Python Module Index — Python 3.13.2 documentation

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Covers command-line interfaces, import-time behavior, and ``__name__ == '__main__'``.</td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td> <a href="library/_thread.html#module-_thread"><code class="xref">_thread</code></a></td><td> Low-level threading API.</td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td> <a href="library/tkinter.html#module-_tkinter"><code class="xref">_tkinter</code></a></td><td> A binary module that contains the low-level interface to Tcl/Tk.</td></tr> <tr class="pcap"><td></td><td> </td><td></td></tr> <tr class="cap" id="cap-a"><td></td><td> a</td><td></td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td> <a href="library/abc.html#module-abc"><code class="xref">abc</code></a></td><td> Abstract base classes according to :pep:`3119`.</td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td> <a href="library/aifc.html#module-aifc"><code class="xref">aifc</code></a></td><td>Deprecated: Removed in 3.13.</td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td> <a href="library/argparse.html#module-argparse"><code class="xref">argparse</code></a></td><td> Command-line option and argument parsing library.</td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td> <a href="library/array.html#module-array"><code class="xref">array</code></a></td><td> Space efficient arrays of uniformly typed numeric values.</td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td> <a href="library/ast.html#module-ast"><code class="xref">ast</code></a></td><td> Abstract Syntax Tree classes and manipulation.</td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td> <a href="library/asynchat.html#module-asynchat"><code class="xref">asynchat</code></a></td><td>Deprecated: Removed in 3.12.</td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td> <a href="library/asyncio.html#module-asyncio"><code class="xref">asyncio</code></a></td><td> Asynchronous I/O.</td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td> <a href="library/asyncore.html#module-asyncore"><code class="xref">asyncore</code></a></td><td>Deprecated: Removed in 3.12.</td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td> <a href="library/atexit.html#module-atexit"><code class="xref">atexit</code></a></td><td> Register and execute cleanup functions.</td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td> <a href="library/audioop.html#module-audioop"><code class="xref">audioop</code></a></td><td>Deprecated: Removed in 3.13.</td></tr> <tr class="pcap"><td></td><td> </td><td></td></tr> <tr class="cap" id="cap-b"><td></td><td> b</td><td></td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td> <a href="library/base64.html#module-base64"><code class="xref">base64</code></a></td><td> RFC 4648: Base16, Base32, Base64 Data Encodings; Base85 and Ascii85</td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td> <a href="library/bdb.html#module-bdb"><code class="xref">bdb</code></a></td><td> Debugger framework.</td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td> <a href="library/binascii.html#module-binascii"><code class="xref">binascii</code></a></td><td> Tools for converting between binary and various ASCII-encoded binary representations.</td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td> <a href="library/bisect.html#module-bisect"><code class="xref">bisect</code></a></td><td> Array bisection algorithms for binary searching.</td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td> <a href="library/builtins.html#module-builtins"><code class="xref">builtins</code></a></td><td> The module that provides the built-in namespace.</td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td> <a href="library/bz2.html#module-bz2"><code class="xref">bz2</code></a></td><td> Interfaces for bzip2 compression and decompression.</td></tr> <tr class="pcap"><td></td><td> </td><td></td></tr> <tr class="cap" id="cap-c"><td></td><td> c</td><td></td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td> <a href="library/calendar.html#module-calendar"><code class="xref">calendar</code></a></td><td> Functions for working with calendars, including some emulation of the Unix cal program.</td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td> <a href="library/cgi.html#module-cgi"><code class="xref">cgi</code></a></td><td>Deprecated: Removed in 3.13.</td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td> <a href="library/cgitb.html#module-cgitb"><code class="xref">cgitb</code></a></td><td>Deprecated: Removed in 3.13.</td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td> <a href="library/chunk.html#module-chunk"><code class="xref">chunk</code></a></td><td>Deprecated: Removed in 3.13.</td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td> <a href="library/cmath.html#module-cmath"><code class="xref">cmath</code></a></td><td> Mathematical functions for complex numbers.</td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td> <a href="library/cmd.html#module-cmd"><code class="xref">cmd</code></a></td><td> Build line-oriented command interpreters.</td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td> <a href="library/code.html#module-code"><code class="xref">code</code></a></td><td> Facilities to implement read-eval-print loops.</td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td> <a href="library/codecs.html#module-codecs"><code class="xref">codecs</code></a></td><td> Encode and decode data and streams.</td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td> <a href="library/codeop.html#module-codeop"><code class="xref">codeop</code></a></td><td> Compile (possibly incomplete) Python code.</td></tr> <tr> <td><img src="_static/minus.png" class="toggler" id="toggle-1" style="display: none" alt="-" /></td> <td> <a href="library/collections.html#module-collections"><code class="xref">collections</code></a></td><td> Container datatypes</td></tr> <tr class="cg-1"> <td></td> <td>    <a href="library/collections.abc.html#module-collections.abc"><code class="xref">collections.abc</code></a></td><td> Abstract base classes for containers</td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td> <a href="library/colorsys.html#module-colorsys"><code class="xref">colorsys</code></a></td><td> Conversion functions between RGB and other color systems.</td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td> <a href="library/compileall.html#module-compileall"><code class="xref">compileall</code></a></td><td> Tools for byte-compiling all Python source files in a directory tree.</td></tr> <tr> <td><img src="_static/minus.png" class="toggler" id="toggle-2" style="display: none" alt="-" /></td> <td> <code class="xref">concurrent</code></td><td> </td></tr> <tr class="cg-2"> <td></td> <td>    <a href="library/concurrent.futures.html#module-concurrent.futures"><code class="xref">concurrent.futures</code></a></td><td> Execute computations concurrently using threads or processes.</td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td> <a href="library/configparser.html#module-configparser"><code class="xref">configparser</code></a></td><td> Configuration file parser.</td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td> <a href="library/contextlib.html#module-contextlib"><code class="xref">contextlib</code></a></td><td> Utilities for with-statement contexts.</td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td> <a href="library/contextvars.html#module-contextvars"><code class="xref">contextvars</code></a></td><td> Context Variables</td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td> <a href="library/copy.html#module-copy"><code class="xref">copy</code></a></td><td> Shallow and deep copy operations.</td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td> <a href="library/copyreg.html#module-copyreg"><code class="xref">copyreg</code></a></td><td> Register pickle support functions.</td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td> <a href="library/profile.html#module-cProfile"><code class="xref">cProfile</code></a></td><td> </td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td> <a href="library/crypt.html#module-crypt"><code class="xref">crypt</code></a></td><td>Deprecated: Removed in 3.13.