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class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Inhoud</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">naar zijbalk verplaatsen</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">verbergen</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Top</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Geschiedenis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geschiedenis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Geschiedenis</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Geschiedenis-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Geschiedenis-subkopje inklappen</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Geschiedenis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Islam_op_de_steppe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Islam_op_de_steppe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Islam op de steppe</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Islam_op_de_steppe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ottomaanse_invloed" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ottomaanse_invloed"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Ottomaanse invloed</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ottomaanse_invloed-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Verval_en_vertrek" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Verval_en_vertrek"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Verval en vertrek</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Verval_en_vertrek-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gastarbeiders_en_immigranten" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gastarbeiders_en_immigranten"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Gastarbeiders en immigranten</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gastarbeiders_en_immigranten-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Discussie_in_West-Europa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Discussie_in_West-Europa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Discussie in West-Europa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Discussie_in_West-Europa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Islam_in_de_Europese_politiek" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Islam_in_de_Europese_politiek"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Islam in de Europese politiek</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Islam_in_de_Europese_politiek-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Zie_ook" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Zie_ook"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Zie ook</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Zie_ook-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Inhoud" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Inhoudsopgave omschakelen" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Inhoudsopgave omschakelen</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Islam in Europa</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Ga naar een artikel in een andere taal. Beschikbaar in 37 talen" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-37" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">37 talen</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85_%D9%81%D9%8A_%D8%A3%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A8%D8%A7" title="الإسلام في أوروبا – Arabisch" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="الإسلام في أوروبا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85_%D9%81%D9%89_%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A8%D8%A7" title="الاسلام فى اوروبا – Egyptisch Arabisch" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="الاسلام فى اوروبا" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptisch Arabisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%BC_%D0%B2_%D0%95%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B0" title="Ислям в Европа – Bulgaars" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Ислям в Европа" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgaars" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%87_%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE" title="ইউরোপে ইসলাম – Bengaals" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ইউরোপে ইসলাম" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bengaals" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam_u_Evropi" title="Islam u Evropi – Bosnisch" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Islam u Evropi" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isl%C3%A1m_v_Evrop%C4%9B" title="Islám v Evropě – Tsjechisch" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Islám v Evropě" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Tsjechisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam_in_Europa" title="Islam in Europa – Duits" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Islam in Europa" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="Duits" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam_in_Europe" title="Islam in Europe – Engels" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Islam in Europe" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="Engels" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam_en_Europa" title="Islam en Europa – Spaans" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Islam en