_pasture_landscape_DSC_8640_CREDIT_Farm_Sanctuary-760x422.jpg"> <source media="(min-width: 0)" srcset="https://assets.farmsanctuary.org/content/uploads/2020/05/27054216/2017_06-02_FSNY_Sheep_pasture_landscape_DSC_8640_CREDIT_Farm_Sanctuary-760x422.jpg"> <img alt="Sheep pasture landscape at Farm Sanctuary" title="Sheep pasture landscape at Farm Sanctuary" loading="lazy" role="img" data-src="https://assets.farmsanctuary.org/content/uploads/2020/05/27054216/2017_06-02_FSNY_Sheep_pasture_landscape_DSC_8640_CREDIT_Farm_Sanctuary-1600x900.jpg" class="lazyload" src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAAAACH5BAEKAAEALAAAAAABAAEAAAICTAEAOw=="><noscript><img src="https://assets.farmsanctuary.org/content/uploads/2020/05/27054216/2017_06-02_FSNY_Sheep_pasture_landscape_DSC_8640_CREDIT_Farm_Sanctuary-1600x900.jpg" alt="Sheep pasture landscape at Farm Sanctuary" title="Sheep pasture landscape at Farm Sanctuary" loading="lazy" role="img" ></noscript> </picture> </a> <a href="https://www.farmsanctuary.org/the-sanctuaries/watkins-glen-ny/" class="entry-title" target="_self">Watkins Glen, NY <svg class="icon visit-title-icon" role="img" title="" aria-hidden="true" aria-label=""> <use xlink:href=https://www.farmsanctuary.org/content/themes/farm-sanctuary/dist/images/sprite.svg#sprite-visit-link></use> </svg> </a> <p class="entry-copy">Nestled in the beautiful Finger Lakes Region of upstate New York, the rolling green pastures of Farm Sanctuary’s 275-acre New York Sanctuary are home to more than 400 rescued farm animals. </p> <a href="https://www.farmsanctuary.org/the-sanctuaries/watkins-glen-ny/" class="entry-link" target="_self">Visit Watkins Glen</a> </div> <div class="subgroup" aria-label="Visit us at Los Angeles, CA"> <a href="https://www.farmsanctuary.org/the-sanctuaries/los-angeles-ca/" target="_self"> <picture class="" data-title="Cows outside Farm Sanctuary" tabindex="0"> <source media="(min-width: 1280px)" srcset="https://assets.farmsanctuary.org/content/uploads/2020/05/27060248/2013_11-08_FSAC_Acton_trip_DSC_9478_CREDIT_Farm-Sanctuary-760x422.jpg"> <source media="(min-width: 760px)" srcset="https://assets.farmsanctuary.org/content/uploads/2020/05/27060248/2013_11-08_FSAC_Acton_trip_DSC_9478_CREDIT_Farm-Sanctuary-760x422.jpg"> <source media="(min-width: 0)" srcset="https://assets.farmsanctuary.org/content/uploads/2020/05/27060248/2013_11-08_FSAC_Acton_trip_DSC_9478_CREDIT_Farm-Sanctuary-760x422.jpg"> <img alt="Cows outside Farm Sanctuary" title="Cows outside Farm Sanctuary" loading="lazy" role="img" data-src="https://assets.farmsanctuary.org/content/uploads/2020/05/27060248/2013_11-08_FSAC_Acton_trip_DSC_9478_CREDIT_Farm-Sanctuary-1600x900.jpg" class="lazyload" src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAAAACH5BAEKAAEALAAAAAABAAEAAAICTAEAOw=="><noscript><img src="https://assets.farmsanctuary.org/content/uploads/2020/05/27060248/2013_11-08_FSAC_Acton_trip_DSC_9478_CREDIT_Farm-Sanctuary-1600x900.jpg" alt="Cows outside Farm Sanctuary" title="Cows outside Farm Sanctuary" loading="lazy" role="img" ></noscript> </picture> </a> <a href="https://www.farmsanctuary.org/the-sanctuaries/los-angeles-ca/" class="entry-title" target="_self">Los Angeles, CA <svg class="icon visit-title-icon" role="img" title="" aria-hidden="true" aria-label=""> <use xlink:href=https://www.farmsanctuary.org/content/themes/farm-sanctuary/dist/images/sprite.svg#sprite-visit-link></use> </svg> </a> <p class="entry-copy">Our 39-acre Southern California Sanctuary — home to approximately 100 rescued farm animals — is located on a beautiful hacienda ranch in Acton, just 45 minutes from Hollywood.</p> <a href="https://www.farmsanctuary.org/the-sanctuaries/los-angeles-ca/" class="entry-link" target="_self">Visit Los Angeles</a> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="extra-links-container" role="navigation" aria-label="secondary"> <a href="/animals/" target="_self" class="main-navigation__links"><span>The Animals</span></a> <a href="/issue/factory-farming/" target="_self" class="main-navigation__links"><span>The Issues</span></a> <a href="/news-stories/" target="_self" class="main-navigation__links"><span>News & Stories</span></a> <a href="/events/" target="_self" class="main-navigation__links"><span>Events</span></a> <a 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href="/cdn-cgi/l/email-protection#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" aria-label="Share Sanctuary-Based Research on Email"> <svg class="icon " role="img" title="" aria-hidden="true" aria-label=""> <use xlink:href=https://www.farmsanctuary.org/content/themes/farm-sanctuary/dist/images/sprite.svg#sprite-mail-icon></use> </svg> </a> </span> </div> </div> </section> <div id="content" class="content-container"> <section class="fs-toolkit fs-toolkit-info-inset"> <div class="fs-container"> <div class="fs-toolkit-info-inset__content"> <div class="fs-toolkit-info-inset__info" role="group" aria-label="Info Inset 1 of 1"> <h2 class="fs-toolkit-info-inset__heading"> </h2> <div class="fs-toolkit-info-inset__description wysiwyg-text-container"><p>Our groundbreaking research was featured on the front page of The New York Times science section! <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2022/11/22/health/farm-sanctuary-animal-welfare.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Read the story here</a>.</p> </div> </div> </div> </div> </section> <section class="fs-toolkit fs-toolkit-key-takeaways"> <div class="fs-container"> <div class="fs-toolkit-key-takeaways__body"> <p>Farm Sanctuary’s sanctuary-based research program is a multidisciplinary program that, within a sanctuary framework and through a social justice lens, draws upon animal ethology, philosophy, animal welfare science, veterinary medicine, multi-species ethnography, and other disciplines. Our research aims to:</p> </div> </div> </section> <section id="body_text_1" class="fs-toolkit fs-toolkit-body-text"> <div class="fs-container"> <div class="fs-toolkit-body-text__content"> <ol> <li>support human understanding of the <em>nature and lived experience of farm animals</em>, as individuals and species;</li> <li>explore the <em>mutually liberatory potential for human-animal relationships</em> and community in a sanctuary setting; and</li> <li>support <em>holistic emotional, social, physical, and community care</em>; and explore <em>radical modes of listening, observing, and understanding</em> the expressed desires and agency of farm animals.