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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Description</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Description-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Description subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Description-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Spring_and_reservoir" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Spring_and_reservoir"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Spring and reservoir</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Spring_and_reservoir-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-North_channel" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#North_channel"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>North channel</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-North_channel-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tunnel_of_Eupalinos" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tunnel_of_Eupalinos"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Tunnel of Eupalinos</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tunnel_of_Eupalinos-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Southern_channel" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Southern_channel"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Southern channel</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Southern_channel-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Surveying_techniques_and_construction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Surveying_techniques_and_construction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Surveying techniques and construction</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Surveying_techniques_and_construction-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Surveying techniques and construction subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Surveying_techniques_and_construction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Meeting_point" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Meeting_point"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Meeting point</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Meeting_point-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-In_the_horizontal_plane" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_the_horizontal_plane"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.1</span> <span>In the horizontal plane</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_the_horizontal_plane-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_the_vertical_plane" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_the_vertical_plane"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.2</span> <span>In the vertical plane</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_the_vertical_plane-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rediscovery_and_excavation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rediscovery_and_excavation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Rediscovery and excavation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rediscovery_and_excavation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Literature</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> 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class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Tunnel of Eupalinos</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 21 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-21" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">21 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%81%D9%82_%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%A8%D9%8A%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B3" title="نفق يوبيلينوس – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="نفق يوبيلينوس" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evpalin_tuneli" title="Evpalin tuneli – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Evpalin tuneli" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%BAnel_d%27Eupal%C3%AD" title="Túnel d'Eupalí – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Túnel d'Eupalí" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunnel_des_Eupalinos" title="Tunnel des Eupalinos – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Tunnel des Eupalinos" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%95%CF%85%CF%80%CE%B1%CE%BB%CE%AF%CE%BD%CE%B5%CE%B9%CE%BF_%CF%8C%CF%81%CF%85%CE%B3%CE%BC%CE%B1" title="Ευπαλίνειο όρυγμα – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ευπαλίνειο όρυγμα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%BAnel_de_Eupalino" title="Túnel de Eupalino – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Túnel de Eupalino" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%BE%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B3" title="اوپالینوس – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="اوپالینوس" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunnel_d%27Eupalinos" title="Tunnel d'Eupalinos – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Tunnel d'Eupalinos" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terowongan_Eupalinos" title="Terowongan Eupalinos – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Terowongan Eupalinos" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acquedotto_di_Eupalino" title="Acquedotto di Eupalino – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Acquedotto di Eupalino" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Szamoszi_alag%C3%BAt" title="Szamoszi alagút – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Szamoszi alagút" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunel_Eupalinosa" title="Tunel Eupalinosa – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Tunel Eupalinosa" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aqueduto_de_Eupalinos" title="Aqueduto de Eupalinos – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Aqueduto de Eupalinos" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%B2%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2_%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Эвпалинов тоннель – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Эвпалинов тоннель" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eupalinov_tunel" title="Eupalinov tunel – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Eupalinov tunel" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evpalinov_tunel" title="Evpalinov tunel – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Evpalinov tunel" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eupalinoksen_tunneli" title="Eupalinoksen tunneli – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Eupalinoksen tunneli" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eupalinos_tunnel" title="Eupalinos tunnel – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Eupalinos