CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Iridium - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"9391cd09-e4ce-448d-9c29-874eb9e57bf7","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Iridium","wgTitle":"Iridium","wgCurRevisionId":1259470976,"wgRevisionId":1259470976,"wgArticleId":14752,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["CS1 German-language sources (de)","Webarchive template wayback links","Wikipedia indefinitely move-protected pages","Articles with short description","Short description is different from Wikidata","Articles containing Greek-language text","Commons link is on Wikidata","Iridium","Chemical elements","Transition metals","Precious metals","Noble metals","Impact event minerals","Meteorite minerals","Native element minerals","Chemical elements with face-centered cubic structure","Platinum-group metals"] ,"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Iridium","wgRelevantArticleId":14752,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":["sysop"],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":80000,"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q877", "wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.tablesorter.styles":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.tablesorter", "jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cjquery.tablesorter.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.5"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a8/Iridium-2.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1039"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a8/Iridium-2.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="692"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="554"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Iridium - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iridium"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Iridium&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iridium"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Iridium rootpage-Iridium skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Main menu </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z">Main page</a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia">Contents</a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events">Current events</a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x">Random article</a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works">About Wikipedia</a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia">Contact us</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia">Help</a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia">Learn to edit</a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors">Community portal</a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r">Recent changes</a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia">Upload file</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"> Search </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Appearance </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class="">Donate</a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Iridium" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class="">Create account</a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Iridium" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class="">Log in</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Personal tools </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en">Donate</a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Iridium" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"> Create account</a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Iridium" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"> Log in</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing">learn more</a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y">Contributions</a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n">Talk</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Characteristics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Characteristics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1 Characteristics </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Characteristics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Characteristics subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Characteristics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Physical_properties" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Physical_properties"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.1 Physical properties </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Physical_properties-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chemical_properties" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chemical_properties"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2 Chemical properties </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chemical_properties-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Isotopes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Isotopes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.3 Isotopes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Isotopes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chemistry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chemistry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Chemistry </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Chemistry-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Chemistry subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Chemistry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Oxidation_states" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Oxidation_states"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Oxidation states </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Oxidation_states-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Binary_compounds" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Binary_compounds"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Binary compounds </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Binary_compounds-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Complexes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Complexes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Complexes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Complexes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Organoiridium_chemistry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Organoiridium_chemistry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 Organoiridium chemistry </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Organoiridium_chemistry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 History </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle History subsection </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Platinum_group" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Platinum_group"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Platinum group </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Platinum_group-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Discovery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Discovery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Discovery </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Discovery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Metalworking_and_applications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Metalworking_and_applications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Metalworking and applications </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Metalworking_and_applications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Occurrence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Occurrence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Occurrence </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Occurrence-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Occurrence subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Occurrence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Marine_oceanography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Marine_oceanography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Marine oceanography </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Marine_oceanography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cretaceous–Paleogene_boundary_presence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cretaceous–Paleogene_boundary_presence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Cretaceous–Paleogene boundary presence </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cretaceous–Paleogene_boundary_presence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Production" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Production"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Production </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Production-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Applications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Applications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Applications </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Applications-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Applications subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Applications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Metal_and_alloys" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Metal_and_alloys"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Metal and alloys </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Metal_and_alloys-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Catalysis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Catalysis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Catalysis </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Catalysis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Medical_imaging" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Medical_imaging"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3 Medical imaging </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Medical_imaging-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Photocatalysis_and_OLEDs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Photocatalysis_and_OLEDs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.4 Photocatalysis and OLEDs </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Photocatalysis_and_OLEDs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Scientific" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Scientific"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.5 Scientific </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Scientific-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Historical" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historical"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.6 Historical </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historical-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Precautions_and_hazards" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Precautions_and_hazards"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Precautions and hazards </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Precautions_and_hazards-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Iridium</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 145 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-145" aria-hidden="true" > 145 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iridium" title="Iridium – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Iridium" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8A%A2%E1%88%AA%E1%8B%B2%E1%8B%A8%E1%88%9D" title="ኢሪዲየም – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ኢሪዲየም" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE" title="इरीडियम – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="इरीडियम" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target">अंगिका</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A5%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%85" title="إريديوم – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="إريديوم" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iridio" title="Iridio – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Iridio" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-rup mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iridiu" title="Iridiu – Aromanian" lang="rup" hreflang="rup" data-title="Iridiu" data-language-autonym="Armãneashti" data-language-local-name="Aromanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Armãneashti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iridiu" title="Iridiu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Iridiu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0ridium" title="İridium – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="İridium" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iridium" title="Iridium – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Iridium" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Bali</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE" title="ইরিডিয়াম – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ইরিডিয়াম" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iridium" title="Iridium – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Iridium" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Иридий – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Иридий" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%86%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%B4%D1%8B%D0%B9" title="Ірыдый – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Ірыдый" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%86%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%B4" title="Ірыд – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Ірыд" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE" title="इरीडियम – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="इरीडियम" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">भोजपुरी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iridyo" title="Iridyo – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Iridyo" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Иридий – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Иридий" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%A8%E0%BD%B2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A2%E0%BD%B2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%8C%E0%BD%B2%E0%BD%98%E0%BC%8D" title="ཨི་རི་ཌིམ། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="ཨི་རི་ཌིམ།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target">བོད་ཡིག</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iridij" title="Iridij – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Iridij" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iridiom" title="Iridiom – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Iridiom" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iridi" title="Iridi – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Iridi" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Иридий – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Иридий" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iridio" title="Iridio – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Iridio" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iridium" title="Iridium – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Iridium" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iridiu" title="Iridiu – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Iridiu" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsican" class="interlanguage-link-target">Corsu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iridiwm" title="Iridiwm – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Iridiwm" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iridium" title="Iridium – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Iridium" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A5%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%85" title="إيريديوم – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="إيريديوم" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">الدارجة</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iridium" title="Iridium – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Iridium" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iriidium" title="Iriidium – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Iriidium" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%99%CF%81%CE%AF%CE%B4%CE%B9%CE%BF" title="Ιρίδιο – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ιρίδιο" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iridio" title="Iridio – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Iridio" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iridio" title="Iridio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Iridio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iridio" title="Iridio – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Iridio" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%85" title="ایریدیم – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ایریدیم" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iridium" title="Iridium – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Iridium" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fiji Hindi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iridium" title="Iridium – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Iridium" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iridi" title="Iridi – Friulian" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Iridi" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="Friulian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Furlan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iridiam" title="Iridiam – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Iridiam" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iriddjum" title="Iriddjum – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Iriddjum" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaelg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iridium" title="Iridium – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Iridium" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iridio" title="Iridio – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Iridio" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%88%E0%AA%B0%E0%AA%BF%E0%AA%A1%E0%AB%80%E0%AA%AF%E0%AA%AE" title="ઈરિડીયમ – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="ઈરિડીયમ" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target">ગુજરાતી</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iridium" title="Iridium – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Iridium" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xal mw-list-item"><a href="https://xal.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%83%D0%BC" title="Иридиум – Kalmyk" lang="xal" hreflang="xal" data-title="Иридиум" data-language-autonym="Хальмг" data-language-local-name="Kalmyk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Хальмг</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9D%B4%EB%A6%AC%EB%93%90" title="이리듐 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="이리듐" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BB%D6%80%D5%AB%D5%A4%D5%AB%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B4" title="Իրիդիում – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Իրիդիում" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE" title="इरीडियम – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="इरीडियम" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iridium" title="Iridium – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Iridium" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hornjoserbsce</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iridij" title="Iridij – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Iridij" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iridio" title="Iridio – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Iridio" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iridium" title="Iridium – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Iridium" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iridium" title="Iridium – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Iridium" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Иридий – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Иридий" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ирон</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imbidi" title="Imbidi – Zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="Imbidi" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="Zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target">IsiZulu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irid%C3%ADn" title="Iridín – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Iridín" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iridio" title="Iridio – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Iridio" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%93%D7%99%D7%95%D7%9D" title="אירידיום – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אירידיום" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iridium" title="Iridium – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Iridium" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C6%96r%C9%A9d%C9%A9y%C9%94m" title="Ɩrɩdɩyɔm – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Ɩrɩdɩyɔm" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kabɩyɛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%87%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%A1%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%AF%E0%B2%AE%E0%B3%8D" title="ಇರಿಡಿಯಮ್ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಇರಿಡಿಯಮ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%98%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%93%E1%83%98%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98" title="ირიდიუმი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ირიდიუმი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Иридий – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Иридий" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iridiom" title="Iridiom – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Iridiom" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kernowek</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iridi" title="Iridi – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Iridi" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Иридий – Komi" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="Иридий" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="Komi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Коми</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-avk mw-list-item"><a href="https://avk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irdel" title="Irdel – Kotava" lang="avk" hreflang="avk" data-title="Irdel" data-language-autonym="Kotava" data-language-local-name="Kotava" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kotava</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iridy%C3%B2m" title="Iridyòm – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Iridyòm" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kreyòl ayisyen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%8Er%C3%AEdy%C3%BBm" title="Îrîdyûm – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Îrîdyûm" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Иридий – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Иридий" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mrj mw-list-item"><a href="https://mrj.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Иридий – Western Mari" lang="mrj" hreflang="mrj" data-title="Иридий" data-language-autonym="Кырык мары" data-language-local-name="Western Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кырык мары</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iridium" title="Iridium – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Iridium" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ir%C4%ABdijs" title="Irīdijs – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Irīdijs" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iridium" title="Iridium – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Iridium" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iridis" title="Iridis – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Iridis" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iridio" title="Iridio – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Iridio" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ligure</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iridium" title="Iridium – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Iridium" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iridii" title="Iridii – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Iridii" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Livvinkarjala</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/jinmrdiridi" title="jinmrdiridi – Lojban" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="jinmrdiridi" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="Lojban" class="interlanguage-link-target">La .lojban.</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lg mw-list-item"><a href="https://lg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yirediyaamu_(Irdium)" title="Yirediyaamu (Irdium) – Ganda" lang="lg" hreflang="lg" data-title="Yirediyaamu (Irdium)" data-language-autonym="Luganda" data-language-local-name="Ganda" class="interlanguage-link-target">Luganda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iridio" title="Iridio – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Iridio" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ir%C3%ADdium" title="Irídium – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Irídium" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%83%D0%BC" title="Иридиум – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Иридиум" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%87%E0%B4%B1%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%A1%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%82" title="ഇറിഡിയം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഇറിഡിയം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE" title="इरिडियम – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="इरिडियम" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%85" title="اريديوم – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="اريديوم" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iridium" title="Iridium – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Iridium" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%8F%EA%AF%94%EA%AF%A4%EA%AF%97%EA%AF%A4%EA%AF%8C%EA%AF%9D" title="ꯏꯔꯤꯗꯤꯌꯝ – Manipuri" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯏꯔꯤꯗꯤꯌꯝ" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="Manipuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iridium" title="Iridium – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Iridium" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B8" title="Ириди – Moksha" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Ириди" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="Moksha" class="interlanguage-link-target">Мокшень</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B8" title="Ириди – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Ириди" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%A1%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%9B%E1%80%AE%E1%80%92%E1%80%AE%E1%80%9A%E1%80%99%E1%80%BA" title="အိုင်ရီဒီယမ် – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="အိုင်ရီဒီယမ်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iridium_(element)" title="Iridium (element) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Iridium (element)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE" title="इरिडियम – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="इरिडियम" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाल भाषा</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A4%E3%83%AA%E3%82%B8%E3%82%A6%E3%83%A0" title="イリジウム – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="イリジウム" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iriidium" title="Iriidium – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Iriidium" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iridium" title="Iridium – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Iridium" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iridium" title="Iridium – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Iridium" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iridi" title="Iridi – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Iridi" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iridiy" title="Iridiy – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Iridiy" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%87%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%A1%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%85%E0%A8%AE" title="ਇਰੀਡੀਅਮ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਇਰੀਡੀਅਮ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pi mw-list-item"><a href="https://pi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE" title="इरिडियम – Pali" lang="pi" hreflang="pi" data-title="इरिडियम" data-language-autonym="पालि" data-language-local-name="Pali" class="interlanguage-link-target">पालि</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C%DA%88%DB%8C%D9%85" title="اریڈیم – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="اریڈیم" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%90%DA%89%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%85" title="ارېډيوم – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="ارېډيوم" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iridi" title="Iridi – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Iridi" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iryd" title="Iryd – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Iryd" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ir%C3%ADdio" title="Irídio – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Irídio" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iridiu" title="Iridiu – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Iridiu" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irityu" title="Irityu – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Irityu" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Иридий – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Иридий" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE" title="इरिडियम – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="इरिडियम" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target">संस्कृतम्</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ir%C3%ACdiu" title="Irìdiu – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Irìdiu" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sardu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iridium" title="Iridium – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Iridium" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iridium" title="Iridium – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Iridium" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Seeltersk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iridiumi" title="Iridiumi – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Iridiumi" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ir%C3%ACdiu" title="Irìdiu – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Irìdiu" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iridium" title="Iridium – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Iridium" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ir%C3%ADdium" title="Irídium – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Irídium" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iridij" title="Iridij – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Iridij" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iridiyaam" title="Iridiyaam – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Iridiyaam" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target">Soomaaliga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%DB%8C%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%AF%DB%8C%DB%86%D9%85" title="ئیریدیۆم – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ئیریدیۆم" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%98%D1%83%D0%BC" title="Иридијум – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Иридијум" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iridijum" title="Iridijum – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Iridijum" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iridium" title="Iridium – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Iridium" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iridium" title="Iridium – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Iridium" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iridiyo" title="Iridiyo – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Iridiyo" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="இரிடியம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="இரிடியம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Иридий – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Иридий" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%87%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%80%E0%B0%A1%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%AF%E0%B0%82" title="ఇరీడియం – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="ఇరీడియం" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%A1" title="อิริเดียม – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="อิริเดียม" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Иридий – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Иридий" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chr mw-list-item"><a href="https://chr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8E%A0%E1%8E%A2%E1%8E%B5%E1%8F%97%E1%8F%B4%E1%8E%BB" title="ᎠᎢᎵᏗᏴᎻ – Cherokee" lang="chr" hreflang="chr" data-title="ᎠᎢᎵᏗᏴᎻ" data-language-autonym="ᏣᎳᎩ" data-language-local-name="Cherokee" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᏣᎳᎩ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0ridyum" title="İridyum – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="İridyum" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%86%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B4%D1%96%D0%B9" title="Іридій – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Іридій" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C%DA%88%DB%8C%D9%85" title="اریڈیم – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="اریڈیم" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%D9%89%D8%B1%D9%89%D8%AF%D9%89%D9%8A" title="ئىرىدىي – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="ئىرىدىي" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target">ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iridii" title="Iridii – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Iridii" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vepsän kel’</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iridi" title="Iridi – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Iridi" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%8A%A5" title="銥 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="銥" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">文言</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iridyo" title="Iridyo – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Iridyo" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%93%B1" title="铱 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="铱" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%93%D7%99%D7%95%D7%9D" title="אירידיום – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="אירידיום" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target">ייִדיש</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iridium" title="Iridium – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Iridium" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target">Yorùbá</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%8A%A5" title="銥 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="銥" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%93%B1" title="铱 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="铱" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q877#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Iridium" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c">Article</a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Iridium" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t">Talk</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" >English </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Iridium">Read</a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iridium&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e">Edit</a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iridium&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h">View history</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" >Tools </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Iridium">Read</a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iridium&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e">Edit</a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iridium&action=history">View history</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Iridium" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j">What links here</a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Iridium" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k">Related changes</a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u">Upload file</a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q">Special pages</a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iridium&oldid=1259470976" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page">Permanent link</a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iridium&action=info" title="More information about this page">Page information</a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Iridium&id=1259470976&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page">Cite this page</a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FIridium">Get shortened URL</a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FIridium">Download QR code</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Iridium&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file">Download as PDF</a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iridium&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p">Printable version</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Iridium" hreflang="en">Wikimedia Commons</a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q877" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g">Wikidata item</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Iron" title="Iron">Iron</a> or <a href="/wiki/Indium" title="Indium">Indium</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the chemical element. