CERN computing history | IT Department

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Centre</a> </li> <li class="search-item cern-search"> <a href="#" class="cern-item-search search-link" onClick="openSearch()">SEARCH</a> <div id="cern-search-overlay"> <div class="close-cern-search" onClick="closeSearch()"></div> <div class="col-md-offset-2 col-md-8"> <div role="search" class="block block-search block-search-form-block"> <form class="search-block-form" data-drupal-selector="search-block-form" action="/search/node" method="get" id="search-block-form" accept-charset="UTF-8" data-drupal-form-fields="edit-keys"> <div class="form-item js-form-item form-type-search js-form-type-search form-item-keys js-form-item-keys form-no-label form-group"> <input title="Enter the terms you wish to search for." data-drupal-selector="edit-keys" class="form-search form-control" placeholder='E.G.BIRTH OF WEB, LHC PAGE 1, BULLETIN...' type="search" id="edit-keys" name="keys" value="" size="15" maxlength="128"> </div> <div id="edit-keys--description" class="description help-block">Enter the terms you wish to search for.</div> </form> </div> </div> </div> </li> </ul> </div>  </div>  </nav> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="wrapper-center col-md-9 col-sm-12 col-xs-12"> <div class="region region-content"> <div data-drupal-messages-fallback class="hidden"></div> <h1 class="page-header"> <span property="dc:title">CERN computing history</span> </h1> <article data-history-node-id="13" about="/about/cern-computing-history" typeof="foaf:Document" class="page full clearfix"> <span property="dc:title" content="CERN computing history" class="hidden"></span> <div class="content"> <div property="content:encoded" class="field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field--item"><p class="rtejustify"><a href="http://cds.cern.ch/record/40997"><img alt="CDC 3800, 1966" data-entity-type data-entity-uuid src="https://mediastream.cern.ch/MediaArchive/Photo/Public/1966/6607189/6607189/6607189-A5-at-72-dpi.jpg" width="100%"></a></p> <p class="rtejustify">The history of computing at CERN is about hardware, software, people, network, communications, accelerators, data-handling...</p> <p class="rtejustify">This section is an eclectic stockpile of material covering various aspects of the computing history at CERN. It is by no means a complete history, and new elements are added all the time as they come to light. </p> <p class="rtejustify">For photographs, see the <a href="https://cds.cern.ch/collection/PhotoLab%20Archives?ln=en">CERN PhotoLab Archives</a>, we have some at the <a href="https://it-archives.web.cern.ch">IT Archive Galleries</a>,<strong> </strong>and the 'Photos from..." (in the column to the right of this page). The "IT Archive Galleries" and CERN PhotoLab Archives are work-in-progress; more material is being added all the time as we dig deep into forgotten archives.</p> <p class="rtejustify">For more information on CERN's computing history, contact our <a href="mailto:computing.history">Computing History at CERN</a> (<em>aka Cath Noble</em>) for help.