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vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Farmer–Labor_Party_of_the_United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Farmer–Labor Party of the United States</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Farmer–Labor_Party_of_the_United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Federated_Farmer–Labor_Party" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Federated_Farmer–Labor_Party"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Federated Farmer–Labor Party</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Federated_Farmer–Labor_Party-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1924_conferences" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1924_conferences"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>1924 conferences</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1924_conferences-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-National_Farmer–Labor_Party" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#National_Farmer–Labor_Party"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>National Farmer–Labor Party</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-National_Farmer–Labor_Party-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Congressmen_and_Senators" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Congressmen_and_Senators"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Congressmen and Senators</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Congressmen_and_Senators-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_song" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_song"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>In song</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_song-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_members" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_members"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Notable members</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notable_members-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div 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searchaux" style="display:none">American political party</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the national Farmer–Labor Party of the United States. For the Minnesota branch of the party, see <a href="/wiki/Minnesota_Farmer%E2%80%93Labor_Party" title="Minnesota Farmer–Labor Party">Minnesota Farmer–Labor Party</a>. For the Japanese party, see <a href="/wiki/Farmer-Labour_Party" title="Farmer-Labour Party">Farmer-Labour Party</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 125%;"><div style="padding-top:0.3em; padding-bottom:0.3em; border-top:2px solid lime; border-bottom:2px solid lime; line-height: 1;"><div class="fn org">Farmer–Labor Party of the United States</div> </div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image logo" style="padding-top:.4em;padding-bottom:.3em;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Farmer-Labor_Party_Ballot_logo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Farmer-Labor_Party_Ballot_logo.jpg/180px-Farmer-Labor_Party_Ballot_logo.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="178" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Farmer-Labor_Party_Ballot_logo.jpg/270px-Farmer-Labor_Party_Ballot_logo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/ca/Farmer-Labor_Party_Ballot_logo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="355" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">Founded</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">1918<span class="noprint">; 106 years ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">1918</span>)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">Dissolved</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">1936<span class="noprint">; 88 years ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="dtend">1936</span>)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">Preceded by</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Labor_Party_of_the_United_States" title="Labor Party of the United States">Labor Party of the United States</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">Succeeded by</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>Federated Farmer–Labor Party<br /><a href="/wiki/Minnesota_Farmer%E2%80%93Labor_Party" title="Minnesota Farmer–Labor Party">Minnesota Farmer–Labor Party</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_ideologies" title="List of political ideologies">Ideology</a></th><td class="infobox-data category" style="line-height:1.3em;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Populism" title="Populism">Populism</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Social_democracy" title="Social democracy">Social democracy</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Political_spectrum" title="Political spectrum">Political position</a></th><td class="infobox-data category" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Left-wing" class="mw-redirect" title="Left-wing">Left-wing</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="padding-top:0;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist" style="line-height:1.3em; padding-top:0.3em; border-top:2px solid lime;"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Politics of United States">Politics of United States</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="List of political parties in United States">Political parties</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Elections in United States">Elections</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The first modern <b>Farmer–Labor Party</b> in the United States emerged in Minnesota in 1918. The <a href="/wiki/American_entry_into_World_War_I" title="American entry into World War I">American entry into World War I</a> caused agricultural prices and workers' wages to fall, while retail prices rose sharply during the war years. Consequently, farmers and workers made common cause in the political sphere to redress their grievances. </p><p>The party dissolved in 1936<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and was succeeded by the <a href="/wiki/Minnesota_Farmer%E2%80%93Labor_Party" title="Minnesota Farmer–Labor Party">Minnesota Farmer–Labor Party</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Labor_Party_of_the_United_States">Labor Party of the United States</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Farmer%E2%80%93Labor_Party&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Labor Party of the United States"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>One primary contributing stream to the Farmer–Labor movement was the Labor Party movement. An <a href="/wiki/International_Association_of_Machinists" class="mw-redirect" title="International Association of Machinists">International Association of Machinists</a> strike in Bridgeport developed into a Labor Party in five Connecticut towns in the summer of 1918 and the powerful <a href="/wiki/Chicago_Federation_of_Labor" title="Chicago Federation of Labor">Chicago Federation of Labor</a> (led by President <a href="/wiki/John_Fitzpatrick_(unionist)" title="John Fitzpatrick (unionist)">John Fitzpatrick</a> and Secretary-Treasurer <a href="/wiki/Edward_Nockels" title="Edward Nockels">Edward Nockels</a>) adopted the