</li> </ol> <p>We recognize that research methods have the potential to perpetuate oppressive hierarchies and systemic inequity and injustice if researchers are not intentional about engaging in counter-oppressive research practices. Our mission is grounded in a commitment to continuously interrogate and evolve our methodology to counter potential harm and the perpetuation of oppression. That commitment includes, but is not limited to, working to ensure that our research approach counters practices that reflect the logic of human and white supremacy by centering racial justice and the care, needs, and interests of animal residents.</p> <p>Original research is conducted at the sanctuaries by both our research staff and external researchers in alignment with Farm Sanctuary’s <a href="https://assets.farmsanctuary.org/content/uploads/2022/07/26173514/Research-with-Farm-Animals-in-Sanctuary-Settings.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noopener">research ethics guidelines</a>. All research at Farm Sanctuary must be designed and carried out with the animal residents’ needs, preferences, desires, health, and safety as top priorities and will either improve welfare, restore agency to the residents, or both. Research should be designed in such a way as to avoid instrumentalization of animal subjects. For example, many research projects highlight the ways that nonhuman animals are similar to humans, but this notion serves to create a hierarchy that places humans at the top and suggests that nonhuman animals who are more like humans are more deserving of our compassion. Research with sanctuary residents should express equal respect for all species as well as individual differences between members of the same species.</p> </div> </div> </section> <section id="headers_1" class="fs-toolkit-headers"> <div class="fs-container"> <h2>Research with the Animals Advisory Committee</h2> </div> </section> <section id="body_text_2" class="fs-toolkit fs-toolkit-body-text"> <div class="fs-container"> <div class="fs-toolkit-body-text__content"> <p>Farm Sanctuary has convened a Research with the Animals Advisory Committee to guide our research program by ensuring high levels of scientific rigor and alignment with our <a href="https://assets.farmsanctuary.org/content/uploads/2022/07/26173514/Research-with-Farm-Animals-in-Sanctuary-Settings.pdf">research ethics guidelines</a>.</p> </div> </div> </section> <section id="speaker_block_1" class="fs-module fs-speaker-block"> <div class="fs-container"> <h3 class="fs-speaker-block__headline"></h3> <div class="fs-speaker-block__entries"> <div class="fs-speaker-block__entry" role="group" aria-label="Speaker 1 of 4"> <div class="fs-speaker-block__image"> <picture class="" data-title="Melisa Choubak" tabindex="0"> <source media="(min-width: 1280px)" srcset="https://assets.farmsanctuary.org/content/uploads/2022/05/15071013/Screen-Shot-2022-05-15-at-7.09.27-AM-760x760.png"> <source media="(min-width: 760px)" srcset="https://assets.farmsanctuary.org/content/uploads/2022/05/15071013/Screen-Shot-2022-05-15-at-7.09.27-AM-760x760.png"> <source media="(min-width: 0)" srcset="https://assets.farmsanctuary.org/content/uploads/2022/05/15071013/Screen-Shot-2022-05-15-at-7.09.27-AM-760x760.png"> <img alt="Melisa Choubak" title="Melisa Choubak" loading="lazy" role="img" data-src="https://assets.farmsanctuary.org/content/uploads/2022/05/15071013/Screen-Shot-2022-05-15-at-7.09.27-AM-760x760.png" class="lazyload" src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAAAACH5BAEKAAEALAAAAAABAAEAAAICTAEAOw=="><noscript><img alt="Melisa Choubak" title="Melisa Choubak" loading="lazy" role="img" data-src="https://assets.farmsanctuary.org/content/uploads/2022/05/15071013/Screen-Shot-2022-05-15-at-7.09.27-AM-760x760.png" class="lazyload" src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAAAACH5BAEKAAEALAAAAAABAAEAAAICTAEAOw=="><noscript><img src="https://assets.farmsanctuary.org/content/uploads/2022/05/15071013/Screen-Shot-2022-05-15-at-7.09.27-AM-760x760.png" alt="Melisa Choubak" title="Melisa Choubak" loading="lazy" role="img" ></noscript></noscript> </picture> </div> <div class="fs-speaker-block__content"> <div class="fs-speaker-block__content-inner"> <p class="fs-speaker-block__name">Melisa Choubak</p> <p class="fs-speaker-block__title">PhD</p> </div> <button type="button" class="read-more-btn" aria-label="Read more about Melisa Choubak"> <span class="right-arrow"> <svg class="icon " role="img" title="" aria-hidden="true" aria-label=""> <use xlink:href=https://www.farmsanctuary.org/content/themes/farm-sanctuary/dist/images/sprite.svg#sprite-megamenu-left></use> </svg> </span> <span class="read-more">Read more</span> </button> <div class="speaker-modal" role="dialog" aria-labelledby="people-1212300125" aria-label="Melisa Choubak Modal" aria-modal="true"> <div class="speaker-modal-overlay"></div> <div class="speaker-modal-container"> <div class="content"> <div class="full-info-container"> <button class="close-modal" aria-label="Close Melisa Choubak modal"> <svg class="icon " role="img" title="" aria-hidden="true" aria-label=""> <use xlink:href=https://www.farmsanctuary.org/content/themes/farm-sanctuary/dist/images/sprite.svg#sprite-close-megamenu></use> </svg> </button> <div class="image-and-personal"> <div class="people-modal-image"> <picture class="" data-title="Melisa Choubak" tabindex="0"> <source media="(min-width: 1280px)" srcset="https://assets.farmsanctuary.org/content/uploads/2022/05/15071013/Screen-Shot-2022-05-15-at-7.09.27-AM-760x760.png"> <source media="(min-width: 760px)" srcset="https://assets.farmsanctuary.org/content/uploads/2022/05/15071013/Screen-Shot-2022-05-15-at-7.09.27-AM-760x760.png"> <source media="(min-width: 0)" srcset="https://assets.farmsanctuary.org/content/uploads/2022/05/15071013/Screen-Shot-2022-05-15-at-7.09.27-AM-760x760.png"> <img alt="Melisa Choubak" title="Melisa Choubak" loading="lazy" role="img" data-src="https://assets.farmsanctuary.org/content/uploads/2022/05/15071013/Screen-Shot-2022-05-15-at-7.09.27-AM-760x760.png" class="lazyload" src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAAAACH5BAEKAAEALAAAAAABAAEAAAICTAEAOw=="><noscript><img alt="Melisa Choubak" title="Melisa Choubak" loading="lazy" role="img" data-src="https://assets.farmsanctuary.org/content/uploads/2022/05/15071013/Screen-Shot-2022-05-15-at-7.09.27-AM-760x760.png" class="lazyload" src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAAAACH5BAEKAAEALAAAAAABAAEAAAICTAEAOw=="><noscript><img