</p> <h2 class="rtejustify">Overview</h2> <p>See the excellent presentation by <a href="http://indico.cern.ch/getFile.py/access?contribId=521&sessionId=21&resId=0&materialId=slides&confId=0">David Williams from CHEP 2004 </a>for a comprehensive and revealing look at Computing at CERN since CERN's inception in 1954.</p> <h3>Further Overview Material</h3> <ul> <li>"Distributed Computing: a historical perspective" (2022) <ul> <li>A series of 3 lectures at <a href="https://indico.cern.ch/event/1052073/">https://indico.cern.ch/event/1052073/</a> by B.Segal, M.Dimou, N.Borenstein, F.Hemmer and L.Robertson.</li> <li>Slides, recordings and historical documents included.</li> </ul> </li> <li>"Apprenticeship - 60 years of Computing Experience" by Ben Segal (2019) <ul> <li><a href="https://indico.cern.ch/event/847889/">Part 1</a> and <a href="https://indico.cern.ch/event/847890/">Part 2</a> spanning 1958 to 2018 at CERN.</li> </ul> </li> <li><a href="https://cds.cern.ch/record/2731056">25 years ago: the strategic move to PCs in high-energy physics</a> by Sverre Jarp, September 2020.<br> <em>In September 1995, 25 years ago, a paper entitled “The PC as Physics Computer for LHC?” was presented at the CHEP-95 conference. It paved the way to a new era in high-energy physics computing. One of its authors, Sverre Jarp, recalls.</em></li> <li><a href="http://indico.cern.ch/getFile.py/access?contribId=521&sessionId=21&resId=0&materialId=slides&confId=0">50 years of Computing at CERN</a> by David Williams, CHEP2004</li> <li><a href="/sites/information-technology.web.cern.ch/files/williams_scientific-computing-at-lep-2000.pdf">Scientific Computing at LEP</a>  by David Williams at LEPFest 2000 Science Symposium, CERN, October 2000.</li> <li><a href="http://cds.cern.ch/record/2750600">IT Dept corridor "expo" posters</a></li> <li><a href="https://cerncourier.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/11/CERNCourier2019ComputingSupplement-digitaledition.pdf">In focus: Computing<span aria-label="(link is external)" class="ext"></span></a> (CERN Courier compilation, 2019)</li> <li><a href="http://cdsweb.cern.ch/record/205360/files/p1.pdf">30 years of Computing at CERN </a>by P. Zanella (1990) <ul> <li><a href="http://cnlart.web.cern.ch/cnlart/2001/002/cern-computing/">Part 1</a></li> <li><a href="http://cnlart.web.cern.ch/cnlart/2001/003/comp30/">Part 2</a></li> <li><a href="http://cnlart.web.cern.ch/cnlart/2001/003/comp30-last/">Part 3</a></li> </ul> </li> <li>Computing at CERN... <ul> <li>...<a href="https://cds.cern.ch/record/1018731">in the 70s</a></li> <li>...<a href="https://cds.cern.ch/record/1018747">in the 80s</a></li> <li>...<a href="https://cds.cern.ch/record/1018765">in the 90s</a></li> <li>...<a href="https://cds.cern.ch/record/1018784">90s to 00s</a></li> </ul> </li> <li>  Historical view of... <ul> <li>...<a href="http://it-dep-fio-ds.web.cern.ch/it-dep-fio-ds/Documentation/tapedrive/history.html">tape use at CERN</a></li> <li>...<a href="http://cerncourier.com/cws/article/cern/29031">networking at CERN</a></li> <li>... <a href="http://cerncourier.com/cws/article/cnl/39610">developing the internet</a></li> <li>...