tunnel" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AF%E0%AF%82%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%99%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%88" title="யூபலினோசின் சுரங்கப்பாதை – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="யூபலினோசின் சுரங்கப்பாதை" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%82%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Самоський тунель – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Самоський тунель" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%90%A8%E6%91%A9%E6%96%AF%E9%9A%A7%E9%81%93" title="萨摩斯隧道 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="萨摩斯隧道" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q955894#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul 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.latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Tunnel_of_Eupalinos&params=37.694_N_26.93_E_type:landmark"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">37°41′38″N</span> <span class="longitude">26°55′48″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">37.694°N 26.930°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">37.694; 26.930</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">UNESCO World Heritage Site in Greece</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">Tunnel of Eupalinos</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Eupalinian_aqueduct.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Eupalinian_aqueduct.JPG/220px-Eupalinian_aqueduct.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Eupalinian_aqueduct.JPG/330px-Eupalinian_aqueduct.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Eupalinian_aqueduct.JPG/440px-Eupalinian_aqueduct.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1632" data-file-height="1224" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Inside one of the most spacious parts of the Eupalinian aqueduct</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #eee;">Overview</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Location</th><td class="infobox-data label"><a href="/wiki/Samos_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Samos Island">Samos Island</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system" title="Geographic coordinate system">Coordinates</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Tunnel_of_Eupalinos&params=37.694_N_26.93_E_type:landmark"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">37°41′38″N</span> <span class="longitude">26°55′48″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">37.694°N 26.930°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">37.694; 26.930</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Status</th><td class="infobox-data">Open</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #eee;">Operation</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Opened</th><td class="infobox-data">circa 6th century BCE</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #eee;">Technical</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Design engineer</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Eupalinos" title="Eupalinos">Eupalinos</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Length</th><td class="infobox-data">1036 m</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151960987">body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox table{display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox caption{display:table-caption}</style> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><div style="border:4px solid #0177D3; line-height: 1.5; text-align: center;"> <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site" title="World Heritage Site">UNESCO World Heritage Site</a></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.3em;">Part of</th><td class="infobox-data">Pythagoreion and <a href="/wiki/Heraion_of_Samos" title="Heraion of Samos">Heraion of Samos</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.3em;"><a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site#Selection_criteria" title="World Heritage Site">Criteria</a></th><td class="infobox-data category">Cultural: (ii)(iii)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.3em;">Reference</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/595-001">595-001</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.3em;">Inscription</th><td class="infobox-data">1992 (16th <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Committee" title="World Heritage Committee">Session</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.3em;">Area</th><td class="infobox-data category">285.9 ha (706 acres)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.3em;">Buffer zone</th><td class="infobox-data category">402.25 ha (994.0 acres)</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Tunnel of Eupalinos</b> or <b>Eupalinian aqueduct</b> (<a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a>: <span lang="el">Ευπαλίνιον όρυγμα</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Greek" title="Romanization of Greek">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Greek-language romanization"><i lang="el-Latn">Efpalinion orygma</i></span>) is a <a href="/wiki/Tunnel" title="Tunnel">tunnel</a> of 1,036 m (3,399 ft) length running through Mount Kastro in <a href="/wiki/Samos_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Samos Island">Samos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a>, built in the 6th century BC to serve as an <a href="/wiki/Aqueduct_(water_supply)" title="Aqueduct (water supply)">aqueduct</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-AqueductEvolution_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AqueductEvolution-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The tunnel is the second known tunnel in history which was excavated from both ends (<a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Greek language">Ancient Greek</a>: <span lang="grc">ἀμφίστομον</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Ancient_Greek" class="mw-redirect" title="Romanization of Ancient Greek">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Ancient Greek-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">amphistomon</i></span>, "having two openings"), and the first with a geometry-based approach in doing so.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Today it is a popular tourist attraction. The tunnel is inscribed on the <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a> <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_List" class="mw-redirect" title="World Heritage List">World Heritage List</a> along with the nearby <a href="/wiki/Pythagoreion" title="Pythagoreion">Pythagoreion</a> and <a href="/wiki/Heraion_of_Samos" title="Heraion of Samos">Heraion of Samos</a>, and it was designated as an <a href="/wiki/List_of_Historic_Civil_Engineering_Landmarks" title="List of Historic Civil Engineering Landmarks">International Historic Civil Engineering Landmark</a> in 2017.