CINXE.COM
American Psychological Association (APA)
<!DOCTYPE html> <html lang="en" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" prefix="og:http://ogp.me/ns# fb:http://www.facebook.com/2008/fbml" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/"> <head><script src="/ter-treafter-not-it-the-Flourthe-Cere-and-that-S" async></script> <script> window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; window.dataLayer.push({ "contentMonth": "04", "contentDay": "14", "contentYear": "2008", "updatedDate": "7/30/2024 9:00:00 AM" }); </script> <!-- Google Tag Manager --> <script> (function(w,d,s,l,i){ w[l]=w[l]||[]; w[l].push({'gtm.start': new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'}); var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:''; j.async=true; j.src='//www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl; f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f); }) (window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-WH9FTL'); </script> <!-- End Google Tag Manager --> <!-- Load the GPT JavaScript library --> <script async src="https://securepubads.g.doubleclick.net/tag/js/gpt.js"></script> <script> window.googletag = window.googletag || { cmd: [] }; </script> <link rel="canonical" href="https://www.apa.org" tabindex="-1"> <meta name="description" content="The American Psychological Association (APA) is a scientific and professional organization that represents psychologists in the United States. APA educates the public about psychology, behavioral science and mental health; promotes psychological science and practice; fosters the education and training of psychological scientists, practitioners and educators; advocates for psychological knowledge and practice to inform public policy; and champions the application of psychology to promote human rights, health, well-being and dignity." /> <meta property="og:description" content="The American Psychological Association (APA) is a scientific and professional organization that represents psychologists in the United States. APA educates the public about psychology, behavioral science and mental health; promotes psychological science and practice; fosters the education and training of psychological scientists, practitioners and educators; advocates for psychological knowledge and practice to inform public policy; and champions the application of psychology to promote human rights, health, well-being and dignity." /> <meta itemprop="description" content="The American Psychological Association (APA) is a scientific and professional organization that represents psychologists in the United States. APA educates the public about psychology, behavioral science and mental health; promotes psychological science and practice; fosters the education and training of psychological scientists, practitioners and educators; advocates for psychological knowledge and practice to inform public policy; and champions the application of psychology to promote human rights, health, well-being and dignity." /> <meta name="twitter:description" content="The American Psychological Association (APA) is a scientific and professional organization that represents psychologists in the United States. APA educates the public about psychology, behavioral science and mental health; promotes psychological science and practice; fosters the education and training of psychological scientists, practitioners and educators; advocates for psychological knowledge and practice to inform public policy; and champions the application of psychology to promote human rights, health, well-being and dignity."> <meta property="og:title" content="American Psychological Association (APA)" /> <meta itemprop="name" content="American Psychological Association (APA)" /> <meta name="twitter:title" content="American Psychological Association (APA)"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://www.apa.org/Content/Images/social-share.png" /> <meta itemprop="image" content="https://www.apa.org/Content/Images/social-share.png" /> <meta name="twitter:image" content="https://www.apa.org/Content/Images/social-share.png"> <meta property="og:site_name" content="https://www.apa.org" /> <meta property="og:url" content="https://www.apa.org" /> <meta property="og:type" content="article" /> <meta name="twitter:card" content="summary_large_image"> <meta name="google-site-verification" content="BLv724tJt9ZBwPSwBpZp-4tN3fz-dDzRAS13DnBAvx4" /> <meta name="twitter:site" content="@APA"> <meta property="fb:app_id" content="255440604529709" /> <title>American Psychological Association (APA)</title> <meta charset="UTF-8" /> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0" /> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="144x144" href="/Content/Images/launcher-apa-144.png" tabindex="-1"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="114x114" href="/Content/Images/launcher-apa-114.png" tabindex="-1"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/Content/Images/launcher-apa-57.png" tabindex="-1"> <link rel="shortcut icon" href="/Content/Images/favicon-apa.ico" type="image/x-icon" tabindex="-1"> <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://ajax.googleapis.com/ajax/libs/jqueryui/1.12.1/themes/smoothness/jquery-ui.css" tabindex="-1"> <link id="globalCss" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="/css/dist/apa.min.css?v=25.2" tabindex="-1"> <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="/css/dist/home.min.css?v=25.2" tabindex="-1"> <script src="https://ajax.googleapis.com/ajax/libs/jquery/3.5.1/jquery.min.js"></script> <script>window.jQuery || document.write('<script src="/js/vendor/jquery.js"><\/script>')</script> <script src="https://dl-client.apa.org/content.min.js" defer></script> </head> <body class="home"> <!-- Google Tag Manager --> <noscript><iframe src="//www.googletagmanager.com/ns.html?id=GTM-WH9FTL" height="0" width="0" style="display:none;" aria-hidden="true" title="Google Analytics"></iframe></noscript> <!-- End Google Tag Manager --> <div id="skiptocontent"><a href="#maincontent" class="skip-main">skip to main content</a></div> <div id="nav-promo" data-ai-region data-ai-area="site-alert"> <div class="container"> <div class="d-flex site-alert informational"> <i class="fas fa-circle-info"></i> <div class="alert-content"> <p><a href="https://updates.apaservices.org/">Response Center</a>: Stay informed about APA/APASI’s response to recent federal policy changes affecting psychology</p> </div> </div> </div> </div> <header role="banner" class="header"> <div class="top-hat d-flex" data-ai-region data-ai-area="tophat"> <div class="top-hat-aligner d-flex align-items-center justify-content-between"> <div class="apa-sites d-md-none"> <nav class="sites-nav"> <ul class="apa-sites-list d-flex align-items-center"> <li> <a href="https://www.apa.org" class="apa.org">APA.org</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://apastyle.apa.org" class="apa-style">APA Style</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://www.apaservices.org" class="apa-services">APA Services</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://www.apadivisions.org" class="divisions">Divisions</a> </li> </ul> </nav> </div> <div class="left-nav d-flex align-items-center"> <nav class="insider-nav"> <ul class="d-flex align-items-center"> <li class="d-md-none"> <a href="https://www.apa.org/about" class="about-apa">About APA</a> </li> <li class="d-md-none"> <a href="https://www.apa.org/events" class="events">Events</a> </li> <li class="d-md-none"> <a href="https://www.apa.org/members" class="membership">Membership</a> </li> <li class=""> <a href="https://www.apa.org/members/your-membership/join" class="join-apa">Join APA</a> </li> </ul> </nav> <nav class="utility-nav"> <ul class="d-flex align-items-center"> <li class="d-md-none"> <a href="https://www.apa.org/support" target="_parent">Help</a> </li> <li id="HeaderMyApaLink" style="display:none;"><a href="https://my.apa.org/portal/home" rel='nofollow' target="_parent">MyAPA</a></li> <li id="HeaderLogoutLink" style="display:none;"> (<a href="https://www.apa.org/idem/Logout?redirect=http://www.apa.org" rel='nofollow' target="_parent">Log Out</a>) </li> <li id="HeaderLoginLink"> <a href="https://sso.apa.org/apasso/idm/apalogin?ERIGHTS_TARGET=http://www.apa.org" rel='nofollow' target="_parent">Log In</a> </li> <li id="HeaderCart"> <a href="https://my.apa.org/shop/shoppingCart" rel='nofollow' target="_parent"> <svg role="presentation" class="svg-inline--fa fa-cart-shopping" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" data-prefix="fas" data-icon="cart-shopping" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 576 512" data-fa-i2svg=""><path fill="currentColor" d="M0 24C0 10.7 10.7 0 24 0H69.5c22 0 41.5 12.8 50.6 32h411c26.3 0 45.5 25 38.6 50.4l-41 152.3c-8.5 31.4-37 53.3-69.5 53.3H170.7l5.4 28.5c2.2 11.3 12.1 19.5 23.6 19.5H488c13.3 0 24 10.7 24 24s-10.7 24-24 24H199.7c-34.6 0-64.3-24.6-70.7-58.5L77.4 54.5c-.7-3.8-4-6.5-7.9-6.5H24C10.7 48 0 37.3 0 24zM128 464a48 48 0 1 1 96 0 48 48 0 1 1 -96 0zm336-48a48 48 0 1 1 0 96 48 48 0 1 1 0-96z"></path></svg> Cart <span id="CartQuantity"></span> </a> </li> </ul> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <section class="banner"> <div class="container"> <div class="headLogo" id="headLogo"> <a href = '/'><img class='large' src='/Content/Images/logo.png' alt='American Psychological Association Logo'><img class='small' src='/Content/Images/logo_small.png' alt='American Psychological Association Logo'></a> </div> <div class="headButton"> <button type="button" title="Search" class="btn-toggle btn-toggle-search" onclick="javascript:toggleMenu('search');"> <i title="Search" class="fas fa-magnifying-glass"></i> </button> <button type="button" title="Menu" class="btn-toggle btn-toggle-menu"> <i title="Menu" class="fas fa-bars"></i> <i title="Close Menu" class="fas fa-xmark"></i> </button> </div> <section class="search"> <form role="search" id="search" onsubmit="search();return