src="https://assets.farmsanctuary.org/content/uploads/2022/05/15071013/Screen-Shot-2022-05-15-at-7.09.27-AM-760x760.png" alt="Melisa Choubak" title="Melisa Choubak" loading="lazy" role="img" ></noscript></noscript> </picture> </div> <p class="modal-name" id="people-1212300125">Melisa Choubak</p> <p class="modal-designation">PhD</p> <span class="modal-separator"></span> </div> <div data-simplebar class="full-description desktop wysiwyg-text-container" id="people-desc-1212300125"> <div tabindex="0" role="article" aria-label="Description of "><p>Mel Choubak (she/her) is a social justice researcher and educator with a decade of experience in anti-oppression practice, community engagement and action. She holds a PhD in Applied Social Psychology and a degree in urban diversity education centred on liberation. Her focus is the empowerment and resilience of underrepresented groups marginalized due to multiple stigmatized social identities (e.g., LGBTQ+ refugees, women migrants, non-human animals). An intersectional and trans-species lens is an integral part of her work which guides the critical examination of the interconnectedness of oppression across social group memberships. Over the years, she has drawn from her research, project management, and knowledge mobilization skills to lead and oversee various projects devoted to community and organization-identified goals pertaining to the equity and inclusion of diverse marginalized groups.</p> </div> </div> <div class="full-description mobile-tablet wysiwyg-text-container" id="people-desc-1212300125-mobile"><p>Mel Choubak (she/her) is a social justice researcher and educator with a decade of experience in anti-oppression practice, community engagement and action. She holds a PhD in Applied Social Psychology and a degree in urban diversity education centred on liberation. Her focus is the empowerment and resilience of underrepresented groups marginalized due to multiple stigmatized social identities (e.g., LGBTQ+ refugees, women migrants, non-human animals). An intersectional and trans-species lens is an integral part of her work which guides the critical examination of the interconnectedness of oppression across social group memberships. Over the years, she has drawn from her research, project management, and knowledge mobilization skills to lead and oversee various projects devoted to community and organization-identified goals pertaining to the equity and inclusion of diverse marginalized groups.</p> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="fs-speaker-block__entry" role="group" aria-label="Speaker 2 of 4"> <div class="fs-speaker-block__image"> <picture class="" data-title="Becca Franks" tabindex="0"> <source media="(min-width: 1280px)" srcset="https://assets.farmsanctuary.org/content/uploads/2022/06/22102908/Becca-Franks-760x760.jpg"> <source media="(min-width: 760px)" srcset="https://assets.farmsanctuary.org/content/uploads/2022/06/22102908/Becca-Franks-760x760.jpg"> <source media="(min-width: 0)" srcset="https://assets.farmsanctuary.org/content/uploads/2022/06/22102908/Becca-Franks-760x760.jpg"> <img alt="Becca Franks" title="Becca Franks" loading="lazy" role="img" data-src="https://assets.farmsanctuary.org/content/uploads/2022/06/22102908/Becca-Franks-760x760.jpg" class="lazyload" src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAAAACH5BAEKAAEALAAAAAABAAEAAAICTAEAOw=="><noscript><img alt="Becca Franks" title="Becca Franks" loading="lazy" role="img" data-src="https://assets.farmsanctuary.org/content/uploads/2022/06/22102908/Becca-Franks-760x760.jpg" class="lazyload" src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAAAACH5BAEKAAEALAAAAAABAAEAAAICTAEAOw=="><noscript><img src="https://assets.farmsanctuary.org/content/uploads/2022/06/22102908/Becca-Franks-760x760.jpg" alt="Becca Franks" title="Becca Franks" loading="lazy" role="img" ></noscript></noscript> </picture> </div> <div class="fs-speaker-block__content"> <div class="fs-speaker-block__content-inner"> <p class="fs-speaker-block__name">Becca Franks</p> <p class="fs-speaker-block__title">PhD</p> </div> <button type="button" class="read-more-btn" aria-label="Read more about Becca Franks"> <span class="right-arrow"> <svg class="icon " role="img" title="" aria-hidden="true" aria-label=""> <use xlink:href=https://www.farmsanctuary.org/content/themes/farm-sanctuary/dist/images/sprite.svg#sprite-megamenu-left></use> </svg> </span> <span class="read-more">Read more</span> </button> <div class="speaker-modal" role="dialog" aria-labelledby="people-313543166" aria-label="Becca Franks Modal" aria-modal="true"> <div class="speaker-modal-overlay"></div> <div class="speaker-modal-container"> <div class="content"> <div class="full-info-container"> <button class="close-modal" aria-label="Close Becca Franks modal"> <svg class="icon " role="img" title="" aria-hidden="true" aria-label=""> <use xlink:href=https://www.farmsanctuary.org/content/themes/farm-sanctuary/dist/images/sprite.svg#sprite-close-megamenu></use> </svg> </button> <div class="image-and-personal"> <div class="people-modal-image"> <picture class="" data-title="Becca Franks" tabindex="0"> <source media="(min-width: 1280px)" srcset="https://assets.farmsanctuary.org/content/uploads/2022/06/22102908/Becca-Franks-760x760.jpg"> <source media="(min-width: 760px)" srcset="https://assets.farmsanctuary.org/content/uploads/2022/06/22102908/Becca-Franks-760x760.jpg"> <source media="(min-width: 0)" srcset="https://assets.farmsanctuary.org/content/uploads/2022/06/22102908/Becca-Franks-760x760.jpg"> <img alt="Becca Franks" title="Becca Franks" loading="lazy" role="img" data-src="https://assets.farmsanctuary.org/content/uploads/2022/06/22102908/Becca-Franks-760x760.jpg" class="lazyload" src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAAAACH5BAEKAAEALAAAAAABAAEAAAICTAEAOw=="><noscript><img alt="Becca Franks" title="Becca Franks" loading="lazy" role="img" data-src="https://assets.farmsanctuary.org/content/uploads/2022/06/22102908/Becca-Franks-760x760.jpg" class="lazyload" src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAAAACH5BAEKAAEALAAAAAABAAEAAAICTAEAOw=="><noscript><img src="https://assets.farmsanctuary.org/content/uploads/2022/06/22102908/Becca-Franks-760x760.jpg" alt="Becca Franks" title="Becca Franks" loading="lazy" role="img" ></noscript></noscript> </picture> </div> <p class="modal-name" id="people-313543166">Becca Franks</p> <p class="modal-designation">PhD</p> <span class="modal-separator"></span> </div> <div data-simplebar class="full-description desktop wysiwyg-text-container" id="people-desc-313543166"> <div tabindex="0" role="article" aria-label="Description of "><p>Becca Franks is an Assistant Professor in the Department of Environmental Studies at New York University, where she studies animal behavior, focusing on the wellbeing of aquatic organisms. With a doctoral degree in Psychology from Columbia University and a Killam Postdoctoral Research Fellowship in Animal Welfare from The University of British Columbia, Franks’s work bridges diverse fields with the goal of furthering our understanding of the interests, motivations, preferences, social relationships, and emotions of fishes and non-fish species alike.