cause of a Labor Party in the fall of that same year. Similar independent Labor Party movements emerged in New York, Pennsylvania, Minnesota, Ohio, and North Dakota. These state and local organizations joined in November 1919 in Chicago to form the <b>Labor Party of the United States</b>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>One important gathering that was a precursor to the establishment of a national Farmer–Labor Party was the Cooperative Congress, held in Chicago on February 12, 1920. The gathering included participants from the <a href="/wiki/Cooperative_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Cooperative movement">cooperative movement</a>, <a href="/wiki/Farmers%27_movement" title="Farmers' movement">farmers organizations</a>, trade unions, and the <a href="/wiki/Plumb_Plan_League" class="mw-redirect" title="Plumb Plan League">Plumb Plan League</a>. The congress elected a 12-person All-American Farmer–Labor Cooperative Commission. The event was closely reported in the pages of <i><a href="/wiki/The_Liberator_(magazine)" title="The Liberator (magazine)">The Liberator</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Robert_Minor" title="Robert Minor">Robert Minor</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="thumb tnone" style="margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;overflow:hidden;width:auto;max-width:1008px"><div class="thumbinner"><div class="noresize" style="overflow:auto"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:1919-LaborParty-Convention.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Delegates of First National Convention of the Labor Party, 1919, Chicago, Illinois"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/1919-LaborParty-Convention.jpg/1000px-1919-LaborParty-Convention.jpg" decoding="async" width="1000" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/1919-LaborParty-Convention.jpg/1500px-1919-LaborParty-Convention.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/1919-LaborParty-Convention.jpg/2000px-1919-LaborParty-Convention.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2068" data-file-height="346" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:1919-LaborParty-Convention.jpg" title="File:1919-LaborParty-Convention.jpg"> </a></div>Delegates of First National Convention of the Labor Party, 1919, Chicago, Illinois</div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Farmer–Labor_Party_of_the_United_States"><span id="Farmer.E2.80.93Labor_Party_of_the_United_States"></span>Farmer–Labor Party of the United States</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Farmer%E2%80%93Labor_Party&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Farmer–Labor Party of the United States"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In July 1920, the Labor Party of the United States changed its name to the Farmer–Labor Party. It nominated Utah lawyer <a href="/wiki/Parley_P._Christensen" title="Parley P. Christensen">Parley P. Christensen</a> for President of the United States. Christensen finished particularly strongly in Washington, netting over 77,000 votes in that state alone.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In total, <a href="/wiki/1920_United_States_presidential_election" title="1920 United States presidential election">Christensen received over 265,000 votes</a> from voters of the 19 states in which the Farmer–Labor Party was on the ballot.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Also during the 1920 election, the Farmer–Labor Party candidate for the United States Senate in Washington state, <a href="/w/index.php?title=C._L._France&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="C. L. France (page does not exist)">C. L. France</a> received 25% of the vote, coming in second place. This was the best performance by the Farmer–Labor Party in a state election outside <a href="/wiki/Minnesota" title="Minnesota">Minnesota</a>, which would soon become its main stronghold. The party's candidate for <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_New_York" title="Governor of New York">Governor of New York</a> was <a href="/wiki/Dudley_Field_Malone" title="Dudley Field Malone">Dudley Field Malone</a>, a former Democratic <a href="/wiki/Collector_of_the_Port_of_New_York" title="Collector of the Port of New York">Collector of the Port of New York</a>, who achieved 69,908 votes in the <a href="/wiki/New_York_state_election,_1920" class="mw-redirect" title="New York state election, 1920">state election</a>, versus 159,804 for the Socialist candidate <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Cannon_(socialist)" title="Joseph Cannon (socialist)">Joseph D. Cannon</a>. However <a href="/wiki/Rose_Schneiderman" title="Rose Schneiderman">Rose Schneiderman</a>, the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_election,_1920" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Senate election, 1920">party's candidate</a> for <a href="/wiki/U.S._Senator_from_New_York" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Senator from New York">U.S. Senator from New York</a> only received 15,086 votes versus 151,246 for Socialist <a href="/wiki/Jacob_Panken" title="Jacob Panken">Jacob Panken</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In November 1921, as part of a lengthy world tour, Parley Parker Christensen obtained two interviews with <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Lenin" title="Vladimir Lenin">Vladimir Lenin</a> in Moscow. The official organ of the Farmer–Labor Party was a newspaper published in Chicago called <i>The New Majority</i>. Editor of this paper was Robert Buck, a Fitzpatrick-Nockles loyalist.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The 1922 Convention of the Farmer–Labor Party was attended by 72 delegates, representing organizations in 17 states. <a href="/wiki/Victor_Berger" class="mw-redirect" title="Victor Berger">Victor Berger</a>, <a href="/wiki/Seymour_Stedman" title="Seymour Stedman">Seymour Stedman</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Otto_Branstetter" title="Otto Branstetter">Otto Branstetter</a> attended the proceedings as fraternal delegates of the <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Party_of_America" title="Socialist Party of America">Socialist Party of America</a>. The convention decided to transform the FLP organization into a federated body of labor organizations on the model of the <a href="/wiki/British_Labour_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="British Labour Party">British Labour Party</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The Farmer–Labor Party sent delegates to the second conference of the <a href="/wiki/Conference_for_Progressive_Political_Action" title="Conference for Progressive Political Action">Conference for Progressive Political Action</a>, which met December 11–12, 1922, in Cleveland. The conference defeated a motion to establish an independent political party by a vote of 52–64, with the Socialist and Farmer–Labor Party delegations on the short side. At the close of the conference, the Farmer–Labor Party delegation announced that they would no longer affiliate with the CPPA.