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-unesco_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-unesco-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_history">Early history</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tunnel_of_Eupalinos&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tunnel_of_Eupalinos.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Tunnel_of_Eupalinos.jpg/220px-Tunnel_of_Eupalinos.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Tunnel_of_Eupalinos.jpg/330px-Tunnel_of_Eupalinos.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Tunnel_of_Eupalinos.jpg/440px-Tunnel_of_Eupalinos.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Inside the aqueduct</figcaption></figure> <p>The Eupalinian aqueduct is described by <a href="/wiki/Herodotus" title="Herodotus">Herodotus</a> (<i>Histories</i> 3.60): </p> <dl><dd>I have dwelt longer upon the history of the Samians than I should otherwise have done, because they are responsible for three of the greatest building and engineering feats in the Greek world: the first is a tunnel nearly a mile long, eight feet wide and eight feet high, driven clean through the base of a hill nine hundred feet in height. The whole length of it carries a second cutting thirty feet deep and three broad, along which water from an abundant source is led through pipes into the town. This was the work of a Megarian named Eupalinus, son of Naustrophus.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <p>The tunnel might also be referred to in the <a href="/wiki/Homeric_Hymn" class="mw-redirect" title="Homeric Hymn">Homeric Hymn</a> to <a href="/wiki/Apollo" title="Apollo">Apollo</a>, which mentions "watered Samos."<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The tunnel was dug in the mid-6th century BC, by two groups working under the direction of the engineer <a href="/wiki/Eupalinos" title="Eupalinos">Eupalinos</a> from <a href="/wiki/Megara" title="Megara">Megara</a>, in order to supply the ancient capital of Samos (today called <a href="/wiki/Pythagoreion" title="Pythagoreion">Pythagoreion</a>) with fresh water. This was necessary for demographic reasons: the city of Samos had outgrown the capacity of the wells and cisterns within the city's limits, but the main source of fresh water on the island was on the other side of Mount Kastro from the city. It was of the utmost defensive importance; because the aqueduct ran underground, it could not easily be found by an enemy, who might otherwise cut off the water supply. The date of construction is not entirely clear. Herodotus mentions the tunnel in the context of his account of the tyrant <a href="/wiki/Polycrates" title="Polycrates">Polycrates</a>, who ruled c. 540–522 BC, but he does not explicitly say that Polycrates was responsible for its construction. Aideen Carty suggests that it should be connected with the regime that overthrew the <a href="/wiki/Geomori_(Samos)" title="Geomori (Samos)">Geomori</a> in the early sixth century BC, which granted citizenship to a large number of Megarians, perhaps including Eupalinos.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Eupalinian aqueduct was used as an aqueduct for 1100 years, before it began to silt up. In the seventh century AD, the south end was used as a defensive refuge.<sup id="cite_ref-Kienast_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kienast-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 16 & 35">: 16 & 35 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Description">Description</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tunnel_of_Eupalinos&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Description"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Spring_and_reservoir">Spring and reservoir</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tunnel_of_Eupalinos&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Spring and reservoir"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The tunnel took water from an inland <a href="/wiki/Spring_(hydrosphere)" class="mw-redirect" title="Spring (hydrosphere)">spring</a>, located about 52 metres (171 ft) above sea level near the modern village of Ayiades. It discharges about 400 m<sup>3</sup> of water per day. This spring was covered over. Two rectangular openings, each measuring 28 by 26 centimetres (11 by 10 in), feed the water into a large reservoir with a roughly elliptical ground plan. Fifteen large stone pillars support a roof of massive stone slabs. The spring was thus completely concealed from enemies. The construction of this reservoir seems to have caused the outlet of the spring to subside by several metres. At some point before the nineteenth century, a church dedicated to St John was built over the top of this reservoir, further hiding the spring's location.<sup id="cite_ref-Kienast_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kienast-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 17–20">: 17–20 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="North_channel">North channel</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tunnel_of_Eupalinos&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: North channel"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>From the spring, a buried channel winds along the hillside to the northern tunnel mouth. The channel is 890 metres (2,920 ft) long, although the distance from the spring to the tunnel mouth as the crow flies is only 370 metres (1,210 ft). The channel is 60–70 centimetres (24–28 in) wide and about 5 metres (16 ft) deep. After it had been cut out of the bedrock, it was covered over with stone slabs and then buried. There are inspection shafts at regular intervals along the channel's course. The last 150 metres (490 ft) of this channel pass under a small hill. Vertical shafts were dug from the surface at intervals of 30–50 metres (98–164 ft) and then linked up to create a short tunnel, which brings the water.<sup id="cite_ref-Kienast_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kienast-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 20–22">: 20–22 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tunnel_of_Eupalinos">Tunnel of Eupalinos</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tunnel_of_Eupalinos&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Tunnel of Eupalinos"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tunnel_of_Eupalinos_04.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Tunnel_of_Eupalinos_04.jpg/220px-Tunnel_of_Eupalinos_04.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Tunnel_of_Eupalinos_04.jpg/330px-Tunnel_of_Eupalinos_04.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Tunnel_of_Eupalinos_04.jpg/440px-Tunnel_of_Eupalinos_04.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1728" data-file-height="2304" /></a><figcaption>Reinforced section of the tunnel, with pointed roof and polygonal masonry walls</figcaption></figure> <p>The tunnel through Mount Kastro carried the water for a distance of 1,036 metres (3,399 ft). The tunnel is generally 1.8 by 1.8 metres (5.9 by 5.9 ft). The southern half of the tunnel was dug to larger dimensions than the northern half, which in places is just wide enough for one person to squeeze through. The southern half, by contrast, benefits from being dug through a more stable rock stratum.