</td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td> <a href="library/csv.html#module-csv"><code class="xref">csv</code></a></td><td> Write and read tabular data to and from delimited files.</td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td> <a href="library/ctypes.html#module-ctypes"><code class="xref">ctypes</code></a></td><td> A foreign function library for Python.</td></tr> <tr> <td><img src="_static/minus.png" class="toggler" id="toggle-3" style="display: none" alt="-" /></td> <td> <a href="library/curses.html#module-curses"><code class="xref">curses</code></a> (Unix)</td><td> An interface to the curses library, providing portable terminal handling.</td></tr> <tr class="cg-3"> <td></td> <td>    <a href="library/curses.ascii.html#module-curses.ascii"><code class="xref">curses.ascii</code></a></td><td> Constants and set-membership functions for ASCII characters.</td></tr> <tr class="cg-3"> <td></td> <td>    <a href="library/curses.panel.html#module-curses.panel"><code class="xref">curses.panel</code></a></td><td> A panel stack extension that adds depth to curses windows.</td></tr> <tr class="cg-3"> <td></td> <td>    <a href="library/curses.html#module-curses.textpad"><code class="xref">curses.textpad</code></a></td><td> Emacs-like input editing in a curses window.</td></tr> <tr class="pcap"><td></td><td> </td><td></td></tr> <tr class="cap" id="cap-d"><td></td><td> d</td><td></td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td> <a href="library/dataclasses.html#module-dataclasses"><code class="xref">dataclasses</code></a></td><td> Generate special methods on user-defined classes.</td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td> <a href="library/datetime.html#module-datetime"><code class="xref">datetime</code></a></td><td> Basic date and time types.</td></tr> <tr> <td><img src="_static/minus.png" class="toggler" id="toggle-4" style="display: none" alt="-" /></td> <td> <a href="library/dbm.html#module-dbm"><code class="xref">dbm</code></a></td><td> Interfaces to various Unix "database" formats.</td></tr> <tr class="cg-4"> <td></td> <td>    <a href="library/dbm.html#module-dbm.dumb"><code class="xref">dbm.dumb</code></a></td><td> Portable implementation of the simple DBM interface.</td></tr> <tr class="cg-4"> <td></td> <td>    <a href="library/dbm.html#module-dbm.gnu"><code class="xref">dbm.gnu</code></a> (Unix)</td><td> GNU database manager</td></tr> <tr class="cg-4"> <td></td> <td>    <a href="library/dbm.html#module-dbm.ndbm"><code class="xref">dbm.ndbm</code></a> (Unix)</td><td> The New Database Manager</td></tr> <tr class="cg-4"> <td></td> <td>    <a href="library/dbm.html#module-dbm.sqlite3"><code class="xref">dbm.sqlite3</code></a> (All)</td><td> SQLite backend for dbm</td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td> <a href="library/decimal.html#module-decimal"><code class="xref">decimal</code></a></td><td> Implementation of the General Decimal Arithmetic Specification.</td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td> <a href="library/difflib.html#module-difflib"><code class="xref">difflib</code></a></td><td> Helpers for computing differences between objects.</td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td> <a href="library/dis.html#module-dis"><code class="xref">dis</code></a></td><td> Disassembler for Python bytecode.</td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td> <a href="library/distutils.html#module-distutils"><code class="xref">distutils</code></a></td><td>Deprecated: Removed in 3.12.</td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td> <a href="library/doctest.html#module-doctest"><code class="xref">doctest</code></a></td><td> Test pieces of code within docstrings.</td></tr> <tr class="pcap"><td></td><td> </td><td></td></tr> <tr class="cap" id="cap-e"><td></td><td> e</td><td></td></tr> <tr> <td><img src="_static/minus.png" class="toggler" id="toggle-5" style="display: none" alt="-" /></td> <td> <a href="library/email.html#module-email"><code class="xref">email</code></a></td><td> Package supporting the parsing, manipulating, and generating email messages.</td></tr> <tr class="cg-5"> <td></td> <td>    <a href="library/email.charset.html#module-email.charset"><code class="xref">email.charset</code></a></td><td> Character Sets</td></tr> <tr class="cg-5"> <td></td> <td>    <a href="library/email.contentmanager.html#module-email.contentmanager"><code class="xref">email.contentmanager</code></a></td><td> Storing and Retrieving Content from MIME Parts</td></tr> <tr class="cg-5"> <td></td> <td>    <a href="library/email.encoders.html#module-email.encoders"><code class="xref">email.encoders</code></a></td><td> Encoders for email message payloads.</td></tr> <tr class="cg-5"> <td></td> <td>    <a href="library/email.errors.html#module-email.errors"><code class="xref">email.errors</code></a></td><td> The exception classes used by the email package.</td></tr> <tr class="cg-5"> <td></td> <td>    <a href="library/email.generator.html#module-email.generator"><code class="xref">email.generator</code></a></td><td> Generate flat text email messages from a message structure.</td></tr> <tr class="cg-5"> <td></td> <td>    <a href="library/email.header.html#module-email.header"><code class="xref">email.header</code></a></td><td> Representing non-ASCII headers</td></tr> <tr class="cg-5"> <td></td> <td>    <a href="library/email.headerregistry.html#module-email.headerregistry"><code class="xref">email.headerregistry</code></a></td><td> Automatic Parsing of headers based on the field name</td></tr> <tr class="cg-5"> <td></td> <td>    <a href="library/email.iterators.html#module-email.iterators"><code class="xref">email.iterators</code></a></td><td> Iterate over a message object tree.</td></tr> <tr class="cg-5"> <td></td> <td>    <a href="library/email.message.html#module-email.message"><code class="xref">email.message</code></a></td><td> The base class representing email messages.</td></tr> <tr class="cg-5"> <td></td> <td>    <a href="library/email.mime.html#module-email.mime"><code class="xref">email.mime</code></a></td><td> Build MIME messages.</td></tr> <tr class="cg-5"> <td></td> <td>    <a href="library/email.mime.html#module-email.mime.application"><code class="xref">email.mime.application</code></a></td><td> </td></tr> <tr class="cg-5"> <td></td> <td>    <a href="library/email.mime.html#module-email.mime.audio"><code class="xref">email.mime.audio</code></a></td><td> </td></tr> <tr class="cg-5"> <td></td> <td>    <a href="library/email.mime.html#module-email.mime.base"><code class="xref">email.mime.base</code></a></td><td> </td></tr> <tr class="cg-5"> <td></td> <td>    <a href="library/email.mime.html#module-email.mime.image"><code class="xref">email.mime.image</code></a></td><td> </td></tr> <tr class="cg-5"> <td></td> <td>    <a href="library/email.mime.html#module-email.mime.message"><code class="xref">email.mime.message</code></a></td><td> </td></tr> <tr class="cg-5"> <td></td> <td>    <a href="library/email.mime.html#module-email.mime.multipart"><code class="xref">email.mime.multipart</code></a></td><td> </td></tr> <tr class="cg-5"> <td></td> <td>    <a href="library/email.mime.html#module-email.mime.nonmultipart"><code class="xref">email.mime.nonmultipart</code></a></td><td> </td></tr> <tr class="cg-5"> <td></td> <td>    <a href="library/email.mime.html#module-email.mime.text"><code class="xref">email.mime.text</code></a></td><td> </td></tr> <tr class="cg-5"> <td></td> <td>    <a href="library/email.parser.html#module-email.parser"><code class="xref">email.parser</code></a></td><td> Parse flat text email messages to produce a message object structure.</td></tr> <tr class="cg-5"> <td></td> <td>    <a href="library/email.policy.html#module-email.policy"><code class="xref">email.policy</code></a></td><td> Controlling the parsing and generating of messages</td></tr> <tr class="cg-5"> <td></td> <td>    <a href="library/email.utils.html#module-email.utils"><code class="xref">email.utils</code></a></td><td> Miscellaneous email package utilities.