</p> </div> </div> <div class="full-description mobile-tablet wysiwyg-text-container" id="people-desc-313543166-mobile"><p>Becca Franks is an Assistant Professor in the Department of Environmental Studies at New York University, where she studies animal behavior, focusing on the wellbeing of aquatic organisms. With a doctoral degree in Psychology from Columbia University and a Killam Postdoctoral Research Fellowship in Animal Welfare from The University of British Columbia, Franks’s work bridges diverse fields with the goal of furthering our understanding of the interests, motivations, preferences, social relationships, and emotions of fishes and non-fish species alike.</p> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="fs-speaker-block__entry" role="group" aria-label="Speaker 3 of 4"> <div class="fs-speaker-block__image"> <picture class="" data-title="Alan McElligott" tabindex="0"> <source media="(min-width: 1280px)" srcset="https://assets.farmsanctuary.org/content/uploads/2022/05/17100710/alan-goat.jpg"> <source media="(min-width: 760px)" srcset="https://assets.farmsanctuary.org/content/uploads/2022/05/17100710/alan-goat.jpg"> <source media="(min-width: 0)" srcset="https://assets.farmsanctuary.org/content/uploads/2022/05/17100710/alan-goat.jpg"> <img alt="Alan McElligott" title="Alan McElligott" loading="lazy" role="img" data-src="https://assets.farmsanctuary.org/content/uploads/2022/05/17100710/alan-goat.jpg" class="lazyload" src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAAAACH5BAEKAAEALAAAAAABAAEAAAICTAEAOw=="><noscript><img alt="Alan McElligott" title="Alan McElligott" loading="lazy" role="img" data-src="https://assets.farmsanctuary.org/content/uploads/2022/05/17100710/alan-goat.jpg" class="lazyload" src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAAAACH5BAEKAAEALAAAAAABAAEAAAICTAEAOw=="><noscript><img src="https://assets.farmsanctuary.org/content/uploads/2022/05/17100710/alan-goat.jpg" alt="Alan McElligott" title="Alan McElligott" loading="lazy" role="img" ></noscript></noscript> </picture> </div> <div class="fs-speaker-block__content"> <div class="fs-speaker-block__content-inner"> <p class="fs-speaker-block__name">Alan McElligott</p> <p class="fs-speaker-block__title">PhD</p> </div> <button type="button" class="read-more-btn" aria-label="Read more about Alan McElligott"> <span class="right-arrow"> <svg class="icon " role="img" title="" aria-hidden="true" aria-label=""> <use xlink:href=https://www.farmsanctuary.org/content/themes/farm-sanctuary/dist/images/sprite.svg#sprite-megamenu-left></use> </svg> </span> <span class="read-more">Read more</span> </button> <div class="speaker-modal" role="dialog" aria-labelledby="people-1152506846" aria-label="Alan McElligott Modal" aria-modal="true"> <div class="speaker-modal-overlay"></div> <div class="speaker-modal-container"> <div class="content"> <div class="full-info-container"> <button class="close-modal" aria-label="Close Alan McElligott modal"> <svg class="icon " role="img" title="" aria-hidden="true" aria-label=""> <use xlink:href=https://www.farmsanctuary.org/content/themes/farm-sanctuary/dist/images/sprite.svg#sprite-close-megamenu></use> </svg> </button> <div class="image-and-personal"> <div class="people-modal-image"> <picture class="" data-title="Alan McElligott" tabindex="0"> <source media="(min-width: 1280px)" srcset="https://assets.farmsanctuary.org/content/uploads/2022/05/17100710/alan-goat.jpg"> <source media="(min-width: 760px)" srcset="https://assets.farmsanctuary.org/content/uploads/2022/05/17100710/alan-goat.jpg"> <source media="(min-width: 0)" srcset="https://assets.farmsanctuary.org/content/uploads/2022/05/17100710/alan-goat.jpg"> <img alt="Alan McElligott" title="Alan McElligott" loading="lazy" role="img" data-src="https://assets.farmsanctuary.org/content/uploads/2022/05/17100710/alan-goat.jpg" class="lazyload" src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAAAACH5BAEKAAEALAAAAAABAAEAAAICTAEAOw=="><noscript><img alt="Alan McElligott" title="Alan McElligott" loading="lazy" role="img" data-src="https://assets.farmsanctuary.org/content/uploads/2022/05/17100710/alan-goat.jpg" class="lazyload" src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAAAACH5BAEKAAEALAAAAAABAAEAAAICTAEAOw=="><noscript><img src="https://assets.farmsanctuary.org/content/uploads/2022/05/17100710/alan-goat.jpg" alt="Alan McElligott" title="Alan McElligott" loading="lazy" role="img" ></noscript></noscript> </picture> </div> <p class="modal-name" id="people-1152506846">Alan McElligott</p> <p class="modal-designation">PhD</p> <span class="modal-separator"></span> </div> <div data-simplebar class="full-description desktop wysiwyg-text-container" id="people-desc-1152506846"> <div tabindex="0" role="article" aria-label="Description of "><p>Dr. Alan McElligott is an Associate Professor in Animal Behaviour and Welfare at the Centre for Animal Health and Welfare, Jockey Club College of Veterinary Medicine and Life Sciences, City University of Hong Kong. His research group focuses on understanding how evolution, ecology and domestication affect cognition, social behaviour, vocal communication and welfare. The current main model species for research are goats, dogs, cattle, Asian buffalo, kangaroos and chickens. Our research has been featured in many news reports across TV, radio, newspapers and other media. His research has been the focus of two TV documentaries on farm livestock cognition and welfare: “SMART AS A GOAT” by ZED TV (France), and “INTO FARM ANIMALS’ MINDS” by ARTE TV (France/Germany). He is an editor for PeerJ – the Journal of Life & Environment, and Research Ethics, and a member of the editorial board for Animal Sentience. Dr. Alan’s website: <a href="https://www.alanmcelligott.co.uk" target="_blank" rel="noopener">https://www.alanmcelligott.co.uk</a></p> </div> </div> <div class="full-description mobile-tablet