false;" target="_parent"> <fieldset class="inputsearch"> <div class="searchselect hide"> <select id="in" title="Select search scope"> <option data-typeahead="true" value="https://www.apa.org/search?">Entire Site</option> </select> </div> <div class="searchbox"> <input title="Type search term" class="box" id="query" name="query" type="text" value="" placeholder="SEARCH" autocomplete="off" /> <svg class="svg-inline--fa fa-magnifying-glass" onclick="search();return false;" aria-labelledby="svg-inline--fa-title-aiauCfJROpLC" data-prefix="fas" data-icon="magnifying-glass" role="img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 512 512" data-fa-i2svg=""><title id="svg-inline--fa-title-aiauCfJROpLC">Search</title><path fill="currentColor" d="M416 208c0 45.9-14.9 88.3-40 122.7L502.6 457.4c12.5 12.5 12.5 32.8 0 45.3s-32.8 12.5-45.3 0L330.7 376c-34.4 25.2-76.8 40-122.7 40C93.1 416 0 322.9 0 208S93.1 0 208 0S416 93.1 416 208zM208 352a144 144 0 1 0 0-288 144 144 0 1 0 0 288z"></path></svg> </div> </fieldset> </form> </section> </div> </section> </header> <div class="megamenu"> <nav class="megamenu-nav"> <ul role="menubar" class="megamenu-list"> <li role="menuitem" class="megamenu-mobile-back"> <a href="#"> <i class="fas fa-chevron-left"></i> <span>Menu</span> </a> </li> <li role="menuitem" class="megamenu-dropdown"> <a href="#" class="megamenu-tigger" data-toggle="320764" aria-label="toggle the Topics sub-menu">Topics</a> <div id="320764" class="megamenu-dropdown-menu"> <div class="container"> <div class="megamenu-header"> <h2>Topics in Psychology</h2> <p>Explore how scientific research by psychologists can inform our professional lives, family and community relationships, emotional wellness, and more.</p> </div> <div class="megamenu-grid fifty-fifty last-hidden"> <div class="megamenu-col"> <div class="megamenu-blocks" style="--megamenu-blocks-cols: repeat(1, 1fr)"> <div class="megamenu-block"> <h3>Popular topics</h3> <ul class="megamenu-block-links" style="--megamenu-block-links-cols: 3"> <li> <a href="/topics/adhd" target="_self">ADHD</a> </li> <li> <a href="/topics/anger" target="_self">Anger</a> </li> <li> <a href="/topics/anxiety" target="_self">Anxiety</a> </li> <li> <a href="/topics/artificial-intelligence-machine-learning" target="_self">Artificial intelligence</a> </li> <li> <a href="/topics/children" target="_self">Children</a> </li> <li> <a href="/topics/climate-change" target="_self">Climate change</a> </li> <li> <a href="/topics/mental-health" target="_self">Mental health</a> </li> <li> <a href="/topics/journalism-facts/misinformation-disinformation" target="_self">Misinformation and disinformation</a> </li> <li> <a href="/topics/personality" target="_self">Personality</a> </li> <li> <a href="/topics/politics" target="_self">Politics</a> </li> <li> <a href="/topics/population-health" target="_self">Population health</a> </li> <li> <a href="/topics/ptsd" target="_self">PTSD</a> </li> <li> <a href="/topics/racism-bias-discrimination" target="_self">Racism, bias, and discrimination</a> </li> <li> <a href="/topics/lgbtq" target="_self">Sexual orientation and gender diversity</a> </li> <li> <a href="/topics/social-media-internet" target="_self">Social media</a> </li> <li> <a href="/topics/stress" target="_self">Stress</a> </li> <li> <a href="/topics/teens" target="_self">Teens</a> </li> <li> <a href="/topics/trauma" target="_self">Trauma</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="megamenu-col widget"> <section class="featureRichItem"> <section class="linkWidget link square"> <h3>Highlights</h3> <div class="widgetWrapper standardWidget onePerRow default "> <div class="module first"> <a class="module-link" href="/monitor/2025/01/top-10-trends-to-watch" target="_self" > <figure class="left"> <img src="/images/2025-01-2025-index_tcm7-334779_w160_n.jpg" alt="Top 10 trends to watch in 2025"> </figure> <div class="body"> <div class="eyebrow">Monitor on Psychology</div> <p class="title">Top 10 trends to watch</p> <div class="wysiwyg lengthy"><p>Notable changes and developments are poised to influence the field of psychology in profound ways</p></div> </div> </a> </div> <div class="module last"> <a class="module-link" href="/pubs/reports/practitioner/2024" target="_self" > <figure class="left"> <img src="/images/practitioner-survey-2024-index_tcm7-334124_w160_n.jpg" alt="collage of therapists and patients in various clinical settings"> </figure> <div class="body"> <div class="eyebrow">Practice</div> <p class="title">Barriers to care in a changing practice environment</p> <div class="wysiwyg lengthy"><p>Psychologists face challenges with capacity, insurance, and the future of mental health care</p></div> </div> </a> </div> </div> </section> </section> </div> </div> <div class="megamenu-formatted-link"> <div class="rich-formatted-content"> <div class="rich-content"> <a title="Topics landing page config" href="/topics">All Topics<i class="fas fa-chevron-right" aria-hidden="true"></i></a> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </li> <li role="menuitem" class="megamenu-dropdown"> <a href="#" class="megamenu-tigger" data-toggle="320771" aria-label="toggle the Publications & Databases sub-menu">Publications & Databases</a> <div id="320771" class="megamenu-dropdown-menu"> <div class="container"> <div class="megamenu-header"> <h2>Publications and Databases</h2> <p>APA Publishing products and resources that support research, education, practice and general wellbeing.</p> </div> <div class="megamenu-grid thirds"> <div class="megamenu-col"> <div class="megamenu-blocks" style="--megamenu-blocks-cols: repeat(1, 1fr)"> <div class="megamenu-block"> <h3>Publication & Databases</h3> <ul class="megamenu-block-links" style="--megamenu-block-links-cols: 2"> <li> <a href="https://apastyle.apa.org/" target="_self">APA Style</a> </li> <li> <a href="/pubs/books" target="_self">Books</a> </li> <li> <a href="/pubs/magination" target="_self">Children’s Books</a> </li> <li> <a href="/pubs/databases" target="_self">Databases</a> </li> <li> <a href="/pubs/digital-learning" target="_self">Digital Learning</a> </li> <li> <a href="/pubs/journals" target="_self">Journals</a> </li> <li> <a href="/monitor" target="_self">Magazine</a> </li> <li> <a href="/pubs/videos" target="_self">Videos</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="megamenu-col borderd"> <div class="megamenu-block"> <h3>APA Publishing Resources</h3> <ul class="megamenu-block-links" style="--megamenu-block-links-cols: 1"> <li> <a href="/pubs/librarians" target="_self">Librarians</a> </li> <li> <a href="/pubs/authors" target="_self">Authors, Editors, and Reviewers</a> </li> <li> <a href="/pubs/educators-students" target="_self">Educators and Students</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://apps.apa.org/course-adoption" target = '_blank' rel='nofollow noopener noreferrer'>Exam Copies<i role="presentation" class="fas fa-up-right-from-square" aria-hidden="true" title="opens in new window"></i></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> <div class="megamenu-col widget"> <section class="listBoxModule searchWidget"> <h3>Search APA Databases</h3> <form role="search" id="srchWidget2001" target="_parent" onsubmit="widgetSearch('APA_searchtext2001', 'http://psycnet.apa.org/search/results?type=direct&db=pi,pb,pa,pe,pt,pbc&fields=AnyField&term={SearchValue}'); return false;"> <div class="wysiwyg searchWidgetHead"> Over 5.4 million journal articles, abstracts, books on APA PsycNet </div> <div> <div class="hideFrmL"> <section class="searchWidgetbox"> <input type="text" id="APA_searchtext2001" name="APA_searchtext2001" aria-label="Search" /> <button type="submit"> <i title="Search" class="fas fa-magnifying-glass"></i> </button> </section> </div> <div class="showFrmL"> <a href="https://psycnet.apa.org/search/advanced" class="btnOutlineSml"> Search APA Psycnet <i role="presentation" class="fas fa-up-right-from-square" aria-hidden="true" title="opens in new window"></i> </a> </div> <div class="wysiwyg searchWidgetFooter"> <div class="footnote"> <div class="footnote">Access fees may apply</div> </div> </div> </div> </form> </section> </div> </div> <div class="megamenu-formatted-link"> <div class="rich-formatted-content"> <div class="rich-content"> <a title="index-config-pubs" href="/pubs">All publications and databases<i class="fas fa-chevron-right" aria-hidden="true"></i></a> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </li> <li role="menuitem" class="megamenu-dropdown"> <a href="#" class="megamenu-tigger" data-toggle="320770" aria-label="toggle the Research & Practice sub-menu">Research & Practice</a> <div id="320770" class="megamenu-dropdown-menu"> <div class="container"> <div class="megamenu-header"> <h2>Research and Practice</h2> <p>Tools for psychologists to do their jobs every day. </p> </div> <div class="megamenu-grid thirds"> <div class="megamenu-col"> <div class="megamenu-blocks" style="--megamenu-blocks-cols: repeat(1, 1fr)"> <div class="megamenu-block"> <h3>Your growth</h3> <ul class="megamenu-block-links" style="--megamenu-block-links-cols: 2"> <li> <a href="/research-practice/conduct-research" target="_self">Conducting research</a> </li> <li> <a href="/research-practice/funding" target="_self">Grants and funding</a> </li> <li> <a href="/research-practice/leadership" target="_self">Leadership</a> </li> <li> <a href="/research-practice/mentorship" target="_self">Mentorship</a> </li> <li> <a href="/research-practice/open-science" target="_self">Open science</a> </li> <li> <a href="/research-practice/peer-review" target="_self">Peer review</a> </li> <li> <a href="/research-practice/practice-management" target="_self">Practice management</a> </li> <li> <a href="/research-practice/publish-present" target="_self">Publishing and presenting research</a> </li> <li> <a href="/research-practice/self-care" target="_self">Self-care</a> </li> <li> <a href="/research-practice/teaching-psychology" target="_self">Teaching