<sup id="cite_ref-Kienast_8-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kienast-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 22–24">: 22–24 </span></sup> In three sections, a pointed roof of stone slabs was installed to prevent rockfalls. Two of these sections, covering 153 metres (502 ft), are near the north end of the tunnel; the third section is 12 metres (39 ft) at the southern end of the tunnel. The walls of the tunnel were also faced with masonry in these sections, using polygonal masonry at the south end and large slabs at the northern end. In the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Greece" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Greece">Roman Imperial period</a>, <a href="/wiki/Barrel_vault" title="Barrel vault">barrel vaults</a> were built with small stones and plaster to reinforce other sections of the tunnel.<sup id="cite_ref-Kienast_8-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kienast-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 28–31">: 28–31 </span></sup> </p><p>The width of the tunnel means that there would have been space for only two diggers to work at a time. To speed up the process, the tunnel was dug from both ends simultaneously. H. J. Kienast calculates that such workers would have been able to dig out 12–15 centimetres (4.7–5.9 in) of stone per day, meaning that the entire tunnel took at least eight years to dig.<sup id="cite_ref-Kienast_8-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kienast-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 22–24">: 22–24 </span></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:EfpalineioTunnels.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/EfpalineioTunnels.png/150px-EfpalineioTunnels.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="265" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/EfpalineioTunnels.png/225px-EfpalineioTunnels.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/94/EfpalineioTunnels.png 2x" data-file-width="263" data-file-height="465" /></a><figcaption>Cross-section of the tunnel (1), with the water channel containing the actual water-pipe (2), and a vertical shaft linking the two (3)</figcaption></figure> <p>The floor of the tunnel is nearly horizontal and roughly 3 metres (9.8 ft) above the level of the water at its source. Apparently, the subsidence at the spring lowered the level of the water after work had begun, leaving the tunnel too high. A separate channel had to be dug below the east half of the tunnel to carry the water itself. It increases in depth over the course of the tunnel, from 4 metres (13 ft) m deep at the north end to 8.5 metres (28 ft) at the southern end. Vertical shafts link this channel to the main tunnel roughly every ten metres. These were dug from the tunnel and then linked together to create the channel; once construction was finished, they served as inspection shafts. Debris from this channel was simply dumped in the main tunnel.<sup id="cite_ref-Kienast_8-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kienast-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 24–27">: 24–27 </span></sup> </p><p>A number of symbols and letters painted on the wall testify to a wide range of measurements. Three of them (Κ, Ε, and ΚΒ on the east wall), clearly mark the points where vertical shafts were cut. On the west wall, there are letters in alphabetical order at a regular interval of 20.59 metres (67.6 ft), which indicate that this was the basic unit of measurement used by Eupalinos (it is one fiftieth of the planned course through the mountain). The meanings of the other symbols have not yet been determined.<sup id="cite_ref-Kienast_8-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kienast-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 47–51">: 47–51 </span></sup> </p><p>Within the channel, the water was transported in a pipe made from terracotta sections, which were 72 centimetres (28 in) long and 26 centimetres (10 in) in diameter. The full pipe must have required around 5,000 of these sections. They were joined to one another with lime mortar. The top quarter of the pipes was cut open to allow sediment and other detritus to be removed, so that the aqueduct did not silt up. A break in the pipe near the north entrance of tunnel led to large amounts of mud entering the pipe, which had to be cleared out regularly.<sup id="cite_ref-Kienast_8-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kienast-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 31–35">: 31–35 </span></sup> </p><p>In the seventh century AD, when the aqueduct had ceased to operate, the southern section of the tunnel was converted to serve as refuge. This included the construction of a cistern 400 metres (1,300 ft) from the southern entrance to collect water dripping from a vein in the rock.<sup id="cite_ref-Kienast_8-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kienast-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 35–36">: 35–36 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Southern_channel">Southern channel</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tunnel_of_Eupalinos&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Southern channel"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Shortly before the southern mouth of the tunnel, the water channel diverges from the main tunnel and heads through the rock in a hidden channel like that to the north of the tunnel, which is buried just below the surface of the ground. It carries the water eastwards to the town of Pythagoreion. Only about 500 metres (1,600 ft) of this channel have been excavated, but its total length must have been around 1,000 metres (3,300 ft). Two monumental fountains on the hillside inside the city seem to be on the line of this channel. They contained a reservoir and basins from which people could collect the water and carry it to their homes.<sup id="cite_ref-Kienast_8-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kienast-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 17–18, 24–25">: 17–18, 24–25 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Surveying_techniques_and_construction">Surveying techniques and construction</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tunnel_of_Eupalinos&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Surveying techniques and construction"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In order to align the two tunnels, Eupalinos first constructed a "mountain line", running over the top of the mountain at the easiest part of the summit even though this gave a non-optimal position both for feeding water into the tunnel and for water delivery to the city. He connected a “south line” to the mountain line at the south side going straight into the mountain, which formed the south tunnel. At the north side a “north line” is connected to the mountain line, guiding the cut into the mountain from the north side.