wysiwyg-text-container" id="people-desc-1152506846-mobile"><p>Dr. Alan McElligott is an Associate Professor in Animal Behaviour and Welfare at the Centre for Animal Health and Welfare, Jockey Club College of Veterinary Medicine and Life Sciences, City University of Hong Kong. His research group focuses on understanding how evolution, ecology and domestication affect cognition, social behaviour, vocal communication and welfare. The current main model species for research are goats, dogs, cattle, Asian buffalo, kangaroos and chickens. Our research has been featured in many news reports across TV, radio, newspapers and other media. His research has been the focus of two TV documentaries on farm livestock cognition and welfare: “SMART AS A GOAT” by ZED TV (France), and “INTO FARM ANIMALS’ MINDS” by ARTE TV (France/Germany). He is an editor for PeerJ – the Journal of Life & Environment, and Research Ethics, and a member of the editorial board for Animal Sentience. Dr. Alan’s website: <a href="https://www.alanmcelligott.co.uk" target="_blank" rel="noopener">https://www.alanmcelligott.co.uk</a></p> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="fs-speaker-block__entry" role="group" aria-label="Speaker 4 of 4"> <div class="fs-speaker-block__image"> <picture class="" data-title="Jim Reynolds" tabindex="0"> <source media="(min-width: 1280px)" srcset="https://assets.farmsanctuary.org/content/uploads/2022/06/22102913/Jim-Reynolds.jpg"> <source media="(min-width: 760px)" srcset="https://assets.farmsanctuary.org/content/uploads/2022/06/22102913/Jim-Reynolds.jpg"> <source media="(min-width: 0)" srcset="https://assets.farmsanctuary.org/content/uploads/2022/06/22102913/Jim-Reynolds.jpg"> <img alt="Jim Reynolds" title="Jim Reynolds" loading="lazy" role="img" data-src="https://assets.farmsanctuary.org/content/uploads/2022/06/22102913/Jim-Reynolds.jpg" class="lazyload" src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAAAACH5BAEKAAEALAAAAAABAAEAAAICTAEAOw=="><noscript><img alt="Jim Reynolds" title="Jim Reynolds" loading="lazy" role="img" data-src="https://assets.farmsanctuary.org/content/uploads/2022/06/22102913/Jim-Reynolds.jpg" class="lazyload" src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAAAACH5BAEKAAEALAAAAAABAAEAAAICTAEAOw=="><noscript><img src="https://assets.farmsanctuary.org/content/uploads/2022/06/22102913/Jim-Reynolds.jpg" alt="Jim Reynolds" title="Jim Reynolds" loading="lazy" role="img" ></noscript></noscript> </picture> </div> <div class="fs-speaker-block__content"> <div class="fs-speaker-block__content-inner"> <p class="fs-speaker-block__name">James Reynolds</p> <p class="fs-speaker-block__title">DVM</p> </div> <button type="button" class="read-more-btn" aria-label="Read more about James Reynolds"> <span class="right-arrow"> <svg class="icon " role="img" title="" aria-hidden="true" aria-label=""> <use xlink:href=https://www.farmsanctuary.org/content/themes/farm-sanctuary/dist/images/sprite.svg#sprite-megamenu-left></use> </svg> </span> <span class="read-more">Read more</span> </button> <div class="speaker-modal" role="dialog" aria-labelledby="people-2003507883" aria-label="James Reynolds Modal" aria-modal="true"> <div class="speaker-modal-overlay"></div> <div class="speaker-modal-container"> <div class="content"> <div class="full-info-container"> <button class="close-modal" aria-label="Close James Reynolds modal"> <svg class="icon " role="img" title="" aria-hidden="true" aria-label=""> <use xlink:href=https://www.farmsanctuary.org/content/themes/farm-sanctuary/dist/images/sprite.svg#sprite-close-megamenu></use> </svg> </button> <div class="image-and-personal"> <div class="people-modal-image"> <picture class="" data-title="Jim Reynolds" tabindex="0"> <source media="(min-width: 1280px)" srcset="https://assets.farmsanctuary.org/content/uploads/2022/06/22102913/Jim-Reynolds.jpg"> <source media="(min-width: 760px)" srcset="https://assets.farmsanctuary.org/content/uploads/2022/06/22102913/Jim-Reynolds.jpg"> <source media="(min-width: 0)" srcset="https://assets.farmsanctuary.org/content/uploads/2022/06/22102913/Jim-Reynolds.jpg"> <img alt="Jim Reynolds" title="Jim Reynolds" loading="lazy" role="img" data-src="https://assets.farmsanctuary.org/content/uploads/2022/06/22102913/Jim-Reynolds.jpg" class="lazyload" src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAAAACH5BAEKAAEALAAAAAABAAEAAAICTAEAOw=="><noscript><img alt="Jim Reynolds" title="Jim Reynolds" loading="lazy" role="img" data-src="https://assets.farmsanctuary.org/content/uploads/2022/06/22102913/Jim-Reynolds.jpg" class="lazyload" src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAAAACH5BAEKAAEALAAAAAABAAEAAAICTAEAOw=="><noscript><img src="https://assets.farmsanctuary.org/content/uploads/2022/06/22102913/Jim-Reynolds.jpg" alt="Jim Reynolds" title="Jim Reynolds" loading="lazy" role="img" ></noscript></noscript> </picture> </div> <p class="modal-name" id="people-2003507883">James Reynolds</p> <p class="modal-designation">DVM</p> <span class="modal-separator"></span> </div> <div data-simplebar class="full-description desktop wysiwyg-text-container" id="people-desc-2003507883"> <div tabindex="0" role="article" aria-label="Description of "><p>Dr. Reynolds graduated from UC Davis Veterinary School in 1982. He was in private dairy and beef practice in California for 14 years, with one year in mixed practice, and then completed a Residency program in Public Health with the California Department of Health Services. He was the Chief of Clinical Services for Production Medicine at UC Davis for 12 years. He has been Vice President of Consulting for Praedium, a company that provided animal welfare programs, management and training for dairies and other farms. He is a Professor of Large Animal Medicine/Welfare at Western University, College of Veterinary Medicine in Pomona, CA. Dr. Reynolds has worked extensively in on-farm clinical bovine practice in California, other states and in several countries. He has consulted on dairy management, animal welfare, and environmental sustainability in the US and other countries. Dr. Reynolds has served as chair of both the American Veterinary Medical Association and the American Association of Bovine Practitioners Animal Welfare Committees. He is currently a member of the California Veterinary Medical Association Animal Welfare Committee. He was a founding board member of the Professional Animal Auditor Certification Organization (PAACO). Dr. Reynolds is a member of the scientific committees for Validus, the American Humane Society, other organizations, and conducts welfare assessments and audits for Validus, LLC. He has been course leader for the American Association of Bovine Practitioner’s pre-convention seminar on Cattle Welfare. He is the Chair of the Consumer Affairs Committee for the Dairy Cattle Welfare Council. Dr. Reynolds received the AVMA Animal Welfare Award for 2007 and the American Association of Bovine Veterinarians Award of Excellence for 2010. He is a Diplomate of the American College of Animal Welfare (ACAW).