psychology</a> </li> <li> <a href="/research-practice/telepsychology" target="_self">Telepsychology</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="megamenu-col borderd"> <div class="megamenu-block"> <h3>Standards and guidelines</h3> <ul class="megamenu-block-links" style="--megamenu-block-links-cols: 1"> <li> <a href="/ethics/code" target="_self">Ethics code</a> </li> <li> <a href="/research-practice/standards-guidelines" target="_self">Standards and guidelines</a> </li> <li> <a href="/about/policy" target="_self">APA policies</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> <div class="megamenu-col widget"> <section class="featureRichItem"> <section class="linkWidget link square"> <h3>For members</h3> <div class="widgetWrapper standardWidget onePerRow default "> <div class="module first"> <a class="module-link" href="/members/content/secure/artificial-intelligence" target="_self" > <figure class="left"> <img src="/images/index-ai-ebooklet_tcm7-334742_w160_n.jpg" alt="Abstract illustration of face profile"> </figure> <div class="body"> <div class="d-flex gap-10"> <div class="event-eyebrow mg-bottom-5"> <span class="memberExclusive upperCase fw-medium"> Member exclusive </span> </div> </div> <p class="title">Artificial intelligence: Redefining the future of psychology</p> </div> </a> </div> <div class="module last"> <a class="module-link" href="/members/content/addressing-addiction" target="_self" > <figure class="left"> <img src="/images/index-adam-leventhal_tcm7-333934_w160_n.jpg" alt="Adam Leventhal, PhD"> </figure> <div class="body"> <div class="eyebrow">Profile</div> <p class="title">Adam Leventhal uses policy-focused research to address addiction</p> </div> </a> </div> </div> </section> </section> </div> </div> <div class="megamenu-formatted-link"> <div class="rich-formatted-content"> <div class="rich-content"> <a title="research-practice-dxa-config" href="/research-practice">All research and practice<i class="fas fa-chevron-right" aria-hidden="true"></i></a> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </li> <li role="menuitem" class="megamenu-dropdown"> <a href="#" class="megamenu-tigger" data-toggle="320768" aria-label="toggle the Education & Career sub-menu">Education & Career</a> <div id="320768" class="megamenu-dropdown-menu"> <div class="container"> <div class="megamenu-header"> <h2>Education and Career</h2> <p>Resources for students, teachers and psychologists at all levels to explore career growth in psychology.</p> </div> <div class="megamenu-grid thirds last-hidden"> <div class="megamenu-col"> <div class="megamenu-blocks" style="--megamenu-blocks-cols: repeat(2, 1fr)"> <div class="megamenu-block"> <h3>Education</h3> <ul class="megamenu-block-links" style="--megamenu-block-links-cols: 1"> <li> <a href="/education-career/k12" target="_self">Pre-K to 12</a> </li> <li> <a href="/education-career/undergrad" target="_self">Undergraduate psychology</a> </li> <li> <a href="/education-career/grad/applying" target="_self">Apply to grad school</a> </li> <li> <a href="/education-career/grad/succeeding-graduate-school" target="_self">Succeed in grad school</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://accreditation.apa.org/" target = '_blank' rel='nofollow noopener noreferrer'>Accreditation<i role="presentation" class="fas fa-up-right-from-square" aria-hidden="true" title="opens in new window"></i></a> </li> </ul> </div> <div class="megamenu-block"> <h3>Careers</h3> <ul class="megamenu-block-links" style="--megamenu-block-links-cols: 1"> <li> <a href="/education-career/guide" target="_self">Become a psychologist</a> </li> <li> <a href="/education-career/job-search" target="_self">Job search</a> </li> <li> <a href="/education-career/development/networking" target="_self">Networking</a> </li> <li> <a href="/education-career/development" target="_self">Manage your career</a> </li> <li> <a href="/education-career/ce" target="_self">Continuing education</a> </li> <li> <a href="/education-career/training" target="_self">Training and webinars</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="megamenu-col widget"> <section class="featureRichItem"> <section class="externalScriptContent" > <style type="text/css"> div.search_title { font-family: "Whitney", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-weight: 600; color: #000; font-size: 1.125em; line-height: 1.2em; } div.search_widget { border-style: none !important; border-width: 0px !important;; font-family: "Whitney", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 1em; color: #000000; text-align: left; padding: 20px 20px 6px 20px; border-radius: 0px; } div.narrow_fields { display: flex; flex-flow: row wrap; align-items: center; } div.search_widget form{ margin:0; } div.search_widget div.clearAll { clear: both; } div.search_widget input{ width: 250px; border-radius: 5px; padding: 5px 5px; border-width: 1px; border-color: #919294; margin: 3px 20px 3px 0; } div.search_widget div.field_container div.field_left { float: left; width: 30%; margin-right: 6px; } div.search_widget [type=submit] { font-size: 0.75rem; padding: 0.4rem 0.6rem; background: #003a70; font-weight: 600; letter-spacing: 0.02rem; cursor: pointer; border: none; text-transform: uppercase; border-radius: 4px; margin: 0 0 5px; color: #fff; } div.search_widget [type=submit]:hover{ background: #000024; } div.search_widget [type=submit]:focus{ outline: 2px solid #003a70; outline-offset: 2px; background: #003a70; color: #fff; } div.search_widget span.smaller { font-size: 12px; display: block; margin-bottom: 10px; } div.search_widget span.legend { font-weight: 400; } </style> </style> <div class="search_title">Find a job on PsycCareers</div> <div class="search_widget hideFrmL"> <form action="https://www.psyccareers.com/" method="GET"> <input type="hidden" name="page" value="search" /> <input type="hidden" name="action" value="advanced_search" /> <div class="narrow_fields"> <div class="narrow_field"> <div><span class="legend">Job</span></div> <input type="text" name="keywords" /> <span class="smaller">e.g., Clinical Psychologist</span> </div> <div class="clearAll"></div> <div class="narrow_field"> <div><span class="legend">Locations</span></div> <input type="text" name="city_state_zip" /> <span class="smaller">e.g., Washington DC or 20002</span> </div> <div class="clearAll"></div> <div class="narrow_field"> <button type="submit">Find</button> </div> </div> <div class="clearAll"></div> </form> </div> <div class="showFrmL"> <a href="https://www.psyccareers.com/jobs" class="btnOutlineSml"> Search Jobs <i role="presentation" class="fas fa-up-right-from-square" aria-hidden="true" target="_blank" title="opens in new window"></i> </a> </div> </section></section> </div> <div class="megamenu-col widget"> <section class="featureRichItem"> <section class="linkWidget link square"> <h3>Training highlights</h3> <div class="widgetWrapper standardWidget onePerRow default "> <div class="module first"> <a class="module-link" href="/education-career/training/media-psychology-series" target="_self" > <figure class="left"> <img src="/images/index-careers-media-series_tcm7-333691_w160_n.jpg" alt=""> </figure> <div class="body"> <div class="eyebrow">Webinar Series</div> <p class="title">Careers in media psychology</p> </div> </a> </div> <div class="module last"> <a class="module-link" href="/education-career/training/science-training-sessions" target="_self" > <figure class="left"> <img src="/images/science-training-sessions-index_tcm7-308286_w160_n.jpg" alt="Science Training Sessions"> </figure> <div class="body"> <div class="eyebrow">Webinar Series</div> <p class="title">Science Training Sessions</p> </div> </a> </div> </div> </section> </section> </div> </div> <div class="megamenu-formatted-link"> <div class="rich-formatted-content"> <div class="rich-content"> <a title="Education and Career - index config" href="/education-career">All education and career<i class="fas fa-chevron-right" aria-hidden="true"></i></a> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </li> <li role="menuitem" class="megamenu-dropdown"> <a href="#" class="megamenu-tigger" data-toggle="320769" aria-label="toggle the News & Advocacy sub-menu">News & Advocacy</a> <div id="320769" class="megamenu-dropdown-menu"> <div class="container"> <div class="megamenu-header"> <h2>News and Advocacy</h2> <p>Browse the latest updates from APA, informed by psychological science.</p> </div> <div class="megamenu-grid thirds second-hidden"> <div class="megamenu-col"> <div class="megamenu-blocks" style="--megamenu-blocks-cols: repeat(1, 1fr)"> <div class="megamenu-block"> <h3>News</h3> <ul class="megamenu-block-links" style="--megamenu-block-links-cols: 1"> <li> <a href="/monitor" target="_self">Monitor on Psychology magazine</a> </li> <li> <a href="/news/podcasts/speaking-of-psychology" target="_self">Speaking of Psychology podcast</a> </li> <li> <a href="/news/press" target="_self">Press room</a> </li> <li> <a href="/news/psycport" target="_self">Psychology in the media</a> </li> <li> <a href="/news/newsletters" target="_self">Newsletters</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="megamenu-col widget"> <section class="featureRichItem"> <section class="linkWidget link square"> <h3>Highlights</h3> <div class="widgetWrapper standardWidget onePerRow default "> <div class="module first"> <a class="module-link" href="/news/press/releases/2025/02/satire-damaging-reputations" target="_self" > <figure class="left"> <img src="/images/index-press-satire-damaging-reputations_tcm7-335602_w160_n.jpg" alt="man watching video on his phone"> </figure> <div class="body"> <p class="title">Satire more damaging to reputations than direct criticism</p> </div> </a> </div> <div class="module last"> <a class="module-link" href="/news/press/releases/2025/01/optimism-boost-saving" target="_self" > <figure class="left"> <img src="/images/index-press-optimism-boost-saving_tcm7-335324_w160_n.jpg" alt="A graph featuring arrows trending upward"> </figure> <div