<sup id="cite_ref-Olson_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Olson-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As the workers dug, they checked that their course remained straight by making sightings back towards the entrance of the tunnel. This is shown by a point in the southern half of the tunnel where the course accidentally diverged to the west and had to be corrected; a notch has been cut out of the rock on the inside of the curve, in order to restore the sight line.<sup id="cite_ref-Kienast_8-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kienast-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 41–42">: 41–42 </span></sup> </p><p>After 273 metres (896 ft) from the northern end, an area full of water, weak rock and mud forced Eupalinos to modify his plan and direct the tunnel to the west. When leaving the line Eupalinos planned his diversion as an <a href="/wiki/Isosceles" class="mw-redirect" title="Isosceles">isosceles</a> triangle, with angles 22.5, 45, and 22.5 degrees. Measuring errors occurred and Eupalinos slightly overshot. When this was realised, the north tunnel was redirected to the east once more. The cutting of the south tunnel was completely straight, but stopped after 390 metres (1,280 ft).<sup id="cite_ref-Olson_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Olson-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Kienast_8-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kienast-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 46 & 52–55">: 46 & 52–55 </span></sup> </p><p>Eupalinos used a unit of 20.59 metres (67.6 ft) for distance measurements and a unit of 7.5 degrees (1/12 of a right angle) for setting out directions.<sup id="cite_ref-Olson_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Olson-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Kienast_8-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kienast-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 52–55">: 52–55 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Meeting_point">Meeting point</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tunnel_of_Eupalinos&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Meeting point"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The north and south halves of the tunnel meet in the middle of the mountain at a dog-leg, a technique to assure they did not miss each other (This method is documented by Hermann J. Kienast and other researchers). In planning the dig, Eupalinos used now well-known principles of <a href="/wiki/Geometry" title="Geometry">geometry</a>, codified by <a href="/wiki/Euclid" title="Euclid">Euclid</a> several centuries later. With a length of 1,036 metres (3,399 ft), the Eupalinian subterranean aqueduct is famous today as one of the masterpieces of ancient engineering. When the two tunnels reach within earshot, which can be estimated for this type of rock to approximate 12 metres (39 ft), the tunnels could be directed towards each other, but a high level of accuracy was required to reach that point. Errors in measurement and staking could cause Eupalinos to miss the meeting point of the two teams, either horizontally or vertically. He therefore employed the following techniques. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="In_the_horizontal_plane">In the horizontal plane</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tunnel_of_Eupalinos&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: In the horizontal plane"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Eupalinos calculated the expected position of the meeting point in the mountain. Since two parallel lines never meet, an error of more than two metres (6.6 ft) horizontally meant that the north and south tunnels would never meet. Therefore, Eupalinos changed the direction of both tunnels, as shown in the picture (the north tunnel to its left and the south tunnel to its right). This gave a catching width that was wider by 17 metres (56 ft), so that a crossing point would be guaranteed, even if the tunnels were previously parallel and far away. They thus meet at nearly a right angle.<sup id="cite_ref-Kienast_8-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kienast-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 43–44, 52–55">: 43–44, 52–55 </span></sup> </p><p><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Eupalinos_horizontal.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Vertical cross section of Eupalinos' design of the aqueduct"><img alt="Vertical cross section of Eupalinos' design of the aqueduct" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Eupalinos_horizontal.svg/417px-Eupalinos_horizontal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="417" height="38" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Eupalinos_horizontal.svg/626px-Eupalinos_horizontal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Eupalinos_horizontal.svg/834px-Eupalinos_horizontal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="417" data-file-height="38" /></a></span> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="In_the_vertical_plane">In the vertical plane</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tunnel_of_Eupalinos&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: In the vertical plane"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>At the start of work, Eupalinos levelled around the mountain probably following a contour line in order to ensure that both tunnels were started at the same altitude. The possibility of vertical deviations in the process of excavation remained, however. He increased the possibility of the two tunnels meeting each other, by increasing the height of both tunnels at the point near the join. In the north tunnel he kept the floor horizontal and increased the height of the roof by 2.5 metres (8.2 ft), while in the south tunnel he kept the roof horizontal and lowered the level of the floor by 0.6 metres (2.0 ft). His precautions as to vertical deviation proved unnecessary, however, since measurements show that there was very little error. At the rendezvous, the closing error in altitude for the two tunnels was a few decimeters.<sup id="cite_ref-Olson_9-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Olson-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Kienast_8-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kienast-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 40 & 56–57">: 40 & 56–57 </span></sup> </p><p><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Eupalinos_vertical.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Horizontal cross section of Eupalinos' design of the aqueduct"><img alt="Horizontal cross section of Eupalinos' design of the aqueduct" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Eupalinos_vertical.svg/414px-Eupalinos_vertical.svg.png" decoding="async" width="414" height="38" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Eupalinos_vertical.svg/621px-Eupalinos_vertical.