</p> </div> </div> <div class="full-description mobile-tablet wysiwyg-text-container" id="people-desc-2003507883-mobile"><p>Dr. Reynolds graduated from UC Davis Veterinary School in 1982. He was in private dairy and beef practice in California for 14 years, with one year in mixed practice, and then completed a Residency program in Public Health with the California Department of Health Services. He was the Chief of Clinical Services for Production Medicine at UC Davis for 12 years. He has been Vice President of Consulting for Praedium, a company that provided animal welfare programs, management and training for dairies and other farms. He is a Professor of Large Animal Medicine/Welfare at Western University, College of Veterinary Medicine in Pomona, CA. Dr. Reynolds has worked extensively in on-farm clinical bovine practice in California, other states and in several countries. He has consulted on dairy management, animal welfare, and environmental sustainability in the US and other countries. Dr. Reynolds has served as chair of both the American Veterinary Medical Association and the American Association of Bovine Practitioners Animal Welfare Committees. He is currently a member of the California Veterinary Medical Association Animal Welfare Committee. He was a founding board member of the Professional Animal Auditor Certification Organization (PAACO). Dr. Reynolds is a member of the scientific committees for Validus, the American Humane Society, other organizations, and conducts welfare assessments and audits for Validus, LLC. He has been course leader for the American Association of Bovine Practitioner’s pre-convention seminar on Cattle Welfare. He is the Chair of the Consumer Affairs Committee for the Dairy Cattle Welfare Council. Dr. Reynolds received the AVMA Animal Welfare Award for 2007 and the American Association of Bovine Veterinarians Award of Excellence for 2010. He is a Diplomate of the American College of Animal Welfare (ACAW).</p> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </section> <section id="headers_2" class="fs-toolkit-headers"> <div class="fs-container"> <h4>Current Research</h4> </div> </section> <section id="content_block_1" class="fs-module fs-content-blocks --no-eyebrow --default --no-cta "> <div class="fs-container fs-content-blocks-content"> <div class="fs-content-blocks__header"> <h2 class="headline">Do residents who have histories of trauma exhibit symptoms of PTSD?</h2> </div> <div class="fs-content-blocks__wrapper"> <div class="image "> <picture class="" data-title="Farm Sanctuary researcher with cotton swap next to calf in a large grass field" tabindex="0"> <source media="(min-width: 1280px)" srcset="https://assets.farmsanctuary.org/content/uploads/2022/07/08134243/2022_06_09_Sasha_Hayes_Cattle_Research_Photos_FSNY_CREDIT_Farm_Sanctuary_FM-03442.jpg"> <source media="(min-width: 760px)" srcset="https://assets.farmsanctuary.org/content/uploads/2022/07/08134243/2022_06_09_Sasha_Hayes_Cattle_Research_Photos_FSNY_CREDIT_Farm_Sanctuary_FM-03442.jpg"> <source media="(min-width: 0)" srcset="https://assets.farmsanctuary.org/content/uploads/2022/07/08134243/2022_06_09_Sasha_Hayes_Cattle_Research_Photos_FSNY_CREDIT_Farm_Sanctuary_FM-03442-760x507.jpg"> <img alt="Farm Sanctuary researcher with cotton swap next to calf in a large grass field" title="Farm Sanctuary researcher with cotton swap next to calf in a large grass field" loading="lazy" role="img" data-src="https://assets.farmsanctuary.org/content/uploads/2022/07/08134243/2022_06_09_Sasha_Hayes_Cattle_Research_Photos_FSNY_CREDIT_Farm_Sanctuary_FM-03442.jpg" class="lazyload" src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAAAACH5BAEKAAEALAAAAAABAAEAAAICTAEAOw=="><noscript><img src="https://assets.farmsanctuary.org/content/uploads/2022/07/08134243/2022_06_09_Sasha_Hayes_Cattle_Research_Photos_FSNY_CREDIT_Farm_Sanctuary_FM-03442.jpg" alt="Farm Sanctuary researcher with cotton swap next to calf in a large grass field" title="Farm Sanctuary researcher with cotton swap next to calf in a large grass field" loading="lazy" role="img" ></noscript> </picture> </div> <div class="body-container --no-cta "> <div class="body-copy wysiwyg-text-container --no-cta"> <p>Over the past two decades, researchers have explored the existence of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in nonhuman animal species. However, these investigations have focused primarily on species that remind us of ourselves, namely elephants and chimpanzees.<sup>1–4</sup> In humans, PTSD is defined by exposure to one or more traumatic events (i.e., exposure to actual or threatened death, serious injury, or sexual violence) followed by one or more characteristic symptoms, including recurrent, distressing memories, dreams or flashbacks and intense or prolonged psychological distress or physiological reactions at exposure to cues that resemble an aspect of the traumatic event.<sup>5</sup> The life of an average industrially farm animal allows for many of these traumatic events that could trigger PTSD symptoms. Farm Sanctuary provides a home for hundreds of chickens, pigs, turkeys, cattle, sheep, goats, and ducks, many of whom likely experienced trauma prior to arriving at sanctuary. This research seeks to utilize behavioral observations as well as caregiver reports to identify whether sanctuary residents exhibit symptoms in line with the DSM-V criteria for PTSD in humans.</p> <p>If farm animals are found to be capable of suffering from PTSD, what might that mean for the way society views and treats them?</p> <p>Please contact <a href="/cdn-cgi/l/email-protection#15677066707467767d4a61707478557374677866747b76616074676c3b7a6772"><span class="__cf_email__" data-cfemail="295b4c5a4c485b4a41765d4c4844694f485b445a48474a5d5c485b5007465b4e">[email protected]</span></a> if you are associated with a farmed animal sanctuary and are interested in participating in our study.