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Iridium_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Iridium (disambiguation)">Iridium (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Chemical element with atomic number 77 (Ir)</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1158442001">body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data>.wikitable,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox .periodictable{display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data{width:calc(100% - 20px)}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data>div{max-width:100%;overflow:auto}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox caption{display:table-caption}</style><table class="infobox"><caption class="infobox-title">Iridium, 77Ir</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Iridium-2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Pieces of pure iridium" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Iridium-2.jpg/220px-Iridium-2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="190" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Iridium-2.jpg/330px-Iridium-2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Iridium-2.jpg/440px-Iridium-2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="610" data-file-height="528" /></a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color:inherit; background:#99ccff">Iridium</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Pronunciation</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ɪˈrɪdiəm/</a> (<a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key">i-RID-ee-əm</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Appearance</th><td class="infobox-data">Silvery white</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="text-align: left; color:inherit; background: transparent;"><a href="/wiki/Standard_atomic_weight" title="Standard atomic weight">Standard atomic weight</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style>Ar°(Ir)</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>192.217±0.002<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a></li><li>192.22±0.01 (<a href="/wiki/Standard_atomic_weight#Abridged_atomic_weight" title="Standard atomic weight">abridged</a>)<a href="#cite_note-CIAAW2021-2">[2]</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color:inherit; background:#99ccff">Iridium in the <a href="/wiki/Periodic_table" title="Periodic table">periodic table</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width:100%; margin:0; background:#f8f8f8; color:black;"> <tbody><tr> <td> <table class="periodictable" style="margin:0 auto"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:none; width:5px"><div style="background-color:transparent; color:inherit; margin:0; padding:0; text-align:center; border:none;"> <table style="empty-cells:hidden; border:none; padding:0; border-spacing:1px; border-collapse:separate; margin:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen" title="Hydrogen">Hydrogen</a> </td> <td colspan="30" style="border:none;padding:0;"> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Helium" title="Helium">Helium</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Lithium" title="Lithium">Lithium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Beryllium" title="Beryllium">Beryllium</a> </td> <td colspan="24" style="border:none;padding:0;"> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Boron" title="Boron">Boron</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Carbon" title="Carbon">Carbon</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Nitrogen" title="Nitrogen">Nitrogen</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen">Oxygen</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Fluorine" title="Fluorine">Fluorine</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Neon" title="Neon">Neon</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Sodium" title="Sodium">Sodium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Magnesium" title="Magnesium">Magnesium</a> </td> <td colspan="24" style="border:none;padding:0;"> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Aluminium" title="Aluminium">Aluminium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Silicon" title="Silicon">Silicon</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Phosphorus" title="Phosphorus">Phosphorus</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Sulfur" title="Sulfur">Sulfur</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Chlorine" title="Chlorine">Chlorine</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Argon" title="Argon">Argon</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Potassium" title="Potassium">Potassium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Calcium" title="Calcium">Calcium</a> </td> <td colspan="14" style="border:none;padding:0;"> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Scandium" title="Scandium">Scandium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Titanium" title="Titanium">Titanium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Vanadium" title="Vanadium">Vanadium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Chromium" title="Chromium">Chromium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Manganese" title="Manganese">Manganese</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Iron" title="Iron">Iron</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Cobalt" title="Cobalt">Cobalt</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Nickel" title="Nickel">Nickel</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Copper" title="Copper">Copper</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Zinc" title="Zinc">Zinc</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Gallium" title="Gallium">Gallium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Germanium" title="Germanium">Germanium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Arsenic" title="Arsenic">Arsenic</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Selenium" title="Selenium">Selenium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Bromine" title="Bromine">Bromine</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Krypton" title="Krypton">Krypton</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Rubidium" title="Rubidium">Rubidium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Strontium" title="Strontium">Strontium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;; width:0;"> </td> <td colspan="13" style="border:none;padding:0;"> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Yttrium" title="Yttrium">Yttrium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Zirconium" title="Zirconium">Zirconium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Niobium" title="Niobium">Niobium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Molybdenum" title="Molybdenum">Molybdenum</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Technetium" title="Technetium">Technetium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Ruthenium" title="Ruthenium">Ruthenium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Rhodium" title="Rhodium">Rhodium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Palladium" title="Palladium">Palladium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Silver" title="Silver">Silver</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Cadmium" title="Cadmium">Cadmium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Indium" title="Indium">Indium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Tin" title="Tin">Tin</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Antimony" title="Antimony">Antimony</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Tellurium" title="Tellurium">Tellurium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Iodine" title="Iodine">Iodine</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Xenon" title="Xenon">Xenon</a> </td></tr> <tr style="border:none;padding:0;"> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Caesium" title="Caesium">Caesium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Barium" title="Barium">Barium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Lanthanum" title="Lanthanum">Lanthanum</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Cerium" title="Cerium">Cerium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Praseodymium" title="Praseodymium">Praseodymium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Neodymium" title="Neodymium">Neodymium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Promethium" title="Promethium">Promethium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Samarium" title="Samarium">Samarium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Europium" title="Europium">Europium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Gadolinium" title="Gadolinium">Gadolinium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Terbium" title="Terbium">Terbium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Dysprosium" title="Dysprosium">Dysprosium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Holmium" title="Holmium">Holmium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Erbium" title="Erbium">Erbium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Thulium" title="Thulium">Thulium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Ytterbium" title="Ytterbium">Ytterbium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Lutetium" title="Lutetium">Lutetium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Hafnium" title="Hafnium">Hafnium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Tantalum" title="Tantalum">Tantalum</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Tungsten" title="Tungsten">Tungsten</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Rhenium" title="Rhenium">Rhenium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Osmium" title="Osmium">Osmium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Iridium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Platinum" title="Platinum">Platinum</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Gold" title="Gold">Gold</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Mercury_(element)" title="Mercury (element)">Mercury (element)</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Thallium" title="Thallium">Thallium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Lead" title="Lead">Lead</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Bismuth" title="Bismuth">Bismuth</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Polonium" title="Polonium">Polonium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Astatine" title="Astatine">Astatine</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Radon" title="Radon">Radon</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Francium" title="Francium">Francium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Radium" title="Radium">Radium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Actinium" title="Actinium">Actinium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Thorium" title="Thorium">Thorium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Protactinium" title="Protactinium">Protactinium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Uranium" title="Uranium">Uranium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Neptunium" title="Neptunium">Neptunium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Plutonium" title="Plutonium">Plutonium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Americium" title="Americium">Americium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Curium" title="Curium">Curium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Berkelium" title="Berkelium">Berkelium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Californium" title="Californium">Californium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Einsteinium" title="Einsteinium">Einsteinium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Fermium" title="Fermium">Fermium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Mendelevium" title="Mendelevium">Mendelevium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Nobelium" title="Nobelium">Nobelium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Lawrencium" title="Lawrencium">Lawrencium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Rutherfordium" title="Rutherfordium">Rutherfordium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Dubnium" title="Dubnium">Dubnium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Seaborgium" title="Seaborgium">Seaborgium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Bohrium" title="Bohrium">Bohrium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Hassium" title="Hassium">Hassium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Meitnerium" title="Meitnerium">Meitnerium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Darmstadtium" title="Darmstadtium">Darmstadtium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Roentgenium" title="Roentgenium">Roentgenium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Copernicium" title="Copernicium">Copernicium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Nihonium" title="Nihonium">Nihonium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Flerovium" title="Flerovium">Flerovium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Moscovium" title="Moscovium">Moscovium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Livermorium" title="Livermorium">Livermorium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Tennessine" title="Tennessine">Tennessine</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Oganesson" title="Oganesson">Oganesson</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; text-align:center; font-size:90%; line-height:100%; width:10px; border:none;"><a href="/wiki/Rhodium" title="Rhodium">Rh</a> ↑ Ir ↓ <a href="/wiki/Meitnerium" title="Meitnerium">Mt</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="nowrap" style="text-align:center; font-size:90%; line-height:100%; padding-top:0; padding-bottom:1px; border:none;"><a href="/wiki/Osmium" title="Osmium">osmium</a> ← iridium → <a href="/wiki/Platinum" title="Platinum">platinum</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Atomic_number" title="Atomic number">Atomic number</a> (Z)</th><td class="infobox-data">77</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Group_(periodic_table)" title="Group (periodic table)">Group</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Group_9_element" title="Group 9 element">group 9</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Period_(periodic_table)" title="Period (periodic table)">Period</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Period_6_element" title="Period 6 element">period 6</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Block_(periodic_table)" title="Block (periodic table)">Block</a></th><td class="infobox-data">  <a href="/wiki/Block_(periodic_table)#d-block" title="Block (periodic table)">d-block</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Electron_configuration" title="Electron configuration">Electron configuration</a></th><td class="infobox-data">[<a href="/wiki/Xenon" title="Xenon">Xe</a>] 4f14 5d7 6s2</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Electrons per shell</th><td class="infobox-data">2, 8, 18, 32, 15, 2</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color:inherit; background:#99ccff">Physical properties</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Phase_(matter)" title="Phase (matter)">Phase</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488">at <a href="/wiki/Standard_temperature_and_pressure" title="Standard temperature and pressure">STP</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Solid" title="Solid">solid</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Melting_point" title="Melting point">Melting point</a></th><td class="infobox-data">2719 <a href="/wiki/Kelvin" title="Kelvin">K</a> (2446 °C, 4435 °F) </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Boiling_point" title="Boiling point">Boiling point</a></th><td class="infobox-data">4403 K (4130 °C, 7466 °F) </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Density" title="Density">Density</a> (at 20° C)</th><td class="infobox-data">22.562 g/cm3 <a href="#cite_note-Arblaster_2018-3">[3]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">when liquid (at <a href="/wiki/Melting_point" title="Melting point">m.p.</a>)</th><td class="infobox-data">19 g/cm3 </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Enthalpy_of_fusion" title="Enthalpy of fusion">Heat of fusion</a></th><td class="infobox-data">41.12 <a href="/wiki/Kilojoule_per_mole" class="mw-redirect" title="Kilojoule per mole">kJ/mol</a> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Enthalpy_of_vaporization" title="Enthalpy of vaporization">Heat of vaporization</a></th><td class="infobox-data">564 kJ/mol </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Molar_heat_capacity" title="Molar heat capacity">Molar heat capacity</a></th><td class="infobox-data">25.10 J/(mol·K) </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Vapor_pressure" title="Vapor pressure">Vapor pressure</a><div style="position:relative; margin:0 auto; padding:0; text-align:initial; width:-moz-fit-content;width:-webkit-fit-content;width:fit-content;"> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; font-size:90%; border-collapse:collapse; margin:0"> <tbody><tr> <th><abbr title="Pressure">P</abbr> (Pa) </th> <th>1 </th> <th>10 </th> <th>100 </th> <th>1 k </th> <th>10 k </th> <th>100 k </th></tr> <tr> <th>at <abbr title="Temperature">T</abbr> (K) </th> <td>2713 </td> <td>2957 </td> <td>3252 </td> <td>3614 </td> <td>4069 </td> <td>4659 </td></tr></tbody></table> </div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color:inherit; background:#99ccff">Atomic properties</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Oxidation_state" title="Oxidation state">Oxidation states</a></th><td class="infobox-data">common: +3, +4 −3,<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">?</a> −2,<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">?</a> −1,<a href="#cite_note-GE28-4">[4]</a> 0,<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">?</a> +1,<a href="#cite_note-GE28-4">[4]</a> +2,<a href="#cite_note-GE28-4">[4]</a> +5,<a href="#cite_note-GE28-4">[4]</a> +6,<a href="#cite_note-GE28-4">[4]</a> +7,<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">?</a> +8,<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">?</a> +9<a href="#cite_note-IrIX-5">[5]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Electronegativity" title="Electronegativity">Electronegativity</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Pauling scale: 2.20 </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Ionization_energy" title="Ionization energy">Ionization energies</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>1st: 880 kJ/mol </li><li>2nd: 1600 kJ/mol </li><li> </li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Atomic_radius" title="Atomic radius">Atomic radius</a></th><td class="infobox-data">empirical: 136 <a href="/wiki/Picometre" title="Picometre">pm</a> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Covalent_radius" title="Covalent radius">Covalent radius</a></th><td class="infobox-data">141±6 pm </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Iridium_spectrum_visible.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Color lines in a spectral range" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Iridium_spectrum_visible.png/240px-Iridium_spectrum_visible.png" decoding="async" width="240" height="41" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Iridium_spectrum_visible.png/360px-Iridium_spectrum_visible.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Iridium_spectrum_visible.png/480px-Iridium_spectrum_visible.png 2x" data-file-width="7430" data-file-height="1280" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure><a href="/wiki/Spectral_line" title="Spectral line">Spectral lines</a> of iridium</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color:inherit; background:#99ccff">Other properties</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Natural occurrence</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Primordial_nuclide" title="Primordial nuclide">primordial</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Crystal_structure" title="Crystal structure">Crystal structure</a></th><td class="infobox-data"> <a href="/wiki/Cubic_crystal_system" title="Cubic crystal system">face-centered cubic</a> (fcc) (<a href="/wiki/Pearson_symbol" title="Pearson symbol">cF4</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Lattice_constant" title="Lattice constant">Lattice constant</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="float:right;"><a href="/wiki/File:Cubic-face-centered.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Face-centered cubic crystal structure for iridium" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Cubic-face-centered.svg/50px-Cubic-face-centered.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="58" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Cubic-face-centered.svg/75px-Cubic-face-centered.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Cubic-face-centered.svg/100px-Cubic-face-centered.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="862" data-file-height="1002" /></a></div>a = 383.92 pm (at 20 °C)<a href="#cite_note-Arblaster_2018-3">[3]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Coefficient_of_thermal_expansion" class="mw-redirect" title="Coefficient of thermal expansion">Thermal expansion</a></th><td class="infobox-data">6.47×10−6/K (at 20 °C)<a href="#cite_note-Arblaster_2018-3">[3]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Thermal_conductivity" class="mw-redirect" title="Thermal conductivity">Thermal conductivity</a></th><td class="infobox-data">147 W/(m⋅K) </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Electrical_resistivity_and_conductivity" title="Electrical resistivity and conductivity">Electrical resistivity</a></th><td class="infobox-data">47.1 nΩ⋅m (at 20 °C) </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Magnetism" title="Magnetism">Magnetic ordering</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Paramagnetic" class="mw-redirect" title="Paramagnetic">paramagnetic</a><a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Magnetic_susceptibility" title="Magnetic susceptibility">Molar magnetic susceptibility</a></th><td class="infobox-data">+25.6 × 10−6 cm3/mol (298 K)<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Young%27s_modulus" title="Young's modulus">Young's modulus</a></th><td class="infobox-data">528 GPa </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Shear_modulus" title="Shear modulus">Shear modulus</a></th><td class="infobox-data">210 GPa </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Bulk_modulus" title="Bulk modulus">Bulk modulus</a></th><td class="infobox-data">320 GPa </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Speed_of_sound" title="Speed of sound">Speed of sound</a> thin rod</th><td class="infobox-data">4825 m/s (at 20 °C) </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Poisson%27s_ratio" title="Poisson's ratio">Poisson ratio</a></th><td class="infobox-data">0.26 </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Mohs_scale_of_mineral_hardness" class="mw-redirect" title="Mohs scale of mineral hardness">Mohs hardness</a></th><td class="infobox-data">6.5 </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Vickers_hardness_test" title="Vickers hardness test">Vickers hardness</a></th><td class="infobox-data">1760–2200 MPa </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Brinell_hardness_test" class="mw-redirect" title="Brinell hardness test">Brinell hardness</a></th><td class="infobox-data">1670 MPa </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/CAS_Registry_Number" title="CAS Registry Number">CAS Number</a></th><td class="infobox-data">7439-88-5 </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color:inherit; background:#99ccff">History</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Discovery_of_the_chemical_elements" class="mw-redirect" title="Discovery of the chemical elements">Discovery</a> and first isolation</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Smithson_Tennant" title="Smithson Tennant">Smithson Tennant</a> (1803)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color:inherit; background:#99ccff"><a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_iridium" title="Isotopes of iridium">Isotopes of iridium</a><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Infobox_iridium_isotopes" title="Template:Infobox iridium isotopes"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Infobox_iridium_isotopes" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Infobox iridium isotopes"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse; margin: 0; padding: 0;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3">Main isotopes<a href="#cite_note-NUBASE2020-8">[8]</a> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Radioactive_decay" title="Radioactive decay">Decay</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th> </th> <th style="padding: 0.1em;"><a href="/wiki/Natural_abundance" title="Natural abundance">abundance</a> </th> <th style="padding: 0.1em;"><a href="/wiki/Half-life" title="Half-life">half-life</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488">(t1/2) </th> <th style="padding: 0.1em;"><a href="/wiki/Radioactive_decay#Types_of_decay" title="Radioactive decay">mode</a> </th> <th style="padding: 0.1em;"><a href="/wiki/Decay_product" title="Decay product">product</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="1" style="vertical-align: top;">191Ir </th> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: right;">37.3% </td> <td rowspan="1" colspan="3" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Stable_isotope" class="mw-redirect" title="Stable isotope">stable</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2" style="vertical-align: top;"><a href="/wiki/Iridium-192" title="Iridium-192">192Ir</a> </th> <td rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: center;">synth </td> <td rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: right;">73.827 d </td> <td style="text-align: left; vertical-align: top;"><a href="/wiki/Beta_minus_decay" class="mw-redirect" title="Beta minus decay">β−</a> </td> <td style="text-align: right; vertical-align: middle;"><a href="/wiki/Platinum-192" class="mw-redirect" title="Platinum-192">192Pt</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: left; vertical-align: top;"><a href="/wiki/Electron_capture" title="Electron capture">ε</a> </td> <td style="text-align: right; vertical-align: middle;"><a href="/wiki/Osmium-192" class="mw-redirect" title="Osmium-192">192Os</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="1" style="vertical-align: top;">192m2Ir </th> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: center;">synth </td> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: right;">241 y </td> <td style="text-align: left; vertical-align: top;"><a href="/wiki/Isomeric_transition" class="mw-redirect" title="Isomeric transition">IT</a> </td> <td style="text-align: right; vertical-align: middle;">192Ir </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="1" style="vertical-align: top;">193Ir </th> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: right;">62.7% </td> <td rowspan="1" colspan="3" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left;">stable </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below noprint" style="color:inherit; background:#99ccff"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Iridium" title="Category:Iridium">Category: Iridium</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Infobox_iridium" title="Template:Infobox iridium">view</a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Infobox_iridium" title="Template talk:Infobox iridium">talk</a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Infobox_iridium" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Infobox iridium">edit</a></li></ul></div> | <a href="/wiki/List_of_data_references_for_chemical_elements" title="List of data references for chemical elements">references</a></td></tr></tbody></table> Iridium is a <a href="/wiki/Chemical_element" title="Chemical element">chemical element</a>; it has <a href="/wiki/Symbol_(chemistry)" class="mw-redirect" title="Symbol (chemistry)">symbol</a> Ir and <a href="/wiki/Atomic_number" title="Atomic number">atomic number</a> 77. A very hard, brittle, silvery-white <a href="/wiki/Transition_metal" title="Transition metal">transition metal</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Platinum_group" title="Platinum group">platinum group</a>, it is considered the second-densest naturally occurring metal (after <a href="/wiki/Osmium" title="Osmium">osmium</a>) with a density of 22.56 g/cm3 (0.815 lb/cu in) as defined by experimental <a href="/wiki/X-ray_crystallography" title="X-ray crystallography">X-ray crystallography</a>.<a href="#cite_note-10">[a]</a> 191Ir and 193Ir are the only two naturally occurring <a href="/wiki/Isotope" title="Isotope">isotopes</a> of iridium, as well as the only <a href="/wiki/Stable_isotope" class="mw-redirect" title="Stable isotope">stable isotopes</a>; the latter is the more abundant. It is one of the most <a href="/wiki/Corrosion" title="Corrosion">corrosion</a>-resistant metals, even at temperatures as high as 2,000 °C (3,630 °F). Iridium was discovered in 1803 in the acid-insoluble residues of <a href="/wiki/Platinum" title="Platinum">platinum</a> ores by the English chemist <a href="/wiki/Smithson_Tennant" title="Smithson Tennant">Smithson Tennant</a>. The name iridium, derived from the Greek word iris (rainbow), refers to the various colors of its compounds. Iridium is <a href="/wiki/Abundance_of_elements_in_Earth%27s_crust" title="Abundance of elements in Earth's crust">one of the rarest elements</a> in <a href="/wiki/Crust_(geology)#Earth's_crust" title="Crust (geology)">Earth's crust</a>, with an estimated annual production of only 6,800 kilograms (15,000 lb) in 2023. The dominant uses of iridium are the metal itself and its alloys, as in high-performance <a href="/wiki/Spark_plug" title="Spark plug">spark plugs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Crucible" title="Crucible">crucibles</a> for recrystallization of semiconductors at high temperatures, and electrodes for the production of chlorine in the <a href="/wiki/Chloralkali_process" title="Chloralkali process">chloralkali process</a>. Important compounds of iridium are chlorides and iodides in industrial <a href="/wiki/Catalysis" title="Catalysis">catalysis</a>. Iridium is a component of some <a href="/wiki/OLED" title="OLED">OLEDs</a>. Iridium is found in <a href="/wiki/Meteorite" title="Meteorite">meteorites</a> in much higher abundance than in the Earth's crust.<a href="#cite_note-Becker2002-11">[10]</a> For this reason, the unusually high abundance of iridium in the clay layer at the <a href="/wiki/Cretaceous%E2%80%93Paleogene_boundary" title="Cretaceous–Paleogene boundary">Cretaceous–Paleogene boundary</a> gave rise to the <a href="/wiki/Alvarez_hypothesis" title="Alvarez hypothesis">Alvarez hypothesis</a> that the impact of a massive extraterrestrial object caused the <a href="/wiki/Cretaceous%E2%80%93Paleogene_extinction_event" title="Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event">extinction of non-avian dinosaurs and many other species 66 million years ago</a>, now known to be produced by the impact that formed the <a href="/wiki/Chicxulub_crater" title="Chicxulub crater">Chicxulub crater</a>. Similarly, an iridium anomaly in core samples from the Pacific Ocean suggested the <a href="/wiki/Eltanin_impact" title="Eltanin impact">Eltanin impact</a> of about 2.5 million years ago.<a href="#cite_note-Kyte1981-12">[11]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Characteristics">Characteristics</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Iridium&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Characteristics">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Physical_properties">Physical properties</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Iridium&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Physical properties">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Iridium2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A flattened drop of dark gray substance" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Iridium2.jpg/220px-Iridium2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="202" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Iridium2.jpg/330px-Iridium2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Iridium2.jpg/440px-Iridium2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="736" /></a><figcaption>One <a href="/wiki/Troy_ounce" class="mw-redirect" title="Troy ounce">troy ounce</a> (31.1035 <a href="/wiki/Gram" title="Gram">grams</a>) of arc-melted iridium</figcaption></figure> A member of the <a href="/wiki/Platinum_group" title="Platinum group">platinum group</a> metals, iridium is white, resembling platinum, but with a slight yellowish cast. Because of its hardness, brittleness, and very high <a href="/wiki/Melting_point" title="Melting point">melting point</a>, solid iridium is difficult to machine, form, or work; thus <a href="/wiki/Powder_metallurgy" title="Powder metallurgy">powder metallurgy</a> is commonly employed instead.<a href="#cite_note-greenwood-13">[12]</a> It is the only metal to maintain good mechanical properties in air at temperatures above 1,600 °C (2,910 °F).<a href="#cite_note-hunt-14">[13]</a> It has the 10th highest <a href="/wiki/List_of_elements_by_boiling_point" class="mw-redirect" title="List of elements by boiling point">boiling point among all elements</a> and becomes a <a href="/wiki/Superconductor" class="mw-redirect" title="Superconductor">superconductor</a> at temperatures below 0.14 <a href="/wiki/Kelvin" title="Kelvin">K</a> (−273.010 °C; −459.418 °F).<a href="#cite_note-15">[14]</a> Iridium's <a href="/wiki/Modulus_of_elasticity" class="mw-redirect" title="Modulus of elasticity">modulus of elasticity</a> is the second-highest among the metals, being surpassed only by <a href="/wiki/Osmium" title="Osmium">osmium</a>.<a href="#cite_note-hunt-14">[13]</a> This, together with a high <a href="/wiki/Shear_modulus" title="Shear modulus">shear modulus</a> and a very low figure for <a href="/wiki/Poisson%27s_ratio" title="Poisson's ratio">Poisson's ratio</a> (the relationship of longitudinal to lateral <a href="/wiki/Strain_(chemistry)" title="Strain (chemistry)">strain</a>), indicate the high degree of stiffness and resistance to deformation that have rendered its fabrication into useful components a matter of great difficulty. Despite these limitations and iridium's high cost, a number of applications have developed where mechanical strength is an essential factor in some of the extremely severe conditions encountered in modern technology.