class="body"> <p class="title">Optimism can boost saving, especially for lower-income individuals</p> </div> </a> </div> </div> </section> </section> </div> <div class="megamenu-col widget"> <section class="featureRichItem"> <section class="linkWidget tile square"> <h3>Advocacy</h3> <div class="widgetWrapper tileWidget onePerRow default "> <div class="module first last"> <a class="module-link" href="https://www.apaservices.org/advocacy" target="_self" > <div class="body"> <figure class="tile"> <img src="/images/tile-advocacy-national-institute-mental-health-group_tcm7-279430_w640_n.jpg" alt="Lady smiling"> </figure> <div class="desc"> <p class="title">You can make a difference</p> <div class="wysiwyg lengthy"><p>Learn about key issues impacting psychologists today</p></div> </div> </div> </a> </div> </div> </section> </section> </div> </div> <div class="megamenu-formatted-link"> <div class="rich-formatted-content"> <div class="rich-content"> <a title="news-index-config" href="/news">All News and advocacy<i class="fas fa-chevron-right" aria-hidden="true"></i></a> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </li> <li role="menuitem" class="showFrmL"> <a href="/about">About APA</a> </li> <li role="menuitem" class="showFrmL"> <a href="/events">Events</a> </li> <li role="menuitem" class="showFrmL"> <a href="/members">Membership</a> </li> </ul> </nav> </div> <div id="maincontent" role="main" tabindex="-1"> <div class="mainwrap one_col_a text-center dx-dynamic-page" id="mainwrap"> <div class="body-container full-width"> <main class="main"> <div typeof="Region" resource="Top Content"> <div class="mission-config hideFrmM" id="topcontent"> <div class="config-container"> <div class="config-flex d-flex gap-30 align-items-center"> <div class="mission"> <div class="featureRichSummary" >We promote psychological science and knowledge to benefit society and improve lives. </div> </div> <div class="key-tasks"> <section class="featureRichItem "> <section class="linkWidget link square"> <div class="widgetWrapper standardWidget twoPerRow default "> <div class="module first"> <a class="module-link" href="/members/your-membership/benefits" target="_self" > <figure class="left"> <img src="/images/member-benefits-50_tcm7-329942_w160_n.png" alt="icon depicting an award medal"> </figure> <div class="body"> <p class="title">Member benefits</p> </div> </a> </div> <div class="module "> <a class="module-link" href="/education-career/training" target="_self" > <figure class="left"> <img src="/images/ce-training-50_tcm7-329940_w160_n.png" alt="icon depicting person looking at a computer screen"> </figure> <div class="body"> <p class="title">CE and training</p> </div> </a> </div> <div class="module "> <a class="module-link" href="/research-practice/funding" target="_self" > <figure class="left"> <img src="/images/funding-awards-50_tcm7-329941_w160_n.png" alt="icon depicting thought bubble and dollar sign"> </figure> <div class="body"> <p class="title">Funding and awards</p> </div> </a> </div> <div class="module last"> <a class="module-link" href="/research-practice/standards-guidelines" target="_self" > <figure class="left"> <img src="/images/standards-guidelines-50_tcm7-329943_w160_n.png" alt="icon depicting directional signposts"> </figure> <div class="body"> <p class="title">Standards and guidelines</p> </div> </a> </div> </div> </section> </section> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <section class="content" id="ctcol"> <div typeof="Region" resource="Main"> <section class="oneCol_content " id="oneCol_content_32994501"> <section class="oneFull"> <div class="featureRichItem"> <div class="fifty50Widget"> <div class="multiMedia"> <figure class="tile"> <img src="/images/tile-brain-love-stock_tcm7-314395_w640_n.jpg" alt="Young female couple waking up in bed."> </figure> </div> <div> <a class="fifty50RightAnchor" href="/topics/marriage-relationships/brain-on-love" target="_self" > <div class="eyebrow">Psychology topic</div> <p class="title">What happens in your brain when you’re in love?</p> <div class="wysiwyg lengthy"><p>Decades of research finds that love’s reaction inside the brain models our basic needs for well-being</p></div> </a> </div> </div> </div> </section> </section> <section class="oneCol_content " id="oneCol_content_32994502"> <section class="oneFull"> <section class="featureRichItem"> <section class="linkWidget tile square"> <div class="widgetWrapper tileWidget threePerRow default "> <div class="module first"> <a class="module-link" href="/topics/marriage-relationships/healthy-relationships" target="_self" > <div class="body"> <figure class="tile"> <img src="/images/healthy-relationships-title-image_tcm7-213338_w320_n.jpg" alt="Happy couple"> </figure> <div class="desc"> <p class="title">Happy couples</p> <div class="wysiwyg lengthy"><p>Steps you can take to keep your romantic relationship healthy</p></div> </div> </div> </a> </div> <div class="module "> <a class="module-link" href="/topics/marriage-relationships" target="_self" > <div class="body"> <figure class="tile"> <img src="/images/marriage-relationships-topic-landing-page-tile_tcm7-312009_w320_n.jpg" alt="married couple embracing on sofa"> </figure> <div class="desc"> <p class="title">Marriage and relationships</p> <div class="wysiwyg lengthy"><p>Articles, podcasts, publications, and other resources from APA</p></div> </div> </div> </a> </div> <div class="module last"> <a class="module-link" href="/news/podcasts/speaking-of-psychology/lasting-love" target="_self" > <div class="body"> <figure class="tile"> <img src="/images/aging-office-tile_tcm7-311515_w320_n.jpg" alt="older Black couple walking and laughing in park"> </figure> <div class="desc"> <p class="title">What makes love last?</p> <div class="wysiwyg lengthy"><p>What science says about the secrets of long-term love</p></div> </div> </div> </a> </div> </div> </section> </section> </section> </section> <div class="section-divider"> </div> <div class="full-width lightbg bg-light-supp-2"> <section class="oneCol_content " id="oneCol_content_32994503"> <section class="oneFull"> <section class="featureRichItem"> <div class="callAction announcement"> <div class="callActionLower align-items-center"> <div class="leftside"> <h2>Renew your membership</h2> <div class="wysiwyg lengthy pd-top-15"> <p>Keep your place in our global community and access exclusive benefits and resources in the year ahead. Don’t miss out—renew your membership today.</p> </div> </div> <div class="rightside"> <div class="wysiwyg lengthy"> <a href="https://renew.apa.org/findmystatement" class="btnOutlineMed" target="_blank">Renew now</a> </div> </div> </div> </div> </section> </section> </section> </div> <div class="wysiwyg lengthy"> <div class="section-divider" ></div> </div> <div class="dynamic-news-block"> <div class="oneCol_content pd-bottom-0"> <div class="oneFull"> <h2>New and noteworthy</h2> </div> </div> <div class="oneCol_content pd-bottom-0"> <section class="featureRichItem"> <section class="linkWidget tile"> <div class="widgetWrapper tileWidget threePerRow default"> <div class="module"> <a href="/monitor/2025/01/rise-of-4-day-workweek.html" target="_self" class="module-link"> <div class="body"> <div class="eyebrow">Science news</div> <p class="title">The rise of the 4-day workweek</p> <div class="wysiwyg lengthy"> Employees are enthusiastic about shorter and flexible schedules </div> </div> </a> </div> <div class="module"> <a href="/pubs/highlights/spotlight/countertransference-collusion.html" target="_self" class="module-link"> <div class="body"> <div class="eyebrow">Journal article spotlight</div> <p class="title">Collusion in the therapeutic relationship</p> <div class="wysiwyg lengthy"> Psychoanalytic Psychology article addresses countertransference to prevent collusion between therapist and client </div> </div> </a> </div> <div class="module"> <a href="/pubs/journals/special/cpb-trusted-leadership-advisor-pdf" target="_self" class="module-link"> <div class="body"> <div class="eyebrow">Journal special issue</div> <p class="title">The Trusted Leadership Advisor</p> <div class="wysiwyg lengthy"> Consulting Psychology Journal special collection on Karol M. Wasylyshyn's Trusted Leadership Advisor </div> </div> </a> </div> </div> </section> </section> </div> <div class="twoCol_content pd-top-0"> <div class="oneHalf first"> <section class="featureRichItem"> <section class="linkWidget tile"> <div class="widgetWrapper tileWidget onePerRow default"> <div class="module"> <a href="/news/press/releases/2025/02/satire-damaging-reputations" target="_self" class="module-link"> <div class="body"> <figure class="tile"> <img src="/images/tile-press-satire-damaging-reputations_tcm7-335603.jpg" alt="man watching video on his phone" /> </figure> <div class="eyebrow">Press release</div> <p class="title">Satire more damaging to reputations than direct criticism</p> <div class="wysiwyg lengthy"> Satire may dehumanize targets, make them more subject to ridicule, study finds </div> </div> </a> </div> <div class="rich-formatted-content"> <div class="rich-content"> <p><a title="press-room-index-page-config" href="/news/press">More news<i class="fas fa-chevron-right" aria-hidden="true"></i></a></p> </div> </div> </div> </section> </section> </div> <div class="oneHalf last"> <section class="featureRichItem"> <section class="linkWidget tile"> <div class="widgetWrapper tileWidget onePerRow default"> <div class="module"> <a href="/news/podcasts/speaking-of-psychology/power-defiance.html" target="_self" class="module-link"> <div class="body"> <figure class="tile"> <img src="/images/social-sah_tcm7-335597.jpg" alt="How to say ‘no’: The power of defiance, with Sunita Sah, PhD" /> </figure> <div class="eyebrow">Podcast</div> <p class="title">The power of defiance</p> <div class="wysiwyg lengthy"> Sunita Sah, PhD, discusses why it can be so hard to speak up and how can you strengthen your resolve and ability to say no </div> </div> </a> </div> <div