</td></tr> <tr> <td><img src="_static/minus.png" class="toggler" id="toggle-6" style="display: none" alt="-" /></td> <td> <code class="xref">encodings</code></td><td> </td></tr> <tr class="cg-6"> <td></td> <td>    <a href="library/codecs.html#module-encodings.idna"><code class="xref">encodings.idna</code></a></td><td> Internationalized Domain Names implementation</td></tr> <tr class="cg-6"> <td></td> <td>    <a href="library/codecs.html#module-encodings.mbcs"><code class="xref">encodings.mbcs</code></a></td><td> Windows ANSI codepage</td></tr> <tr class="cg-6"> <td></td> <td>    <a href="library/codecs.html#module-encodings.utf_8_sig"><code class="xref">encodings.utf_8_sig</code></a></td><td> UTF-8 codec with BOM signature</td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td> <a href="library/ensurepip.html#module-ensurepip"><code class="xref">ensurepip</code></a></td><td> Bootstrapping the "pip" installer into an existing Python installation or virtual environment.</td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td> <a href="library/enum.html#module-enum"><code class="xref">enum</code></a></td><td> Implementation of an enumeration class.</td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td> <a href="library/errno.html#module-errno"><code class="xref">errno</code></a></td><td> Standard errno system symbols.</td></tr> <tr class="pcap"><td></td><td> </td><td></td></tr> <tr class="cap" id="cap-f"><td></td><td> f</td><td></td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td> <a href="library/faulthandler.html#module-faulthandler"><code class="xref">faulthandler</code></a></td><td> Dump the Python traceback.</td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td> <a href="library/fcntl.html#module-fcntl"><code class="xref">fcntl</code></a> (Unix)</td><td> The fcntl() and ioctl() system calls.</td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td> <a href="library/filecmp.html#module-filecmp"><code class="xref">filecmp</code></a></td><td> Compare files efficiently.</td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td> <a href="library/fileinput.html#module-fileinput"><code class="xref">fileinput</code></a></td><td> Loop over standard input or a list of files.</td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td> <a href="library/fnmatch.html#module-fnmatch"><code class="xref">fnmatch</code></a></td><td> Unix shell style filename pattern matching.</td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td> <a href="library/fractions.html#module-fractions"><code class="xref">fractions</code></a></td><td> Rational numbers.</td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td> <a href="library/ftplib.html#module-ftplib"><code class="xref">ftplib</code></a></td><td> FTP protocol client (requires sockets).</td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td> <a href="library/functools.html#module-functools"><code class="xref">functools</code></a></td><td> Higher-order functions and operations on callable objects.</td></tr> <tr class="pcap"><td></td><td> </td><td></td></tr> <tr class="cap" id="cap-g"><td></td><td> g</td><td></td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td> <a href="library/gc.html#module-gc"><code class="xref">gc</code></a></td><td> Interface to the cycle-detecting garbage collector.</td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td> <a href="library/getopt.html#module-getopt"><code class="xref">getopt</code></a></td><td> Portable parser for command line options; support both short and long option names.</td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td> <a href="library/getpass.html#module-getpass"><code class="xref">getpass</code></a></td><td> Portable reading of passwords and retrieval of the userid.</td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td> <a href="library/gettext.html#module-gettext"><code class="xref">gettext</code></a></td><td> Multilingual internationalization services.</td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td> <a href="library/glob.html#module-glob"><code class="xref">glob</code></a></td><td> Unix shell style pathname pattern expansion.</td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td> <a href="library/graphlib.html#module-graphlib"><code class="xref">graphlib</code></a></td><td> Functionality to operate with graph-like structures</td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td> <a href="library/grp.html#module-grp"><code class="xref">grp</code></a> (Unix)</td><td> The group database (getgrnam() and friends).</td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td> <a href="library/gzip.html#module-gzip"><code class="xref">gzip</code></a></td><td> Interfaces for gzip compression and decompression using file objects.</td></tr> <tr class="pcap"><td></td><td> </td><td></td></tr> <tr class="cap" id="cap-h"><td></td><td> h</td><td></td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td> <a href="library/hashlib.html#module-hashlib"><code class="xref">hashlib</code></a></td><td> Secure hash and message digest algorithms.</td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td> <a href="library/heapq.html#module-heapq"><code class="xref">heapq</code></a></td><td> Heap queue algorithm (a.k.a. priority queue).</td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td> <a href="library/hmac.html#module-hmac"><code class="xref">hmac</code></a></td><td> Keyed-Hashing for Message Authentication (HMAC) implementation</td></tr> <tr> <td><img src="_static/minus.png" class="toggler" id="toggle-7" style="display: none" alt="-" /></td> <td> <a href="library/html.html#module-html"><code class="xref">html</code></a></td><td> Helpers for manipulating HTML.</td></tr> <tr class="cg-7"> <td></td> <td>    <a href="library/html.entities.html#module-html.entities"><code class="xref">html.entities</code></a></td><td> Definitions of HTML general entities.</td></tr> <tr class="cg-7"> <td></td> <td>    <a href="library/html.parser.html#module-html.parser"><code class="xref">html.parser</code></a></td><td> A simple parser that can handle HTML and XHTML.</td></tr> <tr> <td><img src="_static/minus.png" class="toggler" id="toggle-8" style="display: none" alt="-" /></td> <td> <a href="library/http.html#module-http"><code class="xref">http</code></a></td><td> HTTP status codes and messages</td></tr> <tr class="cg-8"> <td></td> <td>    <a href="library/http.client.html#module-http.client"><code class="xref">http.client</code></a></td><td> HTTP and HTTPS protocol client (requires sockets).</td></tr> <tr class="cg-8"> <td></td> <td>    <a href="library/http.cookiejar.html#module-http.cookiejar"><code class="xref">http.cookiejar</code></a></td><td> Classes for automatic handling of HTTP cookies.</td></tr> <tr class="cg-8"> <td></td> <td>    <a href="library/http.cookies.html#module-http.cookies"><code class="xref">http.cookies</code></a></td><td> Support for HTTP state management (cookies).</td></tr> <tr class="cg-8"> <td></td> <td>    <a href="library/http.server.html#module-http.server"><code class="xref">http.server</code></a></td><td> HTTP server and request handlers.</td></tr> <tr class="pcap"><td></td><td> </td><td></td></tr> <tr class="cap" id="cap-i"><td></td><td> i</td><td></td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td> <a href="library/idle.html#module-idlelib"><code class="xref">idlelib</code></a></td><td> Implementation package for the IDLE shell/editor.</td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td> <a href="library/imaplib.html#module-imaplib"><code class="xref">imaplib</code></a></td><td> IMAP4 protocol client (requires sockets).</td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td> <a href="library/imghdr.html#module-imghdr"><code class="xref">imghdr</code></a></td><td>Deprecated: Removed in 3.13.</td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td> <a href="library/imp.html#module-imp"><code class="xref">imp</code></a></td><td>Deprecated: Removed in 3.12.