<a href="#cite_note-hunt-14">[13]</a> The measured <a href="/wiki/Density" title="Density">density</a> of iridium is only slightly lower (by about 0.12%) than that of osmium, the <a href="/wiki/List_of_elements_by_density" class="mw-redirect" title="List of elements by density">densest metal</a> known.<a href="#cite_note-16">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-17">[16]</a> Some ambiguity occurred regarding which of the two elements was denser, due to the small size of the difference in density and difficulties in measuring it accurately,<a href="#cite_note-crc-18">[17]</a> but, with increased accuracy in factors used for calculating density, <a href="/wiki/X-ray_crystallography" title="X-ray crystallography">X-ray crystallographic</a> data yielded densities of 22.56 g/cm3 (0.815 lb/cu in) for iridium and 22.59 g/cm3 (0.816 lb/cu in) for osmium.<a href="#cite_note-19">[18]</a> Iridium is extremely brittle, to the point of being hard to <a href="/wiki/Welding" title="Welding">weld</a> because the heat-affected zone cracks, but it can be made more ductile by addition of small quantities of <a href="/wiki/Titanium" title="Titanium">titanium</a> and <a href="/wiki/Zirconium" title="Zirconium">zirconium</a> (0.2% of each apparently works well).<a href="#cite_note-20">[19]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Vickers_hardness" class="mw-redirect" title="Vickers hardness">Vickers hardness</a> of pure platinum is 56 HV, whereas platinum with 50% of iridium can reach over 500 HV.<a href="#cite_note-21">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-22">[21]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chemical_properties">Chemical properties</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Iridium&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Chemical properties">edit</a>]</div> Iridium is the most <a href="/wiki/Corrosion-resistant" class="mw-redirect" title="Corrosion-resistant">corrosion-resistant</a> metal known.<a href="#cite_note-Emsley-23">[22]</a> It is not attacked by <a href="/wiki/Acid" title="Acid">acids</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Aqua_regia" title="Aqua regia">aqua regia</a>, but it can be dissolved in concentrated hydrochloric acid in the presence of sodium perchlorate. In the presence of <a href="/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen">oxygen</a>, it reacts with <a href="/wiki/Cyanide" title="Cyanide">cyanide</a> salts.<a href="#cite_note-emsley-24">[23]</a> Traditional <a href="/wiki/Oxidizing_agent" title="Oxidizing agent">oxidants</a> also react, including the <a href="/wiki/Halogen" title="Halogen">halogens</a> and oxygen<a href="#cite_note-perry-25">[24]</a> at higher temperatures.<a href="#cite_note-lagowski-26">[25]</a> Iridium also reacts directly with <a href="/wiki/Sulfur" title="Sulfur">sulfur</a> at atmospheric pressure to yield <a href="/wiki/Iridium_disulfide" title="Iridium disulfide">iridium disulfide</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Munson-1968-27">[26]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Isotopes">Isotopes</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Iridium&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Isotopes">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_iridium" title="Isotopes of iridium">Isotopes of iridium</a></div> Iridium has two naturally occurring stable <a href="/wiki/Isotope" title="Isotope">isotopes</a>, 191Ir and 193Ir, with <a href="/wiki/Natural_abundance" title="Natural abundance">natural abundances</a> of 37.3% and 62.7%, respectively.<a href="#cite_note-nubase-28">[27]</a> At least 37 <a href="/wiki/Radioisotope" class="mw-redirect" title="Radioisotope">radioisotopes</a> have also been synthesized, ranging in <a href="/wiki/Mass_number" title="Mass number">mass number</a> from 164 to 202. <a href="/wiki/Iridium-192" title="Iridium-192">192Ir</a>, which falls between the two stable isotopes, is the most stable <a href="/wiki/Radionuclide" title="Radionuclide">radioisotope</a>, with a <a href="/wiki/Half-life" title="Half-life">half-life</a> of 73.827 days, and finds application in <a href="/wiki/Brachytherapy" title="Brachytherapy">brachytherapy</a><a href="#cite_note-mager-29">[28]</a> and in industrial <a href="/wiki/Radiography" title="Radiography">radiography</a>, particularly for <a href="/wiki/Nondestructive_testing" title="Nondestructive testing">nondestructive testing</a> of welds in steel in the oil and gas industries; iridium-192 sources have been involved in a number of radiological accidents. Three other isotopes have half-lives of at least a day—188Ir, 189Ir, and 190Ir.<a href="#cite_note-nubase-28">[27]</a> Isotopes with masses below 191 decay by some combination of <a href="/wiki/Beta_decay#β+_decay" title="Beta decay">β+ decay</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alpha_decay" title="Alpha decay">α decay</a>, and (rare) <a href="/wiki/Proton_emission" title="Proton emission">proton emission</a>, with the exception of 189Ir, which decays by <a href="/wiki/Electron_capture" title="Electron capture">electron capture</a>. Synthetic isotopes heavier than 191 decay by <a href="/wiki/Beta_decay#β−_decay" title="Beta decay">β− decay</a>, although 192Ir also has a minor electron capture decay path.<a href="#cite_note-nubase-28">[27]</a> All known isotopes of iridium were discovered between 1934 and 2008, with the most recent discoveries being 200–202Ir.<a href="#cite_note-30">[29]</a> At least 32 <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_isomer" title="Nuclear isomer">metastable isomers</a> have been characterized, ranging in mass number from 164 to 197. The most stable of these is 192m2Ir, which decays by <a href="/wiki/Isomeric_transition" class="mw-redirect" title="Isomeric transition">isomeric transition</a> with a half-life of 241 years,<a href="#cite_note-nubase-28">[27]</a> making it more stable than any of iridium's synthetic isotopes in their ground states. The least stable isomer is 190m3Ir with a half-life of only 2 μs.<a href="#cite_note-nubase-28">[27]</a> The isotope 191Ir was the first one of any element to be shown to present a <a href="/wiki/M%C3%B6ssbauer_effect" title="Mössbauer effect">Mössbauer effect</a>. This renders it useful for <a href="/wiki/M%C3%B6ssbauer_spectroscopy" title="Mössbauer spectroscopy">Mössbauer spectroscopy</a> for research in physics, chemistry, <a href="/wiki/Biochemistry" title="Biochemistry">biochemistry</a>, <a href="/wiki/Metallurgy" title="Metallurgy">metallurgy</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mineralogy" title="Mineralogy">mineralogy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ir-191-31">[30]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Chemistry">Chemistry</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Iridium&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Chemistry">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Iridium_compounds" title="Iridium compounds">Iridium compounds</a></div> <table class="wikitable" style="float:right;margin:1em"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2">Oxidation states<a href="#cite_note-32">[b]</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td>−3</td> <td>[Ir(CO) 3]3− </td></tr> <tr> <td>−1</td> <td><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1123817410">.mw-parser-output .template-chem2-su{display:inline-block;font-size:80%;line-height:1;vertical-align:-0.35em}.mw-parser-output .template-chem2-su>span{display:block;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output sub.template-chem2-sub{font-size:80%;vertical-align:-0.35em}.mw-parser-output sup.template-chem2-sup{font-size:80%;vertical-align:0.65em}</style>[Ir(CO)3(PPh3)]1− </td></tr> <tr> <td>0</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">Ir4(CO)12 </td></tr> <tr> <td>+1</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">[IrCl(CO)(PPh3)2] </td></tr> <tr> <td>+2</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">Ir(C5H5)2 </td></tr> <tr> <td>+3</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">IrCl3 </td></tr> <tr> <td>+4</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">IrO2 </td></tr> <tr> <td>+5</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">Ir4F20 </td></tr> <tr> <td>+6</td> <td>IrF 6 </td></tr> <tr> <td>+7</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">[Ir(O2)O2]+ </td></tr> <tr> <td>+8</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">IrO4 </td></tr> <tr> <td>+9</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">[IrO4]+<a href="#cite_note-IrIX-5">[5]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Oxidation_states">Oxidation states</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Iridium&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Oxidation states">edit</a>]</div> Iridium forms compounds in <a href="/wiki/Oxidation_state" title="Oxidation state">oxidation states</a> between −3 and +9, but the most common oxidation states are +1, +2, +3, and +4.<a href="#cite_note-greenwood-13">[12]</a> Well-characterized compounds containing iridium in the +6 oxidation state include <a href="/wiki/Iridium(VI)_fluoride" class="mw-redirect" title="Iridium(VI) fluoride"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">IrF6</a> and the oxides <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">Sr2MgIrO6 and <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">Sr2CaIrO6.<a href="#cite_note-greenwood-13">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-33">[31]</a> <a href="/wiki/Iridium(VIII)_oxide" class="mw-redirect" title="Iridium(VIII) oxide">iridium(VIII) oxide</a> (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">IrO4) was generated under matrix isolation conditions at 6 K in <a href="/wiki/Argon" title="Argon">argon</a>.<a href="#cite_note-34">[32]</a> The highest oxidation state (+9), which is also the highest recorded for any element, is found in gaseous <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">[IrO4]+.<a href="#cite_note-IrIX-5">[5]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Binary_compounds">Binary compounds</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Iridium&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Binary compounds">edit</a>]</div> Iridium does not form <a href="/wiki/Binary_compound" class="mw-redirect" title="Binary compound">binary</a> <a href="/wiki/Hydride" title="Hydride">hydrides</a>. Only one <a href="/wiki/Binary_phase" title="Binary phase">binary oxide</a> is well-characterized: <a href="/wiki/Iridium(IV)_oxide" title="Iridium(IV) oxide">iridium dioxide</a>, IrO 2. It is a blue black solid that adopts the <a href="/wiki/Fluorite_structure" title="Fluorite structure">fluorite structure</a>.<a href="#cite_note-greenwood-13">[12]</a> A <a href="/wiki/Sesquioxide" title="Sesquioxide">sesquioxide</a>, Ir 2O 3, has been described as a blue-black powder, which is oxidized to IrO 2 by HNO 3.<a href="#cite_note-perry-25">[24]</a> The corresponding <a href="/wiki/Disulfide" title="Disulfide">disulfides</a>, <a href="/wiki/Diselenide" title="Diselenide">diselenides</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sesquisulfide" title="Sesquisulfide">sesquisulfides</a>, and sesquiselenides are known, as well as IrS 3.<a href="#cite_note-greenwood-13">[12]</a> Binary trihalides, IrX 3, are known for all of the halogens.<a href="#cite_note-greenwood-13">[12]</a> For oxidation states +4 and above, only the <a href="/wiki/Iridium(IV)_fluoride" class="mw-redirect" title="Iridium(IV) fluoride">tetrafluoride</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iridium(V)_fluoride" title="Iridium(V) fluoride">pentafluoride</a> and <a href="/wiki/Iridium_hexafluoride" title="Iridium hexafluoride">hexafluoride</a> are known.<a href="#cite_note-greenwood-13">[12]</a> Iridium hexafluoride, IrF 6, is a volatile yellow solid, composed of octahedral molecules. It decomposes in water and is reduced to <a href="/wiki/Iridium_tetrafluoride" title="Iridium tetrafluoride">IrF 4</a>.<a href="#cite_note-greenwood-13">[12]</a> Iridium pentafluoride is also a strong oxidant, but it is a <a href="/wiki/Tetramer" title="Tetramer">tetramer</a>, Ir 4F 20, formed by four corner-sharing octahedra.<a href="#cite_note-greenwood-13">[12]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Complexes">Complexes</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Iridium&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Complexes">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:IrCl3(aq)x.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/IrCl3%28aq%29x.jpg/220px-IrCl3%28aq%29x.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/IrCl3%28aq%29x.jpg/330px-IrCl3%28aq%29x.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/IrCl3%28aq%29x.jpg/440px-IrCl3%28aq%29x.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1417" data-file-height="727" /></a><figcaption>Hydrated <a href="/wiki/Iridium_trichloride" class="mw-redirect" title="Iridium trichloride">iridium trichloride</a>, a common salt of iridium.</figcaption></figure> Iridium has extensive <a href="/wiki/Coordination_chemistry" class="mw-redirect" title="Coordination chemistry">coordination chemistry</a>. Iridium in its complexes is always <a href="/wiki/Low-spin" class="mw-redirect" title="Low-spin">low-spin</a>. Ir(III) and Ir(IV) generally form <a href="/wiki/Octahedral_molecular_geometry" title="Octahedral molecular geometry">octahedral complexes</a>.<a href="#cite_note-greenwood-13">[12]</a> Polyhydride complexes are known for the +5 and +3 oxidation states.<a href="#cite_note-35">[33]</a> One example is <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">IrH5(PiPr3)2 (iPr = <a href="/wiki/Isopropyl" class="mw-redirect" title="Isopropyl">isopropyl</a>).<a href="#cite_note-36">[34]</a> The ternary hydride Mg 6Ir 2H 11 is believed to contain both the IrH4− 5 and the 18-electron IrH5− 4 anion.<a href="#cite_note-37">[35]</a> Iridium also forms <a href="/wiki/Oxyanion" title="Oxyanion">oxyanions</a> with oxidation states +4 and +5. K 2IrO 3 and KIrO 3 can be prepared from the reaction of <a href="/wiki/Potassium_oxide" title="Potassium oxide">potassium oxide</a> or <a href="/wiki/Potassium_superoxide" title="Potassium superoxide">potassium superoxide</a> with iridium at high temperatures. Such solids are not soluble in conventional solvents.<a href="#cite_note-38">[36]</a> Just like many elements, iridium forms important chloride complexes. Hexachloroiridic (IV) acid, H 2IrCl 6, and its <a href="/wiki/Ammonium" title="Ammonium">ammonium</a> salt are common iridium compounds from both industrial and preparative perspectives.<a href="#cite_note-ullmann-pt-39">[37]</a> They are intermediates in the purification of iridium and used as precursors for most other iridium compounds, as well as in the preparation of <a href="/wiki/Anode" title="Anode">anode</a> coatings. The IrCl2− 6 ion has an intense dark brown color, and can be readily reduced to the lighter-colored IrCl3− 6 and vice versa.<a href="#cite_note-ullmann-pt-39">[37]</a> <a href="/wiki/Iridium(III)_chloride" title="Iridium(III) chloride">Iridium trichloride</a>, IrCl 3, which can be obtained in <a href="/wiki/Anhydrous" title="Anhydrous">anhydrous</a> form from direct oxidation of iridium powder by <a href="/wiki/Chlorine" title="Chlorine">chlorine</a> at 650 °C,<a href="#cite_note-ullmann-pt-39">[37]</a> or in hydrated form by dissolving Ir 2O 3 in <a href="/wiki/Hydrochloric_acid" title="Hydrochloric acid">hydrochloric acid</a>, is often used as a starting material for the synthesis of other Ir(III) compounds.<a href="#cite_note-greenwood-13">[12]</a> Another compound used as a starting material is potassium hexachloroiridate(III), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">K3IrCl6.<a href="#cite_note-40">[38]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Organoiridium_chemistry">Organoiridium chemistry</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Iridium&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Organoiridium chemistry">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ir2Cl2_cod_2improved.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Ir2Cl2_cod_2improved.svg/220px-Ir2Cl2_cod_2improved.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="91" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Ir2Cl2_cod_2improved.svg/330px-Ir2Cl2_cod_2improved.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Ir2Cl2_cod_2improved.svg/440px-Ir2Cl2_cod_2improved.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="3338" data-file-height="1375" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Cyclooctadiene_iridium_chloride_dimer" title="Cyclooctadiene iridium chloride dimer">Cyclooctadiene iridium chloride dimer</a> is a common complex of Ir(I).</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Organoiridium_compound" class="mw-redirect" title="Organoiridium compound">Organoiridium compounds</a> contain iridium–<a href="/wiki/Carbon" title="Carbon">carbon</a> bonds. Early studies identified the very stable <a href="/wiki/Tetrairidium_dodecacarbonyl" title="Tetrairidium dodecacarbonyl">tetrairidium dodecacarbonyl</a>, Ir 4(CO) 12.<a href="#cite_note-greenwood-13">[12]</a> In this compound, each of the iridium atoms is bonded to the other three, forming a <a href="/wiki/Tetrahedron" title="Tetrahedron">tetrahedral</a> cluster. The discovery of <a href="/wiki/Vaska%27s_complex" title="Vaska's complex">Vaska's complex</a> (IrCl(CO)[P(C 6H 5) 3] 2) opened the <a href="/wiki/Door" title="Door">door</a> for <a href="/wiki/Oxidative_addition" title="Oxidative addition">oxidative addition</a> reactions, a process fundamental to useful reactions. For example, <a href="/wiki/Crabtree%27s_catalyst" title="Crabtree's catalyst">Crabtree's catalyst</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Homogeneous_catalyst" class="mw-redirect" title="Homogeneous catalyst">homogeneous catalyst</a> for <a href="/wiki/Hydrogenation" title="Hydrogenation">hydrogenation</a> reactions.<a href="#cite_note-41">[39]</a><a href="#cite_note-42">[40]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:C-HactnBergGrah.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Skeletal formula presentation of a chemical transformation. The initial compounds have a C5H5 ring on their top and an iridium atom in the center, which is bonded to two hydrogen atoms and a P-PH3 group or to two C-O groups. Reaction with alkane under UV light alters those groups." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/C-HactnBergGrah.png/440px-C-HactnBergGrah.png" decoding="async" width="440" height="102" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/C-HactnBergGrah.png/660px-C-HactnBergGrah.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/C-HactnBergGrah.png/880px-C-HactnBergGrah.png 2x" data-file-width="2056" data-file-height="475" /></a><figcaption>Oxidative addition to hydrocarbons in <a href="/wiki/Organoiridium_chemistry" title="Organoiridium chemistry">organoiridium chemistry</a><a href="#cite_note-RGB-43">[41]</a><a href="#cite_note-WAGG-44">[42]</a></figcaption></figure> Iridium complexes played a pivotal role in the development of <a href="/wiki/C-H_bond_activation" class="mw-redirect" title="C-H bond activation">Carbon–hydrogen bond activation</a> (C–H activation), which promises to allow functionalization of <a href="/wiki/Hydrocarbon" title="Hydrocarbon">hydrocarbons</a>, which are traditionally regarded as <a href="/wiki/Reactivity_(chemistry)" title="Reactivity (chemistry)">unreactive</a>.<a href="#cite_note-45">[43]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Iridium&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Platinum_group">Platinum group</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Iridium&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Platinum group">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Winged_goddess_Cdm_Paris_392.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Photo of part of a black vase with brown picture on it: A woman with wings on her back hold an arrow with right hand and gives a jar to a man. A small deer is standing in front of the woman." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Winged_goddess_Cdm_Paris_392.jpg/170px-Winged_goddess_Cdm_Paris_392.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="240" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Winged_goddess_Cdm_Paris_392.jpg/255px-Winged_goddess_Cdm_Paris_392.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Winged_goddess_Cdm_Paris_392.jpg/340px-Winged_goddess_Cdm_Paris_392.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1850" data-file-height="2610" /></a><figcaption>The Greek goddess <a href="/wiki/Iris_(mythology)" title="Iris (mythology)">Iris</a>, after whom iridium was named.</figcaption></figure> The discovery of iridium is intertwined with that of platinum and the other metals of the <a href="/wiki/Platinum_group" title="Platinum group">platinum group</a>. The first European reference to platinum appears in 1557 in the writings of the Italian humanist <a href="/wiki/Julius_Caesar_Scaliger" title="Julius Caesar Scaliger">Julius Caesar Scaliger</a> as a description of an unknown noble metal found between <a href="/wiki/Dari%C3%A9n_Province" title="Darién Province">Darién</a> and Mexico, "which no fire nor any Spanish artifice has yet been able to <a href="/wiki/Liquefaction" title="Liquefaction">liquefy</a>".<a href="#cite_note-weeks-46">[44]</a> From their first encounters with platinum, the Spanish generally saw the metal as a kind of <a href="/wiki/Impurity" class="mw-redirect" title="Impurity">impurity</a> in gold, and it was treated as such. It was often simply thrown away, and there was an official decree forbidding the <a href="/wiki/Adulteration" class="mw-redirect" title="Adulteration">adulteration</a> of gold with platinum impurities.<a href="#cite_note-history-47">[45]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Platinum_symbol.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A left-pointing crescent, tangent on its right to a circle containing at its center a solid circular dot" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Platinum_symbol.svg/90px-Platinum_symbol.svg.png" decoding="async" width="90" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Platinum_symbol.svg/135px-Platinum_symbol.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Platinum_symbol.svg/180px-Platinum_symbol.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></a><figcaption>This <a href="/wiki/Alchemical_symbol" title="Alchemical symbol">alchemical symbol</a> for platinum was made by joining the symbols of silver (moon) and gold (sun).</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Almirante_Antonio_de_Ulloa.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Almirante_Antonio_de_Ulloa.jpg/220px-Almirante_Antonio_de_Ulloa.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="280" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Almirante_Antonio_de_Ulloa.jpg/330px-Almirante_Antonio_de_Ulloa.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Almirante_Antonio_de_Ulloa.jpg/440px-Almirante_Antonio_de_Ulloa.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4500" data-file-height="5724" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Antonio_de_Ulloa" title="Antonio de Ulloa">Antonio de Ulloa</a> is credited in European history with the discovery of platinum.</figcaption></figure> In 1735, <a href="/wiki/Antonio_de_Ulloa" title="Antonio de Ulloa">Antonio de Ulloa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jorge_Juan_y_Santacilia" title="Jorge Juan y Santacilia">Jorge Juan y Santacilia</a> saw Native Americans mining platinum while the <a href="/wiki/Spaniards" title="Spaniards">Spaniards</a> were travelling through <a href="/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia">Colombia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Peru" title="Peru">Peru</a> for eight years. Ulloa and Juan found mines with the whitish metal <a href="/wiki/Chicken_nugget" title="Chicken nugget">nuggets</a> and took them home to Spain. Ulloa returned to Spain and established the first <a href="/wiki/Mineralogy" title="Mineralogy">mineralogy</a> lab in Spain and was the first to systematically study platinum, which was in 1748. His historical account of the expedition included a description of platinum as being neither <a href="/wiki/Separation_process" title="Separation process">separable</a> nor <a href="/wiki/Calcination" title="Calcination">calcinable</a>. Ulloa also anticipated the discovery of platinum mines. After publishing the report in 1748, Ulloa did not continue to investigate the new metal. In 1758, he was sent to superintend <a href="/wiki/Mercury_(element)" title="Mercury (element)">mercury</a> mining operations in <a href="/wiki/Huancavelica" title="Huancavelica">Huancavelica</a>.<a href="#cite_note-weeks-46">[44]</a> In 1741, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_Wood_(metallurgist)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Charles Wood (metallurgist) (page does not exist)">Charles Wood</a>,<a href="#cite_note-48">[46]</a> a British <a href="/wiki/Metallurgy" title="Metallurgy">metallurgist</a>, found various samples of Colombian platinum in Jamaica, which he sent to <a href="/wiki/William_Brownrigg" title="William Brownrigg">William Brownrigg</a> for further investigation. In 1750, after studying the platinum sent to him by Wood, Brownrigg presented a detailed account of the metal to the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Society" title="Royal Society">Royal Society</a>, stating that he had seen no mention of it in any previous accounts of known minerals.<a href="#cite_note-49">[47]</a> Brownrigg also made note of platinum's extremely high melting point and refractory metal-like behaviour toward <a href="/wiki/Borax" title="Borax">borax</a>. Other chemists across Europe soon began studying platinum, including <a href="/wiki/Andreas_Sigismund_Marggraf" title="Andreas Sigismund Marggraf">Andreas Sigismund Marggraf</a>,<a href="#cite_note-50">[48]</a> <a href="/wiki/Torbern_Bergman" title="Torbern Bergman">Torbern Bergman</a>, <a href="/wiki/J%C3%B6ns_Jakob_Berzelius" class="mw-redirect" title="Jöns Jakob Berzelius">Jöns Jakob Berzelius</a>, <a href="/wiki/William_Lewis_(scientist)" title="William Lewis (scientist)">William Lewis</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Macquer" title="Pierre Macquer">Pierre Macquer</a>. In 1752, <a href="/wiki/Henrik_Teofilus_Scheffer" title="Henrik Teofilus Scheffer">Henrik Scheffer</a> published a detailed scientific description of the metal, which he referred to as "white gold", including an account of how he succeeded in fusing platinum ore with the aid of <a href="/wiki/Arsenic" title="Arsenic">arsenic</a>. Scheffer described platinum as being less <a href="/wiki/Pliable" title="Pliable">pliable</a> than gold, but with similar resistance to <a href="/wiki/Corrosion" title="Corrosion">corrosion</a>.<a href="#cite_note-weeks-46">[44]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Discovery">Discovery</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Iridium&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Discovery">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Chemist" title="Chemist">Chemists</a> who studied platinum <a href="/wiki/Dissolution_(chemistry)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dissolution (chemistry)">dissolved</a> it in <a href="/wiki/Aqua_regia" title="Aqua regia">aqua regia</a> (a mixture of <a href="/wiki/Hydrochloric_acid" title="Hydrochloric acid">hydrochloric</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nitric_acid" title="Nitric acid">nitric acids</a>) to create <a href="/wiki/Solubility" title="Solubility">soluble</a> salts. They always observed a small amount of a dark, <a href="/wiki/Solubility" title="Solubility">insoluble</a> residue.<a href="#cite_note-hunt-14">[13]</a> <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Louis_Proust" class="mw-redirect" title="Joseph Louis Proust">Joseph Louis Proust</a> thought that the residue was <a href="/wiki/Graphite" title="Graphite">graphite</a>.<a href="#cite_note-hunt-14">[13]</a> The French chemists <a href="/wiki/Victor_Collet-Descotils" class="mw-redirect" title="Victor Collet-Descotils">Victor Collet-Descotils</a>, <a href="/wiki/Antoine_Fran%C3%A7ois,_comte_de_Fourcroy" class="mw-redirect" title="Antoine François, comte de Fourcroy">Antoine François, comte de Fourcroy</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Louis_Nicolas_Vauquelin" title="Louis Nicolas Vauquelin">Louis Nicolas Vauquelin</a> also observed the black residue in 1803, but did not obtain enough for further experiments.<a href="#cite_note-hunt-14">[13]</a> In 1803 British scientist <a href="/wiki/Smithson_Tennant" title="Smithson Tennant">Smithson Tennant</a> (1761–1815) analyzed the insoluble residue and concluded that it must contain a new metal. Vauquelin treated the powder alternately with <a href="/wiki/Alkali" title="Alkali">alkali</a> and acids<a href="#cite_note-Emsley-23">[22]</a> and obtained a volatile new oxide, which he believed to be of this new metal—which he named <a href="/wiki/Osmium" title="Osmium">ptene</a>, from the Greek word πτηνός ptēnós, "<a href="/wiki/Wing" title="Wing">winged</a>".<a href="#cite_note-51">[49]</a><a href="#cite_note-griffith-52">[50]</a> Tennant, who had the advantage of a much greater amount of residue, continued his research and identified the two previously undiscovered elements in the black residue, iridium and <a href="/wiki/Osmium" title="Osmium">osmium</a>.<a href="#cite_note-hunt-14">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-Emsley-23">[22]</a> He obtained dark red crystals (probably of Na 2[IrCl 6]·nH 2O) by a sequence of reactions with <a href="/wiki/Sodium_hydroxide" title="Sodium hydroxide">sodium hydroxide</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hydrochloric_acid" title="Hydrochloric acid">hydrochloric acid</a>.<a href="#cite_note-griffith-52">[50]</a> He named iridium after <a href="/wiki/Iris_(mythology)" title="Iris (mythology)">Iris</a> (Ἶρις), the Greek winged goddess of the <a href="/wiki/Rainbow" title="Rainbow">rainbow</a> and the messenger of the <a href="/wiki/Twelve_Olympians" title="Twelve Olympians">Olympian gods</a>, because many of the <a href="/wiki/Salt_(chemistry)" title="Salt (chemistry)">salts</a> he obtained were strongly colored.<a href="#cite_note-53">[c]</a><a href="#cite_note-54">[51]</a> Discovery of the new elements was documented in a letter to the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Society" title="Royal Society">Royal Society</a> on June 21, 1804.<a href="#cite_note-hunt-14">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-55">[52]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Metalworking_and_applications">Metalworking and applications</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Iridium&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Metalworking and applications">edit</a>]</div> British scientist <a href="/wiki/John_George_Children" title="John George Children">John George Children</a> was the first to melt a sample of iridium in 1813 with the aid of "the greatest galvanic battery that has ever been constructed" (at that time).<a href="#cite_note-hunt-14">[13]</a> The first to obtain high-purity iridium was <a href="/wiki/Robert_Hare_(chemist)" title="Robert Hare (chemist)">Robert Hare</a> in 1842. He found it had a density of around 21.8 g/cm3 (0.79 lb/cu in) and noted the metal is nearly <a href="/wiki/Ductility" title="Ductility">immalleable</a> and very hard. The first melting in appreciable quantity was done by <a href="/wiki/Henri_Sainte-Claire_Deville" class="mw-redirect" title="Henri Sainte-Claire Deville">Henri Sainte-Claire Deville</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jules_Henri_Debray" title="Jules Henri Debray">Jules Henri Debray</a> in 1860. They required burning more than 300 litres (79 US gal) of pure O 2 and H 2 gas for each 1 kilogram (2.2 lb) of iridium.<a href="#cite_note-hunt-14">[13]</a> These extreme difficulties in melting the metal limited the possibilities for handling iridium. <a href="/wiki/John_Isaac_Hawkins" title="John Isaac Hawkins">John Isaac Hawkins</a> was looking to obtain a fine and hard point for <a href="/wiki/Fountain_pen" title="Fountain pen">fountain pen</a> <a href="/wiki/Nib_(pen)" title="Nib (pen)">nibs</a>, and in 1834 managed to create an iridium-pointed gold pen. In 1880, <a href="/wiki/John_Holland_(pen_maker)" title="John Holland (pen maker)">John Holland</a> and <a href="/wiki/William_Lofland_Dudley" title="William Lofland Dudley">William Lofland Dudley</a> were able to melt iridium by adding <a href="/wiki/Phosphorus" title="Phosphorus">phosphorus</a> and patented the process in the United States; British company <a href="/wiki/Johnson_Matthey" title="Johnson Matthey">Johnson Matthey</a> later stated they had been using a similar process since 1837 and had already presented fused iridium at a number of <a href="/wiki/World%27s_fair" title="World's fair">World Fairs</a>.<a href="#cite_note-hunt-14">[13]</a> The first use of an <a href="/wiki/Alloy" title="Alloy">alloy</a> of iridium with <a href="/wiki/Ruthenium" title="Ruthenium">ruthenium</a> in <a href="/wiki/Thermocouple" title="Thermocouple">thermocouples</a> was made by Otto Feussner in 1933. These allowed for the measurement of high temperatures in air up to 2,000 °C (3,630 °F).<a href="#cite_note-hunt-14">[13]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Munich" title="Munich">Munich</a>, Germany in 1957 <a href="/wiki/Rudolf_M%C3%B6ssbauer" title="Rudolf Mössbauer">Rudolf Mössbauer</a>, in what has been called one of the "landmark experiments in twentieth-century physics",<a href="#cite_note-56">[53]</a> discovered the resonant and <a href="/wiki/Atomic_Recoil" class="mw-redirect" title="Atomic Recoil">recoil</a>-free emission and absorption of <a href="/wiki/Gamma_ray" title="Gamma ray">gamma rays</a> by <a href="/wiki/Atom" title="Atom">atoms</a> in a solid metal sample containing only 191Ir.<a href="#cite_note-57">[54]</a> This phenomenon, known as the <a href="/wiki/M%C3%B6ssbauer_effect" title="Mössbauer effect">Mössbauer effect</a> resulted in the awarding of the <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physics" title="Nobel Prize in Physics">Nobel Prize in Physics</a> in 1961, at the age 32, just three years after he published his discovery.<a href="#cite_note-58">[55]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Occurrence">Occurrence</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Iridium&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Occurrence">edit</a>]</div> Along with many elements having <a href="/wiki/Atomic_weight" class="mw-redirect" title="Atomic weight">atomic weights</a> higher than that of iron, iridium is only naturally formed by the <a href="/wiki/R-process" title="R-process">r-process</a> (rapid <a href="/wiki/Neutron" title="Neutron">neutron</a> capture) in <a href="/wiki/Neutron_star_merger" title="Neutron star merger">neutron star mergers</a> and possibly rare types of supernovae.<a href="#cite_note-59">[56]</a><a href="#cite_note-chen-60">[57]</a><a href="#cite_note-61">[58]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Elemental_abundances.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Graph sowing on the x axis the elements by atomic number and on y-axis the amount in earth's crust compared to Si abundance. There is a green area with high abundance for the lighter elements between oxygen and iron. The yellow area with lowest abundant elements includes the heavier platinum group metals, tellurium and gold. The lowest abundance is clearly iridium." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Elemental_abundances.svg/370px-Elemental_abundances.svg.png" decoding="async" width="370" height="287" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Elemental_abundances.svg/555px-Elemental_abundances.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Elemental_abundances.svg/740px-Elemental_abundances.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="620" /></a><figcaption>Iridium is one of the least abundant elements in Earth's crust.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Willamette_Meteorite_AMNH.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A large black egg-shaped boulder of porous structure standing on its top, tilted" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Willamette_Meteorite_AMNH.jpg/170px-Willamette_Meteorite_AMNH.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Willamette_Meteorite_AMNH.jpg/255px-Willamette_Meteorite_AMNH.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Willamette_Meteorite_AMNH.jpg/340px-Willamette_Meteorite_AMNH.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1704" data-file-height="2272" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Willamette_Meteorite" title="Willamette Meteorite">Willamette Meteorite</a>, the sixth-largest meteorite found in the world, has 4.7 ppm iridium.