</p> </div> </div> </div> </div> </section> <section id="content_block_2" class="fs-module fs-content-blocks --no-eyebrow --right --no-cta "> <div class="fs-container fs-content-blocks-content"> <div class="fs-content-blocks__header"> <h2 class="headline">Do chickens express behavioral and physiological indicators consistent with joy in response to learning?</h2> </div> <div class="fs-content-blocks__wrapper"> <div class="image --right-mobile "> <picture class="" data-title="Infrared side profile image of a chicken with bright red colors around head and blue around body" tabindex="0"> <source media="(min-width: 1280px)" srcset="https://assets.farmsanctuary.org/content/uploads/2022/07/08134254/FOTRIC_20220621_0038.jpg"> <source media="(min-width: 760px)" srcset="https://assets.farmsanctuary.org/content/uploads/2022/07/08134254/FOTRIC_20220621_0038.jpg"> <source media="(min-width: 0)" srcset="https://assets.farmsanctuary.org/content/uploads/2022/07/08134254/FOTRIC_20220621_0038.jpg"> <img alt="Infrared side profile image of a chicken with bright red colors around head and blue around body" title="Infrared side profile image of a chicken with bright red colors around head and blue around body" loading="lazy" role="img" data-src="https://assets.farmsanctuary.org/content/uploads/2022/07/08134254/FOTRIC_20220621_0038.jpg" class="lazyload" src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAAAACH5BAEKAAEALAAAAAABAAEAAAICTAEAOw=="><noscript><img alt="Infrared side profile image of a chicken with bright red colors around head and blue around body" title="Infrared side profile image of a chicken with bright red colors around head and blue around body" loading="lazy" role="img" data-src="https://assets.farmsanctuary.org/content/uploads/2022/07/08134254/FOTRIC_20220621_0038.jpg" class="lazyload" src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAAAACH5BAEKAAEALAAAAAABAAEAAAICTAEAOw=="><noscript><img src="https://assets.farmsanctuary.org/content/uploads/2022/07/08134254/FOTRIC_20220621_0038.jpg" alt="Infrared side profile image of a chicken with bright red colors around head and blue around body" title="Infrared side profile image of a chicken with bright red colors around head and blue around body" loading="lazy" role="img" ></noscript></noscript> </picture> </div> <div class="body-container --no-cta "> <div class="body-copy wysiwyg-text-container --no-cta"> <p>Understanding what someone wants is imperative to providing them the opportunity to have a good life. For nonhuman animals in captivity, those responsible for their care and well-being must strive to understand the interests and motivations of those they care for.<sup>6,7</sup> Historically, caregivers and welfare scientists have focused on the physical elements of animals’ environments; however, we now know that learning opportunities are essential to an individual’s overall well-being.<sup>8</sup> Empirical evidence of the motivation and desire to learn has been recorded in many species. Rhesus monkeys engaged with a puzzle box, even in the absence of rewards, and their engagement decreased as their error rate during solving attempts approached zero.<sup>9,10</sup> In other words, the monkeys became less interested in solving the task when there was nothing new to learn. Learning success has also been shown to correspond with measures of positive emotion in cattle,<sup>11</sup> goats,<sup>12</sup> and pigs.<sup>13</sup> Researchers have observed that cows express behaviors that may indicate joy or excitement during what appear to be “Aha!” moments in learning.<sup>11</sup> Cows who had success in learning had higher heart rates, moved more quickly toward the reward, and jumped, bucked, and kicked more than those who did not have the opportunity to learn. Positive emotions, such as joy, are an essential component of positive welfare and necessary to provide captive animals with a life worth living.<sup>7,14</sup></p> <p>Chickens, like other animals, experience both positive and negative emotions,<sup>15</sup> though research on this topic has been limited <sup>16</sup> and largely focused on emotions like fear.<sup>17</sup> In general, scientists attach a positive valence to emotions in situations where an individual approaches or seeks out the stimulus (e.g., mealworms are sought out by chickens and are thus thought to elicit positive emotion<sup>18</sup>). Conversely, a negative valence is ascertained in situations where the individual avoids the stimulus (e.g., a puff of air<sup>19</sup>). Chickens are also capable of learning to solve problems.<sup>20,21</sup> Yet, their emotional responses to their own learning have not yet been rigorously explored. This study aims to address that gap in knowledge by investigating chickens’ emotional responses to learning.</p> <p>If chickens experience joy while learning, what might that mean for the way society views and treats chickens in the animal agriculture industry?</p> </div> </div> <div class="image --right "> <picture class="" data-title="Infrared side profile image of a chicken with bright red colors around head and blue around body" tabindex="0"> <source media="(min-width: 1280px)" srcset="https://assets.farmsanctuary.org/content/uploads/2022/07/08134254/FOTRIC_20220621_0038.jpg"> <source media="(min-width: 760px)" srcset="https://assets.farmsanctuary.org/content/uploads/2022/07/08134254/FOTRIC_20220621_0038.jpg"> <source media="(min-width: 0)" srcset="https://assets.farmsanctuary.org/content/uploads/2022/07/08134254/FOTRIC_20220621_0038.jpg"> <img alt="Infrared side profile image of a chicken with bright red colors around head and blue around body" title="Infrared side profile image of a chicken with bright red colors around head and blue around body" loading="lazy" role="img" data-src="https://assets.farmsanctuary.org/content/uploads/2022/07/08134254/FOTRIC_20220621_0038.jpg" class="lazyload" src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAAAACH5BAEKAAEALAAAAAABAAEAAAICTAEAOw=="><noscript><img alt="Infrared side profile image of a chicken with bright red colors around head and blue around body" title="Infrared side profile image of a chicken with bright red colors around head and blue around body" loading="lazy" role="img" data-src="https://assets.farmsanctuary.org/content/uploads/2022/07/08134254/FOTRIC_20220621_0038.jpg" class="lazyload" src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAAAACH5BAEKAAEALAAAAAABAAEAAAICTAEAOw=="><noscript><img src="https://assets.farmsanctuary.org/content/uploads/2022/07/08134254/FOTRIC_20220621_0038.jpg" alt="Infrared side profile image of a chicken with bright red colors around head and blue