</td></tr> <tr> <td><img src="_static/minus.png" class="toggler" id="toggle-9" style="display: none" alt="-" /></td> <td> <a href="library/importlib.html#module-importlib"><code class="xref">importlib</code></a></td><td> The implementation of the import machinery.</td></tr> <tr class="cg-9"> <td></td> <td>    <a href="library/importlib.html#module-importlib.abc"><code class="xref">importlib.abc</code></a></td><td> Abstract base classes related to import</td></tr> <tr class="cg-9"> <td></td> <td>    <a href="library/importlib.html#module-importlib.machinery"><code class="xref">importlib.machinery</code></a></td><td> Importers and path hooks</td></tr> <tr class="cg-9"> <td></td> <td>    <a href="library/importlib.metadata.html#module-importlib.metadata"><code class="xref">importlib.metadata</code></a></td><td> Accessing package metadata</td></tr> <tr class="cg-9"> <td></td> <td>    <a href="library/importlib.resources.html#module-importlib.resources"><code class="xref">importlib.resources</code></a></td><td> Package resource reading, opening, and access</td></tr> <tr class="cg-9"> <td></td> <td>    <a href="library/importlib.resources.abc.html#module-importlib.resources.abc"><code class="xref">importlib.resources.abc</code></a></td><td> Abstract base classes for resources</td></tr> <tr class="cg-9"> <td></td> <td>    <a href="library/importlib.html#module-importlib.util"><code class="xref">importlib.util</code></a></td><td> Utility code for importers</td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td> <a href="library/inspect.html#module-inspect"><code class="xref">inspect</code></a></td><td> Extract information and source code from live objects.</td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td> <a href="library/io.html#module-io"><code class="xref">io</code></a></td><td> Core tools for working with streams.</td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td> <a href="library/ipaddress.html#module-ipaddress"><code class="xref">ipaddress</code></a></td><td> IPv4/IPv6 manipulation library.</td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td> <a href="library/itertools.html#module-itertools"><code class="xref">itertools</code></a></td><td> Functions creating iterators for efficient looping.</td></tr> <tr class="pcap"><td></td><td> </td><td></td></tr> <tr class="cap" id="cap-j"><td></td><td> j</td><td></td></tr> <tr> <td><img src="_static/minus.png" class="toggler" id="toggle-10" style="display: none" alt="-" /></td> <td> <a href="library/json.html#module-json"><code class="xref">json</code></a></td><td> Encode and decode the JSON format.</td></tr> <tr class="cg-10"> <td></td> <td>    <a href="library/json.html#module-json.tool"><code class="xref">json.tool</code></a></td><td> A command line to validate and pretty-print JSON.</td></tr> <tr class="pcap"><td></td><td> </td><td></td></tr> <tr class="cap" id="cap-k"><td></td><td> k</td><td></td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td> <a href="library/keyword.html#module-keyword"><code class="xref">keyword</code></a></td><td> Test whether a string is a keyword in Python.</td></tr> <tr class="pcap"><td></td><td> </td><td></td></tr> <tr class="cap" id="cap-l"><td></td><td> l</td><td></td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td> <a href="library/linecache.html#module-linecache"><code class="xref">linecache</code></a></td><td> Provides random access to individual lines from text files.</td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td> <a href="library/locale.html#module-locale"><code class="xref">locale</code></a></td><td> Internationalization services.</td></tr> <tr> <td><img src="_static/minus.png" class="toggler" id="toggle-11" style="display: none" alt="-" /></td> <td> <a href="library/logging.html#module-logging"><code class="xref">logging</code></a></td><td> Flexible event logging system for applications.</td></tr> <tr class="cg-11"> <td></td> <td>    <a href="library/logging.config.html#module-logging.config"><code class="xref">logging.config</code></a></td><td> Configuration of the logging module.</td></tr> <tr class="cg-11"> <td></td> <td>    <a href="library/logging.handlers.html#module-logging.handlers"><code class="xref">logging.handlers</code></a></td><td> Handlers for the logging module.</td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td> <a href="library/lzma.html#module-lzma"><code class="xref">lzma</code></a></td><td> A Python wrapper for the liblzma compression library.</td></tr> <tr class="pcap"><td></td><td> </td><td></td></tr> <tr class="cap" id="cap-m"><td></td><td> m</td><td></td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td> <a href="library/mailbox.html#module-mailbox"><code class="xref">mailbox</code></a></td><td> Manipulate mailboxes in various formats</td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td> <a href="library/mailcap.html#module-mailcap"><code class="xref">mailcap</code></a></td><td>Deprecated: Removed in 3.13.</td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td> <a href="library/marshal.html#module-marshal"><code class="xref">marshal</code></a></td><td> Convert Python objects to streams of bytes and back (with different constraints).</td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td> <a href="library/math.html#module-math"><code class="xref">math</code></a></td><td> Mathematical functions (sin() etc.).</td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td> <a href="library/mimetypes.html#module-mimetypes"><code class="xref">mimetypes</code></a></td><td> Mapping of filename extensions to MIME types.</td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td> <a href="library/mmap.html#module-mmap"><code class="xref">mmap</code></a></td><td> Interface to memory-mapped files for Unix and Windows.</td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td> <a href="library/modulefinder.html#module-modulefinder"><code class="xref">modulefinder</code></a></td><td> Find modules used by a script.</td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td> <a href="library/msilib.html#module-msilib"><code class="xref">msilib</code></a></td><td>Deprecated: Removed in 3.13.</td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td> <a href="library/msvcrt.html#module-msvcrt"><code class="xref">msvcrt</code></a> (Windows)</td><td> Miscellaneous useful routines from the MS VC++ runtime.</td></tr> <tr> <td><img src="_static/minus.png" class="toggler" id="toggle-12" style="display: none" alt="-" /></td> <td> <a href="library/multiprocessing.html#module-multiprocessing"><code class="xref">multiprocessing</code></a></td><td> Process-based parallelism.</td></tr> <tr class="cg-12"> <td></td> <td>    <a href="library/multiprocessing.html#module-multiprocessing.connection"><code class="xref">multiprocessing.connection</code></a></td><td> API for dealing with sockets.</td></tr> <tr class="cg-12"> <td></td> <td>    <a href="library/multiprocessing.html#module-multiprocessing.dummy"><code class="xref">multiprocessing.dummy</code></a></td><td> Dumb wrapper around threading.</td></tr> <tr class="cg-12"> <td></td> <td>    <a href="library/multiprocessing.html#module-multiprocessing.managers"><code class="xref">multiprocessing.managers</code></a></td><td> Share data between process with shared objects.</td></tr> <tr class="cg-12"> <td></td> <td>    <a href="library/multiprocessing.html#module-multiprocessing.pool"><code class="xref">multiprocessing.pool</code></a></td><td> Create pools of processes.</td></tr> <tr class="cg-12"> <td></td> <td>    <a href="library/multiprocessing.shared_memory.html#module-multiprocessing.shared_memory"><code class="xref">multiprocessing.shared_memory</code></a></td><td> Provides shared memory for direct access across processes.</td></tr> <tr class="cg-12"> <td></td> <td>    <a href="library/multiprocessing.html#module-multiprocessing.sharedctypes"><code class="xref">multiprocessing.sharedctypes</code></a></td><td> Allocate ctypes objects from shared memory.</td></tr> <tr class="pcap"><td></td><td> </td><td></td></tr> <tr class="cap" id="cap-n"><td></td><td> n</td><td></td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td> <a href="library/netrc.html#module-netrc"><code class="xref">netrc</code></a></td><td> Loading of .netrc files.