<a href="#cite_note-62">[59]</a></figcaption></figure> Iridium is one of the nine least abundant stable <a href="/wiki/Periodic_table" title="Periodic table">elements</a> in <a href="/wiki/Earth%27s_crust" title="Earth's crust">Earth's crust</a>, having an average <a href="/wiki/Mass_fraction_(chemistry)" title="Mass fraction (chemistry)">mass fraction</a> of 0.001 <a href="/wiki/Parts_per_million" class="mw-redirect" title="Parts per million">ppm</a> in crustal rock; <a href="/wiki/Gold" title="Gold">gold</a> is 4 times more abundant, <a href="/wiki/Platinum" title="Platinum">platinum</a> is 10 times more abundant, <a href="/wiki/Silver" title="Silver">silver</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mercury_(element)" title="Mercury (element)">mercury</a> are 80 times more abundant.<a href="#cite_note-greenwood-13">[12]</a> <a href="/wiki/Osmium" title="Osmium">Osmium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tellurium" title="Tellurium">tellurium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ruthenium" title="Ruthenium">ruthenium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rhodium" title="Rhodium">rhodium</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rhenium" title="Rhenium">rhenium</a> are about as abundant as iridium.<a href="#cite_note-63">[60]</a> In contrast to its low abundance in crustal rock, iridium is relatively common in <a href="/wiki/Meteorite" title="Meteorite">meteorites</a>, with concentrations of 0.5 ppm or more.<a href="#cite_note-argonne-64">[61]</a> The overall concentration of iridium on Earth is thought to be much higher than what is observed in crustal rocks, but because of the density and <a href="/wiki/Goldschmidt_classification" title="Goldschmidt classification">siderophilic</a> ("iron-loving") character of iridium, it descended below the crust and into <a href="/wiki/Earth%27s_core" class="mw-redirect" title="Earth's core">Earth's core</a> when the planet was still <a href="/wiki/Lava" title="Lava">molten</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ullmann-pt-39">[37]</a> Iridium is found in nature as an uncombined element or in natural <a href="/wiki/Alloy" title="Alloy">alloys</a>, especially the iridium–<a href="/wiki/Osmium" title="Osmium">osmium</a> alloys <a href="/wiki/Osmiridium" title="Osmiridium">osmiridium</a> (osmium-rich) and <a href="/wiki/Iridosmium" class="mw-redirect" title="Iridosmium">iridosmium</a> (iridium-rich).<a href="#cite_note-Emsley-23">[22]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Nickel" title="Nickel">nickel</a> and copper deposits, the <a href="/wiki/Platinum_group" title="Platinum group">platinum group</a> metals occur as <a href="/wiki/Sulfide" title="Sulfide">sulfides</a>, <a href="/wiki/Telluride_(chemistry)" title="Telluride (chemistry)">tellurides</a>, <a href="/wiki/Antimonide" title="Antimonide">antimonides</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Arsenide" title="Arsenide">arsenides</a>. In all of these compounds, <a href="/wiki/Platinum" title="Platinum">platinum</a> can be exchanged with a small amount of iridium or osmium. As with all of the platinum group metals, iridium can be found naturally in alloys with raw nickel or <a href="/wiki/Native_copper" title="Native copper">raw copper</a>.<a href="#cite_note-65">[62]</a> A number of iridium-dominant <a href="/wiki/Mineral" title="Mineral">minerals</a>, with iridium as the species-forming element, are known. They are exceedingly rare and often represent the iridium analogues of the above-given ones. The examples are irarsite and cuproiridsite, to mention some.<a href="#cite_note-66">[63]</a><a href="#cite_note-67">[64]</a><a href="#cite_note-68">[65]</a> Within Earth's crust, iridium is found at highest concentrations in three types of <a href="/wiki/Geology" title="Geology">geologic</a> structure: <a href="/wiki/Igneous_rock" title="Igneous rock">igneous</a> deposits (crustal intrusions from below), <a href="/wiki/Impact_crater" title="Impact crater">impact craters</a>, and deposits reworked from one of the former structures. The largest known primary reserves are in the <a href="/wiki/Bushveld_igneous_complex" class="mw-redirect" title="Bushveld igneous complex">Bushveld igneous complex</a> in South Africa,<a href="#cite_note-kirk-pt-69">[66]</a> (near the largest known impact structure, the <a href="/wiki/Vredefort_impact_structure" title="Vredefort impact structure">Vredefort impact structure</a>) though the large copper–<a href="/wiki/Nickel" title="Nickel">nickel</a> deposits near <a href="/wiki/Norilsk#Norilsk-Talnakh_nickel_deposits" title="Norilsk">Norilsk</a> in Russia, and the <a href="/wiki/Sudbury_Basin" title="Sudbury Basin">Sudbury Basin</a> (also an impact crater) in Canada are also significant sources of iridium. Smaller reserves are found in the United States.<a href="#cite_note-kirk-pt-69">[66]</a> Iridium is also found in secondary deposits, combined with <a href="/wiki/Platinum" title="Platinum">platinum</a> and other <a href="/wiki/Platinum_group" title="Platinum group">platinum group</a> metals in <a href="/wiki/Alluvium" title="Alluvium">alluvial</a> deposits. The alluvial deposits used by <a href="/wiki/Pre-Columbian" class="mw-redirect" title="Pre-Columbian">pre-Columbian</a> people in the <a href="/wiki/Choc%C3%B3_Department" title="Chocó Department">Chocó Department</a> of <a href="/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia">Colombia</a> are still a source for platinum-group metals. As of 2003, world reserves have not been estimated.<a href="#cite_note-Emsley-23">[22]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Marine_oceanography">Marine oceanography</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Iridium&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Marine oceanography">edit</a>]</div> Iridium is found within marine organisms, <a href="/wiki/Sediment" title="Sediment">sediments</a>, and the water column. The abundance of iridium in seawater<a href="#cite_note-Goldberg-70">[67]</a> and organisms<a href="#cite_note-Wells-71">[68]</a> is relatively low, as it does not readily form <a href="/wiki/Transition_metal_chloride_complex" title="Transition metal chloride complex">chloride complexes</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Wells-71">[68]</a> The abundance in organisms is about 20 parts per trillion, or about five <a href="/wiki/Orders_of_magnitude" class="mw-redirect" title="Orders of magnitude">orders of magnitude</a> less than in <a href="/wiki/Sedimentary_rock" title="Sedimentary rock">sedimentary rocks</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Cretaceous%E2%80%93Paleogene_boundary" title="Cretaceous–Paleogene boundary">Cretaceous–Paleogene (K–T) boundary</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Wells-71">[68]</a> The concentration of iridium in seawater and marine sediment is sensitive to <a href="/wiki/Oxygenation_(environmental)" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxygenation (environmental)">marine oxygenation</a>, seawater temperature, and various geological and biological processes.<a href="#cite_note-Sawlowicz-72">[69]</a> Iridium in sediments can come from <a href="/wiki/Cosmic_dust" title="Cosmic dust">cosmic dust</a>, volcanoes, <a href="/wiki/Precipitation_(chemistry)" title="Precipitation (chemistry)">precipitation</a> from seawater, microbial processes, or <a href="/wiki/Hydrothermal_vent" title="Hydrothermal vent">hydrothermal vents</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Sawlowicz-72">[69]</a> and its abundance can be strongly indicative of the source.<a href="#cite_note-Macdougall-73">[70]</a><a href="#cite_note-Sawlowicz-72">[69]</a> It tends to associate with other ferrous metals in <a href="/wiki/Manganese_nodule" title="Manganese nodule">manganese nodules</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Goldberg-70">[67]</a> Iridium is one of the characteristic elements of extraterrestrial rocks, and, along with osmium, can be used as a tracer element for meteoritic material in sediment.<a href="#cite_note-Peucker-Ehrenbrink-74">[71]</a><a href="#cite_note-Barker-75">[72]</a> For example, core samples from the Pacific Ocean with elevated iridium levels suggested the <a href="/wiki/Eltanin_impact" title="Eltanin impact">Eltanin impact</a> of about 2.5 million years ago.<a href="#cite_note-Kyte1981-12">[11]</a> Some of the <a href="/wiki/Mass_extinction" class="mw-redirect" title="Mass extinction">mass extinctions</a>, such as the <a href="/wiki/Cretaceous_extinction" class="mw-redirect" title="Cretaceous extinction">Cretaceous extinction</a>, can be identified by anomalously high concentrations of iridium in sediment, and these can be linked to major <a href="/wiki/Asteroid_impact" class="mw-redirect" title="Asteroid impact">asteroid impacts</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Colodner-76">[73]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cretaceous–Paleogene_boundary_presence">Cretaceous–Paleogene boundary presence</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Iridium&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Cretaceous–Paleogene boundary presence">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:K-T_boundary.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A cliff with pronounced layered structure: yellow, gray, white, gray. A red arrow points between the yellow and gray layers." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/K-T_boundary.jpg/220px-K-T_boundary.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/K-T_boundary.jpg/330px-K-T_boundary.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/K-T_boundary.jpg/440px-K-T_boundary.jpg 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="458" /></a><figcaption>The red arrow points to the <a href="/wiki/Cretaceous%E2%80%93Paleogene_boundary" title="Cretaceous–Paleogene boundary">Cretaceous–Paleogene boundary</a>.</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Cretaceous%E2%80%93Paleogene_extinction_event" title="Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event">Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event</a></div> The <a href="/wiki/Cretaceous%E2%80%93Paleogene_boundary" title="Cretaceous–Paleogene boundary">Cretaceous–Paleogene boundary</a> of 66 million years ago, marking the temporal border between the <a href="/wiki/Cretaceous" title="Cretaceous">Cretaceous</a> and <a href="/wiki/Paleogene" title="Paleogene">Paleogene</a> periods of <a href="/wiki/Geologic_time_scale" title="Geologic time scale">geological time</a>, was identified by a thin <a href="/wiki/Stratum" title="Stratum">stratum</a> of <a href="/wiki/Iridium_anomaly" title="Iridium anomaly">iridium-rich clay</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Alvarez-77">[74]</a> A team led by <a href="/wiki/Luis_Walter_Alvarez" title="Luis Walter Alvarez">Luis Alvarez</a> proposed in 1980 an extraterrestrial origin for this iridium, attributing it to an <a href="/wiki/Asteroid" title="Asteroid">asteroid</a> or <a href="/wiki/Comet" title="Comet">comet</a> impact.<a href="#cite_note-Alvarez-77">[74]</a> Their theory, known as the <a href="/wiki/Alvarez_hypothesis" title="Alvarez hypothesis">Alvarez hypothesis</a>, is now widely accepted to explain the extinction of the non-avian dinosaurs. A large buried impact crater structure with an estimated age of about 66 million years was later identified under what is now the <a href="/wiki/Yucat%C3%A1n_Peninsula" title="Yucatán Peninsula">Yucatán Peninsula</a> (the <a href="/wiki/Chicxulub_crater" title="Chicxulub crater">Chicxulub crater</a>).<a href="#cite_note-78">[75]</a><a href="#cite_note-79">[76]</a> Dewey M. McLean and others argue that the iridium may have been of <a href="/wiki/Volcano" title="Volcano">volcanic</a> origin instead, because Earth's core is rich in iridium, and active volcanoes such as <a href="/wiki/Piton_de_la_Fournaise" title="Piton de la Fournaise">Piton de la Fournaise</a>, in the island of <a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9union" title="Réunion">Réunion</a>, are still releasing iridium.<a href="#cite_note-80">[77]</a><a href="#cite_note-81">[78]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Production">Production</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Iridium&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Production">edit</a>]</div> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; float:right; margin-left:0.5em"> <tbody><tr> <th>Year</th> <th>Consumption (tonnes)</th> <th>Price (US$)<a href="#cite_note-usgs-82">[79]</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td>2001</td> <td>2.6</td> <td>$415.25/<a href="/wiki/Troy_ounce" class="mw-redirect" title="Troy ounce">ozt</a> ($13.351/g) </td></tr> <tr> <td>2002</td> <td>2.5</td> <td>$294.62/<a href="/wiki/Troy_ounce" class="mw-redirect" title="Troy ounce">ozt</a> ($9.472/g) </td></tr> <tr> <td>2003</td> <td>3.3</td> <td>$93.02/<a href="/wiki/Troy_ounce" class="mw-redirect" title="Troy ounce">ozt</a> ($2.991/g) </td></tr> <tr> <td>2004</td> <td>3.60</td> <td>$185.33/<a href="/wiki/Troy_ounce" class="mw-redirect" title="Troy ounce">ozt</a> ($5.958/g) </td></tr> <tr> <td>2005</td> <td>3.86</td> <td>$169.51/<a href="/wiki/Troy_ounce" class="mw-redirect" title="Troy ounce">ozt</a> ($5.450/g) </td></tr> <tr> <td>2006</td> <td>4.08</td> <td>$349.45/<a href="/wiki/Troy_ounce" class="mw-redirect" title="Troy ounce">ozt</a> ($11.235/g) </td></tr> <tr> <td>2007</td> <td>3.70</td> <td>$444.43/<a href="/wiki/Troy_ounce" class="mw-redirect" title="Troy ounce">ozt</a> ($14.289/g) </td></tr> <tr> <td>2008</td> <td>3.10</td> <td>$448.34/<a href="/wiki/Troy_ounce" class="mw-redirect" title="Troy ounce">ozt</a> ($14.414/g) </td></tr> <tr> <td>2009</td> <td>2.52</td> <td>$420.4/<a href="/wiki/Troy_ounce" class="mw-redirect" title="Troy ounce">ozt</a> ($13.52/g) </td></tr> <tr> <td>2010</td> <td>10.40</td> <td>$642.15/<a href="/wiki/Troy_ounce" class="mw-redirect" title="Troy ounce">ozt</a> ($20.646/g) </td></tr> <tr> <td>2011</td> <td>9.36</td> <td>$1,035.87/<a href="/wiki/Troy_ounce" class="mw-redirect" title="Troy ounce">ozt</a> ($33.304/g) </td></tr> <tr> <td>2012</td> <td>5.54</td> <td>$1,066.23/<a href="/wiki/Troy_ounce" class="mw-redirect" title="Troy ounce">ozt</a> ($34.280/g) </td></tr> <tr> <td>2013</td> <td>6.16</td> <td>$826.45/<a href="/wiki/Troy_ounce" class="mw-redirect" title="Troy ounce">ozt</a> ($26.571/g) </td></tr> <tr> <td>2014</td> <td>6.1</td> <td>$556.19/<a href="/wiki/Troy_ounce" class="mw-redirect" title="Troy ounce">ozt</a> ($17.882/g) </td></tr> <tr> <td>2015</td> <td>7.81</td> <td>$544/<a href="/wiki/Troy_ounce" class="mw-redirect" title="Troy ounce">ozt</a> ($17.5/g) </td></tr> <tr> <td>2016</td> <td>7.71</td> <td>$586.90/<a href="/wiki/Troy_ounce" class="mw-redirect" title="Troy ounce">ozt</a> ($18.869/g) </td></tr> <tr> <td>2017</td> <td>n.d.</td> <td>$908.35/<a href="/wiki/Troy_ounce" class="mw-redirect" title="Troy ounce">ozt</a> ($29.204/g) </td></tr> <tr> <td>2018</td> <td>n.d.</td> <td>$1,293.27/<a href="/wiki/Troy_ounce" class="mw-redirect" title="Troy ounce">ozt</a> ($41.580/g) </td></tr> <tr> <td>2019</td> <td>n.d.</td> <td>$1,485.80/<a href="/wiki/Troy_ounce" class="mw-redirect" title="Troy ounce">ozt</a> ($47.770/g) </td></tr> <tr> <td>2020</td> <td>n.d.</td> <td>$1,633.51/<a href="/wiki/Troy_ounce" class="mw-redirect" title="Troy ounce">ozt</a> ($52.519/g) </td></tr> <tr> <td>2021</td> <td>n.d.</td> <td>$5,400.00/<a href="/wiki/Troy_ounce" class="mw-redirect" title="Troy ounce">ozt</a> ($173.614/g) </td></tr> <tr> <td>2022</td> <td>n.d.</td> <td>$3,980.00/<a href="/wiki/Troy_ounce" class="mw-redirect" title="Troy ounce">ozt</a> ($127.960/g) </td></tr> <tr> <td>2023</td> <td>n.d.</td> <td>$4,652.38/<a href="/wiki/Troy_ounce" class="mw-redirect" title="Troy ounce">ozt</a> ($149.577/g) </td></tr> <tr> <td>2024</td> <td>n.d.</td> <td>$5,000.00/<a href="/wiki/Troy_ounce" class="mw-redirect" title="Troy ounce">ozt</a> ($160.754/g) </td></tr></tbody></table> Worldwide production of iridium was about 7,300 kilograms (16,100 lb) in 2018.<a href="#cite_note-usgs2018-83">[80]</a> The price is high and varying (see table). Illustrative factors that affect the price include oversupply of Ir crucibles<a href="#cite_note-usgs-82">[79]</a><a href="#cite_note-84">[81]</a> and changes in <a href="/wiki/LED" class="mw-redirect" title="LED">LED</a> technology.<a href="#cite_note-85">[82]</a> Platinum metals occur together as dilute ores. Iridium is one of the rarer platinum metals: for every 190 tonnes of platinum obtained from ores, only 7.5 tonnes of iridium is isolated.<a href="#cite_note-JM-86">[83]</a> To separate the metals, they must first be brought into <a href="/wiki/Solution_(chemistry)" title="Solution (chemistry)">solution</a>. Two methods for rendering Ir-containing ores soluble are (i) fusion of the solid with <a href="/wiki/Sodium_peroxide" title="Sodium peroxide">sodium peroxide</a> followed by extraction of the resulting glass in <a href="/wiki/Aqua_regia" title="Aqua regia">aqua regia</a> and (ii) extraction of the solid with a mixture of <a href="/wiki/Chlorine" title="Chlorine">chlorine</a> with <a href="/wiki/Hydrochloric_acid" title="Hydrochloric acid">hydrochloric acid</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ullmann-pt-39">[37]</a><a href="#cite_note-kirk-pt-69">[66]</a> From soluble extracts, iridium is separated by precipitating solid <a href="/wiki/Ammonium_hexachloroiridate" class="mw-redirect" title="Ammonium hexachloroiridate">ammonium hexachloroiridate</a> ((NH 4) 2IrCl 6) or by extracting IrCl2− 6 with organic amines.<a href="#cite_note-87">[84]</a> The first method is similar to the procedure Tennant and Wollaston used for their original separation. The second method can be planned as continuous <a href="/wiki/Liquid%E2%80%93liquid_extraction" title="Liquid–liquid extraction">liquid–liquid extraction</a> and is therefore more suitable for industrial scale production. In either case, the product, an iridium chloride salt, is reduced with hydrogen, yielding the metal as a powder or <a href="/wiki/Metal_sponge" class="mw-redirect" title="Metal sponge">sponge</a>, which is amenable to <a href="/wiki/Powder_metallurgy" title="Powder metallurgy">powder metallurgy</a> techniques.<a href="#cite_note-88">[85]</a><a href="#cite_note-89">[86]</a> Iridium is also obtained commercially as a by-product from <a href="/wiki/Nickel" title="Nickel">nickel</a> and copper mining and processing. During <a href="/wiki/Copper_extraction_techniques#Electrorefining" class="mw-redirect" title="Copper extraction techniques">electrorefining of copper</a> and nickel, noble metals such as silver, gold and the <a href="/wiki/Platinum_group_metal" class="mw-redirect" title="Platinum group metal">platinum group metals</a> as well as <a href="/wiki/Selenium" title="Selenium">selenium</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tellurium" title="Tellurium">tellurium</a> settle to the bottom of the cell as anode mud, which forms the starting point for their extraction.<a href="#cite_note-usgs-82">[79]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1232966811">.mw-parser-output .hover-highlight tr:hover,.mw-parser-output .mw-datatable tr:hover{background-color:var(--background-color-progressive-subtle,#eaf3ff);color:var(--color-base,#333)}.mw-parser-output .mw-datatable{background-color:var(--background-color-base,#fff);color:var(--color-base,#333)}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1233514072">.mw-parser-output .static-row-numbers{counter-reset:rowNumber}.mw-parser-output .static-row-numbers tr::before{content:"";display:table-cell;padding-right:0.5em;padding-left:0.5em;text-align:right;vertical-align:inherit}.mw-parser-output .static-row-numbers.static-row-numbers-left tr::before{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .static-row-numbers.static-row-numbers-center tr::before{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .static-row-numbers.wikitable tr::before{background-color:var(--background-color-neutral,#eaecf0)}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .static-row-numbers.wikitable tr::before{background-color:var(--background-color-neutral,#eaecf0);color:var(--color-base,#202122)}.mw-parser-output .static-row-numbers thead+tbody tr:first-child:not(.static-row-header):not(.static-row-numbers-norank)::before,.mw-parser-output .static-row-numbers tbody tr:not(:first-child):not(.static-row-header):not(.static-row-numbers-norank)::before{counter-increment:rowNumber;content:counter(rowNumber)}.mw-parser-output .static-row-header-text.static-row-numbers thead tr:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .static-row-header-text.static-row-numbers caption+tbody tr:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .static-row-header-text.static-row-numbers tbody:first-child tr:first-child::before{content:"No.";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .static-row-header-hash.static-row-numbers thead tr:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .static-row-header-hash.static-row-numbers caption+tbody tr:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .static-row-header-hash.static-row-numbers tbody:first-child tr:first-child::before{content:"#";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .static-row-numbers.wikitable tr::before{border:0 solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1)}.mw-parser-output .static-row-numbers.wikitable thead+tbody tr:first-child:not(.static-row-header)::before,.mw-parser-output .static-row-numbers.wikitable tbody tr:not(:first-child):not(.static-row-header)::before{border-width:1px}body.skin-monobook .mw-parser-output .static-row-numbers.wikitable tr::before{border-color:#aaaaaa}body.skin-timeless .mw-parser-output .static-row-numbers.wikitable tr::before{border-color:#c8ccd1}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .static-row-numbers.wikitable tr::before{border-color:rgba(84,89,93,.3)}.mw-parser-output table[border].static-row-numbers:not(.wikitable) tr::before{border:0 inset #202122}.mw-parser-output table[border].static-row-numbers:not(.wikitable) thead+tbody tr:first-child:not(.static-row-header)::before,.mw-parser-output table[border].static-row-numbers:not(.wikitable) tbody tr:not(:first-child):not(.static-row-header)::before{border-width:1px}body.skin-monobook .mw-parser-output table[border].static-row-numbers:not(.wikitable) tr::before,body.skin-timeless .mw-parser-output table[border].static-row-numbers:not(.wikitable):not(.mw-datatable) tr::before{border-color:#000000}body.skin-timeless .mw-parser-output .static-row-numbers.mw-datatable:not(.wikitable) tr::before{border:0 solid #c8ccd1}body.skin-timeless .mw-parser-output .static-row-numbers.mw-datatable:not(.wikitable) thead+tbody tr:first-child:not(.static-row-header)::before,body.skin-timeless .mw-parser-output .static-row-numbers.mw-datatable:not(.wikitable) tbody tr:not(:first-child):not(.static-row-header)::before{border-width:1px}@media all and (max-width:720px){body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .static-row-numbers.wikitable tr::before{border-left-width:1px}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .static-row-numbers.wikitable thead tr:first-child::before,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .static-row-numbers.wikitable caption+tbody tr:first-child::before,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .static-row-numbers.wikitable tbody:first-child tr:first-child::before{border-top-width:1px}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .static-row-numbers.wikitable tbody tr:last-child::before,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .static-row-numbers.wikitable tfoot tr:last-child::before{border-bottom-width:1px}}</style> <table class="wikitable sortable mw-datatable static-row-numbers" style="text-align:right;"> <caption>Leading iridium-producing countries (kg)<a href="#cite_note-90">[87]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Country</th> <th>2016</th> <th>2017</th> <th>2018</th> <th>2019</th> <th>2020 </th></tr> <tr class="sorttop" style="font-weight:bold;"> <td style="text-align:left"> World</td> <td>7,720</td> <td>7,180</td> <td>7,540</td> <td>7,910</td> <td>8,170 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/23px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/35px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/45px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Natural_resources_of_South_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Natural resources of South Africa">South Africa *</a></td> <td>6,624</td> <td>6,057</td> <td>6,357</td> <td>6,464</td> <td>6,786 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Flag_of_Zimbabwe.svg/23px-Flag_of_Zimbabwe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Flag_of_Zimbabwe.svg/35px-Flag_of_Zimbabwe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Flag_of_Zimbabwe.svg/46px-Flag_of_Zimbabwe.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Zimbabwe" title="Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a></td> <td>598</td> <td>619</td> <td>586</td> <td>845</td> <td>836 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Natural_resources_of_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Natural resources of Canada">Canada *</a></td> <td>300</td> <td>200</td> <td>400</td> <td>300</td> <td>300 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Natural_resources_of_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Natural resources of Russia">Russia *</a></td> <td>200</td> <td>300</td> <td>200</td> <td>300</td> <td>250 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Applications">Applications</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Iridium&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Applications">edit</a>]</div> Due to iridium's resistance to corrosion it has industrial applications. The main areas of use are electrodes for producing chlorine and other corrosive products, <a href="/wiki/OLED" title="OLED">OLEDs</a>, crucibles, <a href="/wiki/Cativa_process" title="Cativa process">catalysts</a> (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Acetic_acid" title="Acetic acid">acetic acid</a>), and ignition tips for spark plugs.<a href="#cite_note-JM-86">[83]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Metal_and_alloys">Metal and alloys</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Iridium&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Metal and alloys">edit</a>]</div> Resistance to heat and corrosion are the bases for several uses of iridium and its alloys. Owing to its high melting point, hardness, and <a href="/wiki/Corrosion_resistance" class="mw-redirect" title="Corrosion resistance">corrosion resistance</a>, iridium is used to make crucibles. Such <a href="/wiki/Crucible" title="Crucible">crucibles</a> are used in the <a href="/wiki/Czochralski_process" class="mw-redirect" title="Czochralski process">Czochralski process</a> to produce oxide single-crystals (such as <a href="/wiki/Sapphire" title="Sapphire">sapphires</a>) for use in computer memory devices and in solid state lasers.<a href="#cite_note-Handley-91">[88]</a><a href="#cite_note-92">[89]</a> The crystals, such as <a href="/wiki/Gadolinium_gallium_garnet" title="Gadolinium gallium garnet">gadolinium gallium garnet</a> and yttrium gallium garnet, are grown by melting pre-sintered charges of mixed oxides under oxidizing conditions at temperatures up to 2,100 °C (3,810 °F).<a href="#cite_note-hunt-14">[13]</a> Certain long-life aircraft engine parts are made of an iridium alloy, and an iridium–<a href="/wiki/Titanium" title="Titanium">titanium</a> alloy is used for deep-water pipes because of its corrosion resistance.<a href="#cite_note-Emsley-23">[22]</a> Iridium is used for <a href="/w/index.php?title=Multi-pored&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Multi-pored (page does not exist)">multi-pored</a> <a href="/wiki/Spinneret_(polymers)" title="Spinneret (polymers)">spinnerets</a>, through which a plastic polymer melt is extruded to form fibers, such as <a href="/wiki/Rayon" title="Rayon">rayon</a>.<a href="#cite_note-93">[90]</a> Osmium–iridium is used for compass bearings and for balances.<a href="#cite_note-hunt-14">[13]</a> Because of their resistance to arc erosion, iridium alloys are used by some manufacturers for the centre electrodes of <a href="/wiki/Spark_plug" title="Spark plug">spark plugs</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Handley-91">[88]</a><a href="#cite_note-94">[91]</a> and iridium-based spark plugs are particularly used in aviation. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Catalysis">Catalysis</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Iridium&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Catalysis">edit</a>]</div> Iridium compounds are used as <a href="/wiki/Catalysis" title="Catalysis">catalysts</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Cativa_process" title="Cativa process">Cativa process</a> for <a href="/wiki/Carbonylation" title="Carbonylation">carbonylation</a> of <a href="/wiki/Methanol" title="Methanol">methanol</a> to produce <a href="/wiki/Acetic_acid" title="Acetic acid">acetic acid</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ullmann-acetic-95">[92]</a><a href="#cite_note-Jones-96">[93]</a> Iridium complexes are often active for <a href="/wiki/Asymmetric_hydrogenation" title="Asymmetric hydrogenation">asymmetric hydrogenation</a> both by traditional <a href="/wiki/Hydrogenation" title="Hydrogenation">hydrogenation</a>.<a href="#cite_note-97">[94]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Transfer_hydrogenation" title="Transfer hydrogenation">transfer hydrogenation</a>.<a href="#cite_note-98">[95]</a> This property is the basis of the industrial route to the <a href="/wiki/Chiral" class="mw-redirect" title="Chiral">chiral</a> <a href="/wiki/Herbicide" title="Herbicide">herbicide</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=(S)-metolachlor&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="(S)-metolachlor (page does not exist)">(S)-metolachlor</a>. As practiced by Syngenta on the scale of 10,000 tons/year, the complex [Ir(COD)Cl]2 in the presence of <a href="/wiki/Josiphos_ligands" title="Josiphos ligands">Josiphos ligands</a>.<a href="#cite_note-99">[96]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Medical_imaging">Medical imaging</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Iridium&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Medical imaging">edit</a>]</div> The radioisotope <a href="/wiki/Iridium-192" title="Iridium-192">iridium-192</a> is one of the two most important sources of energy for use in industrial <a href="/wiki/Industrial_radiography#Radioisotope_sources" title="Industrial radiography">γ-radiography</a> for <a href="/wiki/Non-destructive_testing" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-destructive testing">non-destructive testing</a> of metals.<a href="#cite_note-100">[97]</a><a href="#cite_note-Hellier-101">[98]</a> Additionally, 192 Ir is used as a source of <a href="/wiki/Gamma_radiation" class="mw-redirect" title="Gamma radiation">gamma radiation</a> for the treatment of cancer using <a href="/wiki/Brachytherapy" title="Brachytherapy">brachytherapy</a>, a form of radiotherapy where a sealed radioactive source is placed inside or next to the area requiring treatment. Specific treatments include high-dose-rate prostate brachytherapy, biliary duct brachytherapy, and intracavitary cervix brachytherapy.<a href="#cite_note-Emsley-23">[22]</a> <a href="/wiki/Iridium-192" title="Iridium-192">Iridium-192</a> is normally produced by neutron activation of isotope <a href="/wiki/Iridium-191" class="mw-redirect" title="Iridium-191">iridium-191</a> in natural-abundance iridium metal.<a href="#cite_note-iridium-192-102">[99]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Photocatalysis_and_OLEDs">Photocatalysis and OLEDs</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Iridium&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Photocatalysis and OLEDs">edit</a>]</div> Iridium complexes are key components of white <a href="/wiki/OLED" title="OLED">OLEDs</a>. Similar complexes are used in <a href="/wiki/Photocatalysis" title="Photocatalysis">photocatalysis</a>.<a href="#cite_note-103">[100]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Scientific">Scientific</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Iridium&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Scientific">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Platinum-Iridium_meter_bar.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="NIST Library US Prototype meter bar" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Platinum-Iridium_meter_bar.jpg/220px-Platinum-Iridium_meter_bar.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Platinum-Iridium_meter_bar.jpg/330px-Platinum-Iridium_meter_bar.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Platinum-Iridium_meter_bar.jpg/440px-Platinum-Iridium_meter_bar.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4232" data-file-height="2781" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/International_Prototype_Meter" class="mw-redirect" title="International Prototype Meter">International Prototype Meter</a> bar</figcaption></figure> An alloy of 90% platinum and 10% iridium was used in 1889 to construct the <a href="/wiki/International_Prototype_Meter" class="mw-redirect" title="International Prototype Meter">International Prototype Meter</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kilogram#International_prototype_kilogram" title="Kilogram">kilogram</a> mass, kept by the <a href="/wiki/Bureau_International_des_Poids_et_Mesures" class="mw-redirect" title="Bureau International des Poids et Mesures">International Bureau of Weights and Measures</a> near Paris.<a href="#cite_note-Emsley-23">[22]</a> The meter bar was replaced as the definition of the fundamental unit of length in 1960 by a line in the <a href="/wiki/Atomic_spectrum" class="mw-redirect" title="Atomic spectrum">atomic spectrum</a> of <a href="/wiki/Krypton#Metric_role" title="Krypton">krypton</a>,<a href="#cite_note-104">[d]</a><a href="#cite_note-meter-105">[101]</a> but the kilogram prototype remained the international standard of mass <a href="/wiki/2019_revision_of_the_SI" title="2019 revision of the SI">until 20 May 2019</a>, when the kilogram was redefined in terms of the <a href="/wiki/Planck_constant" title="Planck constant">Planck constant</a>.<a href="#cite_note-106">[102]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Historical">Historical</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Iridium&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Historical">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gama_Supreme_Flat_Top_ebonite_eyedropper_fountain_pen_3.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Gama_Supreme_Flat_Top_ebonite_eyedropper_fountain_pen_3.JPG/220px-Gama_Supreme_Flat_Top_ebonite_eyedropper_fountain_pen_3.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Gama_Supreme_Flat_Top_ebonite_eyedropper_fountain_pen_3.JPG/330px-Gama_Supreme_Flat_Top_ebonite_eyedropper_fountain_pen_3.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Gama_Supreme_Flat_Top_ebonite_eyedropper_fountain_pen_3.JPG/440px-Gama_Supreme_Flat_Top_ebonite_eyedropper_fountain_pen_3.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2816" data-file-height="2112" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Fountain_pen" title="Fountain pen">Fountain pen</a> nib labelled Iridium Point</figcaption></figure> Iridium–osmium alloys were used in <a href="/wiki/Fountain_pen" title="Fountain pen">fountain pen</a> <a href="/wiki/Nib_(pen)#Nib_tipping" title="Nib (pen)">nib tips</a>. The first major use of iridium was in 1834 in nibs mounted on gold.<a href="#cite_note-hunt-14">[13]</a> Starting in 1944, the famous <a href="/wiki/Parker_51" title="Parker 51">Parker 51</a> fountain pen was fitted with a nib tipped by a ruthenium and iridium alloy (with 3.8% iridium). The tip material in modern fountain pens is still conventionally called "iridium", although there is seldom any iridium in it; other metals such as <a href="/wiki/Ruthenium" title="Ruthenium">ruthenium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Osmium" title="Osmium">osmium</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Tungsten" title="Tungsten">tungsten</a> have taken its place.<a href="#cite_note-107">[103]</a> An iridium–platinum alloy was used for the <a href="/wiki/Touch_hole" title="Touch hole">touch holes</a> or vent pieces of <a href="/wiki/Cannon" title="Cannon">cannon</a>. According to a report of the <a href="/wiki/Exposition_Universelle_(1867)" title="Exposition Universelle (1867)">Paris Exhibition of 1867</a>, one of the pieces being exhibited by <a href="/wiki/Johnson_and_Matthey" class="mw-redirect" title="Johnson and Matthey">Johnson and Matthey</a> "has been used in a Whitworth gun for more than 3000 rounds, and scarcely shows signs of wear yet. Those who know the constant trouble and expense which are occasioned by the wearing of the vent-pieces of cannon when in active service, will appreciate this important adaptation".<a href="#cite_note-108">[104]</a> The pigment iridium black, which consists of very finely divided iridium, is used for painting <a href="/wiki/Porcelain" title="Porcelain">porcelain</a> an intense black; it was said that "all other porcelain black colors appear grey by the side of it".