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In March 1923, the Farmer–Labor Party of Chicago broke away from the CPPA and decided to proceed to the immediate formation of a national Farmer–Labor political organization. Circa May, over the signature of J.G. Brown of the Farmer–Labor Party of the United States there was issued a call for a "Monster Political Convention of the Workers of America" to meet in Chicago on July 3. The convention call was issued to trade unions, state Farmer–Labor Parties, the <a href="/wiki/Non-Partisan_League" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-Partisan League">Non-Partisan League</a>, the Socialist Party, and the <a href="/wiki/Workers_Party_of_America" title="Workers Party of America">Workers Party</a>, The FLP was frustrated with the timidity of the CPPA and the refusal of that organization to enter into independent electoral politics and sought to establish a national organization through other means. The Workers Party was anxious to participate in the FLP Convention as part of their <a href="/wiki/United_front" title="United front">united front</a> strategy. The Socialist Party on the other hand, was extremely hesitant. The SPA carefully considered this matter at its May 19–23, 1923, New York Convention before declining to participate in the FLP Convention, instead seeing the CPPA as the vehicle for a new Labor Party.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the middle of June 1923, a subcommittee of the Central Executive Committee of the <a href="/wiki/Workers_Party_of_America" title="Workers Party of America">Workers Party of America</a> met with a sub-committee of the Farmer–Labor Party. These two small groups agreed that if sufficient workers should be represented by delegates to the July 3 Conference, the Farmer–Labor Party should be supplanted by a <a href="/wiki/Federated_Farmer%E2%80%93Labor_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Federated Farmer–Labor Party">Federated Farmer–Labor Party</a>, and the National Committee of the Farmer–Labor Party replaced by a new National Executive Committee. The number of organizational members sending delegates necessary for the critical mass necessary to trigger this transformation was agreed by the two subcommittees to be 500,000. It was also agreed that the July 3 Conference should pass a general statement of principles and a resolution calling for the recognition of the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>. If the 500,000 threshold was not achieved, an Organization Committee for the new federated FLP would instead be established.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Federated_Farmer–Labor_Party"><span id="Federated_Farmer.E2.80.93Labor_Party"></span>Federated Farmer–Labor Party</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Farmer%E2%80%93Labor_Party&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Federated Farmer–Labor Party"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The July 1923 Conference of the FLP was attended by approximately 540 delegates. The Workers Party seems to have made every effort to capture a majority at the gathering. At the convention itself, it used a disciplined caucus system, with groups of ten on the floor led by a group captain.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Workers Party delegates to the July 3 Conference were guided by a steering committee of the Central Executive Committee. During debate on the organization plan at the conference, <a href="/wiki/Charles_Ruthenberg" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles Ruthenberg">C.E. Ruthenberg</a> made a speech in which he asked the Farmer–Labor Party delegates what they wanted, stating that any concessions would be agreed to save the sacrifice of a federated Farmer–Labor Party itself. Five out of seven seats on the National Executive Committee of the new organization were offered to the Farmer–Labor Party. In response, the convention was adjourned and the Farmer–Labor Party delegates went into a closed caucus. This caucus returned with a resolution proposing to exclude the Workers Party from the conference and to ask the conference to accept the 1921 program and constitution of the Farmer–Labor Party without changes. This proposal was made on the floor of the conference by <a href="/wiki/John_Fitzpatrick_(unionist)" title="John Fitzpatrick (unionist)">John Fitzpatrick</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Chicago_Federation_of_Labor" title="Chicago Federation of Labor">Chicago Federation of Labor</a>, who stated that "it would be suicide" to unite "with any organization which advocated other than lawful means to bring about a political change." This resolution was tabled by a vote of approximately 500–40, prompting a walkout by John Fitzpatrick and a group of delegates sharing his views.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Workers Party gained a majority for its program and established a "Federated Farmer–Labor Party" at this convention. Structural iron worker <a href="/w/index.php?title=Joseph_Manley_(labor_leader)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Joseph Manley (labor leader) (page does not exist)">Joseph Manley</a>, a son-in-law of <a href="/wiki/William_Z._Foster" title="William Z. Foster">William Z. Foster</a> although a factional loyalist to <a href="/wiki/John_Pepper" title="John Pepper">John Pepper</a>, was elected as National Secretary of the organization. The WPA's Chicago labor paper, <b>The Voice of Labor</b>, was turned over to the FFLP and became its official organ, <b>The Farmer–Labor Voice</b>.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The notion of a "Federated Farmer–Labor Party" closely paralleled the organizational ideal for a third party then currently being advanced, the Socialist Party—an organization modelled upon the British Labour Party to which political organizations (like the WPA and the SPA) might affiliate without losing their independent organizational identity. The Socialist Party sought the establishment of an American "Labor Party" via the CPPA—and failed. The Workers Party successfully "captured" the Farmer–Labor Party organization, only to lose the allegiance of the <a href="/wiki/Mass_organizations" class="mw-redirect" title="Mass organizations">mass organizations</a> with which they so eagerly desired to unite.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="1924_conferences">1924 conferences</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Farmer%E2%80%93Labor_Party&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: 1924 conferences"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:FLP-printers-slug.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/7/76/FLP-printers-slug.JPG/200px-FLP-printers-slug.JPG" decoding="async" width="200" height="207" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/7/76/FLP-printers-slug.JPG/300px-FLP-printers-slug.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/7/76/FLP-printers-slug.JPG/400px-FLP-printers-slug.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1138" data-file-height="1177" /></a><figcaption>Ballot logo of the Farmer-Labor Party, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1924</span>.</figcaption></figure> <p>A Conference of the Farmer–Labor Party was held in St. Paul on March 11–12, 1924, at which it was decided to hold its next National Convention on June 17 in that same city. A convention call was issued for that gathering, which called for farmer, labor, and political organizations to send delegates provided that they subscribed to a five-point "tentative program" that called for public ownership, government banking, public control of all natural resources, restoration of civil liberties, and the abolition of the use of the injunction in labor disputes.