<a href="https://cerncourier.com/cnl-celebrates-40th-birthday/">CNL@40</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li><a href="http://cdsweb.cern.ch/record/1177861/files/CERN-2006-004.pdf?version=1">Fifty years of research at CERN, from past to future: Computing</a><br> D. O. Williams, page 77 onwards</li> <li><a href="https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Dates-and-locations-of-previous-CHEP-conferences_tbl1_354071646">Computing in High Energy & Nuclear Physics</a></li> <li><a href="http://cnlart.web.cern.ch/cnlart/2001/002/cnl_history/">Computing at CERN, once upon a time...</a></li> <li><a href="https://cerncourier.com/a/computing-at-cern-the-mainframe-era/">The Mainframe Era<span aria-label="(link is external)" class="ext"></span></a></li> <li><a href="https://actu.epfl.ch/news/le-superordinateur-cray-xmp-48/">CERN's Cray X-MP/48<span aria-label="(link is external)" class="ext"></span></a></li> <li><a href="https://sciencenode.org/spotlight/isgtw-statistic-week-250.php">CERN units<span aria-label="(link is external)" class="ext"></span></a></li> <li><a href="http://cds.cern.ch/record/1952534/files/35-37.pdf">A brief history of computing as seen in 1993</a></li> <li><a href="http://pcbunn.cacr.caltech.edu/jjb/nicesim.htm">First(?) volunteer computing model, 1994<span aria-label="(link is external)" class="ext"></span></a></li> <li><a href="http://it-dep-archive.web.cern.ch/it-dep-archive/cc2012/">CC Consolidation 2012</a></li> </ul> <h4 class="block-title">CERN Computer News Letters</h4> <p><a href="http://cds.cern.ch/collection/CNL%20Issues?ln=en">Archives going back to 1966</a></p> <h2>Video/Film</h2> <p><a href="https://cdsweb.cern.ch/record/43113">In the Heart of CERN</a>, 1967 (14mins onwards for computing-specific perspective)</p> <p><a href="https://cdsweb.cern.ch/record/43172">Control Data 6600</a>, 1965</p> <p><a href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=97XuKSfL25o">Computing at CERN in 1965</a></p> <p><a href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YJUZvMs30Uo">Day to Day Communications at CERN in 1974</a> (warning - unofficial video!)</p> <p><a href="http://cds.cern.ch/record/987339">SPS control system showing the first touch-screen</a>, 1975</p> <p><a href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=urFiv_PQ2FQ">Wim Klein (CERN's "Human Computer")</a> 1976</p> <p><a href="http://cdsweb.cern.ch/record/1043890">Data Processing at CERN</a>, 1988</p> <p><strong><em>(more <a href="http://cdsweb.cern.ch/search?ln=en&cc=Video+Movies&p=&f=&action_search=Search&c=Video+Movies&c=&sf=year&so=a&rm=&rg=100&sc=0&of=hvp">films from CDS</a> and some vintage <a href="http://cdsweb.cern.ch/record/42657">History of CERN 1952-2004</a>)</em></strong></p> <h2>From the time</h2> <p><a href="http://cdsweb.cern.ch/record/1292314/files/n-1.pdf">CERN Computer Newsletter, no. 1</a>, 15 February 1966</p> <p><a href="http://cdsweb.cern.ch/record/1050339/files/dd-74-35.pdf">The CERN Computer Centre</a>, 1974 (CERN Computer Newsletter)</p> <h3>Official reports/overviews</h3> <p> <a href="http://cds.cern.ch/record/98880">Computing at CERN in the LEP era</a>, May 1983 (also known as the "Green Book")</p> <p><a href="https://cds.cern.ch/record/184457">The MUSCLE Report: the computing needs of the LEP experiments</a>, 1988.