<a href="#cite_note-109">[105]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Precautions_and_hazards">Precautions and hazards</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Iridium&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Precautions and hazards">edit</a>]</div> Iridium in bulk metallic form is not biologically important or hazardous to health due to its lack of reactivity with tissues; there are only about 20 <a href="/wiki/Parts_per_notation" class="mw-redirect" title="Parts per notation">parts per trillion</a> of iridium in human tissue.<a href="#cite_note-Emsley-23">[22]</a> Like most metals, finely divided iridium powder can be hazardous to handle, as it is an irritant and may ignite in air.<a href="#cite_note-kirk-pt-69">[66]</a> Iridium is relatively unhazardous otherwise, with the only effect of Iridium ingestion being irritation of the <a href="/wiki/Gastrointestinal_tract" title="Gastrointestinal tract">digestive tract</a>.<a href="#cite_note-110">[106]</a> However, soluble salts, such as the iridium halides, could be hazardous due to elements other than iridium or due to iridium itself.<a href="#cite_note-mager-29">[28]</a> At the same time, most iridium compounds are insoluble, which makes absorption into the body difficult.<a href="#cite_note-Emsley-23">[22]</a> A radioisotope of iridium, 192 Ir, is dangerous, like other radioactive isotopes. The only reported injuries related to iridium concern accidental exposure to radiation from 192 Ir used in <a href="/wiki/Brachytherapy" title="Brachytherapy">brachytherapy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-mager-29">[28]</a> High-energy gamma radiation from 192 Ir can increase the risk of cancer. External exposure can cause burns, <a href="/wiki/Radiation_poisoning" class="mw-redirect" title="Radiation poisoning">radiation poisoning</a>, and death. Ingestion of 192Ir can burn the linings of the stomach and the intestines.<a href="#cite_note-111">[107]</a> 192Ir, 192mIr, and 194mIr tend to deposit in the <a href="/wiki/Liver" title="Liver">liver</a>, and can pose health hazards from both <a href="/wiki/Gamma_radiation" class="mw-redirect" title="Gamma radiation">gamma</a> and <a href="/wiki/Beta_particle" title="Beta particle">beta</a> radiation.<a href="#cite_note-argonne-64">[61]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Iridium&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> At room temperature and standard atmospheric pressure, iridium has been calculated to have a density of 22.65 g/cm3 (0.818 lb/cu in), 0.04 g/cm3 (0.0014 lb/cu in) higher than osmium measured the same way. Still, the experimental X-ray crystallography value is considered to be the most accurate, and as such iridium is considered to be the second densest element.<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> Most common oxidation states of iridium are in bold. The right column lists one representative compound for each oxidation state. </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a> Iridium literally means "of rainbows". </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a> The definition of the meter was changed again in 1983. The meter is currently defined as the distance traveled by light in a vacuum during a time interval of <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1154941027">.mw-parser-output .frac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .frac .num,.mw-parser-output .frac .den{font-size:80%;line-height:0;vertical-align:super}.mw-parser-output .frac .den{vertical-align:sub}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}</style>1⁄299,792,458 of a second. </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Iridium&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ciaaw.org/iridium.htm">"Standard Atomic Weights: Iridium"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Commission_on_Isotopic_Abundances_and_Atomic_Weights" title="Commission on Isotopic Abundances and Atomic Weights">CIAAW</a>. 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Standard+Atomic+Weights%3A+Iridium&rft.pub=CIAAW&rft.date=2017&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ciaaw.org%2Firidium.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIridium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-CIAAW2021-2"><a href="#cite_ref-CIAAW2021_2-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFProhaskaIrrgeherBenefieldBöhlke2022" class="citation journal cs1">Prohaska, Thomas; Irrgeher, Johanna; Benefield, Jacqueline; Böhlke, John K.; Chesson, Lesley A.; Coplen, Tyler B.; Ding, Tiping; Dunn, Philip J. H.; Gröning, Manfred; Holden, Norman E.; Meijer, Harro A. J. (2022-05-04). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/pac-2019-0603/html">"Standard atomic weights of the elements 2021 (IUPAC Technical Report)"</a>. Pure and Applied Chemistry. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1515%2Fpac-2019-0603">10.1515/pac-2019-0603</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1365-3075">1365-3075</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Pure+and+Applied+Chemistry&rft.atitle=Standard+atomic+weights+of+the+elements+2021+%28IUPAC+Technical+Report%29&rft.date=2022-05-04&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1515%2Fpac-2019-0603&rft.issn=1365-3075&rft.aulast=Prohaska&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft.au=Irrgeher%2C+Johanna&rft.au=Benefield%2C+Jacqueline&rft.au=B%C3%B6hlke%2C+John+K.&rft.au=Chesson%2C+Lesley+A.&rft.au=Coplen%2C+Tyler+B.&rft.au=Ding%2C+Tiping&rft.au=Dunn%2C+Philip+J.+H.&rft.au=Gr%C3%B6ning%2C+Manfred&rft.au=Holden%2C+Norman+E.&rft.au=Meijer%2C+Harro+A.+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.degruyter.com%2Fdocument%2Fdoi%2F10.1515%2Fpac-2019-0603%2Fhtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIridium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Arblaster_2018-3">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Arblaster_2018_3-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Arblaster_2018_3-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Arblaster_2018_3-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArblaster2018" class="citation book cs1">Arblaster, John W. (2018). Selected Values of the Crystallographic Properties of Elements. Materials Park, Ohio: ASM International. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-62708-155-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-62708-155-9"><bdi>978-1-62708-155-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Selected+Values+of+the+Crystallographic+Properties+of+Elements&rft.place=Materials+Park%2C+Ohio&rft.pub=ASM+International&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-1-62708-155-9&rft.aulast=Arblaster&rft.aufirst=John+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIridium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-GE28-4">^ <a href="#cite_ref-GE28_4-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GE28_4-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GE28_4-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GE28_4-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GE28_4-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreenwoodEarnshaw1997" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Norman_Greenwood" title="Norman Greenwood">Greenwood, Norman N.</a>; Earnshaw, Alan (1997). Chemistry of the Elements (2nd ed.). <a href="/wiki/Butterworth-Heinemann" title="Butterworth-Heinemann">Butterworth-Heinemann</a>. p. 28. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-08-037941-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-08-037941-8"><bdi>978-0-08-037941-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chemistry+of+the+Elements&rft.pages=28&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Butterworth-Heinemann&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-08-037941-8&rft.aulast=Greenwood&rft.aufirst=Norman+N.&rft.au=Earnshaw%2C+Alan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIridium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-IrIX-5">^ <a href="#cite_ref-IrIX_5-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-IrIX_5-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-IrIX_5-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWangZhouGoettelSchrobilgen2014" class="citation journal cs1">Wang, Guanjun; Zhou, Mingfei; Goettel, James T.; Schrobilgen, Gary G.; Su, Jing; Li, Jun; Schlöder, Tobias; Riedel, Sebastian (2014). "Identification of an iridium-containing compound with a formal oxidation state of IX". Nature. 514 (7523): 475–477. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014Natur.514..475W">2014Natur.514..475W</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnature13795">10.1038/nature13795</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25341786">25341786</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:4463905">4463905</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=Identification+of+an+iridium-containing+compound+with+a+formal+oxidation+state+of+IX&rft.volume=514&rft.issue=7523&rft.pages=475-477&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fnature13795&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A4463905%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F25341786&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2014Natur.514..475W&rft.aulast=Wang&rft.aufirst=Guanjun&rft.au=Zhou%2C+Mingfei&rft.au=Goettel%2C+James+T.&rft.au=Schrobilgen%2C+Gary+G.&rft.au=Su%2C+Jing&rft.au=Li%2C+Jun&rft.au=Schl%C3%B6der%2C+Tobias&rft.au=Riedel%2C+Sebastian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIridium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLide,_D._R.2005" class="citation book cs1">Lide, D. R., ed. (2005). "Magnetic susceptibility of the elements and inorganic compounds". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110303222309/http://www-d0.fnal.gov/hardware/cal/lvps_info/engineering/elementmagn.pdf">CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics</a> (PDF) (86th ed.). Boca Raton (FL): CRC Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8493-0486-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-8493-0486-5"><bdi>0-8493-0486-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Magnetic+susceptibility+of+the+elements+and+inorganic+compounds&rft.btitle=CRC+Handbook+of+Chemistry+and+Physics&rft.place=Boca+Raton+%28FL%29&rft.edition=86th&rft.pub=CRC+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0-8493-0486-5&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fweb.archive.org%2Fweb%2F20110303222309%2Fhttp%3A%2F%2Fwww-d0.fnal.gov%2Fhardware%2Fcal%2Flvps_info%2Fengineering%2Felementmagn.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIridium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeast1984" class="citation book cs1">Weast, Robert (1984). CRC, Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. Boca Raton, Florida: Chemical Rubber Company Publishing. pp. E110. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8493-0464-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-8493-0464-4"><bdi>0-8493-0464-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=CRC%2C+Handbook+of+Chemistry+and+Physics&rft.place=Boca+Raton%2C+Florida&rft.pages=E110&rft.pub=Chemical+Rubber+Company+Publishing&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=0-8493-0464-4&rft.aulast=Weast&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIridium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-NUBASE2020-8"><a href="#cite_ref-NUBASE2020_8-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKondevWangHuangNaimi2021" class="citation journal cs1">Kondev, F. G.; Wang, M.; Huang, W. J.; Naimi, S.; Audi, G. (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www-nds.iaea.org/amdc/ame2020/NUBASE2020.pdf">"The NUBASE2020 evaluation of nuclear properties"</a> (PDF). Chinese Physics C. 45 (3): 030001. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1088%2F1674-1137%2Fabddae">10.1088/1674-1137/abddae</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Chinese+Physics+C&rft.atitle=The+NUBASE2020+evaluation+of+nuclear+properties&rft.volume=45&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=030001&rft.date=2021&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1088%2F1674-1137%2Fabddae&rft.aulast=Kondev&rft.aufirst=F.+G.&rft.au=Wang%2C+M.&rft.au=Huang%2C+W.+J.&rft.au=Naimi%2C+S.&rft.au=Audi%2C+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww-nds.iaea.org%2Famdc%2Fame2020%2FNUBASE2020.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIridium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArblaster1989" class="citation journal cs1">Arblaster, J. W. (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.technology.matthey.com/article/33/1/14-16/">"Densities of Osmium and Iridium Recalculations Based upon a Review of the Latest Crystallographic Data"</a>. Platinum Metals Rev. 33 (1): 14–16. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1595%2F003214089X3311416">10.1595/003214089X3311416</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:267570193">267570193</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Platinum+Metals+Rev.&rft.atitle=Densities+of+Osmium+and+Iridium+Recalculations+Based+upon+a+Review+of+the+Latest+Crystallographic+Data&rft.volume=33&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=14-16&rft.date=1989&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1595%2F003214089X3311416&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A267570193%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Arblaster&rft.aufirst=J.+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.technology.matthey.com%2Farticle%2F33%2F1%2F14-16%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIridium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Becker2002-11"><a href="#cite_ref-Becker2002_11-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBecker2002" class="citation journal cs1">Becker, Luann (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.miracosta.edu/home/kmeldahl/articles/blows.pdf">"Repeated Blows"</a> (PDF). Scientific American. 286 (3): 77–83. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2002SciAm.286c..76B">2002SciAm.286c..76B</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fscientificamerican0302-76">10.1038/scientificamerican0302-76</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11857903">11857903</a>. Retrieved January 19, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Scientific+American&rft.atitle=Repeated+Blows&rft.volume=286&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=77-83&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11857903&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fscientificamerican0302-76&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2002SciAm.286c..76B&rft.aulast=Becker&rft.aufirst=Luann&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.miracosta.edu%2Fhome%2Fkmeldahl%2Farticles%2Fblows.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIridium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kyte1981-12">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kyte1981_12-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kyte1981_12-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKyteZhiming_ZhouJohn_T._Wasson1981" class="citation journal cs1">Kyte, Frank T.; Zhiming Zhou; <a href="/wiki/John_T._Wasson" class="mw-redirect" title="John T. Wasson">John T. Wasson</a> (1981). "High noble metal concentrations in a late Pliocene sediment". Nature. 292 (5822): 417–420. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1981Natur.292..417K">1981Natur.292..417K</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2F292417a0">10.1038/292417a0</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0028-0836">0028-0836</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:4362591">4362591</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=High+noble+metal+concentrations+in+a+late+Pliocene+sediment&rft.volume=292&rft.issue=5822&rft.pages=417-420&rft.date=1981&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2F292417a0&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A4362591%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0028-0836&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1981Natur.292..417K&rft.aulast=Kyte&rft.aufirst=Frank+T.&rft.au=Zhiming+Zhou&rft.au=John+T.+Wasson&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIridium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-greenwood-13">^ <a href="#cite_ref-greenwood_13-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-greenwood_13-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-greenwood_13-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-greenwood_13-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-greenwood_13-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-greenwood_13-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-greenwood_13-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-greenwood_13-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-greenwood_13-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-greenwood_13-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-greenwood_13-10">k</a> <a href="#cite_ref-greenwood_13-11">l</a> <a href="#cite_ref-greenwood_13-12">m</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreenwoodEarnshaw,_A.1997" class="citation book cs1">Greenwood, N. N.; Earnshaw, A. (1997). Chemistry of the Elements (2nd ed.). Oxford: Butterworth–Heinemann. pp. 1113–1143, 1294. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7506-3365-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7506-3365-9"><bdi>978-0-7506-3365-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/213025882">213025882</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chemistry+of+the+Elements&rft.pages=1113-1143%2C+1294&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Oxford%3A+Butterworth%E2%80%93Heinemann&rft.date=1997&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F213025882&rft.isbn=978-0-7506-3365-9&rft.aulast=Greenwood&rft.aufirst=N.+N.&rft.au=Earnshaw%2C+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIridium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-hunt-14">^ <a href="#cite_ref-hunt_14-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-hunt_14-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-hunt_14-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-hunt_14-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-hunt_14-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-hunt_14-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-hunt_14-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-hunt_14-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-hunt_14-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-hunt_14-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-hunt_14-10">k</a> <a href="#cite_ref-hunt_14-11">l</a> <a href="#cite_ref-hunt_14-12">m</a> <a href="#cite_ref-hunt_14-13">n</a> <a href="#cite_ref-hunt_14-14">o</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHunt1987" class="citation journal cs1">Hunt, L. B. (1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220929092320/https://technology.matthey.com/documents/496120/626258/pmr-v31-i1-032-041.pdf/">"A History of Iridium"</a>. Platinum Metals Review. 31 (1): 32–41. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1595%2F003214087X3113241">10.1595/003214087X3113241</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:267552692">267552692</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://technology.matthey.com/documents/496120/626258/pmr-v31-i1-032-041.pdf/">the original</a> on 2022-09-29. Retrieved 2022-09-29.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Platinum+Metals+Review&rft.atitle=A+History+of+Iridium&rft.volume=31&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=32-41&rft.date=1987&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1595%2F003214087X3113241&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A267552692%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Hunt&rft.aufirst=L.+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftechnology.matthey.com%2Fdocuments%2F496120%2F626258%2Fpmr-v31-i1-032-041.pdf%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIridium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKittel2004" class="citation book cs1">Kittel, C. (2004). <a href="/wiki/Introduction_to_Solid_State_Physics" title="Introduction to Solid State Physics">Introduction to Solid State Physics</a> (7th ed.). Wiley-India. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-265-1045-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-265-1045-0"><bdi>978-81-265-1045-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Introduction+to+Solid+State+Physics&rft.edition=7th&rft.pub=Wiley-India&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-81-265-1045-0&rft.aulast=Kittel&rft.aufirst=C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIridium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArblaster,_J._W.1995" class="citation journal cs1">Arblaster, J. W. (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110927045236/http://www.platinummetalsreview.com/dynamic/article/view/pmr-v39-i4-164-164">"Osmium, the Densest Metal Known"</a>. Platinum Metals Review. 39 (4): 164. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1595%2F003214095X394164164">10.1595/003214095X394164164</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:267393021">267393021</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.platinummetalsreview.com/dynamic/article/view/pmr-v39-i4-164-164">the original</a> on 2011-09-27. Retrieved 2008-10-02.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Platinum+Metals+Review&rft.atitle=Osmium%2C+the+Densest+Metal+Known&rft.volume=39&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=164&rft.date=1995&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1595%2F003214095X394164164&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A267393021%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.au=Arblaster%2C+J.+W.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.platinummetalsreview.com%2Fdynamic%2Farticle%2Fview%2Fpmr-v39-i4-164-164&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIridium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCotton1997" class="citation book cs1">Cotton, Simon (1997). Chemistry of Precious Metals. Springer-Verlag New York, LLC. p. 78. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7514-0413-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7514-0413-5"><bdi>978-0-7514-0413-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chemistry+of+Precious+Metals&rft.pages=78&rft.pub=Springer-Verlag+New+York%2C+LLC&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-7514-0413-5&rft.aulast=Cotton&rft.aufirst=Simon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIridium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-crc-18"><a href="#cite_ref-crc_18-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLide,_D._R.1990" class="citation book cs1">Lide, D. R. (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/crchandbookofche00lide">CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics</a> (70th ed.). Boca Raton (FL):CRC Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780849304712" title="Special:BookSources/9780849304712"><bdi>9780849304712</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=CRC+Handbook+of+Chemistry+and+Physics.&rft.edition=70th&rft.pub=Boca+Raton+%28FL%29%3ACRC+Press&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=9780849304712&rft.au=Lide%2C+D.+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcrchandbookofche00lide&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIridium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArblaster,_J._W.1989" class="citation journal cs1">Arblaster, J. W. (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120207064113/http://www.platinummetalsreview.com/pdf/pmr-v33-i1-014-016.pdf">"Densities of osmium and iridium: recalculations based upon a review of the latest crystallographic data"</a> (PDF). Platinum Metals Review. 33 (1): 14–16. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1595%2F003214089X3311416">10.1595/003214089X3311416</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:267570193">267570193</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://technology.matthey.com/article/33/1/14-16/">the original</a> on 2012-02-07. Retrieved 2008-09-17.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Platinum+Metals+Review&rft.atitle=Densities+of+osmium+and+iridium%3A+recalculations+based+upon+a+review+of+the+latest+crystallographic+data&rft.volume=33&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=14-16&rft.date=1989&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1595%2F003214089X3311416&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A267570193%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.au=Arblaster%2C+J.+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftechnology.matthey.com%2Farticle%2F33%2F1%2F14-16%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIridium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1041539562">.mw-parser-output .citation{word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}</style><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://worldwide.espacenet.com/textdoc?DB=EPODOC&IDX=US3293031A">US 3293031A</a>, Cresswell, Peter & Rhys, David, published 20/12/1966<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Apatent&rft.number=3293031A&rft.cc=US&rft.title=&rft.inventor=Cresswell%2C+Peter&rft.appldate=27/11/1964&rft.pubdate=20/12/1966&rft.prioritydate=23/12/1963">  </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDarling1960" class="citation journal cs1">Darling, A. S. (1960). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://technology.matthey.com/article/4/1/18-26/">"Iridium Platinum Alloys – A Critical Review Of Their Constitution And Properties"</a>. Platinum Metals Review. 4 (1): 18–26. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1595%2F003214060X411826">10.1595/003214060X411826</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:267392937">267392937</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Platinum+Metals+Review&rft.atitle=Iridium+Platinum+Alloys+%E2%80%93+A+Critical+Review+Of+Their+Constitution+And+Properties&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=18-26&rft.date=1960&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1595%2F003214060X411826&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A267392937%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Darling&rft.aufirst=A.+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftechnology.matthey.com%2Farticle%2F4%2F1%2F18-26%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIridium" class="Z3988"> Reviewed in <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2F186211a0">"Iridium–Platinum Alloys"</a>. Nature. 186 (4720): 211. 1960. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1960Natur.186Q.211.">1960Natur.186Q.211.</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2F186211a0">10.1038/186211a0</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:4211238">4211238</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=Iridium%E2%80%93Platinum+Alloys&rft.volume=186&rft.issue=4720&rft.pages=211&rft.date=1960&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A4211238%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2F186211a0&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1960Natur.186Q.211.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1038%252F186211a0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIridium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBiggsTaylor,_S._S.van_der_Lingen,_E.2005" class="citation journal cs1">Biggs, T.; Taylor, S. S.; van der Lingen, E. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1595%2F147106705X24409">"The Hardening of Platinum Alloys for Potential Jewellery Application"</a>. Platinum Metals Review. 49 (1): 2–15. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1595%2F147106705X24409">10.1595/147106705X24409</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Platinum+Metals+Review&rft.atitle=The+Hardening+of+Platinum+Alloys+for+Potential+Jewellery+Application&rft.volume=49&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=2-15&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1595%2F147106705X24409&rft.aulast=Biggs&rft.aufirst=T.&rft.au=Taylor%2C+S.+S.&rft.au=van+der+Lingen%2C+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1595%252F147106705X24409&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIridium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Emsley-23">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Emsley_23-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Emsley_23-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Emsley_23-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Emsley_23-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Emsley_23-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Emsley_23-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Emsley_23-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Emsley_23-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Emsley_23-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Emsley_23-9">j</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEmsley2003" class="citation book cs1">Emsley, J. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/naturesbuildingb0000emsl/page/201">"Iridium"</a>. Nature's Building Blocks: An A–Z Guide to the Elements. Oxford, England, UK: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/naturesbuildingb0000emsl/page/201">201–204</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-850340-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-850340-8"><bdi>978-0-19-850340-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Iridium&rft.btitle=Nature%27s+Building+Blocks%3A+An+A%E2%80%93Z+Guide+to+the+Elements&rft.place=Oxford%2C+England%2C+UK&rft.pages=201-204&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-19-850340-8&rft.aulast=Emsley&rft.aufirst=J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fnaturesbuildingb0000emsl%2Fpage%2F201&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIridium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-emsley-24"><a href="#cite_ref-emsley_24-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEmsley2011" class="citation book cs1">Emsley, John (2011). Nature's Building Blocks: An A–Z Guide to the Elements (New ed.). New York: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-960563-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-960563-7"><bdi>978-0-19-960563-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nature%27s+Building+Blocks%3A+An+A%E2%80%93Z+Guide+to+the+Elements&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=New&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-19-960563-7&rft.aulast=Emsley&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIridium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-perry-25">^ <a href="#cite_ref-perry_25-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-perry_25-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPerry,_D._L.1995" class="citation book cs1">Perry, D. L. (1995). Handbook of Inorganic Compounds. CRC Press. pp. 203–204. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1439814611" title="Special:BookSources/978-1439814611"><bdi>978-1439814611</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Handbook+of+Inorganic+Compounds&rft.pages=203-204&rft.pub=CRC+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-1439814611&rft.au=Perry%2C+D.+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIridium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-lagowski-26"><a href="#cite_ref-lagowski_26-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLagowski,_J._J.2004" class="citation book cs1">Lagowski, J. J., ed. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/chemistryfoundat0000unse/page/250">Chemistry Foundations and Applications</a>. Vol. 2. Thomson Gale. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/chemistryfoundat0000unse/page/250">250–251</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0028657233" title="Special:BookSources/978-0028657233"><bdi>978-0028657233</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chemistry+Foundations+and+Applications&rft.pages=250-251&rft.pub=Thomson+Gale&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0028657233&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fchemistryfoundat0000unse%2Fpage%2F250&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIridium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Munson-1968-27"><a href="#cite_ref-Munson-1968_27-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMunson1968" class="citation journal cs1">Munson, Ronald A. (February 1968). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190412090001/https://htracyhall.org/ocr/HTH-Archives/Cabinet%208/Drawer%203%20(MATI%20-%20MOZ)/(Munson,%20R.A.)%20(Muntoni,%20C.)%20(Murase,%20K.)%20(linked)/(Munson,%20R.A.)%20(Muntoni,%20C.)%20(Murase,%20K.)-237_OCR.pdf">"The Synthesis of Iridium Disulfide and Nickel diarsenide having the Pyrite Structure"</a> (PDF). Inorganic Chemistry. 7 (2): 389–390. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fic50060a047">10.1021/ic50060a047</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://htracyhall.org/ocr/HTH-Archives/Cabinet%208/Drawer%203%20(MATI%20-%20MOZ)/(Munson,%20R.A.)%20(Muntoni,%20C.)%20(Murase,%20K.)%20(linked)/(Munson,%20R.A.)%20(Muntoni,%20C.)%20(Murase,%20K.)-237_OCR.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 2019-04-12. Retrieved 2019-01-19.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Inorganic+Chemistry&rft.atitle=The+Synthesis+of+Iridium+Disulfide+and+Nickel+diarsenide+having+the+Pyrite+Structure&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=389-390&rft.date=1968-02&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1021%2Fic50060a047&rft.aulast=Munson&rft.aufirst=Ronald+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhtracyhall.org%2Focr%2FHTH-Archives%2FCabinet%25208%2FDrawer%25203%2520%28MATI%2520-%2520MOZ%29%2F%28Munson%2C%2520R.A.%29%2520%28Muntoni%2C%2520C.%29%2520%28Murase%2C%2520K.%29%2520%28linked%29%2F%28Munson%2C%2520R.A.%29%2520%28Muntoni%2C%2520C.%29%2520%28Murase%2C%2520K.%29-237_OCR.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIridium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-nubase-28">^ <a href="#cite_ref-nubase_28-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-nubase_28-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-nubase_28-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-nubase_28-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-nubase_28-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAudiBersillonBlachotWapstra2003" class="citation cs2">Audi, Georges; Bersillon, Olivier; Blachot, Jean; <a href="/wiki/Aaldert_Wapstra" title="Aaldert Wapstra">Wapstra, Aaldert Hendrik</a> (2003), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/in2p3-00020241/document">"The NUBASE evaluation of nuclear and decay properties"</a>, Nuclear Physics A, 729: 3–128, <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2003NuPhA.729....3A">2003NuPhA.729....3A</a>, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.nuclphysa.2003.11.001">10.1016/j.nuclphysa.2003.11.001</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nuclear+Physics+A&rft.atitle=The+N%3Csmall%3EUBASE%3C%2Fsmall%3E+evaluation+of+nuclear+and+decay+properties&rft.volume=729&rft.pages=3-128&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.nuclphysa.2003.11.001&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2003NuPhA.729....3A&rft.aulast=Audi&rft.aufirst=Georges&rft.au=Bersillon%2C+Olivier&rft.au=Blachot%2C+Jean&rft.au=Wapstra%2C+Aaldert+Hendrik&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhal.archives-ouvertes.fr%2Fin2p3-00020241%2Fdocument&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIridium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-mager-29">^ <a href="#cite_ref-mager_29-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-mager_29-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-mager_29-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMager_Stellman1998" class="citation book cs1">Mager Stellman, J. (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nDhpLa1rl44C&pg=PT125">"Iridium"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/encyclopaediaofo0003unse/page/63">Encyclopaedia of Occupational Health and Safety</a>. International Labour Organization. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/encyclopaediaofo0003unse/page/63">63.19</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-92-2-109816-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-92-2-109816-4"><bdi>978-92-2-109816-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/35279504">35279504</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Iridium&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+of+Occupational+Health+and+Safety&rft.pages=63.19&rft.pub=International+Labour+Organization&rft.date=1998&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F35279504&rft.isbn=978-92-2-109816-4&rft.aulast=Mager+Stellman&rft.aufirst=J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnDhpLa1rl44C%26pg%3DPT125&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIridium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobinsonThoennessen2012" class="citation journal cs1">Robinson, R.; Thoennessen, M. (2012). "Discovery of tantalum, rhenium, osmium, and iridium isotopes". Atomic Data and Nuclear Data Tables. 