</td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td> <a href="library/nis.html#module-nis"><code class="xref">nis</code></a></td><td>Deprecated: Removed in 3.13.</td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td> <a href="library/nntplib.html#module-nntplib"><code class="xref">nntplib</code></a></td><td>Deprecated: Removed in 3.13.</td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td> <a href="library/numbers.html#module-numbers"><code class="xref">numbers</code></a></td><td> Numeric abstract base classes (Complex, Real, Integral, etc.).</td></tr> <tr class="pcap"><td></td><td> </td><td></td></tr> <tr class="cap" id="cap-o"><td></td><td> o</td><td></td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td> <a href="library/operator.html#module-operator"><code class="xref">operator</code></a></td><td> Functions corresponding to the standard operators.</td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td> <a href="library/optparse.html#module-optparse"><code class="xref">optparse</code></a></td><td> Command-line option parsing library.</td></tr> <tr> <td><img src="_static/minus.png" class="toggler" id="toggle-13" style="display: none" alt="-" /></td> <td> <a href="library/os.html#module-os"><code class="xref">os</code></a></td><td> Miscellaneous operating system interfaces.</td></tr> <tr class="cg-13"> <td></td> <td>    <a href="library/os.path.html#module-os.path"><code class="xref">os.path</code></a></td><td> Operations on pathnames.</td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td> <a href="library/ossaudiodev.html#module-ossaudiodev"><code class="xref">ossaudiodev</code></a></td><td>Deprecated: Removed in 3.13.</td></tr> <tr class="pcap"><td></td><td> </td><td></td></tr> <tr class="cap" id="cap-p"><td></td><td> p</td><td></td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td> <a href="library/pathlib.html#module-pathlib"><code class="xref">pathlib</code></a></td><td> Object-oriented filesystem paths</td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td> <a href="library/pdb.html#module-pdb"><code class="xref">pdb</code></a></td><td> The Python debugger for interactive interpreters.</td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td> <a href="library/pickle.html#module-pickle"><code class="xref">pickle</code></a></td><td> Convert Python objects to streams of bytes and back.</td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td> <a href="library/pickletools.html#module-pickletools"><code class="xref">pickletools</code></a></td><td> Contains extensive comments about the pickle protocols and pickle-machine opcodes, as well as some useful functions.</td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td> <a href="library/pipes.html#module-pipes"><code class="xref">pipes</code></a></td><td>Deprecated: Removed in 3.13.</td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td> <a href="library/pkgutil.html#module-pkgutil"><code class="xref">pkgutil</code></a></td><td> Utilities for the import system.</td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td> <a href="library/platform.html#module-platform"><code class="xref">platform</code></a></td><td> Retrieves as much platform identifying data as possible.</td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td> <a href="library/plistlib.html#module-plistlib"><code class="xref">plistlib</code></a></td><td> Generate and parse Apple plist files.</td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td> <a href="library/poplib.html#module-poplib"><code class="xref">poplib</code></a></td><td> POP3 protocol client (requires sockets).</td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td> <a href="library/posix.html#module-posix"><code class="xref">posix</code></a> (Unix)</td><td> The most common POSIX system calls (normally used via module os).</td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td> <a href="library/pprint.html#module-pprint"><code class="xref">pprint</code></a></td><td> Data pretty printer.</td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td> <a href="library/profile.html#module-profile"><code class="xref">profile</code></a></td><td> Python source profiler.</td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td> <a href="library/profile.html#module-pstats"><code class="xref">pstats</code></a></td><td> Statistics object for use with the profiler.</td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td> <a href="library/pty.html#module-pty"><code class="xref">pty</code></a> (Unix)</td><td> Pseudo-Terminal Handling for Unix.</td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td> <a href="library/pwd.html#module-pwd"><code class="xref">pwd</code></a> (Unix)</td><td> The password database (getpwnam() and friends).</td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td> <a href="library/py_compile.html#module-py_compile"><code class="xref">py_compile</code></a></td><td> Generate byte-code files from Python source files.</td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td> <a href="library/pyclbr.html#module-pyclbr"><code class="xref">pyclbr</code></a></td><td> Supports information extraction for a Python module browser.</td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td> <a href="library/pydoc.html#module-pydoc"><code class="xref">pydoc</code></a></td><td> Documentation generator and online help system.</td></tr> <tr class="pcap"><td></td><td> </td><td></td></tr> <tr class="cap" id="cap-q"><td></td><td> q</td><td></td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td> <a href="library/queue.html#module-queue"><code class="xref">queue</code></a></td><td> A synchronized queue class.</td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td> <a href="library/quopri.html#module-quopri"><code class="xref">quopri</code></a></td><td> Encode and decode files using the MIME quoted-printable encoding.</td></tr> <tr class="pcap"><td></td><td> </td><td></td></tr> <tr class="cap" id="cap-r"><td></td><td> r</td><td></td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td> <a href="library/random.html#module-random"><code class="xref">random</code></a></td><td> Generate pseudo-random numbers with various common distributions.</td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td> <a href="library/re.html#module-re"><code class="xref">re</code></a></td><td> Regular expression operations.</td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td> <a href="library/readline.html#module-readline"><code class="xref">readline</code></a> (Unix)</td><td> GNU readline support for Python.</td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td> <a href="library/reprlib.html#module-reprlib"><code class="xref">reprlib</code></a></td><td> Alternate repr() implementation with size limits.</td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td> <a href="library/resource.html#module-resource"><code class="xref">resource</code></a> (Unix)</td><td> An interface to provide resource usage information on the current process.</td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td> <a href="library/rlcompleter.html#module-rlcompleter"><code class="xref">rlcompleter</code></a></td><td> Python identifier completion, suitable for the GNU readline library.</td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td> <a href="library/runpy.html#module-runpy"><code class="xref">runpy</code></a></td><td> Locate and run Python modules without importing them first.</td></tr> <tr class="pcap"><td></td><td> </td><td></td></tr> <tr class="cap" id="cap-s"><td></td><td> s</td><td></td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td> <a href="library/sched.html#module-sched"><code class="xref">sched</code></a></td><td> General purpose event scheduler.</td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td> <a href="library/secrets.html#module-secrets"><code class="xref">secrets</code></a></td><td> Generate secure random numbers for managing secrets.