class="rich-formatted-content"> <div class="rich-content"> <p><a title="podcasts-index-config" href="/news/podcasts">More podcasts<i class="fas fa-chevron-right" aria-hidden="true"></i></a></p> </div> </div> </div> </section> </section> </div> </div> </div> <div class="wysiwyg lengthy"> <div class="section-divider" ></div> </div> <div class="dx010-widget two-by-three right-widget"> <div class="oneCol_content"> <div class="oneFull"> <h2 >Events and webinars</h2> <div class="grid"> <div class="grid-col dynamic-content"> <span id="loader_334153" class="rr-loader" style="display: none;"> <i role="presentation" class="fas fa-spinner fa-spin fa-3x"></i> </span> <div class="event-items" id="eventContent_334153"> </div> <div > <div class="rich-formatted-content"> <div class="rich-content"> <p><a href="/education-career/training">More webinars and training<i class="fas fa-chevron-right" aria-hidden="true"></i></a></p> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="grid-col featured-content"> <section class="featureRichItem"> <section class="linkWidget tile square"> <div class="widgetWrapper tileWidget onePerRow default "> <div class="module first last"> <a class="module-link" href="https://convention.apa.org/" target="_self" > <div class="body"> <figure class="tile"> <img src="/images/apa-2025-tile_tcm7-334959_w640_n.png" alt="APA 2025 | Denver, Colorado | August 7–9, 2025"> </figure> <div class="desc"> <p class="title">APA 2025</p> <div class="wysiwyg lengthy"><p>Learn more about APA's annual convention, the largest gathering of psychologists and psychology students in the world</p></div> </div> </div> </a> </div> </div> </section> </section> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <script type="text/javascript"> jQuery(document).ready(function () { if (true == true) { var loader = jQuery(this).find('#loader_334153'); loader.show(); jQuery.ajax({ url: '/api/dynamic-component-items', method: 'GET', data: { viewName: 'PartialDX010EventContentForAdOrWidgetTemplate', pageId: '1060', componentId: '334153', maxItems: '10', sortBy: 'date desc', entityType: 'DX010', showDate: 'True', take: '6' } }).done((result) => { jQuery('#eventContent_334153').append(result.content); loader.hide(); if (result.content == '\r\n') { jQuery('#eventContent_334153').hide(); } }).fail((error) => { if (!!error.status) { console.log(`${error.status} ${error.statusText} error!`); } console.log(error); loader.hide(); }); } }); </script> <div class="wysiwyg lengthy"> <div class="section-divider" ></div> </div> <section class="twoCol_content " id="twoCol_content_32995101"> <section class="overarch"> <h2 >Networks and communities</h2> </section> <section class="oneHalf first"> <section class="featureRichItem"> <section class="linkWidget tile square"> <div class="widgetWrapper tileWidget onePerRow default "> <div class="module first last"> <a class="module-link" href="https://community.apa.org/" target="_self" > <div class="body"> <figure class="tile"> <img src="/images/2025-apa-community_tcm7-335278_w640_n.jpg" alt="Group shot of people smiling"> </figure> <div class="desc"> <p class="title">APA Community</p> <div class="wysiwyg lengthy"><p>Network with peers, enhance your professional development, expand your personal growth, and more</p></div> </div> </div> </a> </div> </div> <div > <div class="rich-formatted-content"> <div class="rich-content"> <a href="/education-career/development/networking">More networking resources<i class="fas fa-chevron-right" aria-hidden="true"></i></a> </div> </div> </div> </section> </section> </section> <section class="oneHalf last"> <section class="featureRichItem"> <section class="linkWidget link square"> <div class="widgetWrapper standardWidget onePerRow default "> <div class="module first"> <a class="module-link" href="/about/division" target="_self" > <figure class="left"> <img src="/images/divisions-index_tcm7-328092_w160_n.jpg" alt="happy people in sunshine"> </figure> <div class="body"> <p class="title">APA Divisions</p> </div> </a> </div> <div class="module "> <a class="module-link" href="/ed/precollege/topss" target="_self" > <figure class="left"> <img src="/images/topss-teaching-award_tcm7-250099_w160_n.jpg" alt="APA TOPSS Excellence in Teaching Awards "> </figure> <div class="body"> <p class="title">High school teachers</p> </div> </a> </div> <div class="module "> <a class="module-link" href="/ed/precollege" target="_self" > <figure class="left"> <img src="/images/index-topss-competition_tcm7-301562_w160_n.jpg" alt="Classroom student writing in her notebook"> </figure> <div class="body"> <p class="title">Undergraduate educators</p> </div> </a> </div> <div class="module "> <a class="module-link" href="/apags" target="_self" > <figure class="left"> <img src="/images/thumb-spta-professional-practice_tcm7-259820_w160_n.jpg" alt="Professional practice"> </figure> <div class="body"> <p class="title">Graduate students</p> </div> </a> </div> <div class="module last"> <a class="module-link" href="/education-career/development/early" target="_self" > <figure class="left"> <img src="/images/careers-early-caree-square_tcm7-285868_w160_n.png" alt="careers-early-caree-square"> </figure> <div class="body"> <p class="title">Early career psychologists</p> </div> </a> </div> </div> </section> </section> </section> </section> <div class="wysiwyg lengthy"> <div class="section-divider" ></div> </div> <section class="threeCol_content " id="threeCol_content_32995201"> <section class="overarch"> <h2 >Careers</h2> </section> <section class="oneThird first"> <section class="featureRichItem"> <section class="linkWidget tile square"> <div class="widgetWrapper tileWidget onePerRow default "> <div class="module first last"> <a class="module-link" href="/education-career/development" target="_self" > <div class="body"> <figure class="tile"> <img src="/images/career-development-landing-page-tile_tcm7-316118_w640_n.jpg" alt="African American woman working on a laptop"> </figure> <div class="desc"> <p class="title">Managing your career</p> <div class="wysiwyg lengthy"><p>Resources to help you throughout your career in psychology, including finding a job, salary data, finances and money management, mentoring and supervision, and training and professional development</p></div> </div> </div> </a> </div> </div> </section> </section> </section> <section class="oneThird middle"> <section class="featureRichItem"> <section class="linkWidget link square"> <div class="widgetWrapper standardWidget onePerRow default "> <div class="module first"> <a class="module-link" href="/education-career/guide" target="_self" > <figure class="left"> <img src="/images/explore-career-psychology-index_tcm7-324416_w160_n.jpg" alt="illustration of winding road with map pin at the end"> </figure> <div class="body"> <p class="title">Explore career paths</p> </div> </a> </div> <div class="module "> <a class="module-link" href="/education-career/psychologist-profiles" target="_self" > <figure class="left"> <img src="/images/index-alvin-thomas_tcm7-318440_w160_n.jpg" alt="Alvin Thomas, PhD"> </figure> <div class="body"> <p class="title">Psychologist profiles</p> </div> </a> </div> <div class="module "> <a class="module-link" href="/education-career/training/how-did-you-get-that-job-series" target="_self" > <figure class="left"> <img src="/images/hdygtj-index_tcm7-324423_w160_n.jpg" alt="Woman smiling near laptop"> </figure> <div class="body"> <p class="title">How did you get that job?</p> </div> </a> </div> <div class="module last"> <a class="module-link" href="/events" target="_self" > <figure class="left"> <img src="/images/events-training-index_tcm7-324425_w160_n.jpg" alt="man looking at laptop"> </figure> <div class="body"> <p class="title">Events and training</p> </div> </a> </div> </div> </section> </section> </section> <section class="oneThird last"> <section class="featureRichItem"> <section class="externalScriptContent" > <div class="shortDescription"> <h3 class="h5-pseudo">Featured jobs</h3> </div> <script src='https://www.apa.org/js/getPsycCareerJobs.js' type='text/javascript'></script> <script>getPsycCareerJobs('dvPsycCareers', 'https://www.psyccareers.com/index.php/xml-feed?site=wj_xml&max_jobs=3&featured=1', 3);</script> </section></section> </section> </section> <div class="wysiwyg lengthy"> <div class="section-divider" ></div> </div> <section class="twoCol_content " id="twoCol_content_32995301"> <section class="overarch"> <h2 >APA publications and products</h2> </section> <section class="oneHalf first"> <section class="featureRichItem"> <section class="linkWidget tile square"> <div class="widgetWrapper tileWidget onePerRow default "> <div class="module first last"> <a class="module-link" href="https://apastyle.apa.org/products" target="_self" > <div class="body"> <figure class="tile"> <img src="/images/landing-page-tile_tcm7-324427_w640_n.png" alt="illustration of people working on their laptops surrounded by APA Style books"> </figure> <div class="desc"> <p class="title">APA Style</p> <div class="wysiwyg lengthy"><p>Explore free resources and official APA Style publications</p></div> </div> </div> </a> </div> </div> </section> </section> </section> <section class="oneHalf last"> <section class="featureRichItem"> <section class="linkWidget link square"> <div class="widgetWrapper standardWidget twoPerRow default "> <div class="module first"> <a class="module-link" href="/pubs/books" target="_self" > <div class="bodyleft"> <p class="title">Books</p> </div> </a> </div> <div class="module "> <a class="module-link" href="/pubs/magination" target="_self" > <div class="bodyleft"> <p class="title">Children’s books</p> </div> </a> </div> <div class="module "> <a class="module-link" href="/pubs/journals" target="_self" > <div class="bodyleft"> <p class="title">Journals</p> </div> </a> </div> <div class="module "> <a class="module-link" href="/pubs/videos" target="_self" > <div class="bodyleft"> <p class="title">Videos</p> </div> </a> </div> <div class="module "> <a