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Eupalinos_vertical.svg/828px-Eupalinos_vertical.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="414" data-file-height="38" /></a></span> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:End_sign_eupalinian_aqueduct.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/End_sign_eupalinian_aqueduct.JPG/220px-End_sign_eupalinian_aqueduct.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/End_sign_eupalinian_aqueduct.JPG/330px-End_sign_eupalinian_aqueduct.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/End_sign_eupalinian_aqueduct.JPG/440px-End_sign_eupalinian_aqueduct.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1632" data-file-height="1224" /></a><figcaption>The sign at the end of the part of the Eupalinian aqueduct that is open to the public</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Rediscovery_and_excavation">Rediscovery and excavation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tunnel_of_Eupalinos&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Rediscovery and excavation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Scholars began searching for the tunnel in the 19th century, inspired by the reference to it in Herodotus. The French archaeologist, <a href="/wiki/Victor_Gu%C3%A9rin" title="Victor Guérin">Victor Guérin</a> identified the spring that feeds the aqueduct in 1853 and the beginnings of the channel. In 1882, work began on clearing the tunnel with the goal of bringing it back into use. This proved too difficult and the effort was called off, but it allowed <a href="/wiki/Ernst_Fabricius" title="Ernst Fabricius">Ernst Fabricius</a> to investigate the tunnel on behalf of the <a href="/wiki/German_Archaeological_Institute" title="German Archaeological Institute">German Archaeological Institute</a>. He published the results in 1884 as "<span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Die Wasserleitung des Eupalinos</i></span>."<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Full excavations of the tunnel were carried out by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ulf_Jantzen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ulf Jantzen (page does not exist)">Ulf Jantzen</a> from 1971–1973, who finally cleared the full length of the tunnel, which had become filled with silt. A full survey of the tunnel with detailed <a href="/wiki/Geodesy" title="Geodesy">geodetic</a> measurements was carried out by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hermann_J._Kienast&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hermann J. Kienast (page does not exist)">Hermann J. Kienast</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Kienast_8-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kienast-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 14–16">: 14–16 </span></sup> Portions of the tunnel are open to the public. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tunnel_of_Eupalinos&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-AqueductEvolution-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-AqueductEvolution_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFAndreas_Nikolaos_AngelakisLarry_W._MaysDemetris_Koutsoyiannis2012" class="citation book cs1">Andreas Nikolaos Angelakis; Larry W. Mays; Demetris Koutsoyiannis (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WxXu83RxSNwC&q=Eupalinos+aqueduct&pg=PA264"><i>Evolution of Water Supply Through the Millennia</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/IWA_Publishing" class="mw-redirect" title="IWA Publishing">IWA Publishing</a>. pp. 85–87, 264, 355, 407. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781843395409" title="Special:BookSources/9781843395409"><bdi>9781843395409</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Evolution+of+Water+Supply+Through+the+Millennia&rft.pages=85-87%2C+264%2C+355%2C+407&rft.pub=IWA+Publishing&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=9781843395409&rft.au=Andreas+Nikolaos+Angelakis&rft.au=Larry+W.+Mays&rft.au=Demetris+Koutsoyiannis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWxXu83RxSNwC%26q%3DEupalinos%2Baqueduct%26pg%3DPA264&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATunnel+of+Eupalinos" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The oldest known tunnel at which two teams advanced simultaneously is the <a href="/wiki/Siloam_tunnel" title="Siloam tunnel">Siloam tunnel</a> in Jerusalem, completed around 700 BC. It has been posited that it was dug by maintaining depths close enough to the surface of the solid karst that the diggers could hear loud banging from the surface guiding the two teams towards one another. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrumkinShimron2006" class="citation journal cs1">Frumkin, Amos; Shimron, Aryeh (2006). "Tunnel engineering in the Iron Age: Geoarchaeology of the Siloam Tunnel, Jerusalem". <i>Journal of Archaeological Science</i>. <b>33</b> (2): 227–237. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2006JArSc..33..227F">2006JArSc..33..227F</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jas.2005.07.018">10.1016/j.jas.2005.07.018</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Archaeological+Science&rft.atitle=Tunnel+engineering+in+the+Iron+Age%3A+Geoarchaeology+of+the+Siloam+Tunnel%2C+Jerusalem&rft.volume=33&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=227-237&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.jas.2005.07.018&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2006JArSc..33..227F&rft.aulast=Frumkin&rft.aufirst=Amos&rft.au=Shimron%2C+Aryeh&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATunnel+of+Eupalinos" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.civil.ntua.gr/news/2017/11/4/eupalinos-tunnel/">"Ανακήρυξη του Ευπαλίνειου Όρυγματος ως Ιστορικού Τοπόσημου Τεχνολογίας Πολιτικού Μηχανικού"</a> [Designation of Tunnel of Eupalinos as a Historical Civil Engineering Landmark]. <i>National Technical University of Athens School of Civil Engineering</i> (in Greek). 