</p> <h3>Networking</h3> <p><a href="http://cds.cern.ch/record/850597/files/Tech-Note-C1.pdf">CERNet - a computer-to-computer communications network</a>, 1977</p> <p><a href="http://library.web.cern.ch/library/content/ar/yellowrep/varia/annual_reports/1978_E_p87.pdf">CERNET and the Computer Centre</a>, 1978</p> <p><a href="http://library.web.cern.ch/library/content/ar/yellowrep/varia/annual_reports/1979_E_p85.pdf">Data Handling</a>, 1979</p> <p><a href="http://cds.cern.ch/record/135828">CERNET - a high-speed packet-switching network</a>, 1980</p> <p><a href="http://cds.cern.ch/record/122330?ln=en">Stella project</a>, 1980</p> <p><a href="https://cds.cern.ch/record/200175">HEPnet - Where we are and where are we going?</a>  B. Carpenter, F. Fluckiger, 1989</p> <h3>Software/programming</h3> <p><a href="http://cernlib.web.cern.ch/cernlib/">CERN Program Library</a> (CERNLib)</p> <p><a href="http://paw.web.cern.ch/paw/">Physics Analysis Workstation</a> (PAW)</p> <p><a href="http://adamo.web.cern.ch/Adamo/">Adamo</a> (originally developed for the ALEPH experiment at LEP)</p> <h3>Data Aquisition, hardware</h3> <p><a href="http://cds.cern.ch/record/215832">CERN, emulators and parallel-processing compute servers</a>, 1990</p> <div> <h3>CERN Data Centre Hardware</h3> <p><a href="http://ref.web.cern.ch/ref/CERN/CNL/2001/001/shift/">A SHIFT in outlook: IBM and Cray mainframes replaced by nasty distributed Unix boxes</a> by Ben Segal, 2001</p> <p><a href="http://ref.web.cern.ch/ref/CERN/CNL/2001/001/cdc6600/">The Control Data 6600</a> by Julian Blake, 2001</p> <p><a href="https://cerncourier.com/a/the-first-capacitative-touch-screens-at-cern/">The first capacitative touch screens</a>, Bent Stumpe and Christine Sutton</p> <p><a href="https://cds.cern.ch/record/1490575?ln=en">The Evolution of CERN's Capacitive Touchscreen : from control room to mainstream,</a><b> </b>Henriksen, Benjamin (IT U. Copenhagen), 2012</p> <p><a href="http://ref.web.cern.ch/ref/CERN/CNL/2001/001/mainframes/">Once upon a time... The Mainframe Era</a> by Eric Macintosh, 2001</p> <p><a href="http://ref.web.cern.ch/ref/CERN/CNL/2001/001/ops/">Nostalgia for the Computer Centre,</a> Roger Woolnough, 2001</p> <p><a href="https://cds.cern.ch/record/1056959?ln=en">History of databases in HEP</a> Jamie Shiers, 2008 </p> <p><a href="http://3dmetricsdotme.files.wordpress.com/2013/04/13-05-02-cern-presentation-spoonley.pdf">Computer Operations at CERN 1962-1970</a>, Neil Spoonley, 2013</p> <p> </p> <h3>Software & Applications</h3> <p><a href="http://ref.web.cern.ch/ref/CERN/CNL/2001/001/programming/">Programming languages over the years</a> by Julian Blake, 2001</p> <p><a href="https://ref.web.cern.ch/ref/CERN/CNL/2001/001/cernlib/">A brief history of CERNLib</a>, Ian Mclaren, 2001</p> <p><a href="https://ref.web.cern.ch/ref/CERN/CNL/2001/001/paw/">The PAW history Seen by the CNLs</a>, 2001</p> <p><a href="https://ref.web.cern.ch/ref/CERN/CNL/2001/001/sdt_history/">Old Things and News in SDT</a> [Software Development Tools], Eric Poinsignon, 2001</p> <p><a href="https://ref.web.cern.ch/ref/CERN/CNL/2001/001/euclid/">Euclid, the Beginnings of Computer Aided Design</a>, Mik Ferran,  N.Høimyr,  I. Seis, 2001</p> <p><a href="https://ref.web.cern.ch/ref/CERN/CNL/2001/001/package/">The Design and Implementation of Large Packages: Hbook, GEANT3, PAW, ROOT</a>, Rene Brun, 2001</p> <h3>Networking, Internet and World Wide Web</h3> <p><a href="https://cds.cern.ch/record/1141328?ln=en">From the Web to the Grid and beyond : computing paradigms driven by high-energy physics</a>, <a href="https://cds.cern.ch/search?f=author&p=Brun%2C%20Ren%C3%A9&ln=en">Brun, René</a> (ed) (CERN) ; <a href="https://cds.cern.ch/search?f=author&p=Carminati%2C%20Federico&ln=en">Carminati, Federico</a> (ed) (CERN) ; <a href="https://cds.cern.ch/search?f=author&p=Galli-Carminati%2C%20Giuliana&ln=en">Galli-Carminati, Giuliana</a> (ed), 2012.