Europa" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85_%D8%AF%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%BE%D8%A7" title="اسلام در اروپا – Perzisch" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="اسلام در اروپا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Perzisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam_Euroopassa" title="Islam Euroopassa – Fins" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Islam Euroopassa" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Fins" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam_en_Europe" title="Islam en Europe – Frans" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Islam en Europe" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="Frans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%A1%D7%9C%D7%90%D7%9D_%D7%91%D7%90%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%A4%D7%94" title="אסלאם באירופה – Hebreeuws" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אסלאם באירופה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebreeuws" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AA_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%82_%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE" title="यूरोप में इस्लाम – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="यूरोप में इस्लाम" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Az_iszl%C3%A1m_Eur%C3%B3p%C3%A1ban" title="Az iszlám Európában – Hongaars" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Az iszlám Európában" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hongaars" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam_di_Eropa" title="Islam di Eropa – Indonesisch" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Islam di Eropa" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%8Dslam_%C3%AD_Evr%C3%B3pu" title="Íslam í Evrópu – IJslands" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Íslam í Evrópu" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="IJslands" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam_in_Europa" title="Islam in Europa – Italiaans" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Islam in Europa" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italiaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BC_%D0%95%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Ислам Еуропада – Kazachs" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Ислам Еуропада" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazachs" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isl%C4%81ms_Eirop%C4%81" title="Islāms Eiropā – Lets" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Islāms Eiropā" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Lets" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam_di_Eropah" title="Islam di Eropah – Maleis" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Islam di Eropah" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Maleis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AF%E0%A9%82%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%AA_%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%BF%E0%A9%B1%E0%A8%9A_%E0%A8%87%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%AE" title="ਯੂਰਪ ਵਿੱਚ ਇਸਲਾਮ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਯੂਰਪ ਵਿੱਚ ਇਸਲਾਮ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%BE_%D9%88%DA%86_%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85" title="یورپ وچ اسلام – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="یورپ وچ اسلام" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamismo_na_Europa" title="Islamismo na Europa – Portugees" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Islamismo na Europa" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portugees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamul_Europei" title="Islamul Europei – Roemeens" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Islamul Europei" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Roemeens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BC_%D0%B2_%D0%95%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B5" title="Ислам в Европе – Russisch" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Ислам в Европе" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%BE_%DB%BE_%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85" title="يورپ ۾ اسلام – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="يورپ ۾ اسلام" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam_in_Europe" title="Islam in Europe – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Islam in Europe" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam_in_evropske_integracije" title="Islam in evropske integracije – Sloveens" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Islam in evropske integracije" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Sloveens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feja_islame_n%C3%AB_Evrop%C3%AB" title="Feja islame në Evropë – Albanees" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Feja islame në Evropë" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam_i_Europa" title="Islam i Europa – Zweeds" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Islam i Europa" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Zweeds" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uislamu_barani_Ulaya" title="Uislamu barani Ulaya – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Uislamu barani Ulaya" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%83%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B8%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%9B" title="ศาสนาอิสลามในทวีปยุโรป – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ศาสนาอิสลามในทวีปยุโรป" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%86%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BC_%D1%83_%D0%84%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D1%96" title="Іслам у Європі – Oekraïens" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Іслам у Європі" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Oekraïens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%BE_%D9%85%DB%8C%DA%BA_%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85" title="یورپ میں اسلام – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="یورپ میں اسلام" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yevropada_islom" title="Yevropada islom – Oezbeeks" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Yevropada islom" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Oezbeeks" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%AC%A7%E6%B4%B2%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E5%85%B0%E6%95%99" title="欧洲伊斯兰教 – Chinees" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="欧洲伊斯兰教" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q527425#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Taalkoppelingen bewerken" class="wbc-editpage">Koppelingen bewerken</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Islam_in_Europe-2010.svg/270px-Islam_in_Europe-2010.svg.png" decoding="async" width="270" height="235" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Islam_in_Europe-2010.svg/405px-Islam_in_Europe-2010.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Islam_in_Europe-2010.svg/540px-Islam_in_Europe-2010.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1178" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a> in <a href="/wiki/Europa_(werelddeel)" title="Europa (werelddeel)">Europa</a> <div style="display: flex;"><span style="display: inline-block; min-width: 1.2em; height: 1.2em; line-height: 1.1; margin: 2px 0 0; border-radius: 2px; box-sizing: border-box; color-adjust: exact;background-color: #ffffff; color: transparent;border: 1px solid gray;">■</span> <span style="margin:0;"><1% (<a href="/wiki/Polen" title="Polen">Polen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tsjechi%C3%AB" title="Tsjechië">Tsjechië</a>)</span></div> <div style="display: flex;"><span style="display: inline-block; min-width: 1.2em; height: 1.2em; line-height: 1.1; margin: 2px 0 0; border-radius: 2px; box-sizing: border-box; color-adjust: exact;background-color: #d3f0db; color: transparent;border: 1px solid gray;">■</span> <span style="margin:0;">1%-2% (<a href="/wiki/Andorra" title="Andorra">Andorra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kroati%C3%AB" title="Kroatië">Kroatië</a>)</span></div> <div style="display: flex;"><span style="display: inline-block; min-width: 1.2em; height: 1.2em; line-height: 1.1; margin: 2px 0 0; border-radius: 2px; box-sizing: border-box; color-adjust: exact;background-color: #bee9c9; color: transparent;border: 1px solid gray;">■</span> <span style="margin:0;">2%-4% (<a href="/wiki/Itali%C3%AB" title="Italië">Italië</a>, <a href="/wiki/Noorwegen" title="Noorwegen">Noorwegen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Servi%C3%AB" title="Servië">Servië</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sloveni%C3%AB" title="Slovenië">Slovenië</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spanje" title="Spanje">Spanje</a>)</span></div> <div style="display: flex;"><span style="display: inline-block; min-width: 1.2em; height: 1.2em; line-height: 1.1; margin: 2px 0 0; border-radius: 2px; box-sizing: border-box; color-adjust: exact;background-color: #94dba7; color: transparent;border: 1px solid gray;">■</span> <span style="margin:0;">4%-5% (<a href="/wiki/Griekenland" title="Griekenland">Griekenland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Verenigd_Koninkrijk" title="Verenigd Koninkrijk">Verenigd Koninkrijk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Denemarken" title="Denemarken">Denemarken</a>)</span></div> <div style="display: flex;"><span style="display: inline-block; min-width: 1.2em; height: 1.2em; line-height: 1.1; margin: 2px 0 0; border-radius: 2px; box-sizing: border-box; color-adjust: exact;background-color: #7bd292; color: transparent;border: 1px solid gray;">■</span> <span style="margin:0;">5%-10% (<a href="/wiki/Belgi%C3%AB" title="België">België</a>, <a href="/wiki/Frankrijk" title="Frankrijk">Frankrijk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oostenrijk" title="Oostenrijk">Oostenrijk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Duitsland" title="Duitsland">Duitsland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nederland" title="Nederland">Nederland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zweden" title="Zweden">Zweden</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zwitserland" title="Zwitserland">Zwitserland</a>)</span></div> <div style="display: flex;"><span style="display: inline-block; min-width: 1.2em; height: 1.2em; line-height: 1.1; margin: 2px 0 0; border-radius: 2px; box-sizing: border-box; color-adjust: exact;background-color: #62cb7e; color: transparent;border: 1px solid gray;">■</span> <span style="margin:0;">10%-20% (<a href="/wiki/Rusland" title="Rusland">Rusland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bulgarije" title="Bulgarije">Bulgarije</a>, <a