</td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td> <a href="library/select.html#module-select"><code class="xref">select</code></a></td><td> Wait for I/O completion on multiple streams.</td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td> <a href="library/selectors.html#module-selectors"><code class="xref">selectors</code></a></td><td> High-level I/O multiplexing.</td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td> <a href="library/shelve.html#module-shelve"><code class="xref">shelve</code></a></td><td> Python object persistence.</td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td> <a href="library/shlex.html#module-shlex"><code class="xref">shlex</code></a></td><td> Simple lexical analysis for Unix shell-like languages.</td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td> <a href="library/shutil.html#module-shutil"><code class="xref">shutil</code></a></td><td> High-level file operations, including copying.</td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td> <a href="library/signal.html#module-signal"><code class="xref">signal</code></a></td><td> Set handlers for asynchronous events.</td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td> <a href="library/site.html#module-site"><code class="xref">site</code></a></td><td> Module responsible for site-specific configuration.</td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td> <a href="library/site.html#module-sitecustomize"><code class="xref">sitecustomize</code></a></td><td> </td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td> <a href="library/smtpd.html#module-smtpd"><code class="xref">smtpd</code></a></td><td>Deprecated: Removed in 3.12.</td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td> <a href="library/smtplib.html#module-smtplib"><code class="xref">smtplib</code></a></td><td> SMTP protocol client (requires sockets).</td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td> <a href="library/sndhdr.html#module-sndhdr"><code class="xref">sndhdr</code></a></td><td>Deprecated: Removed in 3.13.</td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td> <a href="library/socket.html#module-socket"><code class="xref">socket</code></a></td><td> Low-level networking interface.</td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td> <a href="library/socketserver.html#module-socketserver"><code class="xref">socketserver</code></a></td><td> A framework for network servers.</td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td> <a href="library/spwd.html#module-spwd"><code class="xref">spwd</code></a></td><td>Deprecated: Removed in 3.13.</td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td> <a href="library/sqlite3.html#module-sqlite3"><code class="xref">sqlite3</code></a></td><td> A DB-API 2.0 implementation using SQLite 3.x.</td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td> <a href="library/ssl.html#module-ssl"><code class="xref">ssl</code></a></td><td> TLS/SSL wrapper for socket objects</td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td> <a href="library/stat.html#module-stat"><code class="xref">stat</code></a></td><td> Utilities for interpreting the results of os.stat(), os.lstat() and os.fstat().</td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td> <a href="library/statistics.html#module-statistics"><code class="xref">statistics</code></a></td><td> Mathematical statistics functions</td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td> <a href="library/string.html#module-string"><code class="xref">string</code></a></td><td> Common string operations.</td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td> <a href="library/stringprep.html#module-stringprep"><code class="xref">stringprep</code></a></td><td> String preparation, as per RFC 3453</td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td> <a href="library/struct.html#module-struct"><code class="xref">struct</code></a></td><td> Interpret bytes as packed binary data.</td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td> <a href="library/subprocess.html#module-subprocess"><code class="xref">subprocess</code></a></td><td> Subprocess management.</td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td> <a href="library/sunau.html#module-sunau"><code class="xref">sunau</code></a></td><td>Deprecated: Removed in 3.13.</td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td> <a href="library/symtable.html#module-symtable"><code class="xref">symtable</code></a></td><td> Interface to the compiler's internal symbol tables.</td></tr> <tr> <td><img src="_static/minus.png" class="toggler" id="toggle-14" style="display: none" alt="-" /></td> <td> <a href="library/sys.html#module-sys"><code class="xref">sys</code></a></td><td> Access system-specific parameters and functions.</td></tr> <tr class="cg-14"> <td></td> <td>    <a href="library/sys.monitoring.html#module-sys.monitoring"><code class="xref">sys.monitoring</code></a></td><td> Access and control event monitoring</td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td> <a href="library/sysconfig.html#module-sysconfig"><code class="xref">sysconfig</code></a></td><td> Python's configuration information</td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td> <a href="library/syslog.html#module-syslog"><code class="xref">syslog</code></a> (Unix)</td><td> An interface to the Unix syslog library routines.</td></tr> <tr class="pcap"><td></td><td> </td><td></td></tr> <tr class="cap" id="cap-t"><td></td><td> t</td><td></td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td> <a href="library/tabnanny.html#module-tabnanny"><code class="xref">tabnanny</code></a></td><td> Tool for detecting white space related problems in Python source files in a directory tree.</td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td> <a href="library/tarfile.html#module-tarfile"><code class="xref">tarfile</code></a></td><td> Read and write tar-format archive files.</td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td> <a href="library/telnetlib.html#module-telnetlib"><code class="xref">telnetlib</code></a></td><td>Deprecated: Removed in 3.13.</td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td> <a href="library/tempfile.html#module-tempfile"><code class="xref">tempfile</code></a></td><td> Generate temporary files and directories.</td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td> <a href="library/termios.html#module-termios"><code class="xref">termios</code></a> (Unix)</td><td> POSIX style tty control.</td></tr> <tr> <td><img src="_static/minus.png" class="toggler" id="toggle-15" style="display: none" alt="-" /></td> <td> <a href="library/test.html#module-test"><code class="xref">test</code></a></td><td> Regression tests package containing the testing suite for Python.</td></tr> <tr class="cg-15"> <td></td> <td>    <a href="library/test.html#module-test.regrtest"><code class="xref">test.regrtest</code></a></td><td> Drives the regression test suite.</td></tr> <tr class="cg-15"> <td></td> <td>    <a href="library/test.html#module-test.support"><code class="xref">test.support</code></a></td><td> Support for Python's regression test suite.</td></tr> <tr class="cg-15"> <td></td> <td>    <a href="library/test.html#module-test.support.bytecode_helper"><code class="xref">test.support.bytecode_helper</code></a></td><td> Support tools for testing correct bytecode generation.</td></tr> <tr class="cg-15"> <td></td> <td>    <a href="library/test.html#module-test.support.import_helper"><code class="xref">test.support.import_helper</code></a></td><td> Support for import tests.</td></tr> <tr class="cg-15"> <td></td> <td>    <a href="library/test.html#module-test.support.os_helper"><code class="xref">test.support.os_helper</code></a></td><td> Support for os tests.</td></tr> <tr class="cg-15"> <td></td> <td>    <a href="library/test.html#module-test.support.script_helper"><code class="xref">test.support.script_helper</code></a></td><td> Support for Python's script execution tests.</td></tr> <tr class="cg-15"> <td></td> <td>    <a href="library/test.html#module-test.support.socket_helper"><code class="xref">test.support.socket_helper</code></a></td><td> Support for socket tests.