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>An effort was made by some members of the Farmer–Labor Party of the United States to merge the convention of the FLP with that of the Conference for Progressive Political Action, an attempt which was unsuccessful. This group also attempted to remove all national political parties from the convention call—the intended effect being to exclude the Workers (Communist) Party from participation. This effort failed as well.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>There was pressure placed on the Farmer–Labor Party to purge itself of Communists and to postpone its next convention until July 4, 1924, so that it might meet jointly with that of the Conference for Progressive Political Action. On March 18, 1924, National Secretary <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jay_G._Brown&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jay G. Brown (page does not exist)">Jay G. Brown</a> wrote to the National Committee asking for a vote on the question of holding a convention on July 4 at Cleveland. This convention was not called. Brown resigned as National Secretary, to be replaced on a temporary basis by Robert M. Buck, who soon resigned as well. National Chairman <a href="/w/index.php?title=W.M._Piggott&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="W.M. Piggott (page does not exist)">W.M. Piggott</a> then appointed <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bert_Martin_(Farmer%E2%80%93Labor_Party)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bert Martin (Farmer–Labor Party) (page does not exist)">Bert Martin</a> as National Secretary and headquarters were moved from Chicago to Denver.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The June 1924 Convention of the Farmer–Labor Party (in which the Federated Farmer–Labor Party participated as a member organization) was attended by over 500 delegates representing 26 states. The convention discussed the upcoming run of Sen. <a href="/wiki/Robert_M._La_Follette" title="Robert M. La Follette">Robert M. La Follette</a> for president. La Follette, a bitter opponent of the Workers Party of America, did not seek the endorsement of the convention, which proceeded to nominate its own candidates for President and Vice President of the United States—<a href="/wiki/Duncan_McDonald_(politician)" title="Duncan McDonald (politician)">Duncan McDonald</a> and William Bouck, respectively. The National Committee of the FLP met in Cleveland on July 4 and elected delegates to the Conference for Progressive Political Action. W.M. Piggott of Utah was re-elected as National Chairman and Bert Martin of Denver as National Secretary. On July 10, 1924, after the endorsement of La Follette by the CPPA at Cleveland, a majority of the National Executive Committee withdrew the nominations of MacDonald and Bouck and pledged support to an independent campaign of the Workers Party. By the end of 1924, the Federated FLP had ceased to exist.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="National_Farmer–Labor_Party"><span id="National_Farmer.E2.80.93Labor_Party"></span>National Farmer–Labor Party</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Farmer%E2%80%93Labor_Party&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: National Farmer–Labor Party"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The demise of the Federated Farmer–Labor Party did not mean an end to the Farmer–Labor Party movement, however. The regular Farmer–Labor Party continued to exist at the state level, with state and local organizations in Minnesota, Colorado, Utah, Illinois, Kentucky, Montana, New York, Pennsylvania, Oklahoma, Missouri, Washington, the Dakotas, and elsewhere. The national organization continued under the leadership of National Chairman W.M. Piggott and National Secretary Bert Miller. The group's 1920 Presidential candidate, Parley Parker Christensen, attended the Dec. 12, 1924, meeting of the National Committee of the Conference for Progressive Political Action and was made a member of the committee of arrangements for the CPPA's forthcoming February 21–22, 1925, conference. A Convention of the loyal members of the Farmer–Labor Party was called for that same time and place, where it aimed to cooperate with the CPPA in the formation of a labor party.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>There were subsequent attempts to reconstitute a national Farmer–Labor Party into the 1930s, without the participation of either the <a href="/wiki/CPUSA" class="mw-redirect" title="CPUSA">CPUSA</a> or the Socialist Party. Frank Webb was the remnant party's candidate in 1928. For the <a href="/wiki/1932_United_States_presidential_election" title="1932 United States presidential election">1932 Presidential election</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jacob_S._Coxey_Sr." title="Jacob S. Coxey Sr.">Jacob Coxey</a> campaigned as the Farmer–Labor Party candidate in a few states. In neither election did the party receive more than 8,000 votes.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Congressmen_and_Senators">Congressmen and Senators</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Farmer%E2%80%93Labor_Party&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Congressmen and Senators"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Farmer–Labor Party continued to exist as a successful state party in Minnesota until 1944, when it merged with the Democratic Party of that state to form the <a href="/wiki/Minnesota_Democratic%E2%80%93Farmer%E2%80%93Labor_Party" title="Minnesota Democratic–Farmer–Labor Party">Minnesota Democratic–Farmer–Labor Party</a> (DFL). Minnesota elected Farmer-Labor candidates to the <a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="United States House of Representatives">United States House of Representatives</a> in all but one election between 1918 and 1942: </p> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections,_1918" class="mw-redirect" title="United States House of Representatives elections, 1918">1918 – 1 seat</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections,_1920" class="mw-redirect" title="United States House of Representatives elections, 1920">1920 – No seats</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections,_1922" class="mw-redirect" title="United States House of Representatives elections, 1922">1922 – 2 seats</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections,_1924" class="mw-redirect" title="United States House of Representatives elections, 1924">1924 – 3 seats</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections,_1926" class="mw-redirect" title="United States House of Representatives elections, 1926">1926 – 2 seats</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections,_1928" class="mw-redirect" title="United States House of Representatives elections, 1928">1928 – 1 seat</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections,_1930" class="mw-redirect" title="United States House of Representatives elections, 1930">1930 – 1 seat</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections,_1932" class="mw-redirect" title="United States House of