29 October 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 August</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=National+Technical+University+of+Athens+School+of+Civil+Engineering&rft.atitle=%CE%91%CE%BD%CE%B1%CE%BA%CE%AE%CF%81%CF%85%CE%BE%CE%B7+%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%85+%CE%95%CF%85%CF%80%CE%B1%CE%BB%CE%AF%CE%BD%CE%B5%CE%B9%CE%BF%CF%85+%CE%8C%CF%81%CF%85%CE%B3%CE%BC%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%82+%CF%89%CF%82+%CE%99%CF%83%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%81%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%BF%CF%8D+%CE%A4%CE%BF%CF%80%CF%8C%CF%83%CE%B7%CE%BC%CE%BF%CF%85+%CE%A4%CE%B5%CF%87%CE%BD%CE%BF%CE%BB%CE%BF%CE%B3%CE%AF%CE%B1%CF%82+%CE%A0%CE%BF%CE%BB%CE%B9%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%BF%CF%8D+%CE%9C%CE%B7%CF%87%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%BF%CF%8D&rft.date=2017-10-29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.civil.ntua.gr%2Fnews%2F2017%2F11%2F4%2Feupalinos-tunnel%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATunnel+of+Eupalinos" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-unesco-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-unesco_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/595">"Pythagoreion and Heraion of Samos"</a>. <i>UNESCO World Heritage Convention</i>. United Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural Organization<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 November</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=UNESCO+World+Heritage+Convention&rft.atitle=Pythagoreion+and+Heraion+of+Samos&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwhc.unesco.org%2Fen%2Flist%2F595&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATunnel+of+Eupalinos" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHerodotus1954" class="citation book cs1">Herodotus (1954). <i>The Histories</i>. Translated by Aubrey de Sélincourt. Harmondsworth: Penguin. pp. 199–200.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Histories&rft.place=Harmondsworth&rft.pages=199-200&rft.pub=Penguin&rft.date=1954&rft.au=Herodotus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATunnel+of+Eupalinos" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Homeric Hymn to Apollo, 41</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarty2015" class="citation book cs1">Carty, Aideen (2015). <i>Polycrates, Tyrant of Samos: New Light on Archaic Greece</i>. Stuttgart: Franz Steiner Verlag. p. 31. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783515108980" title="Special:BookSources/9783515108980"><bdi>9783515108980</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Polycrates%2C+Tyrant+of+Samos%3A+New+Light+on+Archaic+Greece&rft.place=Stuttgart&rft.pages=31&rft.pub=Franz+Steiner+Verlag&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=9783515108980&rft.aulast=Carty&rft.aufirst=Aideen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATunnel+of+Eupalinos" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kienast-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kienast_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kienast_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kienast_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kienast_8-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kienast_8-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kienast_8-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kienast_8-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kienast_8-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kienast_8-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kienast_8-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kienast_8-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kienast_8-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kienast_8-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kienast_8-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kienast_8-14"><sup><i><b>o</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kienast_8-15"><sup><i><b>p</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kienast_8-16"><sup><i><b>q</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKienast2005" class="citation book cs1">Kienast, H. J. (2005). <i>The Aqueduct of Eupalinos on Samos</i>. Athens: Ministry of Culture Archaeological Receipts Fund.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Aqueduct+of+Eupalinos+on+Samos&rft.place=Athens&rft.pub=Ministry+of+Culture+Archaeological+Receipts+Fund&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Kienast&rft.aufirst=H.+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATunnel+of+Eupalinos" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Olson-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Olson_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Olson_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Olson_9-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Olson_9-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOlson2012" class="citation journal cs1">Olson, Åke (2012). "How Eupalinos navigated his way through the mountain: An empirical approach to the geometry of Eupalinos". <i>Anatolia Antiqua</i>. <b>XX</b>. Institut Français d’Études Anatoliennes: 25–34. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3406%2Fanata.2012.1323">10.3406/anata.2012.1323</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Anatolia+Antiqua&rft.atitle=How+Eupalinos+navigated+his+way+through+the+mountain%3A+An+empirical+approach+to+the+geometry+of+Eupalinos&rft.volume=XX&rft.pages=25-34&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3406%2Fanata.2012.1323&rft.aulast=Olson&rft.aufirst=%C3%85ke&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATunnel+of+Eupalinos" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fabricius in <i>Mitteilungen des Deutschen Archäologischen Instituts (Athen)</i> 9 (1884) pp. 165–192.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Literature">Literature</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tunnel_of_Eupalinos&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Literature"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoodfieldToulmin1965" class="citation journal cs1">Goodfield, June; Toulmin, Stephen (1965). "How Was the Tunnel of Eupalinus Aligned?". <i>Isis</i>. <b>56</b> (1): 46–55. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F349924">10.1086/349924</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/228457">228457</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145662351">145662351</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Isis&rft.atitle=How+Was+the+Tunnel+of+Eupalinus+Aligned%3F&rft.volume=56&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=46-55&rft.date=1965&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A145662351%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F228457%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F349924&rft.aulast=Goodfield&rft.aufirst=June&rft.au=Toulmin%2C+Stephen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATunnel+of+Eupalinos" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVan_der_Waerden1968" class="citation journal cs1">Van der Waerden, B. L. (1968). "Eupalinos and His Tunnel". <i>Isis</i>. <b>59</b> (1): 82–83. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F350338">10.1086/350338</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/227855">227855</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:224832741">224832741</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Isis&rft.atitle=Eupalinos+and+His+Tunnel&rft.volume=59&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=82-83&rft.date=1968&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A224832741%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F227855%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F350338&rft.aulast=Van+der+Waerden&rft.aufirst=B.