href="/wiki/Montenegro" title="Montenegro">Montenegro</a>)</span></div> <div style="display: flex;"><span style="display: inline-block; min-width: 1.2em; height: 1.2em; line-height: 1.1; margin: 2px 0 0; border-radius: 2px; box-sizing: border-box; color-adjust: exact;background-color: #4fc46e; color: transparent;border: 1px solid gray;">■</span> <span style="margin:0;">20%-40% (<a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Noord-Macedoni%C3%AB" title="Noord-Macedonië">Noord-Macedonië</a>)</span></div> <div style="display: flex;"><span style="display: inline-block; min-width: 1.2em; height: 1.2em; line-height: 1.1; margin: 2px 0 0; border-radius: 2px; box-sizing: border-box; color-adjust: exact;background-color: #4fc46e; color: transparent;border: 1px solid gray;">■</span> <span style="margin:0;">40%-60% (<a href="/wiki/Bosni%C3%AB_en_Herzegovina" title="Bosnië en Herzegovina">Bosnië en Herzegovina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kazachstan" title="Kazachstan">Kazachstan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Albani%C3%AB" title="Albanië">Albanië</a>)</span></div> <div style="display: flex;"><span style="display: inline-block; min-width: 1.2em; height: 1.2em; line-height: 1.1; margin: 2px 0 0; border-radius: 2px; box-sizing: border-box; color-adjust: exact;background-color: #31944b; color: transparent;border: 1px solid gray;">■</span> <span style="margin:0;">80%-95% (<a href="/wiki/Kosovo" title="Kosovo">Kosovo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Azerbeidzjan" title="Azerbeidzjan">Azerbeidzjan</a>)</span></div> <div style="display: flex;"><span style="display: inline-block; min-width: 1.2em; height: 1.2em; line-height: 1.1; margin: 2px 0 0; border-radius: 2px; box-sizing: border-box; color-adjust: exact;background-color: #1f5f31; color: transparent;border: 1px solid gray;">■</span> <span style="margin:0;">>95% (<a href="/wiki/Turkije" title="Turkije">Turkije</a>)</span></div></figcaption></figure> <p>De <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">islam</a> is na het christendom de grootste godsdienst in Europa. Inclusief Europees Rusland en Turkije leven er zo'n 50 miljoen moslims op het continent. Diverse inheemse volkeren op de <a href="/wiki/Balkan_(schiereiland)" title="Balkan (schiereiland)">Balkan</a>, in de <a href="/wiki/Kaukasus_(gebied)" title="Kaukasus (gebied)">Kaukasus</a> en in de <a href="/wiki/Wolgaregio" title="Wolgaregio">Wolgaregio</a> belijden in meerderheid de islam. Onder hen zijn met name <a href="/wiki/Turkse_volkeren" title="Turkse volkeren">Turkse volkeren</a>, maar ook enkele <a href="/wiki/Slavische_moslims" title="Slavische moslims">Slavische</a>, zoals <a href="/wiki/Bosniakken" title="Bosniakken">Bosniakken</a>, en andere <a href="/wiki/Indo-Europese" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Europese">Indo-Europese</a>, zoals <a href="/wiki/Albanezen" title="Albanezen">Albanezen</a>. De islam verscheen voor het eerst in Europa in de 8e eeuw met de <a href="/wiki/Islamitische_verovering_van_het_Iberisch_Schiereiland" title="Islamitische verovering van het Iberisch Schiereiland">verovering van de Moren van het het Iberisch schiereiland</a>, en in de Kaukasus en de <a href="/wiki/Pontische_Steppe" class="mw-redirect" title="Pontische Steppe">Pontische Steppe</a> gedurende de 9de eeuw, toen de <a href="/wiki/Khazaren" class="mw-redirect" title="Khazaren">Khazaren</a> zich deels ertoe bekeerden. In de 16e eeuw leidde de opmars van het <a href="/wiki/Ottomaanse_Rijk" title="Ottomaanse Rijk">Ottomaanse Rijk</a> uit <a href="/wiki/Turkije" title="Turkije">Turkije</a> tot het <a href="/wiki/Beleg_van_Wenen_(1529)" title="Beleg van Wenen (1529)">Beleg van Wenen in 1529</a> en in <a href="/wiki/Beleg_van_Wenen_(1683)" title="Beleg van Wenen (1683)">1683</a>. Vanuit Oost-Europa en Anatolië kwam het geloof ook op de Balkan terecht en vestigden zich kleine groepen islamitische <a href="/wiki/Tataren" title="Tataren">Tataren</a> in <a href="/wiki/Centraal-Europa" title="Centraal-Europa">Centraal-Europa</a>, zoals de <a href="/wiki/Lipka-Tataren" title="Lipka-Tataren">Lipka-Tataren</a> in Polen en Litouwen. In de tweede helft van de 20e eeuw kwamen via het gastarbeiderprogramma ook veel moslims naar Europa, met name uit Turkije (in de Germaanstalige landen) en de Maghreb (vooral in Frankrijk). </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geschiedenis">Geschiedenis</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Islam_in_Europa&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Geschiedenis" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Islam_in_Europa&action=edit&section=1" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Geschiedenis"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Bestand:IslamInEurope.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/IslamInEurope.png/250px-IslamInEurope.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="193" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/IslamInEurope.png/375px-IslamInEurope.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/IslamInEurope.png/500px-IslamInEurope.png 2x" data-file-width="1551" data-file-height="1197" /></a><figcaption>Verspreiding van de islam onder Indo-Europese volkeren.</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Bestand:Alhambra_view.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Alhambra_view.jpg/250px-Alhambra_view.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Alhambra_view.jpg/375px-Alhambra_view.