Representatives elections, 1932">1932 – 5 seats</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections,_1934" class="mw-redirect" title="United States House of Representatives elections, 1934">1934 – 3 seats</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections,_1936" class="mw-redirect" title="United States House of Representatives elections, 1936">1936 – 5 seats</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections,_1938" class="mw-redirect" title="United States House of Representatives elections, 1938">1938 – 1 seat</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections,_1940" class="mw-redirect" title="United States House of Representatives elections, 1940">1940 – 1 seat</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections,_1942" class="mw-redirect" title="United States House of Representatives elections, 1942">1942 – 1 seat</a></dd></dl> <p>During the same period, Minnesota was represented in the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">United States Senate</a> at various times by four Farmer-Labor senators, either for full terms or partial terms: </p> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Henrik_Shipstead" title="Henrik Shipstead">Henrik Shipstead</a> – March 4, 1923, to January 3, 1947</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Magnus_Johnson" title="Magnus Johnson">Magnus Johnson</a> – July 16, 1923, to March 4, 1925</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Elmer_Austin_Benson" class="mw-redirect" title="Elmer Austin Benson">Elmer Austin Benson</a> – December 27, 1935, to November 3, 1936</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Lundeen" title="Ernest Lundeen">Ernest Lundeen</a> – January 3, 1937 to August 31, 1940</dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_song">In song</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Farmer%E2%80%93Labor_Party&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: In song"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Folksinger and Farmer-Labor supporter <a href="/wiki/Jim_Garland" title="Jim Garland">Jim Garland</a> wrote the song "I Don't Want Your Millions, Mister," in which he sings, "Take the two old parties, mister,/No difference in them I can see./But with a Farmer-Labor party,/We will set the workers free."<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Woody_Guthrie" title="Woody Guthrie">Woody Guthrie</a> wrote lyrics for a song "Farmer-Labor Train" with the tune from the "<a href="/wiki/Wabash_Cannonball" title="Wabash Cannonball">Wabash Cannonball</a>" and performed it on August 29, 1942, on "Labor for Victory," a joint AFL and CIO on NBC Radio's <a href="/wiki/NBC_Radio_Network" title="NBC Radio Network">Red Network</a>. In 1948 transformed into "The Wallace-Taylor Train" for the <a href="/wiki/1948_Progressive_National_Convention" title="1948 Progressive National Convention">1948 Progressive National Convention</a> of July 22–25, 1948, which nominated former U.S. Vice President <a href="/wiki/Henry_A._Wallace" title="Henry A. Wallace">Henry A. Wallace</a> for U.S. president against <a href="/wiki/Harry_S._Truman" title="Harry S. Truman">Harry S. Truman</a> (Democrats), <a href="/wiki/Strom_Thurmond" title="Strom Thurmond">Strom Thurmond</a> (Dixiecrats), and <a href="/wiki/Thomas_E._Dewey" title="Thomas E. Dewey">Thomas E. Dewey</a> (Republicans).<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Farmer%E2%80%93Labor_Party&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_Party_(United_States,_1924%E2%80%931934)" title="Progressive Party (United States, 1924–1934)">Progressive Party (United States, 1924–1934)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wisconsin_Progressive_Party" title="Wisconsin Progressive Party">Wisconsin Progressive Party</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_members">Notable members</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Farmer%E2%80%93Labor_Party&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Notable members"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Konrad_K._Solberg" title="Konrad K. Solberg">Konrad K. Solberg</a> – Minnesota legislator and the 27th Lieutenant Governor of Minnesota, 1933–1935.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elmer_Austin_Benson" class="mw-redirect" title="Elmer Austin Benson">Elmer Austin Benson</a> – U.S. Senator from Minnesota, 1935–1936; Governor of Minnesota, 1937–1939.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parley_P._Christensen" title="Parley P. Christensen">Parley P. Christensen</a> – Party's first Presidential candidate. Later became a Los Angeles City Councilman.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alice_Lorraine_Daly" title="Alice Lorraine Daly">Alice Lorraine Daly</a> – Ran for governor in South Dakota in 1922, chaired the state FLP for several years.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnus_Johnson" title="Magnus Johnson">Magnus Johnson</a> – U.S. Senator from Minnesota, 1923–1925; U.S. Representative from Minnesota, 1933–1935.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Lundeen" title="Ernest Lundeen">Ernest Lundeen</a> – U.S. Representative from Minnesota, 1917–1919 and 1933–1937, U.S. Senator from Minnesota, 1937–1940.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_E._Taylor_(politician)" title="Charles E. Taylor (politician)">Charles E. "Red Flag" Taylor</a> – Member of the <a href="/wiki/Montana_Senate" title="Montana Senate">Montana Senate</a> for <a href="/wiki/Sheridan_County,_Montana" title="Sheridan County, Montana">Sheridan County</a> from 1923–1931, would late become a member of the <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_USA" title="Communist Party USA">CPUSA</a> in 1922 but ran for Montana Senate under the Farmer-Labor Party and was an editor for the Farmer-Labor Party newspaper <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Producers_News&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Producers News (page does not exist)">The Producers News</a></i> in <a href="/wiki/Plentywood,_Montana" title="Plentywood, Montana">Plentywood</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Floyd_B._Olson" title="Floyd B. Olson">Floyd B. Olson</a> – Governor of Minnesota, 1931–1936.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hjalmar_Petersen" title="Hjalmar Petersen">Hjalmar Petersen</a> – Governor of Minnesota, 1936–1937.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henrik_Shipstead" title="Henrik Shipstead">Henrik Shipstead</a> – U.S. Senator from Minnesota, 1923–1941 (switched to the <a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican Party</a> during the 1940 election and served another term as a Republican)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Farmer%E2%80%93Labor_Party&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://apnews.com/article/business-5f37503cb8bf435c9ef27f1ee6860a7b">"Answer Man: Historic hotel has link to White House run"</a>. <a href="/wiki/AP_News" class="mw-redirect" title="AP News">AP News</a>. October 26, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Answer+Man%3A+Historic+hotel+has+link+to+White+House+run&rft.pub=AP+News&rft.date=2016-10-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapnews.com%2Farticle%2Fbusiness-5f37503cb8bf435c9ef27f1ee6860a7b&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFarmer%E2%80%93Labor+Party" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://marxists.org/history/usa/parties/slp/1919/1128-carm-laborpartyconv.pdf"><i>The Labor Party Convention</i></a>. A. S. Carm. Published in <i>The Weekly People</i>, <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Labor_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Socialist Labor Party">Socialist Labor Party</a>, v. 29, no. 36 (Dec. 6, 1919), p. 1.