</td></tr> <tr class="cg-15"> <td></td> <td>    <a href="library/test.html#module-test.support.threading_helper"><code class="xref">test.support.threading_helper</code></a></td><td> Support for threading tests.</td></tr> <tr class="cg-15"> <td></td> <td>    <a href="library/test.html#module-test.support.warnings_helper"><code class="xref">test.support.warnings_helper</code></a></td><td> Support for warnings tests.</td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td> <a href="library/textwrap.html#module-textwrap"><code class="xref">textwrap</code></a></td><td> Text wrapping and filling</td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td> <a href="library/threading.html#module-threading"><code class="xref">threading</code></a></td><td> Thread-based parallelism.</td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td> <a href="library/time.html#module-time"><code class="xref">time</code></a></td><td> Time access and conversions.</td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td> <a href="library/timeit.html#module-timeit"><code class="xref">timeit</code></a></td><td> Measure the execution time of small code snippets.</td></tr> <tr> <td><img src="_static/minus.png" class="toggler" id="toggle-16" style="display: none" alt="-" /></td> <td> <a href="library/tkinter.html#module-tkinter"><code class="xref">tkinter</code></a></td><td> Interface to Tcl/Tk for graphical user interfaces</td></tr> <tr class="cg-16"> <td></td> <td>    <a href="library/tkinter.colorchooser.html#module-tkinter.colorchooser"><code class="xref">tkinter.colorchooser</code></a> (Tk)</td><td> Color choosing dialog</td></tr> <tr class="cg-16"> <td></td> <td>    <a href="library/dialog.html#module-tkinter.commondialog"><code class="xref">tkinter.commondialog</code></a> (Tk)</td><td> Tkinter base class for dialogs</td></tr> <tr class="cg-16"> <td></td> <td>    <a href="library/tkinter.dnd.html#module-tkinter.dnd"><code class="xref">tkinter.dnd</code></a> (Tk)</td><td> Tkinter drag-and-drop interface</td></tr> <tr class="cg-16"> <td></td> <td>    <a href="library/dialog.html#module-tkinter.filedialog"><code class="xref">tkinter.filedialog</code></a> (Tk)</td><td> Dialog classes for file selection</td></tr> <tr class="cg-16"> <td></td> <td>    <a href="library/tkinter.font.html#module-tkinter.font"><code class="xref">tkinter.font</code></a> (Tk)</td><td> Tkinter font-wrapping class</td></tr> <tr class="cg-16"> <td></td> <td>    <a href="library/tkinter.messagebox.html#module-tkinter.messagebox"><code class="xref">tkinter.messagebox</code></a> (Tk)</td><td> Various types of alert dialogs</td></tr> <tr class="cg-16"> <td></td> <td>    <a href="library/tkinter.scrolledtext.html#module-tkinter.scrolledtext"><code class="xref">tkinter.scrolledtext</code></a> (Tk)</td><td> Text widget with a vertical scroll bar.</td></tr> <tr class="cg-16"> <td></td> <td>    <a href="library/dialog.html#module-tkinter.simpledialog"><code class="xref">tkinter.simpledialog</code></a> (Tk)</td><td> Simple dialog windows</td></tr> <tr class="cg-16"> <td></td> <td>    <a href="library/tkinter.ttk.html#module-tkinter.ttk"><code class="xref">tkinter.ttk</code></a></td><td> Tk themed widget set</td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td> <a href="library/token.html#module-token"><code class="xref">token</code></a></td><td> Constants representing terminal nodes of the parse tree.</td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td> <a href="library/tokenize.html#module-tokenize"><code class="xref">tokenize</code></a></td><td> Lexical scanner for Python source code.</td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td> <a href="library/tomllib.html#module-tomllib"><code class="xref">tomllib</code></a></td><td> Parse TOML files.</td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td> <a href="library/trace.html#module-trace"><code class="xref">trace</code></a></td><td> Trace or track Python statement execution.</td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td> <a href="library/traceback.html#module-traceback"><code class="xref">traceback</code></a></td><td> Print or retrieve a stack traceback.</td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td> <a href="library/tracemalloc.html#module-tracemalloc"><code class="xref">tracemalloc</code></a></td><td> Trace memory allocations.</td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td> <a href="library/tty.html#module-tty"><code class="xref">tty</code></a> (Unix)</td><td> Utility functions that perform common terminal control operations.</td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td> <a href="library/turtle.html#module-turtle"><code class="xref">turtle</code></a></td><td> An educational framework for simple graphics applications</td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td> <a href="library/turtle.html#module-turtledemo"><code class="xref">turtledemo</code></a></td><td> A viewer for example turtle scripts</td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td> <a href="library/types.html#module-types"><code class="xref">types</code></a></td><td> Names for built-in types.</td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td> <a href="library/typing.html#module-typing"><code class="xref">typing</code></a></td><td> Support for type hints (see :pep:`484`).</td></tr> <tr class="pcap"><td></td><td> </td><td></td></tr> <tr class="cap" id="cap-u"><td></td><td> u</td><td></td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td> <a href="library/unicodedata.html#module-unicodedata"><code class="xref">unicodedata</code></a></td><td> Access the Unicode Database.</td></tr> <tr> <td><img src="_static/minus.png" class="toggler" id="toggle-17" style="display: none" alt="-" /></td> <td> <a href="library/unittest.html#module-unittest"><code class="xref">unittest</code></a></td><td> Unit testing framework for Python.</td></tr> <tr class="cg-17"> <td></td> <td>    <a href="library/unittest.mock.html#module-unittest.mock"><code class="xref">unittest.mock</code></a></td><td> Mock object library.</td></tr> <tr> <td><img src="_static/minus.png" class="toggler" id="toggle-18" style="display: none" alt="-" /></td> <td> <a href="library/urllib.html#module-urllib"><code class="xref">urllib</code></a></td><td> </td></tr> <tr class="cg-18"> <td></td> <td>    <a href="library/urllib.error.html#module-urllib.error"><code class="xref">urllib.error</code></a></td><td> Exception classes raised by urllib.request.</td></tr> <tr class="cg-18"> <td></td> <td>    <a href="library/urllib.parse.html#module-urllib.parse"><code class="xref">urllib.parse</code></a></td><td> Parse URLs into or assemble them from components.</td></tr> <tr class="cg-18"> <td></td> <td>    <a href="library/urllib.request.html#module-urllib.request"><code class="xref">urllib.request</code></a></td><td> Extensible library for opening URLs.</td></tr> <tr class="cg-18"> <td></td> <td>    <a href="library/urllib.request.html#module-urllib.response"><code class="xref">urllib.response</code></a></td><td> Response classes used by urllib.</td></tr> <tr class="cg-18"> <td></td> <td>    <a href="library/urllib.robotparser.html#module-urllib.robotparser"><code class="xref">urllib.robotparser</code></a></td><td> Load a robots.txt file and answer questions about fetchability of other URLs.</td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td> <a href="library/site.html#module-usercustomize"><code class="xref">usercustomize</code></a></td><td> </td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td> <a href="library/uu.html#module-uu"><code class="xref">uu</code></a></td><td>Deprecated: Removed in 3.13.</td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td> <a href="library/uuid.html#module-uuid"><code class="xref">uuid</code></a></td><td> UUID objects (universally unique identifiers) according to RFC 4122</td></tr> <tr class="pcap"><td></td><td> </td><td></td></tr> <tr class="cap" id="cap-v"><td></td><td> v</td><td></td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td> <a href="library/venv.html#module-venv"><code class="xref">venv</code></a></td><td> Creation of virtual environments.