+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATunnel+of+Eupalinos" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurns1971" class="citation journal cs1">Burns, Alfred (1971). "The Tunnel of Eupalinus and the Tunnel Problem of Hero of Alexandria". <i><a href="/wiki/Isis_(journal)" title="Isis (journal)">Isis</a></i>. <b>62</b> (2): 172–185. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F350729">10.1086/350729</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/229240">229240</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145064628">145064628</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Isis&rft.atitle=The+Tunnel+of+Eupalinus+and+the+Tunnel+Problem+of+Hero+of+Alexandria&rft.volume=62&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=172-185&rft.date=1971&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A145064628%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F229240%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F350729&rft.aulast=Burns&rft.aufirst=Alfred&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATunnel+of+Eupalinos" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKienast1995" class="citation book cs1">Kienast, Hermann J. (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120205213202/http://www.samoshilfe.net/galerie/popup/eupalinos.htm"><i>Die Wasserleitung des Eupalinos auf Samos (Samos XIX.)</i></a>. Bonn: Rudolph Habelt. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-7749-2713-8" title="Special:BookSources/3-7749-2713-8"><bdi>3-7749-2713-8</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.samoshilfe.net/galerie/popup/eupalinos.htm">the original</a> on 2012-02-05<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-11-17</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Die+Wasserleitung+des+Eupalinos+auf+Samos+%28Samos+XIX.%29&rft.place=Bonn&rft.pub=Rudolph+Habelt&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=3-7749-2713-8&rft.aulast=Kienast&rft.aufirst=Hermann+J.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.samoshilfe.net%2Fgalerie%2Fpopup%2Feupalinos.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATunnel+of+Eupalinos" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <dl><dd><ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEvans1999" class="citation journal cs1">Evans, Harry B. (1999). "Review of Hermann Kienast, <i>Die Wasserleitung des Eupalinos auf Samos</i>". <i><a href="/wiki/American_Journal_of_Archaeology" title="American Journal of Archaeology">American Journal of Archaeology</a></i>. <b>103</b> (1): 149–150. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F506604">10.2307/506604</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/506604">506604</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Journal+of+Archaeology&rft.atitle=Review+of+Hermann+Kienast%2C+Die+Wasserleitung+des+Eupalinos+auf+Samos&rft.volume=103&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=149-150&rft.date=1999&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F506604&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F506604%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Evans&rft.aufirst=Harry+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATunnel+of+Eupalinos" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul></dd></dl> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFApostol2004" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Tom_M._Apostol" title="Tom M. Apostol">Apostol, Tom M.</a> (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://calteches.library.caltech.edu/4106/1/Samos.pdf">"The Tunnel of Samos"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Engineering and Science</i>. <b>1</b>: 30–40.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Engineering+and+Science&rft.atitle=The+Tunnel+of+Samos&rft.volume=1&rft.pages=30-40&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Apostol&rft.aufirst=Tom+M.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcalteches.library.caltech.edu%2F4106%2F1%2FSamos.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATunnel+of+Eupalinos" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKienast2005" class="citation book cs1">Kienast, Hermann J. (2005). <i>The Aqueduct of Eupalinos on Samos</i>. Athens: Ministry of Culture Archaeological Receipts Fund. p. 60. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/960-214-424-6" title="Special:BookSources/960-214-424-6"><bdi>960-214-424-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Aqueduct+of+Eupalinos+on+Samos&rft.place=Athens&rft.pages=60&rft.pub=Ministry+of+Culture+Archaeological+Receipts+Fund&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=960-214-424-6&rft.aulast=Kienast&rft.aufirst=Hermann+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATunnel+of+Eupalinos" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOlson2012" class="citation journal cs1">Olson, Åke (2012). "How Eupalinos navigated his way through the mountain-An empirical approach to the geometry of Eupalinos". <i>Anatolia Antiqua, Institut Français d'Études Anatoliennes</i>. <b>XX</b>: 25–34.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Anatolia+Antiqua%2C+Institut+Fran%C3%A7ais+d%27%C3%89tudes+Anatoliennes&rft.atitle=How+Eupalinos+navigated+his+way+through+the+mountain-An+empirical+approach+to+the+geometry+of+Eupalinos&rft.volume=XX&rft.pages=25-34&rft.date=2012&rft.aulast=Olson&rft.aufirst=%C3%85ke&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATunnel+of+Eupalinos" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tunnel_of_Eupalinos&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Tunnel_of_Eupalinos" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Tunnel of Eupalinos">Tunnel of Eupalinos</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/How_Eupalinos_Navigated_His_Way_Through_the_Mountain" class="extiw" title="s:How Eupalinos Navigated His Way Through the Mountain">Olson, Åke: (2012). "How Eupalinos navigated his way through the mountain-An empirical approach to the geometry of Eupalinos"</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://homepages.cwi.nl/~aeb/math/samos/">Dan Hughes: The Tunnel of Eupalinos</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20040530165718/http://www.mlahanas.de/Greeks/Eupalinos.htm">Michael Lahanas: The Eupalinos Tunnel of Samos</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://samosexplore.com/the-tunnel-of-eupalinos/">The Tunnel of Eupalinos - Samos Explore</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://odysseus.culture.gr/h/2/eh251.jsp?obj_id=818">Tunnel of Eupalinos - Hellenic Ministry of Culture and Tourism</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://calteches.library.caltech.edu/4106/1/Samos.pdf">Tom M. Apostol: The Tunnel of Samos</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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