</p> <p><a href="http://cds.cern.ch/record/850597/files/Tech-Note-C1.pdf">CERNET - a computer-to-computer communications network</a>, 1977</p> <p><a href="http://library.web.cern.ch/library/content/ar/yellowrep/varia/annual_reports/1978_E_p87.pdf">CERNET and the Computer Centre</a>, 1978</p> <p><a href="http://home.cern/topics/birth-web">Birth of the Web (overview)</a></p> </div> <p><a href="http://ben.home.cern.ch/ben/TCPHIST.html" style="line-height: 20.8px;">History of Internet Protocols at CERN</a>, Ben Segal, 1995</p> <p><a href="https://fluckiger.web.cern.ch/Fluckiger/Articles/F.Fluckiger-The_European_Researchers_Network.pdf">The European Researchers' Network</a>, Francois Fluckiger in "La Recherche", Issue no. 328, February 2000</p> <p><a href="https://fluckiger.web.cern.ch/Fluckiger/Articles/F.Fluckiger-CERN_and_the_Creation_of_RIPE.pdf">CERN's contribution to the Internet</a><span style="line-height: 20.8px;">, Francois Fluckiger, 2009</span></p> <p><span style="line-height: 20.8px;"><a href="http://ictconsulting.ch/reports/european-research-internet-history.pdf">The "hidden" Prehistory of European Research Networking</a>, Olivier Martin, 2012</span></p> <p><a href="http://home.cern/cern-people/opinion/2013/06/how-internet-came-cern">How the Internet Came to CERN</a>, Francois Fluckiger, 2013</p> <p><a href="http://home.cern/cern-people/opinion/2014/04/internet-prehistory-cern">Internet Pre-history at CERN</a>, Ben Segal, 2014</p> <p><a href="https://home.cern/cern-people/opinion/2014/03/minimising-muddle">Minimising the Muddle</a>, Peggie Rimmer, 2014</p> <p><a href="https://home.cern/cern-people/opinion/2014/03/good-old-bitnet-and-rise-world-wide-web">Good old Bitnet, and the rise of the World Wide Web</a>, Richard Jacobsen, 2014</p> <p>Internet Hall of Fame nominations: <a href="http://home.cern/about/updates/2014/04/cerns-ben-segal-joins-internet-hall-fame">Ben Segal</a> and <a href="http://home.cern/about/updates/2013/06/cerns-fluckiger-joins-internet-hall-fame">Francois Fluckiger</a></p> <p><em>See also the <a href="http://www.internethalloffame.org/">Internet Hall of Fame</a> for a global view of the history of the internet.</em></p> </div> </div> </article> <section id="block-cern-overwrite-block-7" class="settings-tray-editable block block-block-content block-block-content4efec542-1ae3-4ff1-a17d-f9313510d9f0 clearfix" data-drupal-settingstray="editable"> <h2 class="block-title">Photos from...