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Alhambra_view.jpg/500px-Alhambra_view.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="678" /></a><figcaption>Het <a href="/wiki/Alhambra_(fort)" title="Alhambra (fort)">Alhambra</a> in <a href="/wiki/Granada_(stad)" title="Granada (stad)">Granada</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spanje" title="Spanje">Spanje</a>.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Islam_op_de_steppe">Islam op de steppe</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Islam_in_Europa&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Islam op de steppe" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Islam_in_Europa&action=edit&section=2" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Islam op de steppe"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Voor de doorbraak van de <a href="/wiki/O%C4%9Fuzen" class="mw-redirect" title="Oğuzen">Oğuzische</a> Turkse volkeren op de Balkan in de vroege 14e eeuw was de islam in Europa beperkt gebleven tot het <a href="/wiki/Al-Andalus" title="Al-Andalus">Iberisch schiereiland</a> en diverse nomadische en semi-pastorale volkeren in de Krim, de Kaukasus en de <a href="/wiki/Wolgaregio" title="Wolgaregio">Wolgaregio</a>. Onder hen voornamelijk Turkse volkeren, maar mogelijk ook Oeraalse, zoals de Hongaarse <a href="/w/index.php?title=B%C3%B6sz%C3%B6rm%C3%A9ny&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Böszörmény (de pagina bestaat niet)">Böszörmény</a> die handel dreven over de Zijderoute. Ook de legers van het Mongoolse rijk, grotendeels bestaand uit Turkse ruiters, die hier neerstreken gingen over op de islam. De resten van deze islamitische <a href="/wiki/Gouden_Horde" title="Gouden Horde">Gouden Horde</a> werden opgenomen in het <a href="/wiki/Krimkanaat" class="mw-redirect" title="Krimkanaat">Krimkanaat</a> en later het Ottomaanse Rijk. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ottomaanse_invloed">Ottomaanse invloed</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Islam_in_Europa&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Ottomaanse invloed" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Islam_in_Europa&action=edit&section=3" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Ottomaanse invloed"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Bestand:Mo%C5%A1eja-Log_pod_Mangartom4.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Mo%C5%A1eja-Log_pod_Mangartom4.jpg/250px-Mo%C5%A1eja-Log_pod_Mangartom4.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Mo%C5%A1eja-Log_pod_Mangartom4.jpg/375px-Mo%C5%A1eja-Log_pod_Mangartom4.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Mo%C5%A1eja-Log_pod_Mangartom4.jpg/500px-Mo%C5%A1eja-Log_pod_Mangartom4.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="389" /></a><figcaption>Een Sloveense moskee (voor de Eerste Wereldoorlog)</figcaption></figure> <p>In de eerste eeuwen van Ottomaans bestuur werd een zogenaamde <i>bloedbelasting</i> geheven, de <a href="/wiki/Dev%C5%9Firme" title="Devşirme">Devşirme</a>. Hierbij moesten veel gezinnen een zoon afstaan aan de Ottomaanse staat. Hoewel dit vrijwel zeker bekering tot de islam inhield, maakte het wel de weg vrij voor veel personen en hun families om tot de bestuurlijke elite door te dringen. Deze belasting werd in de 16e eeuw grotendeels gestopt, en 1648 volledig afgeschaft. De Ottomaanse staat kende voor haar vrije onderdanen echter ook een grote mate van religieuze tolerantie in vergelijking met andere Europese staten. Volkeren die zich tijdens de Ottomaanse periode deels tot de islam bekeerden zijn onder andere de Albanezen, Bosniërs en in mindere mate Bulgaren (<a href="/wiki/Pomakken" class="mw-redirect" title="Pomakken">Pomakken</a>), <a href="/wiki/Macedoni%C3%ABrs_(Slaven)" title="Macedoniërs (Slaven)">Macedoniërs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Georgi%C3%ABrs" title="Georgiërs">Georgiërs</a> en <a href="/wiki/Grieken" title="Grieken">Grieken</a>. De komst van de islam en de Turken tot in Centraal-Europa was ten tijde van de vroege boekdrukkunst een van de meest besproken en gepubliceerde onderwerpen. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Verval_en_vertrek">Verval en vertrek</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Islam_in_Europa&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Verval en vertrek" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Islam_in_Europa&action=edit&section=4" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Verval en vertrek"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Met het verval van het Ottomaanse Rijk werden diverse volkeren die zich tot de islam hadden bekeerd grotendeels uit het Europese continent verdreven. <a href="/wiki/Wolga-Tataren" title="Wolga-Tataren">Wolga-Tataren</a> uit de Wolgaregio en <a href="/wiki/Nogai" title="Nogai">Nogai</a> uit de Noordelijke Kaukasus trokken vanaf 1800 naar de Krim, daarna naar <a href="/wiki/Bessarabi%C3%AB" title="Bessarabië">Bessarabië</a>, waar de bevolking in enkele decennia explodeerde. Daarna werden zij verder verdreven tot in het gebied van het huidige <a href="/wiki/Kosovo" title="Kosovo">Kosovo</a>. Tijdens de <a href="/wiki/Balkanoorlogen" title="Balkanoorlogen">Balkanoorlogen</a> moesten de meeste islamitische vluchtelingen die hier waren neergestreken weer vluchten richting <a href="/wiki/Thraci%C3%AB" title="Thracië">Thracië</a>. Nazaten van de overlevenden leven tegenwoordig voornamelijk in Turkije. Inheemse volkeren uit de Kaukasus zoals de <a href="/wiki/Adygee%C3%ABrs_(algemeen)" title="Adygeeërs (algemeen)">Circassiers</a> werden tussen 1860 en 1870 gedwongen te vertrekken richting het Ottomaanse Rijk, en een groot deel kwam om op de tocht door de bergen en de Zwarte Zee. Gedurende de 20e eeuw werden met name door <a href="/wiki/Stalin" class="mw-redirect" title="Stalin">Stalin</a> repressieve maatregelen genomen tegen minderheden, zoals de <a href="/wiki/Krimtataren" class="mw-redirect" title="Krimtataren">Krimtataren</a>, <a href="/wiki/Adygee%C3%ABrs_(algemeen)" title="Adygeeërs (algemeen)">Adygeers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mescheten" class="mw-redirect" title="Mescheten">Mesketische Turken</a>, die hij liet deporteren richting Centraal-Azië en Siberië. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gastarbeiders_en_immigranten">Gastarbeiders en immigranten</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Islam_in_Europa&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Gastarbeiders en immigranten" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Islam_in_Europa&action=edit&section=5" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Gastarbeiders en immigranten"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Sinds de <a href="/wiki/1960-1969" title="1960-1969">jaren 60</a> is de islam via <a href="/wiki/Gastarbeid" class="mw-redirect" title="Gastarbeid">gastarbeid</a> en <a href="/wiki/Immigratie" title="Immigratie">immigratie</a> ook in West-Europese landen een factor van betekenis geworden. Zowel in Nederland als in België is de islam qua aantal volgelingen de tweede godsdienst. In Nederland wonen ongeveer 500.000 Turken en zo'n 350.000 (2012) Marokkanen. Frankrijk telt vooral veel moslims uit de voormalige kolonie <a href="/wiki/Algerije" title="Algerije">Algerije</a>. Het Verenigd Koninkrijk telt met name moslims uit <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a> en <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a>. In Spanje wonen veel immigranten uit <a href="/wiki/Marokko" title="Marokko">Marokko</a>. In de Europese Unie wonen naar schatting 9 miljoen burgers van Turkse afkomst, voornamelijk in Duitsland, Nederland, België, Frankrijk, Oostenrijk en Zwitserland. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Discussie_in_West-Europa">Discussie in West-Europa</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Islam_in_Europa&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Discussie in West-Europa" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Islam_in_Europa&action=edit&section=6" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Discussie in West-Europa"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Bestand:Kazan_church.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Kazan_church.jpg/250px-Kazan_church.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Kazan_church.jpg/375px-Kazan_church.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Kazan_church.jpg/500px-Kazan_church.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3008" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption>De <i>tempel aller godsdiensten</i>, gebouwd door een Tataarse moslim in <a href="/wiki/Kazan_(stad)" title="Kazan (stad)">Kazan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tatarstan" class="mw-redirect" title="Tatarstan">Tatarstan</a>, bevat naast een moskee ook een kerk en synagoge.</figcaption></figure> <p>Sinds de <a href="/wiki/Aanslagen_op_11_september_2001" title="Aanslagen op 11 september 2001">aanslagen op 11 september 2001</a> is er in diverse West-Europese landen een, soms gespannen, publiek debat gevoerd over de islam en de rol van deze godsdienst in de samenleving. In Nederland speelde daarbij de moord op de regisseur en criticus <a href="/wiki/Theo_van_Gogh_(regisseur)" title="Theo van Gogh (regisseur)">Theo van Gogh</a> een belangrijke rol, maar ook <a href="/wiki/Pim_Fortuyn" title="Pim Fortuyn">Pim Fortuyn</a> had zich uitgesproken over de islam die hij onder meer een "achterlijke cultuur" noemde. <a href="/wiki/Volkspartij_voor_Vrijheid_en_Democratie" title="Volkspartij voor Vrijheid en Democratie">VVD</a>'er <a href="/wiki/Frits_Bolkestein" title="Frits Bolkestein">Frits Bolkestein</a> had zich in voorgaande decennia al eerder met immigratieproblematiek beziggehouden, maar heeft daar nooit de religie aan verbonden. Enkele voornamelijk cultuurgebonden aspecten van de islam die West-Europa tot wetgeving hebben geleid zijn de <a href="/wiki/Boerka_(islam)" title="Boerka (islam)">boerka</a> en <a href="/wiki/Minaret" title="Minaret">minaretten</a>. De Nederlandse overheid zag de zogenoemde <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Radicale_islam&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Radicale islam (de pagina bestaat niet)">radicale islam</a></i> als een potentiële bedreiging van de nationale veiligheid. </p><p>Sinds de <a href="/wiki/Moord_op_Theo_van_Gogh" title="Moord op Theo van Gogh">moord op Theo van Gogh</a>, 2 november 2004, vonden tientallen brandstichtingen plaats in islamitische scholen en moskeeën. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Islam_in_de_Europese_politiek">Islam in de Europese politiek</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Islam_in_Europa&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Islam in de Europese politiek" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Islam_in_Europa&action=edit&section=7" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Islam in de Europese politiek"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In de Europese politiek zijn vele moslims vertegenwoordigd, van in de lokale politiek tot op het Europees niveau. Buiten de Balkan zijn er echter geen islamitische partijen met zetels in een nationaal parlement. </p><p>Wel zijn er enkele moslimpartijen opgericht, zoals in België, zonder succes. Een voorbeeld van een politieke partij is de <a href="/wiki/Arabisch-Europese_Liga" title="Arabisch-Europese Liga">Arabisch-Europese Liga</a> (AEL) opgericht in 2002 door de <a href="/wiki/Libanon" title="Libanon">Libanese</a> Belg <a href="/wiki/Dyab_Abou_Jahjah" title="Dyab Abou Jahjah">Dyab Abou Jahjah</a>. De AEL is opgericht in <a href="/wiki/Antwerpen_(stad)" title="Antwerpen (stad)">Antwerpen</a>, waar veel moslims wonen. In 2003 werd geprobeerd een Nederlandse tak op te richten, maar die kwam nooit van de grond. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Zie_ook">Zie ook</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Islam_in_Europa&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Zie ook" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Islam_in_Europa&action=edit&section=8" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Zie ook"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Africa_Organisation" title="Islam in Africa Organisation">Islam in Africa Organisation</a></li></ul> <div class="toccolours appendix" role="presentation" style="font-size:90%; margin:1em 0 -0.5em; clear:both;"> <div><span style="font-weight:bold">Bronnen, noten en/of referenties</span></div> <ul><li>'Moslims in West-Europa': De islam in Notendop, Dick Douwes, <span class="ISBN"><a href="/wiki/Speciaal:Boekbronnen/9044601032" title="Speciaal:Boekbronnen/9044601032">ISBN 9044601032</a></span></li></ul> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r67837862">.mw-parser-output .navigatie{position:relative;clear:both;overflow:auto;margin:1em auto -0.5em;padding:2px;background-color:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);text-align:center;font-size:87%}.mw-parser-output .navigatie-bewerken{margin-left:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .navigatie-bewerken .mw-ui-icon::before{background-size:0.9em}.mw-parser-output .navigatie-afb-links,.mw-parser-output .navigatie-afb-rechts{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .navigatie-afb-rechts{right:2px}.mw-parser-output .navigatie-afb-groot{float:right;padding-left:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .navigatie-titel{background-color:#ddeef8;padding:2px 5.5em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .navigatie-inhoud{padding:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .navigatie-inhoud p:first-child{margin:0}.mw-parser-output .navigatie div[style*="background-color"],.mw-parser-output .navigatie div[style*="background"]{color:inherit}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navigatie-titel{background-color:var(--background-color-interactive,#eaecf0)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navigatie-titel{background-color:var(--background-color-interactive,#eaecf0)!important}}</style> <div class="navigatie" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="Islam_per_land"> <div class="navigatie-afb-links noviewer"><div class="navigatie-bewerken show-autoconfirmed nomobile"><span class="nowrap skin-invert-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Sjabloon:Navigatie_islam_per_land" title="Sjabloon:Navigatie islam per land"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/OOjs_UI_icon_article-ltr.svg/16px-OOjs_UI_icon_article-ltr.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/OOjs_UI_icon_article-ltr.svg/24px-OOjs_UI_icon_article-ltr.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/OOjs_UI_icon_article-ltr.svg/32px-OOjs_UI_icon_article-ltr.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span> · <span class="ui-state-disabled" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Overleg sjabloon (de pagina bestaat niet)"><img alt="Overleg sjabloon (de pagina bestaat niet)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/OOjs_UI_icon_speechBubbles-ltr.svg/16px-OOjs_UI_icon_speechBubbles-ltr.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/OOjs_UI_icon_speechBubbles-ltr.svg/24px-OOjs_UI_icon_speechBubbles-ltr.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/OOjs_UI_icon_speechBubbles-ltr.svg/32px-OOjs_UI_icon_speechBubbles-ltr.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></span></span> · <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="//nl.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sjabloon:Navigatie_islam_per_land&action=edit" title="Sjabloon bewerken"><img alt="Sjabloon bewerken" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/16px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/24px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/32px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></span></div></div> <div id="Islam_per_land" class="navigatie-titel">Islam per land</div> <div class="navigatie-inhoud"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r67785531">.mw-parser-output .navigatie-tabel{margin:0 auto 0 auto;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navigatie-tabel .links{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navigatie-tabel .rechts{padding-left:0.5em}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .navigatie-tabel tr{display:grid;grid-template-columns:1fr;width:100%;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .navigatie-tabel