98 (5): 911–932. <a href="/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/1109.0526">1109.0526</a>. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012ADNDT..98..911R">2012ADNDT..98..911R</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.adt.2011.09.003">10.1016/j.adt.2011.09.003</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:53992437">53992437</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Atomic+Data+and+Nuclear+Data+Tables&rft.atitle=Discovery+of+tantalum%2C+rhenium%2C+osmium%2C+and+iridium+isotopes&rft.volume=98&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=911-932&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2F1109.0526&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A53992437%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.adt.2011.09.003&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2012ADNDT..98..911R&rft.aulast=Robinson&rft.aufirst=R.&rft.au=Thoennessen%2C+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIridium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ir-191-31"><a href="#cite_ref-ir-191_31-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChereminisoff,_N._P.1990" class="citation book cs1">Chereminisoff, N. P. (1990). Handbook of Ceramics and Composites. CRC Press. p. 424. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8247-8006-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8247-8006-7"><bdi>978-0-8247-8006-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Handbook+of+Ceramics+and+Composites&rft.pages=424&rft.pub=CRC+Press&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0-8247-8006-7&rft.au=Chereminisoff%2C+N.+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIridium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJungDemazeau1995" class="citation journal cs1">Jung, D.; Demazeau, Gérard (1995). "High Oxygen Pressure and the Preparation of New Iridium (VI) Oxides with Perovskite Structure: Sr 2MIrO 6 (M = Ca, Mg)". Journal of Solid State Chemistry. 115 (2): 447–455. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1995JSSCh.115..447J">1995JSSCh.115..447J</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1006%2Fjssc.1995.1158">10.1006/jssc.1995.1158</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Solid+State+Chemistry&rft.atitle=High+Oxygen+Pressure+and+the+Preparation+of+New+Iridium+%28VI%29+Oxides+with+Perovskite+Structure%3A+%3Cspan+class%3D%22chemf+nowrap%22%3ESr%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E%3Cspan+style%3D%22display%3Ainline-block%3Bmargin-bottom%3A-0.3em%3Bvertical-align%3A-0.4em%3Bline-height%3A1em%3Bfont-size%3A80%25%3Btext-align%3Aleft%22%3E%3Csup+style%3D%22font-size%3Ainherit%3Bline-height%3Ainherit%3Bvertical-align%3Abaseline%22%3E%3C%2Fsup%3E%3Cbr+%2F%3E%3Csub+style%3D%22font-size%3Ainherit%3Bline-height%3Ainherit%3Bvertical-align%3Abaseline%22%3E2%3C%2Fsub%3E%3C%2Fspan%3E%3C%2Fspan%3EMIrO%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E%3Cspan+style%3D%22display%3Ainline-block%3Bmargin-bottom%3A-0.3em%3Bvertical-align%3A-0.4em%3Bline-height%3A1em%3Bfont-size%3A80%25%3Btext-align%3Aleft%22%3E%3Csup+style%3D%22font-size%3Ainherit%3Bline-height%3Ainherit%3Bvertical-align%3Abaseline%22%3E%3C%2Fsup%3E%3Cbr+%2F%3E%3Csub+style%3D%22font-size%3Ainherit%3Bline-height%3Ainherit%3Bvertical-align%3Abaseline%22%3E6%3C%2Fsub%3E%3C%2Fspan%3E%3C%2Fspan%3E%3C%2Fspan%3E+%28M+%3D+Ca%2C+Mg%29&rft.volume=115&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=447-455&rft.date=1995&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1006%2Fjssc.1995.1158&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1995JSSCh.115..447J&rft.aulast=Jung&rft.aufirst=D.&rft.au=Demazeau%2C+G%C3%A9rard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIridium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGong,_Y.Zhou,_M.Kaupp,_M.Riedel,_S.2009" class="citation journal cs1">Gong, Y.; Zhou, M.; Kaupp, M.; Riedel, S. (2009). "Formation and Characterization of the Iridium Tetroxide Molecule with Iridium in the Oxidation State +VIII". Angewandte Chemie International Edition. 48 (42): 7879–7883. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fanie.200902733">10.1002/anie.200902733</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19593837">19593837</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Angewandte+Chemie+International+Edition&rft.atitle=Formation+and+Characterization+of+the+Iridium+Tetroxide+Molecule+with+Iridium+in+the+Oxidation+State+%2BVIII&rft.volume=48&rft.issue=42&rft.pages=7879-7883&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fanie.200902733&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19593837&rft.au=Gong%2C+Y.&rft.au=Zhou%2C+M.&rft.au=Kaupp%2C+M.&rft.au=Riedel%2C+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIridium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHollemanWiberg,_E.Wiberg,_N.2001" class="citation book cs1">Holleman, A. F.; Wiberg, E.; Wiberg, N. (2001). Inorganic Chemistry (1st ed.). Academic Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-12-352651-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-12-352651-9"><bdi>978-0-12-352651-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/47901436">47901436</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Inorganic+Chemistry&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Academic+Press&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F47901436&rft.isbn=978-0-12-352651-9&rft.aulast=Holleman&rft.aufirst=A.+F.&rft.au=Wiberg%2C+E.&rft.au=Wiberg%2C+N.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIridium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEsteruelasLópezOliván2016" class="citation journal cs1">Esteruelas, Miguel A.; López, Ana M.; Oliván, Montserrat (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021%2Facs.chemrev.6b00080">"Polyhydrides of Platinum Group Metals: Nonclassical Interactions and σ-Bond Activation Reactions"</a>. Chemical Reviews. 116 (15): 8770–8847. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021%2Facs.chemrev.6b00080">10.1021/acs.chemrev.6b00080</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10261%2F136216">10261/136216</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27268136">27268136</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Chemical+Reviews&rft.atitle=Polyhydrides+of+Platinum+Group+Metals%3A+Nonclassical+Interactions+and+%CF%83-Bond+Activation+Reactions&rft.volume=116&rft.issue=15&rft.pages=8770-8847&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F10261%2F136216&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F27268136&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1021%2Facs.chemrev.6b00080&rft.aulast=Esteruelas&rft.aufirst=Miguel+A.&rft.au=L%C3%B3pez%2C+Ana+M.&rft.au=Oliv%C3%A1n%2C+Montserrat&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1021%252Facs.chemrev.6b00080&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIridium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFČernýJoubert,_J.-M.Kohlmann,_H.Yvon,_K.2002" class="citation journal cs1">Černý, R.; Joubert, J.-M.; Kohlmann, H.; Yvon, K. (2002). "Mg 6Ir 2H 11, a new metal hydride containing saddle-like IrH5− 4 and square-pyramidal IrH4− 5 hydrido complexes". Journal of Alloys and Compounds. 340 (1–2): 180–188. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0925-8388%2802%2900050-6">10.1016/S0925-8388(02)00050-6</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Alloys+and+Compounds&rft.atitle=%3Cspan+class%3D%22chemf+nowrap%22%3EMg%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E%3Cspan+style%3D%22display%3Ainline-block%3Bmargin-bottom%3A-0.3em%3Bvertical-align%3A-0.4em%3Bline-height%3A1em%3Bfont-size%3A80%25%3Btext-align%3Aleft%22%3E%3Csup+style%3D%22font-size%3Ainherit%3Bline-height%3Ainherit%3Bvertical-align%3Abaseline%22%3E%3C%2Fsup%3E%3Cbr+%2F%3E%3Csub+style%3D%22font-size%3Ainherit%3Bline-height%3Ainherit%3Bvertical-align%3Abaseline%22%3E6%3C%2Fsub%3E%3C%2Fspan%3E%3C%2Fspan%3EIr%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E%3Cspan+style%3D%22display%3Ainline-block%3Bmargin-bottom%3A-0.3em%3Bvertical-align%3A-0.4em%3Bline-height%3A1em%3Bfont-size%3A80%25%3Btext-align%3Aleft%22%3E%3Csup+style%3D%22font-size%3Ainherit%3Bline-height%3Ainherit%3Bvertical-align%3Abaseline%22%3E%3C%2Fsup%3E%3Cbr+%2F%3E%3Csub+style%3D%22font-size%3Ainherit%3Bline-height%3Ainherit%3Bvertical-align%3Abaseline%22%3E2%3C%2Fsub%3E%3C%2Fspan%3E%3C%2Fspan%3EH%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E%3Cspan+style%3D%22display%3Ainline-block%3Bmargin-bottom%3A-0.3em%3Bvertical-align%3A-0.4em%3Bline-height%3A1em%3Bfont-size%3A80%25%3Btext-align%3Aleft%22%3E%3Csup+style%3D%22font-size%3Ainherit%3Bline-height%3Ainherit%3Bvertical-align%3Abaseline%22%3E%3C%2Fsup%3E%3Cbr+%2F%3E%3Csub+style%3D%22font-size%3Ainherit%3Bline-height%3Ainherit%3Bvertical-align%3Abaseline%22%3E11%3C%2Fsub%3E%3C%2Fspan%3E%3C%2Fspan%3E%3C%2Fspan%3E%2C+a+new+metal+hydride+containing+saddle-like+%3Cspan+class%3D%22chemf+nowrap%22%3EIrH%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E%3Cspan+style%3D%22display%3Ainline-block%3Bmargin-bottom%3A-0.3em%3Bvertical-align%3A-0.4em%3Bline-height%3A1em%3Bfont-size%3A80%25%3Btext-align%3Aleft%22%3E%3Csup+style%3D%22font-size%3Ainherit%3Bline-height%3Ainherit%3Bvertical-align%3Abaseline%22%3E5%E2%88%92%3C%2Fsup%3E%3Cbr+%2F%3E%3Csub+style%3D%22font-size%3Ainherit%3Bline-height%3Ainherit%3Bvertical-align%3Abaseline%22%3E4%3C%2Fsub%3E%3C%2Fspan%3E%3C%2Fspan%3E%3C%2Fspan%3E+and+square-pyramidal+%3Cspan+class%3D%22chemf+nowrap%22%3EIrH%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E%3Cspan+style%3D%22display%3Ainline-block%3Bmargin-bottom%3A-0.3em%3Bvertical-align%3A-0.4em%3Bline-height%3A1em%3Bfont-size%3A80%25%3Btext-align%3Aleft%22%3E%3Csup+style%3D%22font-size%3Ainherit%3Bline-height%3Ainherit%3Bvertical-align%3Abaseline%22%3E4%E2%88%92%3C%2Fsup%3E%3Cbr+%2F%3E%3Csub+style%3D%22font-size%3Ainherit%3Bline-height%3Ainherit%3Bvertical-align%3Abaseline%22%3E5%3C%2Fsub%3E%3C%2Fspan%3E%3C%2Fspan%3E%3C%2Fspan%3E+hydrido+complexes&rft.volume=340&rft.issue=1%E2%80%932&rft.pages=180-188&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0925-8388%2802%2900050-6&rft.aulast=%C4%8Cern%C3%BD&rft.aufirst=R.&rft.au=Joubert%2C+J.-M.&rft.au=Kohlmann%2C+H.&rft.au=Yvon%2C+K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIridium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGulliver,_D._J.Levason,_W.1982" class="citation journal cs1">Gulliver, D. J.; Levason, W. (1982). "The chemistry of ruthenium, osmium, rhodium, iridium, palladium and platinum in the higher oxidation states". Coordination Chemistry Reviews. 46: 1–127. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0010-8545%2882%2985001-7">10.1016/0010-8545(82)85001-7</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Coordination+Chemistry+Reviews&rft.atitle=The+chemistry+of+ruthenium%2C+osmium%2C+rhodium%2C+iridium%2C+palladium+and+platinum+in+the+higher+oxidation+states&rft.volume=46&rft.pages=1-127&rft.date=1982&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2F0010-8545%2882%2985001-7&rft.au=Gulliver%2C+D.+J.&rft.au=Levason%2C+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIridium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ullmann-pt-39">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ullmann-pt_39-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ullmann-pt_39-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ullmann-pt_39-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ullmann-pt_39-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ullmann-pt_39-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRenner,_H.Schlamp,_G.Kleinwächter,_I.Drost,_E.2002" class="citation book cs1">Renner, H.; Schlamp, G.; Kleinwächter, I.; Drost, E.; Lüschow, H. M.; Tews, P.; Panster, P.; Diehl, M.; et al. (2002). "Platinum group metals and compounds". Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry. Wiley. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2F14356007.a21_075">10.1002/14356007.a21_075</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3527306732" title="Special:BookSources/978-3527306732"><bdi>978-3527306732</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Platinum+group+metals+and+compounds&rft.btitle=Ullmann%27s+Encyclopedia+of+Industrial+Chemistry&rft.pub=Wiley&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2F14356007.a21_075&rft.isbn=978-3527306732&rft.au=Renner%2C+H.&rft.au=Schlamp%2C+G.&rft.au=Kleinw%C3%A4chter%2C+I.&rft.au=Drost%2C+E.&rft.au=L%C3%BCschow%2C+H.+M.&rft.au=Tews%2C+P.&rft.au=Panster%2C+P.&rft.au=Diehl%2C+M.&rft.au=Lang%2C+J.&rft.au=Kreuzer%2C+T.&rft.au=Kn%C3%B6dler%2C+A.&rft.au=Starz%2C+K.+A.&rft.au=Dermann%2C+K.&rft.au=Rothaut%2C+J.&rft.au=Drieselman%2C+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIridium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchmidtke1970" class="citation book cs1">Schmidtke, Hans-Herbert (1970). "Pentaammineiridium(III) Complexes". Inorganic Syntheses. Vol. 12. pp. 243–247. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2F9780470132432.ch42">10.1002/9780470132432.ch42</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-470-13171-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-470-13171-8"><bdi>978-0-470-13171-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Pentaammineiridium%28III%29+Complexes&rft.btitle=Inorganic+Syntheses&rft.pages=243-247&rft.date=1970&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2F9780470132432.ch42&rft.isbn=978-0-470-13171-8&rft.aulast=Schmidtke&rft.aufirst=Hans-Herbert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIridium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrabtree1979" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robert_H._Crabtree" title="Robert H. Crabtree">Crabtree, R. H.</a> (1979). "Iridium compounds in catalysis". Accounts of Chemical Research. 12 (9): 331–337. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021%2Far50141a005">10.1021/ar50141a005</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Accounts+of+Chemical+Research&rft.atitle=Iridium+compounds+in+catalysis&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=9&rft.pages=331-337&rft.date=1979&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1021%2Far50141a005&rft.aulast=Crabtree&rft.aufirst=R.+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIridium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrabtree,_R._H.2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robert_H._Crabtree" title="Robert H. Crabtree">Crabtree, R. H.</a> (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121119073400/http://chimicibicocca.altervista.org/data/chimica_lucidi.pdf">The Organometallic Chemistry of the Transition Metals</a> (PDF). Wiley. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0471662563" title="Special:BookSources/978-0471662563"><bdi>978-0471662563</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/224478241">224478241</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://chimicibicocca.altervista.org/data/chimica_lucidi.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 2012-11-19.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Organometallic+Chemistry+of+the+Transition+Metals&rft.pub=Wiley&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F224478241&rft.isbn=978-0471662563&rft.au=Crabtree%2C+R.+H.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fchimicibicocca.altervista.org%2Fdata%2Fchimica_lucidi.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIridium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-RGB-43"><a href="#cite_ref-RGB_43-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJanowicz,_A._H.Bergman,_R._G.1982" class="citation journal cs1">Janowicz, A. H.; Bergman, R. G. (1982). "Carbon-hydrogen activation in completely saturated hydrocarbons: direct observation of M + R-H → M(R)(H)". Journal of the American Chemical Society. 104 (1): 352–354. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fja00365a091">10.1021/ja00365a091</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+American+Chemical+Society&rft.atitle=Carbon-hydrogen+activation+in+completely+saturated+hydrocarbons%3A+direct+observation+of+M+%2B+R-H+%E2%86%92+M%28R%29%28H%29&rft.volume=104&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=352-354&rft.date=1982&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1021%2Fja00365a091&rft.au=Janowicz%2C+A.+H.&rft.au=Bergman%2C+R.+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIridium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-WAGG-44"><a href="#cite_ref-WAGG_44-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoyano,_J._K.Graham,_W._A._G.1982" class="citation journal cs1">Hoyano, J. K.; Graham, W. A. G. (1982). "Oxidative addition of the carbon-hydrogen bonds of neopentane and cyclohexane to a photochemically generated iridium(I) complex". Journal of the American Chemical Society. 104 (13): 3723–3725. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fja00377a032">10.1021/ja00377a032</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+American+Chemical+Society&rft.atitle=Oxidative+addition+of+the+carbon-hydrogen+bonds+of+neopentane+and+cyclohexane+to+a+photochemically+generated+iridium%28I%29+complex&rft.volume=104&rft.issue=13&rft.pages=3723-3725&rft.date=1982&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1021%2Fja00377a032&rft.au=Hoyano%2C+J.+K.&rft.au=Graham%2C+W.+A.+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIridium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHartwig2011" class="citation journal cs1">Hartwig, John F. (2011). "Regioselectivity of the Borylation of Alkanes and Arenes". Chemical Society Reviews. 40 (4): 1992–2002. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1039%2Fc0cs00156b">10.1039/c0cs00156b</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21336364">21336364</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Chemical+Society+Reviews&rft.atitle=Regioselectivity+of+the+Borylation+of+Alkanes+and+Arenes&rft.volume=40&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=1992-2002&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1039%2Fc0cs00156b&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F21336364&rft.aulast=Hartwig&rft.aufirst=John+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIridium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-weeks-46">^ <a href="#cite_ref-weeks_46-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-weeks_46-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-weeks_46-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeeks1932" class="citation journal cs1">Weeks, Mary Elvira (1932). "The discovery of the elements. VIII. The platinum metals". Journal of Chemical Education. 9 (6). American Chemical Society (ACS): 1017–1034. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1932JChEd...9.1017W">1932JChEd...9.1017W</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fed009p1017">10.1021/ed009p1017</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0021-9584">0021-9584</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Chemical+Education&rft.atitle=The+discovery+of+the+elements.+VIII.+The+platinum+metals&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=1017-1034&rft.date=1932&rft.issn=0021-9584&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1021%2Fed009p1017&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1932JChEd...9.1017W&rft.aulast=Weeks&rft.aufirst=Mary+Elvira&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIridium" class="Z3988"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeeks,_M._E.1968" class="citation book cs1">Weeks, M. E. (1968). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/discoveryofeleme07edunse">Discovery of the Elements</a> (7th ed.). Journal of Chemical Education. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/discoveryofeleme07edunse/page/385">385</a>–407. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8486-8579-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8486-8579-9"><bdi>978-0-8486-8579-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/23991202">23991202</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Discovery+of+the+Elements&rft.pages=385-407&rft.edition=7th&rft.pub=Journal+of+Chemical+Education&rft.date=1968&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F23991202&rft.isbn=978-0-8486-8579-9&rft.au=Weeks%2C+M.+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdiscoveryofeleme07edunse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIridium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-history-47"><a href="#cite_ref-history_47-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDonald_McDonald,_Leslie_B._Hunt1982" class="citation book cs1">Donald McDonald, Leslie B. Hunt (1982). A History of Platinum and its Allied Metals. Johnson Matthey Plc. pp. 7–8. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-905118-83-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-905118-83-3"><bdi>978-0-905118-83-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Platinum+and+its+Allied+Metals&rft.pages=7-8&rft.pub=Johnson+Matthey+Plc&rft.date=1982&rft.isbn=978-0-905118-83-3&rft.au=Donald+McDonald%2C+Leslie+B.+Hunt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIridium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDixonBrownrigg1801" class="citation book cs1">Dixon, Joshua; Brownrigg, William (1801). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=525bAAAAQAAJ&pg=PP7">The literary life of William Brownrigg. To which are added an account of the coal mines near Whitehaven: And Observations on the means of preventing epidemic fevers</a>. p. 52. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170324090058/https://books.google.com/books?id=525bAAAAQAAJ&pg=PP7">Archived</a> from the original on 24 March 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+literary+life+of+William+Brownrigg.+To+which+are+added+an+account+of+the+coal+mines+near+Whitehaven%3A+And+Observations+on+the+means+of+preventing+epidemic+fevers&rft.pages=52&rft.date=1801&rft.aulast=Dixon&rft.aufirst=Joshua&rft.au=Brownrigg%2C+William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D525bAAAAQAAJ%26pg%3DPP7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIridium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWatsonBrownrigg1749" class="citation journal cs1">Watson, Wm; Brownrigg, William (1749). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frstl.1749.0110">"Several Papers concerning a New Semi-Metal, Called Platina; Communicated to the Royal Society by Mr. Wm. Watson F. R. S"</a>. Philosophical Transactions. 46 (491–496): 584–596. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1749RSPT...46..584W">1749RSPT...46..584W</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frstl.1749.0110">10.1098/rstl.1749.0110</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:186213277">186213277</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Philosophical+Transactions&rft.atitle=Several+Papers+concerning+a+New+Semi-Metal%2C+Called+Platina%3B+Communicated+to+the+Royal+Society+by+Mr.+Wm.+Watson+F.+R.+S&rft.volume=46&rft.issue=491%E2%80%93496&rft.pages=584-596&rft.date=1749&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A186213277%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1098%2Frstl.1749.0110&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1749RSPT...46..584W&rft.aulast=Watson&rft.aufirst=Wm&rft.au=Brownrigg%2C+William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1098%252Frstl.1749.0110&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIridium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarggraf1760" class="citation book cs1">Marggraf, Andreas Sigismund (1760). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GWNQAAAAcAAJ">Versuche mit dem neuen mineralischen Körper Platina del pinto genannt</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170324173956/https://books.google.com/books?id=GWNQAAAAcAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 24 March 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Versuche+mit+dem+neuen+mineralischen+K%C3%B6rper+Platina+del+pinto+genannt&rft.date=1760&rft.aulast=Marggraf&rft.aufirst=Andreas+Sigismund&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGWNQAAAAcAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIridium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThomson,_T.1831" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Thomson_(chemist)" title="Thomas Thomson (chemist)">Thomson, T.</a> (1831). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/asystemchemistr07thomgoog">A System of Chemistry of Inorganic Bodies</a>. Vol. 1. Baldwin & Cradock, London; and William Blackwood, Edinburgh. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.32266/page/n721/mode/2up">693</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+System+of+Chemistry+of+Inorganic+Bodies&rft.pages=693&rft.pub=Baldwin+%26+Cradock%2C+London%3B+and+William+Blackwood%2C+Edinburgh&rft.date=1831&rft.au=Thomson%2C+T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fasystemchemistr07thomgoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIridium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-griffith-52">^ <a href="#cite_ref-griffith_52-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-griffith_52-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGriffith,_W._P.2004" class="citation journal cs1">Griffith, W. P. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.technology.matthey.com/article/48/4/182-189/">"Bicentenary of Four Platinum Group Metals. Part II: Osmium and iridium – events surrounding their discoveries"</a>. Platinum Metals Review. 48 (4): 182–189. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1595%2F147106704x4844">10.1595/147106704x4844</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Platinum+Metals+Review&rft.atitle=Bicentenary+of+Four+Platinum+Group+Metals.+Part+II%3A+Osmium+and+iridium+%E2%80%93+events+surrounding+their+discoveries&rft.volume=48&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=182-189&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1595%2F147106704x4844&rft.au=Griffith%2C+W.+P.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.technology.matthey.com%2Farticle%2F48%2F4%2F182-189%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIridium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeeks,_M._E.1968" class="citation book cs1">Weeks, M. E. (1968). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/discoveryofeleme0000week">Discovery of the Elements</a> (7th ed.). Journal of Chemical Education. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/discoveryofeleme0000week/page/414">414–418</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8486-8579-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8486-8579-9"><bdi>978-0-8486-8579-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/23991202">23991202</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Discovery+of+the+Elements&rft.pages=414-418&rft.edition=7th&rft.pub=Journal+of+Chemical+Education&rft.date=1968&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F23991202&rft.isbn=978-0-8486-8579-9&rft.au=Weeks%2C+M.+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdiscoveryofeleme0000week&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIridium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTennant1804" class="citation journal cs1">Tennant, S. (1804). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zenodo.org/record/1432312">"On Two Metals, Found in the Black Powder Remaining after the Solution of Platina"</a>. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. 94: 411–418. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frstl.1804.0018">10.1098/rstl.1804.0018</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/107152">107152</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Philosophical+Transactions+of+the+Royal+Society+of+London&rft.atitle=On+Two+Metals%2C+Found+in+the+Black+Powder+Remaining+after+the+Solution+of+Platina&rft.volume=94&rft.pages=411-418&rft.date=1804&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1098%2Frstl.1804.0018&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F107152%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Tennant&rft.aufirst=S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fzenodo.org%2Frecord%2F1432312&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIridium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTrigg,_G._L.1995" class="citation book cs1">Trigg, G. L. (1995). "Recoilless Emission and Absorption of Radiation". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YOQ9fi5yQ4sC">Landmark Experiments in Twentieth Century Physics</a>. Courier Dover Publications. pp. 179–190. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-486-28526-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-486-28526-9"><bdi>978-0-486-28526-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/31409781">31409781</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Recoilless+Emission+and+Absorption+of+Radiation&rft.btitle=Landmark+Experiments+in+Twentieth+Century+Physics&rft.pages=179-190&rft.pub=Courier+Dover+Publications&rft.date=1995&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F31409781&rft.isbn=978-0-486-28526-9&rft.au=Trigg%2C+G.+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYOQ9fi5yQ4sC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIridium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMössbauer1958" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_M%C3%B6ssbauer" title="Rudolf Mössbauer">Mössbauer, R. L.</a> (1958). "Gammastrahlung in Ir191". Zeitschrift für Physik A (in German). 151 (2): 124–143. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1958ZPhy..151..124M">1958ZPhy..151..124M</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF01344210">10.1007/BF01344210</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:121129342">121129342</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Zeitschrift+f%C3%BCr+Physik+A&rft.atitle=Gammastrahlung+in+Ir%3Csup%3E191%3C%2Fsup%3E&rft.volume=151&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=124-143&rft.date=1958&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A121129342%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2FBF01344210&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1958ZPhy..151..124M&rft.aulast=M%C3%B6ssbauer&rft.aufirst=R.+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIridium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWaller1964" class="citation book cs1">Waller, I. (1964). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1961/press.html">"The Nobel Prize in Physics 1961: presentation speech"</a>. Nobel Lectures, Physics 1942–1962. Elsevier.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Nobel+Prize+in+Physics+1961%3A+presentation+speech&rft.btitle=Nobel+Lectures%2C+Physics+1942%E2%80%931962&rft.pub=Elsevier&rft.date=1964&rft.aulast=Waller&rft.aufirst=I.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnobelprize.org%2Fnobel_prizes%2Fphysics%2Flaureates%2F1961%2Fpress.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIridium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://herschel.jpl.nasa.gov/chemicalOrigins.shtml">"History/Origin of Chemicals"</a>. NASA. Retrieved 1 January 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=History%2FOrigin+of+Chemicals&rft.pub=NASA&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fherschel.jpl.nasa.gov%2FchemicalOrigins.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIridium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-chen-60"><a href="#cite_ref-chen_60-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChenVitaleFoucart2021" class="citation journal cs1">Chen, Hsin-Yu; Vitale, Salvatore; Foucart, Francois (2021-10-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3847%2F2041-8213%2Fac26c6">"The Relative Contribution to Heavy Metals Production from Binary Neutron Star Mergers and Neutron Star–Black Hole Mergers"</a>. The Astrophysical Journal Letters. 920 (1). American Astronomical Society: L3. <a href="/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/2107.02714">2107.02714</a>. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2021ApJ...920L...3C">2021ApJ...920L...3C</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3847%2F2041-8213%2Fac26c6">10.3847/2041-8213/ac26c6</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1%2F142310">1721.1/142310</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2041-8205">2041-8205</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:238198587">238198587</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Astrophysical+Journal+Letters&rft.atitle=The+Relative+Contribution+to+Heavy+Metals+Production+from+Binary+Neutron+Star+Mergers+and+Neutron+Star%E2%80%93Black+Hole+Mergers&rft.volume=920&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=L3&rft.date=2021-10-01&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F1721.1%2F142310&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A238198587%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2021ApJ...920L...3C&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2F2107.02714&rft.issn=2041-8205&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3847%2F2041-8213%2Fac26c6&rft.aulast=Chen&rft.aufirst=Hsin-Yu&rft.au=Vitale%2C+Salvatore&rft.au=Foucart%2C+Francois&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.3847%252F2041-8213%252Fac26c6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIridium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArlandiniKappelerWisshakGallino1999" class="citation journal cs1">Arlandini, Claudio; Kappeler, Franz; Wisshak, Klaus; Gallino, Roberto; Lugaro, Maria; Busso, Maurizio; Straniero, Oscar (1999-11-10). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1086/307938">"Neutron Capture in Low-Mass Asymptotic Giant Branch Stars: Cross Sections and Abundance Signatures"</a>. The Astrophysical Journal. 525 (2): 886–900. <a href="/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/astro-ph/9906266">astro-ph/9906266</a>. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1999ApJ...525..886A">1999ApJ...525..886A</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F307938">10.1086/307938</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0004-637X">0004-637X</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Astrophysical+Journal&rft.atitle=Neutron+Capture+in+Low-Mass+Asymptotic+Giant+Branch+Stars%3A+Cross+Sections+and+Abundance+Signatures&rft.volume=525&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=886-900&rft.date=1999-11-10&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2Fastro-ph%2F9906266&rft.issn=0004-637X&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F307938&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1999ApJ...525..886A&rft.aulast=Arlandini&rft.aufirst=Claudio&rft.au=Kappeler%2C+Franz&rft.au=Wisshak%2C+Klaus&rft.au=Gallino%2C+Roberto&rft.au=Lugaro%2C+Maria&rft.au=Busso%2C+Maurizio&rft.au=Straniero%2C+Oscar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fiopscience.iop.org%2Farticle%2F10.1086%2F307938&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIridium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScott,_E._R._D.Wasson,_J._T.Buchwald,_V._F.1973" class="citation journal cs1">Scott, E. R. D.; Wasson, J. T.; Buchwald, V. F. (1973). "The chemical classification of iron meteorites—VII. A reinvestigation of irons with Ge concentrations between 25 and 80 ppm". Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta. 37 (8): 1957–1983. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1973GeCoA..37.1957S">1973GeCoA..37.1957S</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0016-7037%2873%2990151-8">10.1016/0016-7037(73)90151-8</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Geochimica+et+Cosmochimica+Acta&rft.atitle=The+chemical+classification+of+iron+meteorites%E2%80%94VII.+A+reinvestigation+of+irons+with+Ge+concentrations+between+25+and+80+ppm&rft.volume=37&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=1957-1983&rft.date=1973&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2F0016-7037%2873%2990151-8&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1973GeCoA..37.1957S&rft.au=Scott%2C+E.+R.+D.&rft.au=Wasson%2C+J.+T.&rft.au=Buchwald%2C+V.+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIridium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaynesLideBruno2017" class="citation book cs1">Haynes, W. M.; Lide, David R.; Bruno, Thomas J., eds. (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/CRCHandbookOfChemistryAndPhysics97thEdition2016/page/n2401">"Abundance of Elements in the Earth's Crust and in the Sea"</a>. <a href="/wiki/CRC_Handbook_of_Chemistry_and_Physics" title="CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics">CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics</a> (97th ed.). <a href="/wiki/CRC_Press" title="CRC Press">CRC Press</a>. p. 14-17. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4987-5429-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4987-5429-3"><bdi>978-1-4987-5429-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Abundance+of+Elements+in+the+Earth%27s+Crust+and+in+the+Sea&rft.btitle=CRC+Handbook+of+Chemistry+and+Physics&rft.pages=14-17&rft.edition=97th&rft.pub=CRC+Press&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-1-4987-5429-3&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FCRCHandbookOfChemistryAndPhysics97thEdition2016%2Fpage%2Fn2401&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIridium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-argonne-64">^ <a href="#cite_ref-argonne_64-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-argonne_64-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120304005456/http://www.ead.anl.gov/pub/doc/Iridium.pdf">"Iridium"</a> (PDF). Human Health Fact Sheet. Argonne National Laboratory. 2005. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ead.anl.gov/pub/doc/Iridium.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on March 4, 2012. Retrieved 2008-09-20.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Human+Health+Fact+Sheet&rft.atitle=Iridium&rft.date=2005&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ead.anl.gov%2Fpub%2Fdoc%2FIridium.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIridium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFXiaoLaplante2004" class="citation journal cs1">Xiao, Z.; Laplante, A. R. (2004). "Characterizing and recovering the platinum group minerals—a review". Minerals Engineering. 17 (9–10): 961–979. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2004MiEng..17..961X">2004MiEng..17..961X</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.mineng.2004.04.001">10.1016/j.mineng.2004.04.001</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Minerals+Engineering&rft.atitle=Characterizing+and+recovering+the+platinum+group+minerals%E2%80%94a+review&rft.volume=17&rft.issue=9%E2%80%9310&rft.pages=961-979&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.mineng.2004.04.001&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2004MiEng..17..961X&rft.aulast=Xiao&rft.aufirst=Z.&rft.au=Laplante%2C+A.+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIridium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.handbookofmineralogy.org/pdfs/cuproiridsite.pdf">"Cuproiridsite CuIr2S4"</a> (PDF). Handbook of mineralogy.org. Retrieved 3 March 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Handbook+of+mineralogy.org&rft.atitle=Cuproiridsite+CuIr%3Csub%3E2%3C%2Fsub%3ES%3Csub%3E4%3C%2Fsub%3E&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.handbookofmineralogy.org%2Fpdfs%2Fcuproiridsite.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIridium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVitaly_A._StepanovValentina_E._KungurovaVitaly_I._Gvozdev2010" class="citation journal cs1">Vitaly A. Stepanov; Valentina E. Kungurova; Vitaly I. Gvozdev (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fmm.ru/images/8/89/NDM_2010_45_Stepanov_eng.pdf">"Irasite Discovery in Copper-Nickel Ores of Shanuch Deposit (KAMCHATKA)"</a> (PDF). New Data on Minerals. 45: 23. Retrieved 3 March 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+Data+on+Minerals&rft.atitle=Irasite+Discovery+in+Copper-Nickel+Ores+of+Shanuch+Deposit+%28KAMCHATKA%29&rft.volume=45&rft.pages=23&rft.date=2010&rft.au=Vitaly+A.+Stepanov&rft.au=Valentina+E.+Kungurova&rft.au=Vitaly+I.+Gvozdev&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fmm.ru%2Fimages%2F8%2F89%2FNDM_2010_45_Stepanov_eng.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIridium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGarutiGazzottiTorres-Ruiz1995" class="citation journal cs1">Garuti, Giorgio; Gazzotti, Moreno; Torres-Ruiz, Jose (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rruff.info/uploads/CM33_509.pdf">"Iridium, Rhodium, and Platinum Sulfides in Chromitites from the Ultramafic Massifs of Finero, Italy, and Ojen, Spain"</a> (PDF). The Canadian Mineralogist. 33: 509–520. Retrieved 2 November 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Canadian+Mineralogist&rft.atitle=Iridium%2C+Rhodium%2C+and+Platinum+Sulfides+in+Chromitites+from+the+Ultramafic+Massifs+of+Finero%2C+Italy%2C+and+Ojen%2C+Spain&rft.volume=33&rft.pages=509-520&rft.date=1995&rft.aulast=Garuti&rft.aufirst=Giorgio&rft.au=Gazzotti%2C+Moreno&rft.au=Torres-Ruiz%2C+Jose&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frruff.info%2Fuploads%2FCM33_509.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIridium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-kirk-pt-69">^ <a href="#cite_ref-kirk-pt_69-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-kirk-pt_69-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-kirk-pt_69-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-kirk-pt_69-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSeymourO'Farrelly,_J._I.2012" class="citation book cs1">Seymour, R. J.; O'Farrelly, J. I. (2012). "Platinum-Group Metals". Kirk Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology. Wiley. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2F0471238961.1612012019052513.a01.pub3">10.1002/0471238961.1612012019052513.a01.pub3</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0471238966" title="Special:BookSources/978-0471238966"><bdi>978-0471238966</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Platinum-Group+Metals&rft.btitle=Kirk+Othmer+Encyclopedia+of+Chemical+Technology&rft.pub=Wiley&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2F0471238961.1612012019052513.a01.pub3&rft.isbn=978-0471238966&rft.aulast=Seymour&rft.aufirst=R.+J.&rft.au=O%27Farrelly%2C+J.+I.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIridium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Goldberg-70">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Goldberg_70-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Goldberg_70-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoldbergKayStallardKoide1986" class="citation journal cs1">Goldberg, Hodge; Kay, V; Stallard, M; Koide, M (1986). "Some comparative marine chemistries of platinum and iridium". Applied Geochemistry. 1 (2): 227–232. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1986ApGC....1..227G">1986ApGC....1..227G</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0883-2927%2886%2990006-5">10.1016/0883-2927(86)90006-5</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Applied+Geochemistry&rft.atitle=Some+comparative+marine+chemistries+of+platinum+and+iridium&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=227-232&rft.date=1986&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2F0883-2927%2886%2990006-5&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1986ApGC....1..227G&rft.aulast=Goldberg&rft.aufirst=Hodge&rft.au=Kay%2C+V&rft.au=Stallard%2C+M&rft.au=Koide%2C+M&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIridium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wells-71">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Wells_71-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wells_71-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wells_71-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWells1988" class="citation journal cs1">Wells, Boothe (1988). "Iridium in marine organisms". Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta. 52 (6): 1737–1739. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1988GeCoA..52.1737W">1988GeCoA..52.1737W</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0016-7037%2888%2990242-6">10.1016/0016-7037(88)90242-6</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Geochimica+et+Cosmochimica+Acta&rft.atitle=Iridium+in+marine+organisms&rft.volume=52&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=1737-1739&rft.date=1988&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2F0016-7037%2888%2990242-6&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1988GeCoA..52.1737W&rft.aulast=Wells&rft.aufirst=Boothe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIridium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sawlowicz-72">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Sawlowicz_72-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sawlowicz_72-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sawlowicz_72-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSawlowicz1993" class="citation journal cs1">Sawlowicz, Z (1993). "Iridium and other platinum-group elements as geochemical markers in sedimentary environments". Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology. 104 (4): 253–270. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1993PPP...104..253S">1993PPP...104..253S</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0031-0182%2893%2990136-7">10.1016/0031-0182(93)90136-7</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Palaeogeography%2C+Palaeoclimatology%2C+Palaeoecology&rft.atitle=Iridium+and+other+platinum-group+elements+as+geochemical+markers+in+sedimentary+environments&rft.volume=104&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=253-270&rft.date=1993&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2F0031-0182%2893%2990136-7&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1993PPP...104..253S&rft.aulast=Sawlowicz&rft.aufirst=Z&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIridium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Macdougall-73"><a href="#cite_ref-Macdougall_73-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrocketHarriss1973" class="citation journal cs1">Crocket, Macdougall; Harriss, R (1973). "Gold, palladium and iridium in marine sediments". Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta. 37 (12): 2547–2556. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1973GeCoA..37.2547C">1973GeCoA..37.2547C</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0016-7037%2873%2990264-0">10.1016/0016-7037(73)90264-0</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Geochimica+et+Cosmochimica+Acta&rft.atitle=Gold%2C+palladium+and+iridium+in+marine+sediments&rft.volume=37&rft.issue=12&rft.pages=2547-2556&rft.date=1973&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2F0016-7037%2873%2990264-0&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1973GeCoA..37.2547C&rft.aulast=Crocket&rft.aufirst=Macdougall&rft.au=Harriss%2C+R&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIridium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Peucker-Ehrenbrink-74"><a href="#cite_ref-Peucker-Ehrenbrink_74-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeucker-Ehrenbrink2001" class="citation book cs1">Peucker-Ehrenbrink, B (2001). "Iridium and Osmium as Tracers of Extraterrestrial Matter in Marine Sediments". Accretion of Extraterrestrial Matter Throughout Earth's History. pp. 163–178. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-1-4419-8694-8_10">10.1007/978-1-4419-8694-8_10</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4613-4668-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4613-4668-5"><bdi>978-1-4613-4668-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Iridium+and+Osmium+as+Tracers+of+Extraterrestrial+Matter+in+Marine+Sediments&rft.btitle=Accretion+of+Extraterrestrial+Matter+Throughout+Earth%27s+History&rft.pages=163-178&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-1-4419-8694-8_10&rft.isbn=978-1-4613-4668-5&rft.aulast=Peucker-Ehrenbrink&rft.aufirst=B&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIridium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Barker-75"><a href="#cite_ref-Barker_75-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarkerEdward1968" class="citation journal cs1">Barker, J; Edward, A (1968). "Accretion rate of cosmic matter from iridium and osmium contents of deep-sea sediments". Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta. 32 (6): 627–645. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1968GeCoA..32..627B">1968GeCoA..32..627B</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0016-7037%2868%2990053-7">10.1016/0016-7037(68)90053-7</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Geochimica+et+Cosmochimica+Acta&rft.atitle=Accretion+rate+of+cosmic+matter+from+iridium+and+osmium+contents+of+deep-sea+sediments&rft.volume=32&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=627-645&rft.date=1968&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2F0016-7037%2868%2990053-7&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1968GeCoA..32..627B&rft.aulast=Barker&rft.aufirst=J&rft.au=Edward%2C+A&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIridium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Colodner-76"><a href="#cite_ref-Colodner_76-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFColodnerEdmond1992" class="citation journal cs1">Colodner, D; Edmond, J (1992). "Post-depositional mobility of platinum, iridium and rhenium in marine sediments". Nature. 358 (6385): 402–404. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1992Natur.358..402C">1992Natur.358..402C</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2F358402a0">10.1038/358402a0</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:37386975">37386975</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=Post-depositional+mobility+of+platinum%2C+iridium+and+rhenium+in+marine+sediments&rft.volume=358&rft.issue=6385&rft.pages=402-404&rft.date=1992&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A37386975%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2F358402a0&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1992Natur.358..402C&rft.aulast=Colodner&rft.aufirst=D&rft.au=Edmond%2C+J&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIridium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Alvarez-77">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Alvarez_77-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Alvarez_77-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlvarez,_L._W.Alvarez,_W.Asaro,_F.Michel,_H._V.1980" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Luis_Walter_Alvarez" title="Luis Walter Alvarez">Alvarez, L. W.</a>; Alvarez, W.; Asaro, F.; Michel, H. V. (1980). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://chaos.swarthmore.edu/courses/soc26/bak-sneppan/13_alverez.pdf">"Extraterrestrial cause for the Cretaceous–Tertiary extinction"</a> (PDF). Science. 208 (4448): 1095–1108. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1980Sci...208.1095A">1980Sci...208.1095A</a>. <a href="/wiki/CiteSeerX_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="CiteSeerX (identifier)">CiteSeerX</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.126.8496">10.1.1.126.8496</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.208.4448.1095">10.1126/science.208.4448.1095</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17783054">17783054</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:16017767">16017767</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=Extraterrestrial+cause+for+the+Cretaceous%E2%80%93Tertiary+extinction&rft.volume=208&rft.issue=4448&rft.pages=1095-1108&rft.date=1980&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A16017767%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1980Sci...208.1095A&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fciteseerx.ist.psu.edu%2Fviewdoc%2Fsummary%3Fdoi%3D10.1.1.126.8496%23id-name%3DCiteSeerX&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17783054&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.208.4448.1095&rft.au=Alvarez%2C+L.+W.&rft.au=Alvarez%2C+W.&rft.au=Asaro%2C+F.&rft.au=Michel%2C+H.+V.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fchaos.swarthmore.edu%2Fcourses%2Fsoc26%2Fbak-sneppan%2F13_alverez.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIridium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHildebrandPenfield,_Glen_T.Kring,_David_A.Pilkington,_Mark1991" class="citation journal cs1">Hildebrand, A. R.; Penfield, Glen T.; Kring, David A.; Pilkington, Mark; Zanoguera, Antonio Camargo; Jacobsen, Stein B.; Boynton, William V. (1991). "Chicxulub Crater; a possible Cretaceous/Tertiary boundary impact crater on the Yucatan Peninsula, Mexico". <a href="/wiki/Geology_(journal)" title="Geology (journal)">Geology</a>. 19 (9): 867–871. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1991Geo....19..867H">1991Geo....19..867H</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1130%2F0091-7613%281991%29019%3C0867%3ACCAPCT%3E2.3.CO%3B2">10.1130/0091-7613(1991)019<0867:CCAPCT>2.3.CO;2</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Geology&rft.atitle=Chicxulub+Crater%3B+a+possible+Cretaceous%2FTertiary+boundary+impact+crater+on+the+Yucatan+Peninsula%2C+Mexico&rft.volume=19&rft.issue=9&rft.pages=867-871&rft.date=1991&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1130%2F0091-7613%281991%29019%3C0867%3ACCAPCT%3E2.3.CO%3B2&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1991Geo....19..867H&rft.aulast=Hildebrand&rft.aufirst=A.+R.&rft.au=Penfield%2C+Glen+T.&rft.au=Kring%2C+David+A.&rft.au=Pilkington%2C+Mark&rft.au=Zanoguera%2C+Antonio+Camargo&rft.au=Jacobsen%2C+Stein+B.&rft.au=Boynton%2C+William+V.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIridium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrankel,_C.1999" class="citation book cs1">Frankel, C. (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/endofdinosaursch00fran">The End of the Dinosaurs: Chicxulub Crater and Mass Extinctions</a>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-47447-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-47447-4"><bdi>978-0-521-47447-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/40298401">40298401</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+End+of+the+Dinosaurs%3A+Chicxulub+Crater+and+Mass+Extinctions&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F40298401&rft.isbn=978-0-521-47447-4&rft.au=Frankel%2C+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fendofdinosaursch00fran&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIridium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRyder,_G.Fastovsky,_D._E.Gartner,_S.1996" class="citation book cs1">Ryder, G.; Fastovsky, D. E.; Gartner, S. (1996). The Cretaceous-Tertiary Event and Other Catastrophes in Earth History. Geological Society of America. p. 47. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8137-2307-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8137-2307-5"><bdi>978-0-8137-2307-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cretaceous-Tertiary+Event+and+Other+Catastrophes+in+Earth+History&rft.pages=47&rft.pub=Geological+Society+of+America&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-8137-2307-5&rft.au=Ryder%2C+G.&rft.au=Fastovsky%2C+D.+E.&rft.au=Gartner%2C+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIridium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFToutain,_J.-P.Meyer,_G.1989" class="citation journal cs1">Toutain, J.-P.; Meyer, G. (1989). "Iridium-Bearing Sublimates at a Hot-Spot Volcano (Piton De La Fournaise, Indian Ocean)". Geophysical Research Letters. 16 (12): 1391–1394. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1989GeoRL..16.1391T">1989GeoRL..16.1391T</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1029%2FGL016i012p01391">10.1029/GL016i012p01391</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Geophysical+Research+Letters&rft.atitle=Iridium-Bearing+Sublimates+at+a+Hot-Spot+Volcano+%28Piton+De+La+Fournaise%2C+Indian+Ocean%29&rft.volume=16&rft.issue=12&rft.pages=1391-1394&rft.date=1989&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1029%2FGL016i012p01391&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1989GeoRL..16.1391T&rft.au=Toutain%2C+J.-P.&rft.au=Meyer%2C+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIridium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-usgs-82">^ <a href="#cite_ref-usgs_82-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-usgs_82-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-usgs_82-2">c</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/commodity/platinum/">Platinum-Group Metals</a>. U.S. Geological Survey Mineral Commodity Summaries </li> <li id="cite_note-usgs2018-83"><a href="#cite_ref-usgs2018_83-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSingerlingSchulte2021" class="citation book cs1">Singerling, Sheryl A.; Schulte, Ruth F. (August 2021). "Platinum-Group Metals". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d9-wret.s3.us-west-2.amazonaws.com/assets/palladium/production/atoms/files/myb1-2018-plati.pdf">2018 Minerals Yearbook</a> (PDF). USGS. p. 57.11.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Platinum-Group+Metals&rft.btitle=2018+Minerals+Yearbook&rft.pages=57.11&rft.pub=USGS&rft.date=2021-08&rft.aulast=Singerling&rft.aufirst=Sheryl+A.&rft.au=Schulte%2C+Ruth+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fd9-wret.s3.us-west-2.amazonaws.com%2Fassets%2Fpalladium%2Fproduction%2Fatoms%2Ffiles%2Fmyb1-2018-plati.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIridium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHagelüken,_C.2006" class="citation journal cs1">Hagelüken, C. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090304195307/http://www.preciousmetals.umicore.com/publications/articles_by_umicore/general/show_Metal_PGMmarkets_200602.pdf">"Markets for the catalysts metals platinum, palladium, and rhodium"</a> (PDF). Metall. 60 (1–2): 31–42. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.preciousmetals.umicore.com/publications/articles_by_umicore/general/show_Metal_PGMmarkets_200602.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on March 4, 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Metall&rft.atitle=Markets+for+the+catalysts+metals+platinum%2C+palladium%2C+and+rhodium&rft.volume=60&rft.issue=1%E2%80%932&rft.pages=31-42&rft.date=2006&rft.au=Hagel%C3%BCken%2C+C.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.preciousmetals.umicore.com%2Fpublications%2Farticles_by_umicore%2Fgeneral%2Fshow_Metal_PGMmarkets_200602.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIridium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.platinum.matthey.com/media/1631250/other_pgm.pdf">"Platinum 2013 Interim Review"</a> (PDF). Platinum Today. <a href="/wiki/Johnson_Matthey" title="Johnson Matthey">Johnson Matthey</a>. Retrieved 2014-01-10.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Platinum+Today&rft.atitle=Platinum+2013+Interim+Review&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.platinum.matthey.com%2Fmedia%2F1631250%2Fother_pgm.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIridium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-JM-86">^ <a href="#cite_ref-JM_86-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-JM_86-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRyan2022" class="citation web cs1">Ryan, Marge (2022-11-16). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://matthey.com/en/iridium-supply-hydrogen-electrolysers">"Recycling and thrifting: the answer to the iridium question in electrolyser growth"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Recycling+and+thrifting%3A+the+answer+to+the+iridium+question+in+electrolyser+growth&rft.date=2022-11-16&rft.aulast=Ryan&rft.aufirst=Marge&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmatthey.com%2Fen%2Firidium-supply-hydrogen-electrolysers&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIridium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGilchrist1943" class="citation journal cs1">Gilchrist, Raleigh (1943). "The Platinum Metals". Chemical Reviews. 32 (3): 277–372. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fcr60103a002">10.1021/cr60103a002</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:96640406">96640406</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Chemical+Reviews&rft.atitle=The+Platinum+Metals&rft.volume=32&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=277-372&rft.date=1943&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1021%2Fcr60103a002&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A96640406%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Gilchrist&rft.aufirst=Raleigh&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIridium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOhriner2008" class="citation journal cs1">Ohriner, E. K. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1595%2F147106708X333827">"Processing of Iridium and Iridium Alloys"</a>. Platinum Metals Review. 52 (3): 186–197. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1595%2F147106708X333827">10.1595/147106708X333827</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Platinum+Metals+Review&rft.atitle=Processing+of+Iridium+and+Iridium+Alloys&rft.volume=52&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=186-197&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1595%2F147106708X333827&rft.aulast=Ohriner&rft.aufirst=E.+K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1595%252F147106708X333827&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIridium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHuntLever,_F._M.1969" class="citation journal cs1">Hunt, L. B.; Lever, F. M. (1969). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081029205825/http://www.platinummetalsreview.com/pdf/pmr-v13-i4-126-138.pdf">"Platinum Metals: A Survey of Productive Resources to industrial Uses"</a> (PDF). Platinum Metals Review. 13 (4): 126–138. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1595%2F003214069X134126138">10.1595/003214069X134126138</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:267561907">267561907</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.platinummetalsreview.com/pdf/pmr-v13-i4-126-138.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 2008-10-29. Retrieved 2008-10-01.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Platinum+Metals+Review&rft.atitle=Platinum+Metals%3A+A+Survey+of+Productive+Resources+to+industrial+Uses&rft.volume=13&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=126-138&rft.date=1969&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1595%2F003214069X134126138&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A267561907%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Hunt&rft.aufirst=L.+B.&rft.au=Lever%2C+F.+M.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.platinummetalsreview.com%2Fpdf%2Fpmr-v13-i4-126-138.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIridium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usgs.gov/centers/national-minerals-information-center/platinum-group-metals-statistics-and-information">"Mineral Yearbook 2020 tables-only release"</a>. USGS.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=USGS&rft.atitle=Mineral+Yearbook+2020+tables-only+release&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.usgs.gov%2Fcenters%2Fnational-minerals-information-center%2Fplatinum-group-metals-statistics-and-information&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIridium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Handley-91">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Handley_91-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Handley_91-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHandley1986" class="citation journal cs1">Handley, J. R. (1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://technology.matthey.com/article/30/1/12-13/">"Increasing Applications for Iridium"</a>. Platinum Metals Review. 30 (1): 12–13. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1595%2F003214086X3011213">10.1595/003214086X3011213</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Platinum+Metals+Review&rft.atitle=Increasing+Applications+for+Iridium&rft.volume=30&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=12-13&rft.date=1986&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1595%2F003214086X3011213&rft.aulast=Handley&rft.aufirst=J.+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftechnology.matthey.com%2Farticle%2F30%2F1%2F12-13%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIridium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrookes1908" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/William_Crookes" title="William Crookes">Crookes, W.</a> (1908). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frspa.1908.0046">"On the Use of Iridium Crucibles in Chemical Operations"</a>. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series A, Containing Papers of a Mathematical and Physical Character. 80 (541): 535–536. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1908RSPSA..80..535C">1908RSPSA..80..535C</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frspa.1908.0046">10.1098/rspa.1908.0046</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/93031">93031</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+Royal+Society+of+London.+Series+A%2C+Containing+Papers+of+a+Mathematical+and+Physical+Character&rft.atitle=On+the+Use+of+Iridium+Crucibles+in+Chemical+Operations&rft.volume=80&rft.issue=541&rft.pages=535-536&rft.date=1908&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F93031%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1098%2Frspa.1908.0046&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1908RSPSA..80..535C&rft.aulast=Crookes&rft.aufirst=W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1098%252Frspa.1908.0046&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIridium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEgorovaKorotkov,_B._V.Yaroshchuk,_E._G.Mirkus,_K._A.1979" class="citation journal cs1">Egorova, R. V.; Korotkov, B. V.; Yaroshchuk, E. G.; Mirkus, K. A.; Dorofeev N. A.; Serkov, A. T. (1979). "Spinnerets for viscose rayon cord yarn". Fibre Chemistry. 10 (4): 377–378. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF00543390">10.1007/BF00543390</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:135705244">135705244</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Fibre+Chemistry&rft.atitle=Spinnerets+for+viscose+rayon+cord+yarn&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=377-378&rft.date=1979&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2FBF00543390&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A135705244%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Egorova&rft.aufirst=R.+V.&rft.au=Korotkov%2C+B.+V.&rft.au=Yaroshchuk%2C+E.+G.&rft.au=Mirkus%2C+K.+A.&rft.au=Dorofeev+N.+A.&rft.au=Serkov%2C+A.+T.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIridium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGraffKempfBreme2005" class="citation book cs1">Graff, Muriel; Kempf, Bernd; Breme, Jürgen (2005-12-23). "Iridium Alloy for Spark Plug Electrodes". Materials for Transportation Technology. Weinheim, FRG: Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA. pp. 1–8. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2F3527606025.ch1">10.1002/3527606025.ch1</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783527301249" title="Special:BookSources/9783527301249"><bdi>9783527301249</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Iridium+Alloy+for+Spark+Plug+Electrodes&rft.btitle=Materials+for+Transportation+Technology&rft.place=Weinheim%2C+FRG&rft.pages=1-8&rft.pub=Wiley-VCH+Verlag+GmbH+%26+Co.+KGaA&rft.date=2005-12-23&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2F3527606025.ch1&rft.isbn=9783527301249&rft.aulast=Graff&rft.aufirst=Muriel&rft.au=Kempf%2C+Bernd&rft.au=Breme%2C+J%C3%BCrgen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIridium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ullmann-acetic-95"><a href="#cite_ref-ullmann-acetic_95-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCheungTanke,_R._S.Torrence,_G._P.2000" class="citation book cs1">Cheung, H.; Tanke, R. S.; Torrence, G. P. (2000). "Acetic acid". Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry. Wiley. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2F14356007.a01_045">10.1002/14356007.a01_045</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3527306732" title="Special:BookSources/978-3527306732"><bdi>978-3527306732</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Acetic+acid&rft.btitle=Ullmann%27s+Encyclopedia+of+Industrial+Chemistry&rft.pub=Wiley&rft.date=2000&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2F14356007.a01_045&rft.isbn=978-3527306732&rft.aulast=Cheung&rft.aufirst=H.&rft.au=Tanke%2C+R.+S.&rft.au=Torrence%2C+G.+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIridium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jones-96"><a href="#cite_ref-Jones_96-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJones2000" class="citation journal cs1">Jones, Jane H. (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://technology.matthey.com/article/44/3/94-105/">"The cativa™ process for the manufacture of acetic acid"</a>. Platinum Metals Review. 44 (3): 94–105. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1595%2F003214000X44394105">10.1595/003214000X44394105</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Platinum+Metals+Review&rft.atitle=The+cativa%E2%84%A2+process+for+the+manufacture+of+acetic+acid.&rft.volume=44&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=94-105&rft.date=2000&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1595%2F003214000X44394105&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=Jane+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftechnology.matthey.com%2Farticle%2F44%2F3%2F94-105%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIridium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoseblade,_S._J.Pfaltz,_A.2007" class="citation journal cs1">Roseblade, S. J.; Pfaltz, A. (2007). "Iridium-catalyzed asymmetric hydrogenation of olefins". <a href="/wiki/Accounts_of_Chemical_Research" title="Accounts of Chemical Research">Accounts of Chemical Research</a>. 40 (12): 1402–1411. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021%2Far700113g">10.1021/ar700113g</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17672517">17672517</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Accounts+of+Chemical+Research&rft.atitle=Iridium-catalyzed+asymmetric+hydrogenation+of+olefins&rft.volume=40&rft.issue=12&rft.pages=1402-1411&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1021%2Far700113g&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17672517&rft.au=Roseblade%2C+S.+J.&rft.au=Pfaltz%2C+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIridium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIkariyaBlacker2007" class="citation journal cs1">Ikariya, Takao; Blacker, A. John (2007). "Asymmetric Transfer Hydrogenation of Ketones with Bifunctional Transition Metal-Based Molecular Catalysts†". Accounts of Chemical Research. 40 (12): 1300–1308. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021%2Far700134q">10.1021/ar700134q</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17960897">17960897</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Accounts+of+Chemical+Research&rft.atitle=Asymmetric+Transfer+Hydrogenation+of+Ketones+with+Bifunctional+Transition+Metal-Based+Molecular+Catalysts%E2%80%A0&rft.volume=40&rft.issue=12&rft.pages=1300-1308&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1021%2Far700134q&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17960897&rft.aulast=Ikariya&rft.aufirst=Takao&rft.au=Blacker%2C+A.+John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIridium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMatthias_Beller,_Hans-Ulrich_Blaser2012" class="citation book cs1">Matthias Beller, Hans-Ulrich Blaser, ed. (2012). Organometallics as Catalysts in the Fine Chemical Industry. Topics in Organometallic Chemistry. Vol. 42. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-642-32832-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-642-32832-9"><bdi>978-3-642-32832-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Organometallics+as+Catalysts+in+the+Fine+Chemical+Industry&rft.place=Berlin%2C+Heidelberg&rft.series=Topics+in+Organometallic+Chemistry&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-3-642-32832-9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIridium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHalmshaw1954" class="citation journal cs1">Halmshaw, R. (1954). "The use and scope of Iridium 192 for the radiography of steel". British Journal of Applied Physics. 5 (7): 238–243. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1954BJAP....5..238H">1954BJAP....5..238H</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1088%2F0508-3443%2F5%2F7%2F302">10.1088/0508-3443/5/7/302</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=British+Journal+of+Applied+Physics&rft.atitle=The+use+and+scope+of+Iridium+192+for+the+radiography+of+steel&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=238-243&rft.date=1954&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1088%2F0508-3443%2F5%2F7%2F302&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1954BJAP....5..238H&rft.aulast=Halmshaw&rft.aufirst=R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIridium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hellier-101"><a href="#cite_ref-Hellier_101-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHellier2001" class="citation book cs1">Hellier, Chuck (2001). Handbook of Nondestructive Evlaluation. The McGraw-Hill Companies. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-07-028121-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-07-028121-9"><bdi>978-0-07-028121-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Handbook+of+Nondestructive+Evlaluation&rft.pub=The+McGraw-Hill+Companies&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-07-028121-9&rft.aulast=Hellier&rft.aufirst=Chuck&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIridium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-iridium-192-102"><a href="#cite_ref-iridium-192_102-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJean_PouliotLuc_Beaulieu2010" class="citation book cs1">Jean Pouliot; Luc Beaulieu (2010). "13 – Modern Principles of Brachytherapy Physics: From 2-D to 3-D to Dynamic Planning and Delivery". In Richard T. Hoppe; Theodore Locke Phillips; Mack Roach (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/medicine-and-dentistry/iridium-192">Leibel and Phillips Textbook of Radiation Oncology</a> (3rd ed.). W.B. Saunders. pp. 224–244. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FB978-1-4160-5897-7.00013-5">10.1016/B978-1-4160-5897-7.00013-5</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781416058977" title="Special:BookSources/9781416058977"><bdi>9781416058977</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=13+%E2%80%93+Modern+Principles+of+Brachytherapy+Physics%3A+From+2-D+to+3-D+to+Dynamic+Planning+and+Delivery&rft.btitle=Leibel+and+Phillips+Textbook+of+Radiation+Oncology&rft.pages=224-244&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=W.B.+Saunders&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FB978-1-4160-5897-7.00013-5&rft.isbn=9781416058977&rft.au=Jean+Pouliot&rft.au=Luc+Beaulieu&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencedirect.com%2Ftopics%2Fmedicine-and-dentistry%2Firidium-192&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIridium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUlbrichtBeyerFriebeWinter2009" class="citation journal cs1">Ulbricht, Christoph; Beyer, Beatrice; Friebe, Christian; Winter, Andreas; Schubert, Ulrich S. (2009). "Recent Developments in the Application of Phosphorescent Iridium(III) Complex Systems". Advanced Materials. 21 (44): 4418–4441. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009AdM....21.4418U">2009AdM....21.4418U</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fadma.200803537">10.1002/adma.200803537</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:96268110">96268110</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Advanced+Materials&rft.atitle=Recent+Developments+in+the+Application+of+Phosphorescent+Iridium%28III%29+Complex+Systems&rft.volume=21&rft.issue=44&rft.pages=4418-4441&rft.date=2009&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A96268110%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fadma.200803537&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2009AdM....21.4418U&rft.aulast=Ulbricht&rft.aufirst=Christoph&rft.au=Beyer%2C+Beatrice&rft.au=Friebe%2C+Christian&rft.au=Winter%2C+Andreas&rft.au=Schubert%2C+Ulrich+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIridium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-meter-105"><a href="#cite_ref-meter_105-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPenzes2001" class="citation web cs1">Penzes, W. B. (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nist.gov/document/museum-timelinepdf">"Time Line for the Definition of the Meter"</a>. National Institute for Standards and Technology. Retrieved 2008-09-16.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Time+Line+for+the+Definition+of+the+Meter&rft.pub=National+Institute+for+Standards+and+Technology&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=Penzes&rft.aufirst=W.+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nist.gov%2Fdocument%2Fmuseum-timelinepdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIridium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a> General section citations: Recalibration of the U.S. National Prototype Kilogram, R. S. Davis, Journal of Research of the National Bureau of Standards, 90, No. 4, July–August 1985 (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/jres/090/jresv90n4p263_A1b.pdf">5.5 MB PDF</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170201170330/http://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/jres/090/jresv90n4p263_A1b.pdf">Archived</a> 2017-02-01 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>); and The Kilogram and Measurements of Mass and Force, Z. J. Jabbour et al., J. Res. Natl. Inst. Stand. Technol. 106, 2001, 25–46 (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nist.gov/sites/default/files/documents/calibrations/j61jab.pdf">3.5 MB PDF</a>)  </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMottishaw,_J.1999" class="citation journal cs1">Mottishaw, J. (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nibs.com/blog/nibster-writes/wheres-iridium">"Notes from the Nib Works—Where's the Iridium?"</a>. The PENnant. XIII (2).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+PENnant&rft.atitle=Notes+from+the+Nib+Works%E2%80%94Where%27s+the+Iridium%3F&rft.volume=XIII&rft.issue=2&rft.date=1999&rft.au=Mottishaw%2C+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nibs.com%2Fblog%2Fnibster-writes%2Fwheres-iridium&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIridium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrookes,_W.1867" class="citation journal cs1">Crookes, W., ed. (1867). <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/w/index.php?title=File:The_chemical_news._Volume_15,_January_-_June_1867._(IA_s713id13683370).pdf&page=188">"The Paris Exhibition"</a>. The Chemical News and Journal of Physical Science. XV: 182.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Chemical+News+and+Journal+of+Physical+Science&rft.atitle=The+Paris+Exhibition&rft.volume=XV&rft.pages=182&rft.date=1867&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikisource.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DFile%3AThe_chemical_news._Volume_15%2C_January_-_June_1867._%28IA_s713id13683370%29.pdf%26page%3D188&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIridium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPepper,_J._H.1861" class="citation book cs1">Pepper, J. H. (1861). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/playbookmetalsi00peppgoog">The Playbook of Metals: Including Personal Narratives of Visits to Coal, Lead, Copper, and Tin Mines, with a Large Number of Interesting Experiments Relating to Alchemy and the Chemistry of the Fifty Metallic Elements</a>. Routledge, Warne, and Routledge. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/playbookmetalsi00peppgoog/page/n469">455</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Playbook+of+Metals%3A+Including+Personal+Narratives+of+Visits+to+Coal%2C+Lead%2C+Copper%2C+and+Tin+Mines%2C+with+a+Large+Number+of+Interesting+Experiments+Relating+to+Alchemy+and+the+Chemistry+of+the+Fifty+Metallic+Elements&rft.pages=455&rft.pub=Routledge%2C+Warne%2C+and+Routledge&rft.date=1861&rft.au=Pepper%2C+J.+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fplaybookmetalsi00peppgoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIridium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lenntech.com/periodic/elements/ir.htm#:~:text=not%20been%20estimated.-,Health%20effects%20of%20iridium,irritation%20of%20the%20digestive%20tract.">"Iridium (Ir) - Chemical properties, Health and Environmental effects"</a>. www.lenntech.com. Retrieved 2024-07-27.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.lenntech.com&rft.atitle=Iridium+%28Ir%29+-+Chemical+properties%2C+Health+and+Environmental+effects&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lenntech.com%2Fperiodic%2Felements%2Fir.htm%23%3A~%3Atext%3Dnot%2520been%2520estimated.-%2CHealth%2520effects%2520of%2520iridium%2Cirritation%2520of%2520the%2520digestive%2520tract.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIridium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://emergency.cdc.gov/radiation/isotopes/pdf/iridium.pdf">"Radioisotope Brief: Iridium-192 (Ir-192)"</a> (PDF). Radiation Emergencies. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2004-08-18. Retrieved 2008-09-20.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Radiation+Emergencies&rft.atitle=Radioisotope+Brief%3A+Iridium-192+%28Ir-192%29&rft.date=2004-08-18&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Femergency.cdc.gov%2Fradiation%2Fisotopes%2Fpdf%2Firidium.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIridium" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Iridium&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Iridium" class="extiw" title="commons:Iridium">Iridium</a>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/iridium" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:iridium">iridium</a> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.periodicvideos.com/videos/077.htm">Iridium</a> at <a href="/wiki/The_Periodic_Table_of_Videos" class="mw-redirect" title="The Periodic Table of Videos">The Periodic Table of Videos</a> (University of Nottingham)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/293985/iridium-Ir">Iridium in Encyclopædia Britannica</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Periodic_table" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Periodic_table_(navbox)" title="Template:Periodic table (navbox)"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Periodic_table_(navbox)" title="Template talk:Periodic table (navbox)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Periodic_table_(navbox)" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Periodic table (navbox)"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Periodic_table" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Periodic_table" title="Periodic table">Periodic table</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <table style="table-layout:fixed; width:100%;" aria-describedby="periodic-table-legend"> <tbody><tr> <td style="line-height:100%;"> </td> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Alkali_metal" title="Alkali metal">1</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Alkaline_earth_metal" title="Alkaline earth metal">2</a> </th> <td colspan="14"> </td> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_3_element" title="Group 3 element">3</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_4_element" title="Group 4 element">4</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_5_element" title="Group 5 element">5</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_6_element" title="Group 6 element">6</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_7_element" title="Group 7 element">7</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_8_element" title="Group 8 element">8</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_9_element" title="Group 9 element">9</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_10_element" title="Group 10 element">10</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_11_element" title="Group 11 element">11</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_12_element" title="Group 12 element">12</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Boron_group" title="Boron group">13</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Carbon_group" title="Carbon group">14</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Pnictogen" title="Pnictogen">15</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Chalcogen" title="Chalcogen">16</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Halogen" title="Halogen">17</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Noble_gas" title="Noble gas">18</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Period_1_element" title="Period 1 element">1</a> </th> <td title="H, Hydrogen" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen" title="Hydrogen">H</a> </td> <td colspan="30"> </td> <td title="He, Helium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Helium" title="Helium">He</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Period_2_element" title="Period 2 element">2</a> </th> <td title="Li, Lithium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Lithium" title="Lithium">Li</a> </td> <td title="Be, Beryllium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Beryllium" title="Beryllium">Be</a> </td> <td colspan="24"> </td> <td title="B, Boron" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Boron" title="Boron">B</a> </td> <td title="C, Carbon" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Carbon" title="Carbon">C</a> </td> <td title="N, Nitrogen" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Nitrogen" title="Nitrogen">N</a> </td> <td title="O, Oxygen" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen">O</a> </td> <td title="F, Fluorine" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Fluorine" title="Fluorine">F</a> </td> <td title="Ne, Neon" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Neon" title="Neon">Ne</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Period_3_element" title="Period 3 element">3</a> </th> <td title="Na, Sodium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Sodium" title="Sodium">Na</a> </td> <td title="Mg, Magnesium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Magnesium" title="Magnesium">Mg</a> </td> <td colspan="24"> </td> <td title="Al, Aluminium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Aluminium" title="Aluminium">Al</a> </td> <td title="Si, Silicon" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Silicon" title="Silicon">Si</a> </td> <td title="P, Phosphorus" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Phosphorus" title="Phosphorus">P</a> </td> <td title="S, Sulfur" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Sulfur" title="Sulfur">S</a> </td> <td title="Cl, Chlorine" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Chlorine" title="Chlorine">Cl</a> </td> <td title="Ar, Argon" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Argon" title="Argon">Ar</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Period_4_element" title="Period 4 element">4</a> </th> <td title="K, Potassium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Potassium" title="Potassium">K</a> </td> <td title="Ca, Calcium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Calcium" title="Calcium">Ca</a> </td> <td colspan="14"> </td> <td title="Sc, Scandium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Scandium" title="Scandium">Sc</a> </td> <td title="Ti, Titanium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Titanium" title="Titanium">Ti</a> </td> <td title="V, Vanadium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Vanadium" title="Vanadium">V</a> </td> <td title="Cr, Chromium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Chromium" title="Chromium">Cr</a> </td> <td title="Mn, Manganese" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Manganese" title="Manganese">Mn</a> </td> <td title="Fe, Iron" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Iron" title="Iron">Fe</a> </td> <td title="Co, Cobalt" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Cobalt" title="Cobalt">Co</a> </td> <td title="Ni, Nickel" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Nickel" title="Nickel">Ni</a> </td> <td title="Cu, Copper" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Copper" title="Copper">Cu</a> </td> <td title="Zn, Zinc" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Zinc" title="Zinc">Zn</a> </td> <td title="Ga, Gallium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Gallium" title="Gallium">Ga</a> </td> <td title="Ge, Germanium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Germanium" title="Germanium">Ge</a> </td> <td title="As, Arsenic" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Arsenic" title="Arsenic">As</a> </td> <td title="Se, Selenium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Selenium" title="Selenium">Se</a> </td> <td title="Br, Bromine" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Bromine" title="Bromine">Br</a> </td> <td title="Kr, Krypton" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Krypton" title="Krypton">Kr</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Period_5_element" title="Period 5 element">5</a> </th> <td title="Rb, Rubidium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Rubidium" title="Rubidium">Rb</a> </td> <td title="Sr, Strontium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Strontium" title="Strontium">Sr</a> </td> <td colspan="14"> </td> <td title="Y, Yttrium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Yttrium" title="Yttrium">Y</a> </td> <td title="Zr, Zirconium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Zirconium" title="Zirconium">Zr</a> </td> <td title="Nb, Niobium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Niobium" title="Niobium">Nb</a> </td> <td title="Mo, Molybdenum" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Molybdenum" title="Molybdenum">Mo</a> </td> <td title="Tc, Technetium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Technetium" title="Technetium">Tc</a> </td> <td title="Ru, Ruthenium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Ruthenium" title="Ruthenium">Ru</a> </td> <td title="Rh, Rhodium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Rhodium" title="Rhodium">Rh</a> </td> <td title="Pd, Palladium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Palladium" title="Palladium">Pd</a> </td> <td title="Ag, Silver" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Silver" title="Silver">Ag</a> </td> <td title="Cd, Cadmium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Cadmium" title="Cadmium">Cd</a> </td> <td title="In, Indium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Indium" title="Indium">In</a> </td> <td title="Sn, Tin" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Tin" title="Tin">Sn</a> </td> <td title="Sb, Antimony" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Antimony" title="Antimony">Sb</a> </td> <td title="Te, Tellurium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Tellurium" title="Tellurium">Te</a> </td> <td title="I, Iodine" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Iodine" title="Iodine">I</a> </td> <td title="Xe, Xenon" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Xenon" title="Xenon">Xe</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Period_6_element" title="Period 6 element">6</a> </th> <td title="Cs, Caesium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Caesium" title="Caesium">Cs</a> </td> <td title="Ba, Barium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Barium" title="Barium">Ba</a> </td> <td title="La, Lanthanum" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Lanthanum" title="Lanthanum">La</a> </td> <td title="Ce, Cerium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Cerium" title="Cerium">Ce</a> </td> <td title="Pr, Praseodymium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Praseodymium" title="Praseodymium">Pr</a> </td> <td title="Nd, Neodymium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Neodymium" title="Neodymium">Nd</a> </td> <td title="Pm, Promethium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Promethium" title="Promethium">Pm</a> </td> <td title="Sm, Samarium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Samarium" title="Samarium">Sm</a> </td> <td title="Eu, Europium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Europium" title="Europium">Eu</a> </td> <td title="Gd, Gadolinium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Gadolinium" title="Gadolinium">Gd</a> </td> <td title="Tb, Terbium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Terbium" title="Terbium">Tb</a> </td> <td title="Dy, Dysprosium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Dysprosium" title="Dysprosium">Dy</a> </td> <td title="Ho, Holmium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Holmium" title="Holmium">Ho</a> </td> <td title="Er, Erbium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Erbium" title="Erbium">Er</a> </td> <td title="Tm, Thulium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Thulium" title="Thulium">Tm</a> </td> <td title="Yb, Ytterbium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Ytterbium" title="Ytterbium">Yb</a> </td> <td title="Lu, Lutetium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Lutetium" title="Lutetium">Lu</a> </td> <td title="Hf, Hafnium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Hafnium" title="Hafnium">Hf</a> </td> <td title="Ta, Tantalum" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Tantalum" title="Tantalum">Ta</a> </td> <td title="W, Tungsten" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Tungsten" title="Tungsten">W</a> </td> <td title="Re, Rhenium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Rhenium" title="Rhenium">Re</a> </td> <td title="Os, Osmium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Osmium" title="Osmium">Os</a> </td> <td title="Ir, Iridium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:3px solid black; ;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ir</a> </td> <td title="Pt, Platinum" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Platinum" title="Platinum">Pt</a> </td> <td title="Au, Gold" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Gold" title="Gold">Au</a> </td> <td title="Hg, Mercury" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Mercury_(element)" title="Mercury (element)">Hg</a> </td> <td title="Tl, Thallium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Thallium" title="Thallium">Tl</a> </td> <td title="Pb, Lead" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Lead" title="Lead">Pb</a> </td> <td title="Bi, Bismuth" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Bismuth" title="Bismuth">Bi</a> </td> <td title="Po, Polonium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Polonium" title="Polonium">Po</a> </td> <td title="At, Astatine" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Astatine" title="Astatine">At</a> </td> <td title="Rn, Radon" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Radon" title="Radon">Rn</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Period_7_element" title="Period 7 element">7</a> </th> <td title="Fr, Francium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Francium" title="Francium">Fr</a> </td> <td title="Ra, Radium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Radium" title="Radium">Ra</a> </td> <td title="Ac, Actinium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Actinium" title="Actinium">Ac</a> </td> <td title="Th, Thorium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Thorium" title="Thorium">Th</a> </td> <td title="Pa, Protactinium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Protactinium" title="Protactinium">Pa</a> </td> <td title="U, Uranium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Uranium" title="Uranium">U</a> </td> <td title="Np, Neptunium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Neptunium" title="Neptunium">Np</a> </td> <td title="Pu, Plutonium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Plutonium" title="Plutonium">Pu</a> </td> <td title="Am, Americium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Americium" title="Americium">Am</a> </td> <td title="Cm, Curium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Curium" title="Curium">Cm</a> </td> <td title="Bk, Berkelium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Berkelium" title="Berkelium">Bk</a> </td> <td title="Cf, Californium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Californium" title="Californium">Cf</a> </td> <td title="Es, Einsteinium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Einsteinium" title="Einsteinium">Es</a> </td> <td title="Fm, Fermium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Fermium" title="Fermium">Fm</a> </td> <td title="Md, Mendelevium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Mendelevium" title="Mendelevium">Md</a> </td> <td title="No, Nobelium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Nobelium" title="Nobelium">No</a> </td> <td title="Lr, Lawrencium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Lawrencium" title="Lawrencium">Lr</a> </td> <td title="Rf, Rutherfordium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Rutherfordium" title="Rutherfordium">Rf</a> </td> <td title="Db, Dubnium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Dubnium" title="Dubnium">Db</a> </td> <td title="Sg, Seaborgium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Seaborgium" title="Seaborgium">Sg</a> </td> <td title="Bh, Bohrium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Bohrium" title="Bohrium">Bh</a> </td> <td title="Hs, Hassium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Hassium" title="Hassium">Hs</a> </td> <td title="Mt, Meitnerium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Meitnerium" title="Meitnerium">Mt</a> </td> <td title="Ds, Darmstadtium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Darmstadtium" title="Darmstadtium">Ds</a> </td> <td title="Rg, Roentgenium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Roentgenium" title="Roentgenium">Rg</a> </td> <td title="Cn, Copernicium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Copernicium" title="Copernicium">Cn</a> </td> <td title="Nh, Nihonium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Nihonium" title="Nihonium">Nh</a> </td> <td title="Fl, Flerovium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Flerovium" title="Flerovium">Fl</a> </td> <td title="Mc, Moscovium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Moscovium" title="Moscovium">Mc</a> </td> <td title="Lv, Livermorium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Livermorium" title="Livermorium">Lv</a> </td> <td title="Ts, Tennessine" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Tennessine" title="Tennessine">Ts</a> </td> <td title="Og, Oganesson" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Oganesson" title="Oganesson">Og</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div role="presentation" id="periodic-table-legend" style="border: 1px solid #a2a9b1; width:100%; line-height:120%; text-align:center; vertical-align:top; background:#f8f8f8; margin:0; margin:0;"><div style="padding:0.3em;"> <table style="width:100%; line-height:1.2em; table-layout:fixed; overflow:hidden; text-align:center;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="padding:0 1px; background:#ff9999;"><a href="/wiki/S-block" class="mw-redirect" title="S-block">s-block</a> </td> <td style="padding:0 1px; background:#9bff99;"><a href="/wiki/F-block" class="mw-redirect" title="F-block">f-block</a> </td> <td style="padding:0 1px; background:#99ccff;"><a href="/wiki/D-block" class="mw-redirect" title="D-block">d-block</a> </td> <td style="padding:0 1px; background:#fdff8c;"><a href="/wiki/P-block" class="mw-redirect" title="P-block">p-block</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> </div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Iridium_compounds" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Iridium_compounds" title="Template:Iridium compounds"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Iridium_compounds" title="Template talk:Iridium compounds"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Iridium_compounds" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Iridium compounds"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Iridium_compounds" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Iridium_compounds" title="Iridium compounds">Iridium compounds</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Iridium(0)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tetrairidium_dodecacarbonyl" title="Tetrairidium dodecacarbonyl">Ir4(CO)12</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Iridium(I)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Organoiridium(I)" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organoiridium(I)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crabtree%27s_catalyst" title="Crabtree's catalyst">IrC8H12C5H5NP(C6H11)3PF6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaska%27s_complex" title="Vaska's complex">IrClCO(P(C6H5)3)2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cativa_process" title="Cativa process">KIrI2(CO)2</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Iridium(II)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iridium(II)_chloride" title="Iridium(II) chloride">IrCl2</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Iridium(III)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iridium(III)_bromide" title="Iridium(III) bromide">IrBr3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iridium(III)_chloride" title="Iridium(III) chloride">IrCl3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iridium(III)_fluoride" class="mw-redirect" title="Iridium(III) fluoride">IrF 3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iridium(III)_iodide" title="Iridium(III) iodide">IrI3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iridium(III)_sulfide" title="Iridium(III) sulfide">Ir2S3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iridium_acetylacetonate" title="Iridium acetylacetonate">Ir(O2C5H7)3</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ammonium_hexachloroiridate(III)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ammonium hexachloroiridate(III) (page does not exist)">(NH 4) 3IrCl 6</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hexacyanoiridate(III)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hexacyanoiridate(III) (page does not exist)">Ir(CN)3− 6</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iridium_sesquioxide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Iridium sesquioxide (page does not exist)">Ir2O3</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organoiridium(III)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pentamethylcyclopentadienyl_iridium_dichloride_dimer" title="Pentamethylcyclopentadienyl iridium dichloride dimer">(IrClC5(CH3)5)2Cl2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trimesityliridium" title="Trimesityliridium">Ir(C9H11)3</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Iridium(IV)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iridium_tetrabromide" title="Iridium tetrabromide">IrBr 4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iridium_tetrafluoride" title="Iridium tetrafluoride">IrF4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iridium_tetrachloride" title="Iridium tetrachloride">IrCl4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iridium_tetraiodide" class="mw-redirect" title="Iridium tetraiodide">IrI 4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iridium(IV)_oxide" title="Iridium(IV) oxide">IrO2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iridium_disulfide" title="Iridium disulfide">IrS2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ammonium_hexachloroiridate(IV)" title="Ammonium hexachloroiridate(IV)">(NH4)2[IrCl6]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithium_iridate" title="Lithium iridate">Li2IrO3</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Iridium(V)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iridium(V)_fluoride" title="Iridium(V) fluoride">IrF5</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Iridium(VI)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iridium_hexafluoride" title="Iridium hexafluoride">IrF6</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Strontium_magnesium_iridium_oxide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Strontium magnesium iridium oxide (page does not exist)">Sr2MgIrO6</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Strontium_calcium_iridium_oxide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Strontium calcium iridium oxide (page does not exist)">Sr2CaIrO6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iridium_tetroxide" title="Iridium tetroxide">Ir(O2)O2</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Iridium(VII)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iridium_heptafluoride&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Iridium heptafluoride (page does not exist)">IrF7</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Iridium(VIII/IX)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iridium_tetroxide" title="Iridium tetroxide">IrO4</a> <ul><li>IrO+4</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: National <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q877#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4162402-6">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85068067">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00564222">Japan</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007560422405171">Israel</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Iridium&oldid=1259470976">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Iridium&oldid=1259470976</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Iridium" title="Category:Iridium">Iridium</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Chemical_elements" title="Category:Chemical elements">Chemical elements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Transition_metals" title="Category:Transition metals">Transition metals</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Precious_metals" title="Category:Precious metals">Precious metals</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Noble_metals" title="Category:Noble metals">Noble metals</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Impact_event_minerals" title="Category:Impact event minerals">Impact event minerals</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Meteorite_minerals" title="Category:Meteorite minerals">Meteorite minerals</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Native_element_minerals" title="Category:Native element minerals">Native element minerals</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Chemical_elements_with_face-centered_cubic_structure" title="Category:Chemical elements with face-centered cubic structure">Chemical elements with face-centered cubic structure</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Platinum-group_metals" title="Category:Platinum-group metals">Platinum-group metals</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_German-language_sources_(de)" title="Category:CS1 German-language sources (de)">CS1 German-language sources (de)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_indefinitely_move-protected_pages" title="Category:Wikipedia indefinitely move-protected pages">Wikipedia indefinitely move-protected pages</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Greek-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Greek-language text">Articles containing Greek-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Commons_link_is_on_Wikidata" title="Category:Commons link is on Wikidata">Commons link is on Wikidata</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 25 November 2024, at 09:58 (UTC).</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Iridium&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-645858d48f-4s89d","wgBackendResponseTime":165,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"2.833","walltime":"3.442","ppvisitednodes":{"value":40829,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":914822,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":54820,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":56,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":12,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":472323,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 3020.960 1 -total"," 52.01% 1571.087 3 Template:Infobox"," 38.62% 1166.703 1 Template:Infobox_iridium"," 38.19% 1153.619 1 Template:Infobox_element"," 25.75% 777.854 2 Template:Reflist"," 14.12% 426.632 57 Template:Cite_journal"," 10.78% 325.710 1 Template:Infobox_iridium_isotopes"," 9.20% 277.876 1 Template:Infobox_isotopes_(meta)"," 8.82% 266.317 1 Template:Isotopes/main/table"," 8.39% 253.588 130 Template:Trim"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"1.478","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":21409129,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-profile":[["?","660","34.7"],["recursiveClone \u003CmwInit.lua:45\u003E","220","11.6"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","180","9.5"],["dataWrapper \u003Cmw.lua:672\u003E","160","8.4"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getExpandedArgument","120","6.3"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::find","120","6.3"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::preprocess","60","3.2"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::gsub","40","2.1"],["validateData \u003Cmw.lua:728\u003E","40","2.1"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getExpensiveData","40","2.1"],["[others]","260","13.7"]]},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.eqiad.main-b56b5d65d-sr656","timestamp":"20241202152507","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Iridium","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Iridium","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q877","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q877","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2001-07-28T02:05:14Z","dateModified":"2024-11-25T09:58:41Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/a\/a8\/Iridium-2.jpg","headline":"chemical element with symbol Ir and atomic number 77"}</script> </body> </html>