</td></tr> <tr class="pcap"><td></td><td> </td><td></td></tr> <tr class="cap" id="cap-w"><td></td><td> w</td><td></td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td> <a href="library/warnings.html#module-warnings"><code class="xref">warnings</code></a></td><td> Issue warning messages and control their disposition.</td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td> <a href="library/wave.html#module-wave"><code class="xref">wave</code></a></td><td> Provide an interface to the WAV sound format.</td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td> <a href="library/weakref.html#module-weakref"><code class="xref">weakref</code></a></td><td> Support for weak references and weak dictionaries.</td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td> <a href="library/webbrowser.html#module-webbrowser"><code class="xref">webbrowser</code></a></td><td> Easy-to-use controller for web browsers.</td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td> <a href="library/winreg.html#module-winreg"><code class="xref">winreg</code></a> (Windows)</td><td> Routines and objects for manipulating the Windows registry.</td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td> <a href="library/winsound.html#module-winsound"><code class="xref">winsound</code></a> (Windows)</td><td> Access to the sound-playing machinery for Windows.</td></tr> <tr> <td><img src="_static/minus.png" class="toggler" id="toggle-19" style="display: none" alt="-" /></td> <td> <a href="library/wsgiref.html#module-wsgiref"><code class="xref">wsgiref</code></a></td><td> WSGI Utilities and Reference Implementation.</td></tr> <tr class="cg-19"> <td></td> <td>    <a href="library/wsgiref.html#module-wsgiref.handlers"><code class="xref">wsgiref.handlers</code></a></td><td> WSGI server/gateway base classes.</td></tr> <tr class="cg-19"> <td></td> <td>    <a href="library/wsgiref.html#module-wsgiref.headers"><code class="xref">wsgiref.headers</code></a></td><td> WSGI response header tools.</td></tr> <tr class="cg-19"> <td></td> <td>    <a href="library/wsgiref.html#module-wsgiref.simple_server"><code class="xref">wsgiref.simple_server</code></a></td><td> A simple WSGI HTTP server.</td></tr> <tr class="cg-19"> <td></td> <td>    <a href="library/wsgiref.html#module-wsgiref.types"><code class="xref">wsgiref.types</code></a></td><td> WSGI types for static type checking</td></tr> <tr class="cg-19"> <td></td> <td>    <a href="library/wsgiref.html#module-wsgiref.util"><code class="xref">wsgiref.util</code></a></td><td> WSGI environment utilities.</td></tr> <tr class="cg-19"> <td></td> <td>    <a href="library/wsgiref.html#module-wsgiref.validate"><code class="xref">wsgiref.validate</code></a></td><td> WSGI conformance checker.</td></tr> <tr class="pcap"><td></td><td> </td><td></td></tr> <tr class="cap" id="cap-x"><td></td><td> x</td><td></td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td> <a href="library/xdrlib.html#module-xdrlib"><code class="xref">xdrlib</code></a></td><td>Deprecated: Removed in 3.13.</td></tr> <tr> <td><img src="_static/minus.png" class="toggler" id="toggle-20" style="display: none" alt="-" /></td> <td> <a href="library/xml.html#module-xml"><code class="xref">xml</code></a></td><td> Package containing XML processing modules</td></tr> <tr class="cg-20"> <td></td> <td>    <a href="library/xml.dom.html#module-xml.dom"><code class="xref">xml.dom</code></a></td><td> Document Object Model API for Python.</td></tr> <tr class="cg-20"> <td></td> <td>    <a href="library/xml.dom.minidom.html#module-xml.dom.minidom"><code class="xref">xml.dom.minidom</code></a></td><td> Minimal Document Object Model (DOM) implementation.</td></tr> <tr class="cg-20"> <td></td> <td>    <a href="library/xml.dom.pulldom.html#module-xml.dom.pulldom"><code class="xref">xml.dom.pulldom</code></a></td><td> Support for building partial DOM trees from SAX events.</td></tr> <tr class="cg-20"> <td></td> <td>    <a href="library/xml.etree.elementtree.html#module-xml.etree.ElementInclude"><code class="xref">xml.etree.ElementInclude</code></a></td><td> </td></tr> <tr class="cg-20"> <td></td> <td>    <a href="library/xml.etree.elementtree.html#module-xml.etree.ElementTree"><code class="xref">xml.etree.ElementTree</code></a></td><td> Implementation of the ElementTree API.</td></tr> <tr class="cg-20"> <td></td> <td>    <a href="library/pyexpat.html#module-xml.parsers.expat"><code class="xref">xml.parsers.expat</code></a></td><td> An interface to the Expat non-validating XML parser.</td></tr> <tr class="cg-20"> <td></td> <td>    <a href="library/pyexpat.html#module-xml.parsers.expat.errors"><code class="xref">xml.parsers.expat.errors</code></a></td><td> </td></tr> <tr class="cg-20"> <td></td> <td>    <a href="library/pyexpat.html#module-xml.parsers.expat.model"><code class="xref">xml.parsers.expat.model</code></a></td><td> </td></tr> <tr class="cg-20"> <td></td> <td>    <a href="library/xml.sax.html#module-xml.sax"><code class="xref">xml.sax</code></a></td><td> Package containing SAX2 base classes and convenience functions.</td></tr> <tr class="cg-20"> <td></td> <td>    <a href="library/xml.sax.handler.html#module-xml.sax.handler"><code class="xref">xml.sax.handler</code></a></td><td> Base classes for SAX event handlers.</td></tr> <tr class="cg-20"> <td></td> <td>    <a href="library/xml.sax.utils.html#module-xml.sax.saxutils"><code class="xref">xml.sax.saxutils</code></a></td><td> Convenience functions and classes for use with SAX.</td></tr> <tr class="cg-20"> <td></td> <td>    <a href="library/xml.sax.reader.html#module-xml.sax.xmlreader"><code class="xref">xml.sax.xmlreader</code></a></td><td> Interface which SAX-compliant XML parsers must implement.</td></tr> <tr> <td><img src="_static/minus.png" class="toggler" id="toggle-21" style="display: none" alt="-" /></td> <td> <a href="library/xmlrpc.html#module-xmlrpc"><code class="xref">xmlrpc</code></a></td><td> Server and client modules implementing XML-RPC.</td></tr> <tr class="cg-21"> <td></td> <td>    <a href="library/xmlrpc.client.html#module-xmlrpc.client"><code class="xref">xmlrpc.client</code></a></td><td> XML-RPC client access.</td></tr> <tr class="cg-21"> <td></td> <td>    <a href="library/xmlrpc.server.html#module-xmlrpc.server"><code class="xref">xmlrpc.server</code></a></td><td> Basic XML-RPC server implementations.</td></tr> <tr class="pcap"><td></td><td> </td><td></td></tr> <tr class="cap" id="cap-z"><td></td><td> z</td><td></td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td> <a href="library/zipapp.html#module-zipapp"><code class="xref">zipapp</code></a></td><td> Manage executable Python zip archives</td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td> <a href="library/zipfile.html#module-zipfile"><code class="xref">zipfile</code></a></td><td> Read and write ZIP-format archive files.</td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td> <a href="library/zipimport.html#module-zipimport"><code class="xref">zipimport</code></a></td><td> Support for importing Python modules from ZIP archives.</td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td> <a href="library/zlib.html#module-zlib"><code class="xref">zlib</code></a></td><td> Low-level interface to compression and decompression routines compatible with gzip.</td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td> <a href="library/zoneinfo.html#module-zoneinfo"><code class="xref">zoneinfo</code></a></td><td> IANA time zone support</td></tr> </table> <div class="clearer"></div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="sphinxsidebar" role="navigation" aria-label="Main"> <div class="sphinxsidebarwrapper"> </div> <div id="sidebarbutton" title="Collapse sidebar"> 芦 </div> </div> <div class="clearer"></div> </div> <div class="related" role="navigation" aria-label="Related"> <h3>Navigation</h3> <ul> <li class="right" style="margin-right: 10px"> <a href="genindex.html" title="General Index" >index</a></li> <li class="right" > <a href="#" title="Python Module Index" >modules</a> |</li> 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