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWork1919" class="citation news cs1">Work, John M. (October 20, 1919). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.marxisthistory.org/history/usa/parties/spusa/1919/1020-work-laborparty.pdf">"Rethinking the Labor Party"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Milwaukee Leader</i>. Vol. 8, no. 268. p. 2<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-10-01</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Milwaukee+Leader&rft.atitle=Rethinking+the+Labor+Party&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=268&rft.pages=2&rft.date=1919-10-20&rft.aulast=Work&rft.aufirst=John+M.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.marxisthistory.org%2Fhistory%2Fusa%2Fparties%2Fspusa%2F1919%2F1020-work-laborparty.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFarmer%E2%80%93Labor+Party" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobert_Minor" class="citation web cs1">Robert Minor. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.marxisthistory.org/history/usa/parties/flp/1920/0400-minor-yankeeconv.pdf">"A Yankee Convention"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Marxisthistory.org<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 October</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+Yankee+Convention&rft.pub=Marxisthistory.org&rft.au=Robert+Minor&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.marxisthistory.org%2Fhistory%2Fusa%2Fparties%2Fflp%2F1920%2F0400-minor-yankeeconv.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFarmer%E2%80%93Labor+Party" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Solon DeLeon and Nathan Fine (eds.), <i>The American Labor Year Book, 1929</i>. New York: Rand School of Social Science, 1929, p. 144.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Theodore Draper, <i>American Communism and Soviet Russia</i>. New York: Viking, 1960, pp. 29–30.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060607134257/http://www.uselectionatlas.org/RESULTS/stats.php?year=1920&f=1&off=0&elect=0">"1920 Presidential Election Statistics"</a>. <i>www.uselectionatlas.org</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.uselectionatlas.org/RESULTS/stats.php?year=1920&f=1&off=0&elect=0">the original</a> on 7 June 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 January</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.uselectionatlas.org&rft.atitle=1920+Presidential+Election+Statistics&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.uselectionatlas.org%2FRESULTS%2Fstats.php%3Fyear%3D1920%26f%3D1%26off%3D0%26elect%3D0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFarmer%E2%80%93Labor+Party" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070930181617/http://uselectionatlas.org/RESULTS/national.php?year=1920">"1920 Presidential Election Results"</a>. <i>uselectionatlas.org</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://uselectionatlas.org/RESULTS/national.php?year=1920">the original</a> on 30 September 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 January</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=uselectionatlas.org&rft.atitle=1920+Presidential+Election+Results&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fuselectionatlas.org%2FRESULTS%2Fnational.php%3Fyear%3D1920&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFarmer%E2%80%93Labor+Party" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Willis Fletcher Johnso, Roscoe C. E. Brown, Walter Whipple Spooner, and Willis Holly, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NTKXoJKv1uUC&q=Cannon&pg=PA347"><i>History of the State of New York: Political and Governmental.</i></a> The Syracuse Press, 1922; pp. 347–348, 350.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">James Oneal, American Communism, (NY: Rand Book Store, 1927), pg. 162.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Theodore Draper, American Communism and Soviet Russia, pg. 39</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">James Oneal, American Communism, pp. 162–163.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">C.E. Ruthenberg, "Report of the Central Executive Committee," in The Second Year of the Workers Party of America. (Chicago: Literature Department, WPA, 1924), pg. 17.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">James Oneal, American Communism, (NY: Rand Book Store, 1927), pp. 168–169.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">C.E. Ruthenberg, "Report of the Central Executive Committee," in The Second Year of the Workers Party of America. (Chicago: Literature Department, WPA, 1924), pp. 18–19.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Theodore Draper, American Communism and Soviet Russia, pg. 75.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Solon DeLeon and Nathan Fine (eds.), The American Labor Year Book, 1925. (NY: Rand School of Social Science, 1925), pp. 145–148</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Daily Worker, March 13, 1924, pg. 2.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170211153843/http://uselectionatlas.org/RESULTS/national.php?year=1928">"1928 Presidential General Election Results"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://uselectionatlas.org/RESULTS/national.php?year=1928&minper=0&f=1&off=0&elect=0%5D">the original</a> on 2017-02-11<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-10-08</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=1928+Presidential+General+Election+Results&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fuselectionatlas.org%2FRESULTS%2Fnational.php%3Fyear%3D1928%26minper%3D0%26f%3D1%26off%3D0%26elect%3D0%26%2393%3B&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFarmer%E2%80%93Labor+Party" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161228155034/http://uselectionatlas.org/RESULTS/national.php?year=1932">"1932 Presidential General Election Results"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://uselectionatlas.org/RESULTS/national.php?year=1932&minper=0&f=1&off=0&elect=0%5D">the original</a> on 2016-12-28<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-10-08</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=1932+Presidential+General+Election+Results&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fuselectionatlas.org%2FRESULTS%2Fnational.php%3Fyear%3D1932%26minper%3D0%26f%3D1%26off%3D0%26elect%3D0%26%2393%3B&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFarmer%E2%80%93Labor+Party" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNowlin2013" class="citation book cs1">Nowlin, Bill (2013). <i>Woody Guthrie: American Radical Patriot</i>. Woody Guthrie Publications, Inc. p. 170.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Woody+Guthrie%3A+American+Radical+Patriot&rft.pages=170&rft.pub=Woody+Guthrie+Publications%2C+Inc.