tr:last-of-type{margin-bottom:0}.mw-parser-output .navigatie-tabel .links{text-align:unset}.mw-parser-output .navigatie-tabel .rechts{padding:unset}}</style><table class="navigatie-tabel vatop" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style=""><tbody><tr><td class="links" style=""><b>Afrika:</b></td><td class="rechts"><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Benin" title="Islam in Benin">Benin</a> · <a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Gambia" title="Islam in Gambia">Gambia</a> · <a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Ghana" title="Islam in Ghana">Ghana</a> · <a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Kenia" title="Islam in Kenia">Kenia</a> · <a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Mayotte" title="Islam in Mayotte">Mayotte</a> · <a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Niger" title="Islam in Niger">Niger</a> · <a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Oeganda" title="Islam in Oeganda">Oeganda</a></td></tr><tr><td class="links"><b>Amerika:</b></td><td class="rechts"><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Guyana" title="Islam in Guyana">Guyana</a> · <a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Suriname" title="Islam in Suriname">Suriname</a> · <a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Trinidad_en_Tobago" title="Islam in Trinidad en Tobago">Trinidad en Tobago</a></td></tr><tr><td class="links"><b>Azië:</b></td><td class="rechts"><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Azerbeidzjan" title="Islam in Azerbeidzjan">Azerbeidzjan</a> · <a href="/wiki/Islam_in_China" title="Islam in China">China</a> (<small><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Tibet" title="Islam in Tibet">Tibet</a></small>) · <a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Georgi%C3%AB" title="Islam in Georgië">Georgië</a> · <a href="/wiki/Islam_in_India" title="Islam in India">India</a> · <a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Japan" title="Islam in Japan">Japan</a> · <a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Mongoli%C3%AB" title="Islam in Mongolië">Mongolië</a> · <a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Myanmar" title="Islam in Myanmar">Myanmar</a> · <a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Nepal" title="Islam in Nepal">Nepal</a> · <a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Oost-Timor" title="Islam in Oost-Timor">Oost-Timor</a> · <a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Rusland" title="Islam in Rusland">Rusland</a> · <a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Saoedi-Arabi%C3%AB" title="Islam in Saoedi-Arabië">Saoedi-Arabië</a></td></tr><tr><td class="links"><b><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Europa</a>:</b></td><td class="rechts"><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Albani%C3%AB" title="Islam in Albanië">Albanië</a> · <a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Andorra" title="Islam in Andorra">Andorra</a> · <a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Azerbeidzjan" title="Islam in Azerbeidzjan">Azerbeidzan</a> · <a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Bulgarije" title="Islam in Bulgarije">Bulgarije</a> · <a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Estland" title="Islam in Estland">Estland</a> · <a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Georgi%C3%AB" title="Islam in Georgië">Georgië</a> · <a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Gibraltar" title="Islam in Gibraltar">Gibraltar</a> · <a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Griekenland" title="Islam in Griekenland">Griekenland</a> · <a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Kroati%C3%AB" title="Islam in Kroatië">Kroatië</a> · <a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Montenegro" title="Islam in Montenegro">Montenegro</a> · <a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Nederland" title="Islam in Nederland">Nederland</a> · <a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Noord-Macedoni%C3%AB" title="Islam in Noord-Macedonië">Noord-Macedonië</a> · <a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Oekra%C3%AFne" title="Islam in Oekraïne">Oekraïne</a> · <a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Portugal" title="Islam in Portugal">Portugal</a> · <a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Roemeni%C3%AB" title="Islam in Roemenië">Roemenië</a> · <a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Rusland" title="Islam in Rusland">Rusland</a> · <a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Servi%C3%AB" title="Islam in Servië">Servië</a> · <a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Slowakije" title="Islam in Slowakije">Slowakije</a></td></tr><tr><td class="links"><b>Oceanië:</b></td><td class="rechts"><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Fiji" title="Islam in Fiji">Fiji</a> · <a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Nieuw-Zeeland" title="Islam in Nieuw-Zeeland">Nieuw-Zeeland</a></td></tr></tbody></table> </div></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Overgenomen van "<a dir="ltr" href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Islam_in_Europa&oldid=67600569">https://nl.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Islam_in_Europa&oldid=67600569</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" 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