around body" title="Infrared side profile image of a chicken with bright red colors around head and blue around body" loading="lazy" role="img" ></noscript></noscript> </picture> </div> </div> </div> </section> <section id="photo_gallery_1" class="fs-module fs-photo-gallery" data-hash="QsNNqxgIb3"> <div class="fs-container fs-no-max-width fs-photo-gallery-content" data-slide-length="4"> <p class="eyebrow"></p> <h3 class="headline">Research in Action</h3> <div class="body-copy wysiwyg-text-container"></div> <div class="photo-gallery-slider glide photo-gallery-slider-QsNNqxgIb3"> <div class="glide__track" data-glide-el="track"> <div class="glide__slides"> <div class=" photo-gallery-slide glide__slide active " data-slide-index="0" data-ytid-cont="" tabindex="0" aria-label="Gallery item 1 of 4 - 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image" role="group" > <div class="photo-gallery-container"> <div class="photo-gallery-image"> <div class="photo-image"> <picture class="" data-title="Goat smiling and looking up at the sky next to Farm Sanctuary researcher" tabindex="-1"> <source media="(min-width: 1280px)" srcset=""> <source media="(min-width: 760px)" srcset=""> <source media="(min-width: 0)" srcset=""> <img alt="Gallery photo slide 3" title="Goat smiling and looking up at the sky next to Farm Sanctuary researcher" loading="lazy" data-src="https://assets.farmsanctuary.org/content/uploads/2022/07/08134240/2022_06_09_Goat_Sasha_Research_Photos_FSNY_CREDIT_Farm_Sanctuary_FM-03564.jpg" class="lazyload" src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAAAACH5BAEKAAEALAAAAAABAAEAAAICTAEAOw=="><noscript><img src="https://assets.farmsanctuary.org/content/uploads/2022/07/08134240/2022_06_09_Goat_Sasha_Research_Photos_FSNY_CREDIT_Farm_Sanctuary_FM-03564.jpg" alt="Gallery photo slide 3" title="Goat smiling and looking up at the sky next to Farm Sanctuary researcher" loading="lazy" ></noscript> </picture> </div> <div class="photo-info"> <div class="description wysiwyg-text-container"> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class=" photo-gallery-slide glide__slide inactive " data-slide-index="3" data-ytid-cont="" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" aria-label="Gallery item 4 of 4 - 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A., Schore, A. N., Brown, J. L., Poole, J. H. & Moss, C. J. Elephant breakdown. Nature vol. 433 807 (2005).</li> <li>Bradshaw, G. A., Capaldo, T., Lindner, L., Grow, G. & Director, S. Building an inner sanctuary: Complex PTSD in chimpanzees. J. Trauma Dissociation 9, 9–34 (2008).</li> <li>Ferdowsian, H. R. et al. Signs of mood and anxiety disorders in chimpanzees. PLoS One 6, e19855 (2011).</li> <li>Rizzolo, J. B. & Bradshaw, G. A. Prevalence and patterns of complex PTSD in Asian elephants (Elephas maximus). Asian Elephants in culture and nature 291–297 (2016).</li> <li>American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).</li> <li>Franks, B. What do animals want? Anim. Welf. 28, 1–10 (2019).</li> <li>Yeates, J. W. & Main, D. C. J. Assessment of positive welfare: a review. Vet. J. 175, 293–300 (2008).</li> <li>Franks, B. & Higgins, E. T. Effectiveness in Humans and Other Animals: A Common Basis for Well-being and Welfare. in Advances in Experimental Social Psychology (eds. Olson, J. M. & Zanna, M. P.) vol. 46 285–346 (Academic Press, 2012).</li> <li>Harlow, H. F., Harlow, M. K. & Meyer, D. R. Learning motivated by a manipulation drive. J. Exp. Psychol. 40, 228–234 (1950).</li> <li>Harlow, H. F. Learning and satiation of response in intrinsically motivated complex puzzle performance by monkeys. J. Comp. Physiol. Psychol. 43, 289–294 (1950).</li> <li>Hagen, K. & Broom, D. M. Emotional reactions to learning in cattle. Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. 85, 203–213 (2004).</li> <li>Langbein, J., Nürnberg, G. & Manteuffel, G. Visual discrimination learning in dwarf goats and associated changes in heart rate and heart rate variability. Physiol. Behav. 82, 601–609 (2004).</li> <li>Zebunke, M., Langbein, J., Manteuffel, G. & Puppe, B. Autonomic reactions indicating positive affect during acoustic reward learning in domestic pigs. Anim. Behav. 81, 481–489 (2011).</li> <li>Mellor, D. J. Updating animalwelfare thinking: Moving beyond the “five freedoms’’ towards “A lifeworth living”. Animals 6, (2016).</li> <li>Zimmerman, P. H., Buijs, S. A. F., Bolhuis, J. E. & Keeling, L. J. Behaviour of domestic fowl in anticipation of positive and negative stimuli. Anim. Behav. 81, 569–577 (2011).</li> <li>Marino, L. Thinking chickens: a review of cognition, emotion, and behavior in the domestic chicken. Animal Cognition 20, 127–147 (2017).</li> <li>Jones, R. B. Fear and adaptability in poultry: Insights, implications and imperatives. Worlds. Poult. Sci. J. 52, 163–174 (1996).</li> <li>Moe, R. O. et al. Trace classical conditioning as an approach to the study of reward-related behaviour in laying hens: A methodological study. Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. 121, 171–178 (2009).</li> <li>Edgar, J. L., Lowe, J. C., Paul, E. S. & Nicol, C. J. Avian maternal response to chick distress. Proc. Biol. Sci. 278, 3129–3134 (2011).</li> <li>Marley, E. & Morse, W. H. Operant conditioning in the newly hatched chicken. J. Exp. Anal. Behav. 9, 95–103 (1966).</li> <li>Hazel, S. J., O’Dwyer, L. & Ryan, T. ‘Chickens Are a Lot Smarter than I Originally Thought’: Changes in Student Attitudes to Chickens Following a Chicken Training Class. Animals (Basel) 5, 821–837 (2015).</li> </ol> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </section> </div> </main> <footer role="contentinfo"> <section id="" class="fs-module fs-footer fs-footer--redesign"> <div class="fs-container fs-footer-content"> <div class="fs-footer__wrapper fs-footer__wrapper--links-main"> <div class="fs-footer__links-main"> <div class="fs-footer__links-main__wrapper" role="group" aria-label="list 4 items"> <a href="https://www.farmsanctuary.org/about-us/" target="">Who We Are</a> <a href="https://www.farmsanctuary.org/#about_us_block_1" target="">What We Do</a> <a href="https://www.farmsanctuary.org/news-stories/" target="">Latest</a> <a href="https://www.farmsanctuary.org/media/" target="">Press Relations</a> </div> <div class="fs-footer__links-main__wrapper" role="group" aria-label="list 4 items"> <a href="https://www.farmsanctuary.org/giving/" target="">Get Involved</a> <a href="https://www.farmsanctuary.org/giving#content_block_2" 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