&rft.date=2013&rft.aulast=Nowlin&rft.aufirst=Bill&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFarmer%E2%80%93Labor+Party" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://woodyguthrie.org/Lyrics/Farmer-Labor_Train.htm">"Farmer-Labor Train"</a>. Woody Guthrie Publications, Inc<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 September</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Farmer-Labor+Train&rft.pub=Woody+Guthrie+Publications%2C+Inc.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwoodyguthrie.org%2FLyrics%2FFarmer-Labor_Train.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFarmer%E2%80%93Labor+Party" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180111224247/http://www.woodyguthrie.org/mm5/merchant.mvc?Screen=PROD&Store_Code=TWGS&Product_Code=WGARP&Category_Code=">"Woody Guthrie American Radical Patriot, 2013"</a>. Woody Guthrie Publications, Inc. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.woodyguthrie.org/mm5/merchant.mvc?Screen=PROD&Store_Code=TWGS&Product_Code=WGARP&Category_Code=">the original</a> on 11 January 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 September</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Woody+Guthrie+American+Radical+Patriot%2C+2013&rft.pub=Woody+Guthrie+Publications%2C+Inc.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.woodyguthrie.org%2Fmm5%2Fmerchant.mvc%3FScreen%3DPROD%26Store_Code%3DTWGS%26Product_Code%3DWGARP%26Category_Code%3D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFarmer%E2%80%93Labor+Party" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Farmer%E2%80%93Labor_Party&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Cravens, Hamilton. "The Emergence of the Farmer–Labor Party in Washington Politics, 1919-1920," <i>Pacific Northwest Quarterly,</i> vol. 57, no. 4 (October 1966), pp. 148–157. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/40488173">in JSTOR</a></li> <li>Darg, Philip Lloyd, "The Farmer-Labor Party In Minnesota Politics: 1918-1948" (PhD dissertation, U of North Dakota 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://commons.und.edu/theses/1886">online</a></li> <li>Fine, Nathan. <i>Labor and Farmer Parties in the United States, 1828 - 1928.</i> New York: Rand School of Social Science, 1928. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/laborfarmerparti0000fine">online</a></li> <li>Gieske, Millard L. <i>Minnesota Farmer-Laborism: The Third Party Alternative.</i> Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1979.</li> <li>Luoma, Everett E.: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://thefarmertakesaholiday.wordpress.com/"><i>The Farmer Takes A Holiday.</i></a> Exposition Press, 1967.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_W._Laidler" title="Harry W. Laidler">Harry W. Laidler</a>, <i>Toward a Farmer–Labor Party.</i> <a href="/wiki/League_for_Industrial_Democracy" title="League for Industrial Democracy">League for Industrial Democracy</a>, New York. 1938.</li> <li>Montgomery, David. "The Farmer–Labor Party," in Paul Buhle and Alan Dawley, editors, <i>American Workers from the Revolution to the Present.</i> Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1985).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Ruthenberg" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles Ruthenberg">C.E. Ruthenberg</a>, <i>The Farmer-Labor United Front</i>. Chicago: Literature Department, Workers Party of America, 1924.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Sandburg" title="Carl Sandburg">Carl Sandburg</a>, "The Farmer-Labor Conference," <i>Survey,</i> vol. 48 (February 21, 1920), pp. 604–606.</li> <li>Stanley Shapiro, "Hand and Brain: The Farmer–Labor Party of 1920," <i>Labor History,</i>Vol. 26, No. 3, Summer 1985; pp. 405–422.</li> <li>Richard M. Valelly, <i>Radicalism in the States: The Minnesota Farmer–Labor Party and the American Political Economy.</i> Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1989.</li> <li>James Mickel Williams, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/foundationssoci01willgoog/page/n44"><i>The Foundations of Social Science,</i></a> New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1920; pg. 494.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Archives">Archives</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Farmer%E2%80%93Labor_Party&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Archives"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archiveswest.orbiscascade.org/ark:80444/xv46115">William Morley Bouck Papers.</a> 1918–1941. .11 cubic foot plus 10 items. Contains records from Bouck's running as vice president of the United States on the Farmer-Labor ticket. At the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lib.washington.edu/specialcollections/laws">Labor Archives of Washington, University of Washington Libraries Special Collections.</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Farmer%E2%80%93Labor_Party&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Tim Davenport, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://marxisthistory.org/subject/usa/eam/farmerlaborparty.html">Farmer–Labor Party (1918–1924): Organizational History,"</a> Early American Marxist History] website, Corvallis, OR. Retrieved 2014-10-01.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070927175026/http://www.theorganizer.org/LP/USHistory/Grassroots.html"><i>The Grassroots Labor Parties of 1919–1920: A Missed Opportunity for Labor,</i></a> Socialist Organizer.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090328113358/http://www.cresswellslist.com/ballots2/farmer_l.htm">"Profile of the Farmer Labor Party,"</a> <i>Buttons and Ballots,</i> Issue 10, July 1997. Retrieved October 1, 2014.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output 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abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:United_States_political_parties" title="Template:United States political parties"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:United_States_political_parties" title="Template talk:United States political parties"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:United_States_political_parties" title="Special:EditPage/Template:United States political parties"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="National_political_parties_in_the_United_States" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">National <a href="/wiki/Political_parties_in_the_United_States" title="Political parties in the United States">political parties in the United States</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"><div><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_the_United_States" title="List of political parties in the United States">List of political parties in the United States</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Major_party" title="Major party">Major parties</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Third_party_(U.S._politics)" title="Third party (U.S. politics)">Third parties</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Larger</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Green_Party_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="Green Party (United States)">Green</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_Party_(United_States)" title="Libertarian Party (United States)">Libertarian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Smaller</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_People%27s_Socialist_Party" title="African