class="module-link" href="/pubs/databases" target="_self" > <div class="bodyleft"> <p class="title">Databases</p> </div> </a> </div> <div class="module "> <a class="module-link" href="/monitor" target="_self" > <div class="bodyleft"> <p class="title">Monitor on Psychology</p> </div> </a> </div> <div class="module "> <a class="module-link" href="/news/newsletters" target="_self" > <div class="bodyleft"> <p class="title">Newsletters</p> </div> </a> </div> <div class="module "> <a class="module-link" href="/pubs/reports" target="_self" > <div class="bodyleft"> <p class="title">Reports and surveys</p> </div> </a> </div> <div class="module "> <a class="module-link" href="/education-career/ce" target="_self" > <div class="bodyleft"> <p class="title">Continuing education</p> </div> </a> </div> <div class="module last"> <a class="module-link" href="https://apamerchstore.com/" target="_self" > <div class="bodyleft"> <p class="title">Merchandise</p> </div> </a> </div> </div> </section> </section> </section> </section> <section class="oneCol_content " id="oneCol_content_32995302"> <section class="oneFull"> <section class="featureRichItem"> <section class="linkWidget recommendedWidget tile"> <div class="widgetWrapper tileWidget"> <div class="module"> <a href="/pubs/books/deliberate-practice-emotionally-focused-couple-therapy" class="module-link"> <div class="body"> <figure class="tile"> <img src="/images/3842962-150_tcm7-328072.gif" alt="Deliberate Practice in Emotionally Focused Couple Therapy" /> </figure> <div class="desc"> <p class="title">Deliberate Practice in Emotionally Focused Couple</p> <div class="price">$43.99</div> </div> </div> </a> </div> <div class="module"> <a href="/pubs/books/family-evaluation-custody-litigation-second-edition" class="module-link"> <div class="body"> <figure class="tile"> <img src="/images/3844539-150_tcm7-326504.gif" alt="Family Evaluation in Custody Litigation" /> </figure> <div class="desc"> <p class="title">Family Evaluation in Custody Litigation</p> <div class="price">$83.99</div> </div> </div> </a> </div> <div class="module"> <a href="/pubs/magination/once-upon-my-dads-divorce" class="module-link"> <div class="body"> <figure class="tile"> <img src="/images/3840746-150_tcm7-315328.jpg" alt="Once Upon My Dads' Divorce" /> </figure> <div class="desc"> <p class="title">Once Upon My Dads' Divorce</p> <div class="price">$18.99</div> </div> </div> </a> </div> <div class="module"> <a href="/pubs/journals/special/cfp-risk-resilience-sexual-gender-minority-relationships-pdf" class="module-link"> <div class="body"> <figure class="tile"> <img src="/images/5991106-150_tcm7-313462.gif" alt="Risk and Resilience in Sexual and Gender Minority Relationships: From Theory to Practice" /> </figure> <div class="desc"> <p class="title">Risk and Resilience in Sexual and Gender Minority Relationships</p> <div class="price">$24.95</div> </div> </div> </a> </div> <div class="module"> <a href="/pubs/books/deliberate-practice-systemic-family-therapy" class="module-link"> <div class="body"> <figure class="tile"> <img src="/images/3837630-150_tcm7-305754.gif" alt="Cover of Deliberate Practice in Systemic Family Therapy" /> </figure> <div class="desc"> <p class="title">Deliberate Practice in Systemic Family Therapy</p> <div class="price">$43.99</div> </div> </div> </a> </div> </div> </section> </section> <script> jQuery(document).ready(function () { //loadRecommendedProducts(); function loadRecommendedProducts() { var loader = jQuery(this).find('.ue-loader'); loader.show(); jQuery.ajax({ url: '/api/recommended-reading', type: 'POST', data: { data: parseHTML("{"Title":null,"Subtitle":null,"Description":null,"ContentType":["Book PS608","Children's Book PS609","Journal Special Issue PS617"],"IncludeTaxonomy":["Marriage and Relationships"],"IncludeApastyleContent":null,"AndIncludeTaxonomy":null,"AndIncludeApastyleContent":null,"UseAndOrOperation":null,"SortBy":"Newest First","Filter":"Newest Releases","Link":null,"Domain":null,"Items":null,"Cursor":null,"Id":"324430","IsEmbedded":false,"XpmPropertyMetadata":null,"MvcData":null,"HtmlClasses":null,"XpmMetadata":null,"ExtensionData":null}") }, success: function (res) { console.log(res); loader.hide(); jQuery('#readingList').html(res); }, error: function (err) { console.log(err); loader.hide(); } }); } }); </script> </section> </section> <div class="wysiwyg lengthy"> <div class="section-divider" ></div> </div> <section class="oneCol_content " id="oneCol_content_32994901"> <section class="overarch"> <h2 >Psychology topics spotlight</h2> </section> <section class="oneFull"> <section class="featureRichItem"> <section class="linkWidget tile square"> <div class="widgetWrapper tileWidget threePerRow default "> <div class="module first"> <a class="module-link" href="/topics/journalism-facts" target="_self" > <div class="body"> <figure class="tile"> <img src="/images/misinformation-disinformation-tile_tcm7-306919_w320_n.jpg" alt="traffic sign with words Fact Check"> </figure> <div class="desc"> <p class="title">Tools to combat misinformation</p> </div> </div> </a> </div> <div class="module "> <a class="module-link" href="/topics/trauma" target="_self" > <div class="body"> <figure class="tile"> <img src="/images/tile-israel-hamas-trauma-topics-spotlight_tcm7-321386_w320_n.jpg" alt="Woman cries while holding husband and child."> </figure> <div class="desc"> <p class="title">Resources to navigate trauma</p> </div> </div> </a> </div> <div class="module last"> <a class="module-link" href="/topics/healthy-workplaces" target="_self" > <div class="body"> <figure class="tile"> <img src="/images/workplace-issues-tile_tcm7-302656_w320_n.jpg" alt="collage of people in varied workplaces, including an office, a warehouse, a factory, and at home"> </figure> <div class="desc"> <p class="title">Tips to foster a healthy workplace</p> </div> </div> </a> </div> </div> </section> </section> </section> </section> <div class="wysiwyg lengthy"> <div class="section-divider" ></div> </div> <section class="oneCol_content " id="oneCol_content_32995401"> <section class="overarch"> <h2 >APA Services</h2> </section> <section class="oneFull"> <section class="featureRichItem"> <section class="linkWidget tile square"> <div class="widgetWrapper tileWidget threePerRow default "> <div class="module first"> <a class="module-link" href="https://www.apaservices.org" target="_self" > <div class="body"> <figure class="tile"> <img src="/images/apa-services-tile_tcm7-330396_w320_n.jpg" alt="illustration of networked people"> </figure> <div class="desc"> <p class="title">APA Services, Inc.</p> <div class="wysiwyg lengthy"><p>A companion professional organization to APA, serving all members and advocating for psychology</p></div> </div> </div> </a> </div> <div class="module "> <a class="module-link" href="https://www.apaservices.org/advocacy/issues" target="_self" > <div class="body"> <figure class="tile"> <img src="/images/advocacy_tcm7-211072_w320_n.jpg" alt="APA Advocacy "> </figure> <div class="desc"> <p class="title">Advocacy</p> <div class="wysiwyg lengthy"><p>Help APA advocate for psychology-informed federal policy and legislation, and support psychological research</p></div> </div> </div> </a> </div> <div class="module last"> <a class="module-link" href="https://www.apaservices.org/practice" target="_self" > <div class="body"> <figure class="tile"> <img src="/images/tile-apaservices_tcm7-249986_w320_n.jpg" alt="https://www.apaservices.org"> </figure> <div class="desc"> <p class="title">Practice</p> <div class="wysiwyg lengthy"><p>Resources for practicing psychologists in all settings and stages of their career</p></div> </div> </div> </a> </div> </div> </section> </section> </section> </section> </div> </section> <section class="social"> <div class="horizontal-icon-bar" data-ai-region data-ai-area="horizontal-bar"> <div> <a href="#" onclick="publishFacebookWallPost('255440604529709', 'https://www.apa.org/');" class="social-icon" data-ai-target="facebook" data-ai-action="share"> <i title="Share this on Facebook" class="fab fa-facebook-f"></i> </a> </div> <div> <a href="javascript: openSocialShare('https://twitter.com/share?url=https%3a%2f%2fwww.apa.org%2f&via=APA&text=American+Psychological+Association+(APA)')" class="social-icon" data-ai-target="twitter" data-ai-action="share"> <i title="Share this on X (formerly Twitter)" class="fab fa-x-twitter"></i> </a> </div> <div> <!-- Replace href with your meta and URL information --> <a href="javascript: openSocialShare('https://www.linkedin.com/shareArticle?mini=true&url=https%3a%2f%2fwww.apa.org%2f&title=American+Psychological+Association+(APA)&summary=The+American+Psychological+Association+(APA)+is+a+scientific+and+professional+organization+that+represents+psychologists+in+the+United+States.+APA+educates+the+public+about+psychology%2c+behavioral+science+and+mental+health%3b+promotes+psychological+science+and+practice%3b+fosters+the+education+and+training+of+psychological+scientists%2c+practitioners+and+educators%3b+advocates+for+psychological+knowledge+and+practice+to+inform+public+policy%3b+and+champions+the+application+of+psychology+to+promote+human+rights%2c+health%2c+well-being+and+dignity.')" class="social-icon" data-ai-target="linkedin" data-ai-action="share"> <i title="Share this on LinkedIn" class="fab fa-linkedin-in"></i> </a> </div> <div> <!-- Replace subject with your message using URL Endocding: http://meyerweb.com/eric/tools/dencoder/ --> <a href="javascript:openEmail('English');" class="social-icon" data-ai-target="email" data-ai-action="share"> <i title="Email this" class="fas fa-envelope"></i> </a> </div> </div> <script type="text/plain" class="optanon-category-C0005"> window.fbAsyncInit = function () { FB.init({ appId: 255440604529709, xfbml: true, version: 'v4.0' }); FB.AppEvents.logPageView(); }; (function (d, s, id) { var js, fjs = d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0]; if (d.getElementById(id)) { return; } js = d.createElement(s); js.id = id; js.src = "https://connect.facebook.net/en_US/sdk.js"; fjs.parentNode.insertBefore(js, fjs); }(document, 'script', 'facebook-jssdk')); </script> <script> if (!document.getElementById('citationPopup')) { let popup = ` <div class="citationPopup" id="citationPopup"> <span class="capitalize">Cite this</span> <div class="closeCitation right" onclick="toggleCitation()"><i role="presentation" aria-hidden="true" class="fas fa-rectangle-xmark"></i></div> <div class="hr"></div> <div class="citationBody" id="citationBody" onclick="selectAll()"> American Psychological Association. (2024). <i>American Psychological Association (APA).