</h2> <div class="layout layout--twocol"> <div class="layout__region layout__region--top"> <div class="field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field--item"><p><a href="https://it-archives-d8.web.cern.ch/">IT Archive Galleries</a> | <a href="https://cds.cern.ch/search?ln=en&cc=Photos&p=IBM&action_search=Search&op1=a&m1=a&p1=&f1=&c=Photos&c=PhotoLab+Archives&c=PhotoLab+Archives+Images&c=&sf=&so=a&rm=&rg=100&sc=1&of=hb">IBM at CERN</a></p> <p><a href="http://cdsweb.cern.ch/search?ln=en&p=computer+1958&action_search=Search&op1=a&m1=a&p1=&f1=&c=Photos&c=&sf=&so=d&rm=&rg=10&sc=1&of=hb">1958</a> | <a href="http://cdsweb.cern.ch/search?ln=en&p=computer+1960&action_search=Search&op1=a&m1=a&p1=&f1=&c=Photos&c=&sf=&so=d&rm=&rg=100&sc=1&of=hb">1960</a> | <a href="http://cdsweb.cern.ch/search?ln=en&p=computer+1961&action_search=Search&op1=a&m1=a&p1=&f1=&c=Photos&c=&sf=&so=d&rm=&rg=100&sc=1&of=hb">1961</a> | <a href="http://cdsweb.cern.ch/search?ln=en&p=computer+1963&action_search=Search&op1=a&m1=a&p1=&f1=&c=Photos&c=&sf=&so=d&rm=&rg=100&sc=1&of=hb">1963</a> | <a href="http://cdsweb.cern.ch/search?ln=en&p=computer+1964&action_search=Search&op1=a&m1=a&p1=&f1=&c=Photos&c=&sf=&so=d&rm=&rg=100&sc=1&of=hb">1964</a>  | <a href="http://cdsweb.cern.ch/search?ln=en&p=computer+1965&action_search=Search&op1=a&m1=a&p1=&f1=&c=Photos&c=&sf=&so=d&rm=&rg=100&sc=1&of=hb">1965</a>  | <a href="http://cdsweb.cern.ch/search?ln=en&p=computer+1966&action_search=Search&op1=a&m1=a&p1=&f1=&c=Photos&c=&sf=&so=d&rm=&rg=100&sc=1&of=hb">1966</a>  |  <a href="http://cdsweb.cern.ch/search?ln=en&p=computer%2C1967&f=&action_search=Search&c=Photos&c=&sf=&so=d&rm=&rg=10&sc=1&of=hb">1967</a> | <a href="http://cdsweb.cern.ch/search?ln=en&p=computer+1968&action_search=Search&op1=a&m1=a&p1=&f1=&c=Photos&c=&sf=&so=d&rm=&rg=100&sc=1&of=hb">1968</a> | <a href="http://cds.cern.ch/record/763914">1968+</a>  | <a href="http://cdsweb.cern.ch/search?ln=en&p=computer+1969&action_search=Search&op1=a&m1=a&p1=&f1=&c=Photos&c=&sf=&so=d&rm=&rg=100&sc=1&of=hb">1969</a> |<br> <a href="http://cdsweb.cern.ch/search?ln=en&p=computer+1970&action_search=Search&op1=a&m1=a&p1=&f1=&c=Photos&c=&sf=&so=d&rm=&rg=100&sc=1&of=hb">1970</a> | <a href="http://cdsweb.cern.ch/search?ln=en&p=computer+1971&action_search=Search&op1=a&m1=a&p1=&f1=&c=Photos&c=&sf=&so=d&rm=&rg=100&sc=1&of=hb">1971</a> | <a href="http://cdsweb.cern.ch/search?ln=en&p=computer%2C1972&f=&action_search=Search&c=Photos&c=&sf=&so=d&rm=&rg=10&sc=1&of=hb">1972</a> | <a href="http://cdsweb.cern.ch/search?ln=en&p=computer%2C1973&f=&action_search=Search&c=Photos&c=&sf=&so=d&rm=&rg=10&sc=1&of=hb">1973</a> | <a href="http://cdsweb.cern.ch/search?ln=en&p=computer%2C1974&f=&action_search=Search&c=Photos&c=&sf=&so=d&rm=&rg=10&sc=1&of=hb">1974</a> | <a href="http://cdsweb.cern.ch/search?ln=en&p=computer%2C1975&f=&action_search=Search&c=Photos&c=&sf=&so=d&rm=&rg=10&sc=1&of=hb">1975</a> | <a href="http://cdsweb.cern.ch/search?ln=en&p=computer%2C1976&f=&action_search=Search&c=Photos&c=&sf=&so=d&rm=&rg=10&sc=1&of=hb">1976</a> | <a href="http://cdsweb.cern.ch/search?ln=en&p=computer+1977&action_search=Search&op1=a&m1=a&p1=&f1=&c=Photos&c=&sf=&so=d&rm=&rg=100&sc=1&of=hb">1977</a> | <a href="http://cdsweb.cern.ch/search?ln=en&p=computer+1978&action_search=Search&op1=a&m1=a&p1=&f1=&c=Photos&c=&sf=&so=d&rm=&rg=100&sc=1&of=hb">1978</a> | <a href="http://cdsweb.cern.ch/search?ln=en&p=computer%2C1979&f=&action_search=Search&c=Photos&c=&sf=&so=d&rm=&rg=10&sc=1&of=hb">1979</a><br>  </p> <p><a 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