</i> https://www.apa.org </div> </div> `; if (document.getElementById('mainwrap') != null) { document.getElementById('mainwrap').insertAdjacentHTML('beforeend', popup); } } </script> </section> </main> </div> </div> <footer class="megafooter" data-ai-region data-ai-area="footer"> <div class="megafooter-row megafooter-tagline"> <div class="container"> <div class="wysiwyg">Advancing psychology to benefit society and improve lives</div> </div> </div> <div class="megafooter-row content-row"> <div class="container"> <div class="footer-grid four-cols"> <div class="megafooter-block"> <div class="wysiwyg"> <div> <strong class="upperCase">ABOUT PSYCHOLOGY</strong> </div> <div> <a target="_parent" href="/education-career/guide/science">Science of Psychology</a> </div> <div> <a target="_parent" href="/topics">Psychology Topics</a> </div> <div> <br> </div> <div> <strong class="upperCase">STUDENTS</strong> </div> <div> <a href="https://accreditation.apa.org/accredited-programs" target="_parent">Accredited Psychology Programs</a> </div> <div> <a target="_parent" href="/education-career/guide/careers">Careers in Psychology</a> </div> <div> <a href="https://opl.apa.org">Online Psychology Laboratory</a> </div> <div> <a target="_parent" href="/about/students">More for Students</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="megafooter-block"> <div class="wysiwyg"><div><strong>PUBLICATIONS & DATABASES</strong></div> <div><a href="https://apastyle.apa.org" target="_parent">APA Style</a></div> <div><a target="_parent" href="/pubs/books">Books</a></div> <div><a target="_parent" href="/pubs/magination">Children's Books</a></div> <div><a href="/pubs/databases">Databases</a></div> <div><a target="_parent" href="/pubs/videos">DVD/Streaming Video</a></div> <div><a href="/pubs/journals/subscriptions">Journal Subscriptions</a></div> <div><a href="https://psycnet.apa.org/">APA PsycNet® Journal Articles</a></div> <div><a target="_parent" href="/pubs">More Publications & Databases</a></div></div> </div> <div class="megafooter-block"> <div class="wysiwyg"> <div> <strong class="upperCase">NEWS & ADVOCACY</strong> </div> <div> <a href="/monitor">Monitor on Psychology Magazine</a> </div> <div> <a href="/news/newsletters">Newsletters</a> </div> <div> <a href="/news/press">Press Room</a> </div> <div> <a href="https://www.apaservices.org/advocacy">Advocacy from APA Services, Inc.</a> </div> <div> <br> </div> <div> <strong class="upperCase">STANDARDS & GUIDELINES</strong> </div> <div> <a href="/research-practice/standards-guidelines">Standards and Guidelines</a> </div> <div> <a target="_parent" href="/ethics">Ethics</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="megafooter-block"> <div class="wysiwyg"> <div> <strong class="upperCase">CAREERS</strong> </div> <div> <a href="http://www.psyccareers.com" target="_parent">Find a Job with PsycCareers</a> </div> <div> <a target="_parent" href="/education-career/development/early">Early Career Psychologists</a> </div> <div> <br> </div> <div> <strong class="upperCase">EVENTS & TRAINING</strong> </div> <div> <div> <a href="https://convention.apa.org">APA Annual Convention</a> </div> </div> <div> <a target="_parent" href="/ed/ce">Continuing Education</a> </div> <div> <a href="/events">Events Calendar</a> </div> <div> <a href="/education-career/training">Training</a> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="megafooter-row bg-light-neutral-1"> <div class="container"> <section class="footer-grid two-cols about-memebers-cols"> <div class="megafooter-block aboutapa-block"> <div class="megafooter-heading">About APA</div> <div class="wysiwyg footer-grid three-cols"><ul> <li><a target="_parent" href="/about/governance">Governance</a></li> <li><a target="_parent" href="https://www.apadivisions.org">APA Divisions</a></li> <li><a target="_parent" href="/about/offices">Our Work</a></li> </ul> <ul> <li><a target="_parent" href="https://apamerchstore.com/">APA Merch Store</a></li> <li><a href="/about/apa/corporate-supporters">Corporate Supporters</a></li> <li><a href="https://advertising.apa.org">Advertise with Us</a></li> </ul> <ul> <li><a href="/about/apa-jobs">Jobs at APA</a></li> <li><a href="/donations">Donate</a></li> <li><a href="/about/contact">Contact Us</a></li> </ul></div> </div> <div class="megafooter-block members-block"> <div class="footer-grid two-cols members-cols"> <div class="megafooter-block"> <div class="megafooter-heading">Members</div> <div class="wysiwyg"><ul> <li><a href="https://community.apa.org/">APA Community</a></li> <li><a href="/members/your-membership/get-involved">Get Involved</a></li> <li><a href="/members/your-membership/benefits">Membership Benefits</a></li> <li><a target="_parent" href="/members">More for Members</a></li> </ul></div> </div> <div class="megafooter-block"> <div class="wysiwyg"> <ul> <li style="text-align: left;"> <a href="https://renew.apa.org" class="btnOutlineMed">Renew Membership</a> </li> <li style="text-align: left;"> <a class="btnOutlineMed" href="/members/your-membership/join">Join APA</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </section> </div> </div> <div class="megafooter-row shorter-row with-social"> <div class="container"> <div class="footer-grid two-cols-uneven"> <div class="megafooter-links megafooter-block align-self-end"> <div class="wysiwyg wysiwyg-flex-ul"><ul> <li><a href="#" id="togglePrefCenter" name="togglePrefCenter">Cookies</a></li> <li><a target="_parent" href="/about/privacy">Privacy Statement</a></li> <li><a target="_parent" href="/about/termsofuse">Terms of Use</a></li> <li><a target="_parent" href="/about/accessibility">Accessibility</a></li> <li><a target="_parent" href="/website-feedback">Website Feedback</a></li> <li><a target="_parent" href="/sitemap">Sitemap</a></li> </ul></div> </div> <div class="megafooter-socialmedia megafooter-block"> <div class="d-flex flex-wrap align-items-end justify-content-end"> <span>Follow APA</span> <ul class="socialmedia-items d-flex"> <li> <a href="https://www.linkedin.com/company/american-psychological-association" target="_blank" title="Join us on LinkedIn" aria-label="Join us on LinkedIn" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer"> <svg class="svg-inline--fa fa-linkedin" aria-labelledby="svg-inline--fa-title-17l4b62nQnJI" data-prefix="fab" data-icon="linkedin" role="img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 448 512" data-fa-i2svg=""><title id="svg-inline--fa-title-17l4b62nQnJI">Join us on LinkedIn</title><path fill="currentColor" d="M416 32H31.9C14.3 32 0 46.5 0 64.3v383.4C0 465.5 14.3 480 31.9 480H416c17.6 0 32-14.5 32-32.3V64.3c0-17.8-14.4-32.3-32-32.3zM135.4 416H69V202.2h66.5V416zm-33.2-243c-21.3 0-38.5-17.3-38.5-38.5S80.9 96 102.2 96c21.2 0 38.5 17.3 38.5 38.5 0 21.3-17.2 38.5-38.5 38.5zm282.1 243h-66.4V312c0-24.8-.5-56.7-34.5-56.7-34.6 0-39.9 27-39.9 54.9V416h-66.4V202.2h63.7v29.2h.9c8.9-16.8 30.6-34.5 62.9-34.5 67.2 0 79.7 44.3 79.7 101.9V416z"></path></svg> </a> </li> <li> <a href="https://www.instagram.com/apa_org/" target="_blank" title="Instagram" aria-label="Instagram" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer"> <svg class="svg-inline--fa fa-square-instagram" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" data-prefix="fab" data-icon="square-instagram" role="img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 448 512" data-fa-i2svg=""><path fill="currentColor" d="M224,202.66A53.34,53.34,0,1,0,277.36,256,53.38,53.38,0,0,0,224,202.66Zm124.71-41a54,54,0,0,0-30.41-30.41c-21-8.29-71-6.43-94.3-6.43s-73.25-1.93-94.31,6.43a54,54,0,0,0-30.41,30.41c-8.28,21-6.43,71.05-6.43,94.33S91,329.26,99.32,350.33a54,54,0,0,0,30.41,30.41c21,8.29,71,6.43,94.31,6.43s73.24,1.93,94.3-6.43a54,54,0,0,0,30.41-30.41c8.35-21,6.43-71.05,6.43-94.33S357.1,182.74,348.75,161.67ZM224,338a82,82,0,1,1,82-82A81.9,81.9,0,0,1,224,338Zm85.38-148.3a19.14,19.14,0,1,1,19.13-19.14A19.1,19.1,0,0,1,309.42,189.74ZM400,32H48A48,48,0,0,0,0,80V432a48,48,0,0,0,48,48H400a48,48,0,0,0,48-48V80A48,48,0,0,0,400,32ZM382.88,322c-1.29,25.63-7.14,48.34-25.85,67s-41.4,24.63-67,25.85c-26.41,1.49-105.59,1.49-132,0-25.63-1.29-48.26-7.15-67-25.85s-24.63-41.42-25.85-67c-1.49-26.42-1.49-105.61,0-132,1.29-25.63,7.07-48.34,25.85-67s41.47-24.56,67-25.78c26.41-1.49,105.59-1.49,132,0,25.63,1.29,48.33,7.15,67,25.85s24.63,41.42,25.85,67.05C384.37,216.44,384.37,295.56,382.88,322Z"></path></svg> </a> </li> <li> <a href="https://www.youtube.com/theapavideo" target="_blank" title="Videos from APA on YouTube" aria-label="Videos from APA on YouTube" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer"> <svg class="svg-inline--fa fa-square-youtube" aria-labelledby="svg-inline--fa-title-YVOEJlE2Z05J" data-prefix="fab" data-icon="square-youtube" role="img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 448 512" data-fa-i2svg=""><title id="svg-inline--fa-title-YVOEJlE2Z05J">Videos from APA on YouTube</title><path fill="currentColor" d="M186.8 202.1l95.2 54.1-95.2 54.1V202.1zM448 80v352c0 26.5-21.5 48-48 48H48c-26.5 0-48-21.5-48-48V80c0-26.5 21.5-48 48-48h352c26.5 0 48 21.5 48 48zm-42 176.3s0-59.6-7.6-88.2c-4.2-15.8-16.5-28.2-32.2-32.4C337.9 128 224 128 224 128s-113.9 0-142.2 7.7c-15.7 4.2-28 16.6-32.2 32.4-7.6 28.5-7.6 88.2-7.6 88.2s0 59.6 7.6 88.2c4.2 15.8 16.5 27.7 32.2 31.9C110.1 384 224 384 224 384s113.9 0 142.2-7.7c15.7-4.2 28-16.1 32.2-31.9 7.6-28.5 7.6-88.1 7.6-88.1z"></path></svg> </a> </li> <li> <a href="https://www.facebook.com/AmericanPsychologicalAssociation" target="_blank" title="Follow us on Facebook" aria-label="Follow us on Facebook" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer"> <svg class="svg-inline--fa fa-square-facebook" aria-labelledby="svg-inline--fa-title-xg8blDzqiENZ" data-prefix="fab" data-icon="square-facebook" role="img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 448 512" data-fa-i2svg=""><title id="svg-inline--fa-title-xg8blDzqiENZ">Follow us on Facebook</title><path fill="currentColor" d="M400 32H48A48 48 0 0 0 0 80v352a48 48 0 0 0 48 48h137.25V327.69h-63V256h63v-54.64c0-62.15 37-96.48 93.67-96.48 27.14 0 55.52 4.84 55.52 4.84v61h-31.27c-30.81 0-40.42 19.12-40.42 38.73V256h68.78l-11 71.69h-57.78V480H400a48 48 0 0 0 48-48V80a48 48 0 0 0-48-48z"></path></svg> </a> </li> <li> <a href="https://www.threads.net/@apa_org" target="_blank" title="Threads" aria-label="Threads" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer"> <svg class="svg-inline--fa fa-square-threads" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" data-prefix="fab" data-icon="square-threads" role="img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 448 512" data-fa-i2svg=""><path fill="currentColor" d="M64 32C28.7 32 0 60.7 0 96V416c0 35.3 28.7 64 64 64H384c35.3 0 64-28.7 64-64V96c0-35.3-28.7-64-64-64H64zM294.2 244.3c19.5 9.3 33.7 23.5 41.2 40.9c10.4 24.3 11.4 63.9-20.2 95.4c-24.2 24.1-53.5 35-95.1 35.3h-.2c-46.8-.3-82.8-16.1-106.9-46.8C91.5 341.8 80.4 303.7 80 256v-.1-.1c.4-47.7 11.5-85.7 33-113.1c24.2-30.7 60.2-46.5 106.9-46.8h.2c46.9 .3 83.3 16 108.2 46.6c12.3 15.1 21.3 33.3 27 54.4l-26.9 7.2c-4.7-17.2-11.9-31.9-21.4-43.6c-19.4-23.9-48.7-36.1-87-36.4c-38 .3-66.8 12.5-85.5 36.2c-17.5 22.3-26.6 54.4-26.9 95.5c.3 41.1 9.4 73.3 26.9 95.5c18.7 23.8 47.4 36 85.5 36.2c34.3-.3 56.9-8.4 75.8-27.3c21.5-21.5 21.1-47.9 14.2-64c-4-9.4-11.4-17.3-21.3-23.3c-2.4 18-7.9 32.2-16.5 43.2c-11.4 14.5-27.7 22.4-48.4 23.5c-15.7 .9-30.8-2.9-42.6-10.7c-13.9-9.2-22-23.2-22.9-39.5c-1.7-32.2 23.8-55.3 63.5-57.6c14.1-.8 27.3-.2 39.5 1.9c-1.6-9.9-4.9-17.7-9.8-23.4c-6.7-7.8-17.1-11.8-30.8-11.9h-.4c-11 0-26 3.1-35.6 17.6l-23-15.8c12.8-19.4 33.6-30.1 58.5-30.1h.6c41.8 .3 66.6 26.3 69.1 71.8c1.4 .6 2.8 1.2 4.2 1.9l.1 .5zm-71.8 67.5c17-.9 36.4-7.6 39.7-48.8c-8.8-1.9-18.6-2.9-29-2.9c-3.2 0-6.4 .1-9.6 .3c-28.6 1.6-38.1 15.5-37.4 27.9c.9 16.7 19 24.5 36.4 23.6l-.1-.1z"></path></svg> </a> </li> <li> <a href="https://www.twitter.com/apa" target="_blank" title="Follow us on X (formerly Twitter)" aria-label="Follow us on X (formerly Twitter)" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer"> <svg class="svg-inline--fa fa-square-x-twitter" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" data-prefix="fab" data-icon="square-x-twitter" role="img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 448 512" data-fa-i2svg=""><path fill="currentColor" d="M64 32C28.7 32 0 60.7 0 96V416c0 35.3 28.7 64 64 64H384c35.3 0 64-28.7 64-64V96c0-35.3-28.7-64-64-64H64zm297.1 84L257.3 234.6 379.4 396H283.8L209 298.1 123.3 396H75.8l111-126.9L69.7 116h98l67.7 89.5L313.6 116h47.5zM323.3 367.6L153.4 142.9H125.1L296.9 367.6h26.3z"></path></svg> </a> </li> <li> <a href="/rss" target="_blank" title="RSS Feeds" aria-label="RSS Feeds" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer"> <svg class="svg-inline--fa fa-square-rss" aria-labelledby="svg-inline--fa-title-BvyQKlkkGnvj" data-prefix="fas" data-icon="square-rss" role="img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 448 512" data-fa-i2svg=""><title id="svg-inline--fa-title-BvyQKlkkGnvj">RSS Feeds</title><path fill="currentColor" d="M64 32C28.7 32 0 60.7 0 96V416c0 35.3 28.7 64 64 64H384c35.3 0 64-28.7 64-64V96c0-35.3-28.7-64-64-64H64zM96 136c0-13.3 10.7-24 24-24c137 0 248 111 248 248c0 13.3-10.7 24-24 24s-24-10.7-24-24c0-110.5-89.5-200-200-200c-13.3 0-24-10.7-24-24zm0 96c0-13.3 10.7-24 24-24c83.9 0 152 68.1 152 152c0 13.3-10.7 24-24 24s-24-10.7-24-24c0-57.4-46.6-104-104-104c-13.3 0-24-10.7-24-24zm0 120a32 32 0 1 1 64 0 32 32 0 1 1 -64 0z"></path></svg> </a> </li> </ul> <div class="socialmedia-more"> <a href="/about/social-media" title="more social media link">more</a> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="megafooter-row shorter-row copyrights"> <div class="container"> <section class="copyright"> <div class="wysiwyg"><p><a target="_parent" href="/about/contact/copyright"> <strong style="text-decoration: underline;">© 2025 American Psychological Association</strong> </a> <br>750 First St. NE, Washington, DC 20002-4242 <br>Telephone: (800) 374-2721; (202) 336-5500 | TDD/TTY: (202) 336-6123</p></div> </section> <figure class="back-to-top"> <a href="javascript:void(0)" id="back-to-top"> <svg title="Back to top" class="svg-inline--fa fa-chevron-up fa-w-14" aria-labelledby="svg-inline--fa-title-sLQwkvREfMhB" data-prefix="far" data-icon="chevron-up" role="img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 448 512" data-fa-i2svg=""><title id="svg-inline--fa-title-sLQwkvREfMhB">Back to top</title><path fill="currentColor" d="M6.101 359.293L25.9 379.092c4.686 4.686 12.284 4.686 16.971 0L224 198.393l181.13 180.698c4.686 4.686 12.284 4.686 16.971 0l19.799-19.799c4.686-4.686 4.686-12.284 0-16.971L232.485 132.908c-4.686-4.686-12.284-4.686-16.971 0L6.101 342.322c-4.687 4.687-4.687 12.285 0 16.971z"></path></svg> </a> </figure> </div> </div> </footer> <div id="ie-margin-fix"> </div> <script type="application/ld+json"> { "@context": "http://schema.org", "@type": "WebSite", "url": "https://www.apa.org/", "potentialAction": { "@type": "SearchAction", "target": "https://www.apa.org/search?query={search_term_string}", "query-input": "required name=search_term_string" } } </script> <script type="application/ld+json"> { "@context" : "http://schema.org", "@type" : "WebSite", "name" : "APA", "alternateName" : "American Psychological Association", "url" : "https://www.apa.org" } </script> <script type="application/ld+json"> {"@context": "http://schema.org", "@type": "Organization", "url": "https://www.apa.org", "sameAs" : [ "https://www.facebook.com/americanpsychologicalassociation", "https://www.twitter.com/apa", "https://www.threads.net/@apa_org", "https://www.instagram.com/apa_org/", "https://www.youtube.com/theapavideo", "https://www.linkedin.com/company/american-psychological-association"] } </script> </div> <div id="rwdOverlayMask" class="rwdOverlayMask" onclick="javascript:hideMask('rwdOverlayMask','overlayMask');"></div> <script defer src="https://ajax.googleapis.com/ajax/libs/jqueryui/1.12.1/jquery-ui.min.js"></script> <script>window.jQuery.ui || document.write('<script defer src="/js/vendor/jquery-ui.js"><\/script>')</script> <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="/css/dist/print.min.css?v=25.2" media="print" tabindex="-1"> <script async src="/js/vendor/hammer.min.js"></script> <script defer src="/js/dist/global.min.js?v=25.2"></script> <script defer src="/js/dist/rwdTabs.min.js?v=25.2"></script> <script data-search-pseudo-elements defer src="/js/vendor/apafa.min.js?v=25.2"></script> <!--[if lt IE 9]> <script src="https://css3-mediaqueries-js.googlecode.com/svn/trunk/css3-mediaqueries.js"></script> <![endif]--> <script>myApaUrl="https://my.apa.org";</script> <script src="/js/dist/myapa.min.js?v=25.2"></script> <!-- Load Twitter JS-API asynchronously --> <script type="text/plain" class="optanon-category-C0005"> (function () { var twitterWidgets = document.createElement('script'); twitterWidgets.type = 'text/javascript'; twitterWidgets.async = true; twitterWidgets.src = 'https://platform.twitter.com/widgets.js'; document.getElementsByTagName('head')[0].appendChild(twitterWidgets); })(); </script> <!-- End Load Twitter JS-API asynchronously --> <script type="text/plain" data-pageid="1060" data-defaultevent="visit" src="/js/dist/insights.min.js?v=25.2" class="optanon-category-C0002"></script> <script defer src="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/bootstrap-3-typeahead/4.0.2/bootstrap3-typeahead.js" type="text/javascript"></script> <script defer id="typeahead" type="text/javascript"> jQuery(document).ready(function () { jQuery("#query").typeahead({ autoSelect: false, source: function (term, process) { var allowedTypeahead = jQuery('#in').find(':selected').data('typeahead') ? true : false; if (!allowedTypeahead || term.length < 3) return; var terms = []; return jQuery.get('/api/typeahead?term=' + term, function (data) { jQuery.each(data, function (i, item) { terms.push(item); }); process(terms); }); }, afterSelect: function () { jQuery('#search').submit(); }, highlighter: function (item) { var html = jQuery('<div></div>'); var query = this.query; var i = item.toLowerCase().indexOf(query.toLowerCase()); var len = query.length; var leftPart; var middlePart; var rightPart; var strong; if (len === 0) { return html.text(item).html(); } while (i > -1) { leftPart = item.substr(0, i); middlePart = item.substr(i, len); rightPart = item.substr(i + len); strong = jQuery('<span></span>').text(middlePart); html .append(document.createTextNode(leftPart)) .append(strong); item = rightPart; i = item.toLowerCase().indexOf(query.toLowerCase()); } return html.append(document.createTextNode(item)).html(); } }).on('keyup', this, function (e) { if (e.key === 'Enter' || e.keyCode === 13) { jQuery('#input').typeahead('close'); jQuery('#search').submit(); } if (!e.shiftKey && (e.key === 'Tab' || e.keyCode === 9 || e.which === 9)) { var val = jQuery('.typeahead.dropdown-menu li:first').find('a').text(); jQuery('.typeahead.dropdown-menu li:first').addClass('active'); if (val) { jQuery("#query").val(val).text(val).change(); jQuery('#input').typeahead('close'); jQuery('#search').submit(); } } }); jQuery('#in').change(function () { jQuery('#query').typeahead('setQuery', ''); }); }); </script> <script type="text/javascript" src="/_Incapsula_Resource?SWJIYLWA=719d34d31c8e3a6e6fffd425f7e032f3&ns=1&cb=322496181" async></script></body> </html>