People's Socialist Party">African People's Socialist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alliance_Party_(United_States)" title="Alliance Party (United States)">Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Freedom_Party" title="American Freedom Party">American Freedom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Solidarity_Party" title="American Solidarity Party">American Solidarity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Socialists_of_America" class="mw-redirect" title="Black Socialists of America">Black Socialists of America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Liberty_Party" title="Christian Liberty Party">Christian Liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citizens_Party_of_the_United_States" title="Citizens Party of the United States">Citizens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_USA" title="Communist Party USA">Communist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_Party_(United_States)" title="Constitution Party (United States)">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_Party_of_New_York_(2010)" title="Freedom Party of New York (2010)">Freedom Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_Road_Socialist_Organization" title="Freedom Road Socialist Organization">Freedom Road Socialist Organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_Socialist_Party" title="Freedom Socialist Party">Freedom Socialist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forward_Party_(United_States)" title="Forward Party (United States)">Forward Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_Mountain_Peace_and_Justice_Party" title="Green Mountain Peace and Justice Party">Green Mountain Peace and Justice Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_Marijuana_Now_Party" title="Legal Marijuana Now Party">Legal Marijuana Now</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_USA" title="Liberal Party USA">Liberal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:National_Progressive_Party_(United_States)_state_affiliates" title="Category:National Progressive Party (United States) state affiliates">National Progressive Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_Dane" title="Progressive Dane">Progressive Dane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U.S._Marijuana_Party" title="U.S. Marijuana Party">Marijuana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Pirate_Party" title="United States Pirate Party">Pirate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Party_(United_States,_2017)" title="People's Party (United States, 2017)">People's</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_Labor_Party_(United_States)" title="Progressive Labor Party (United States)">Progressive Labor Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prohibition_Party" title="Prohibition Party">Prohibition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reform_Party_of_the_United_States_of_America" title="Reform Party of the United States of America">Reform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renew_America_Movement" title="Renew America Movement">Renew America Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Party_for_Socialism_and_Liberation" title="Party for Socialism and Liberation">Socialism and Liberation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serve_America_Movement" title="Serve America Movement">Serve America Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Party_USA" title="Socialist Party USA">Socialist (1973)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Action_(United_States)" title="Socialist Action (United States)">Socialist Action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Alternative_(United_States)" title="Socialist Alternative (United States)">Socialist Alternative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Carolina_Workers_Party" title="South Carolina Workers Party">South Carolina Workers Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_Democrats,_USA" title="Social Democrats, USA">Social Democrats, USA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Equality_Party_(United_States)" title="Socialist Equality Party (United States)">Socialist Equality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Labor_Party_of_America" title="Socialist Labor Party of America">Socialist Labor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Workers_Party_(United_States)" title="Socialist Workers Party (United States)">Socialist Workers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transhumanist_Party" title="Transhumanist Party">Transhumanist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unity_Party_of_America" title="Unity Party of America">Unity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Working_Class_Party" title="Working Class Party">Working Class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Working_Families_Party" title="Working Families Party">Working Families</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workers_World_Party" title="Workers World Party">Workers World</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Socialist_Party_of_the_United_States" title="World Socialist Party of the United States">World Socialist</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%">Defunct parties</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Major parties</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Democratic-Republican_Party" title="Democratic-Republican Party">Democratic-Republican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalist_Party" title="Federalist Party">Federalist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Republican_Party" title="National Republican Party">National Republican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whig_Party_(United_States)" title="Whig Party (United States)">Whig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Union_Party_(United_States)" title="National Union Party (United States)">National Union</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Third parties</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Know_Nothing" title="Know Nothing">American (Know Nothing)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Americans_Elect" title="Americans Elect">Americans Elect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Masonic_Party" title="Anti-Masonic Party">Anti-Masonic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Nazi_Party" title="American Nazi Party">American Nazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Party_(1924)" title="American Party (1924)">American (1924)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Party_(1969)" title="American Party (1969)">American (1969)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Vegetarian_Party" title="American Vegetarian Party">American Vegetarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Panther_Party" title="Black Panther Party">Black Panther</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boston_Tea_Party_(political_party)" title="Boston Tea Party (political party)">Boston Tea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citizens_Party_(United_States)" title="Citizens Party (United States)">Citizens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Workers%27_Party_(United_States)" title="Communist Workers' Party (United States)">Communist Workers'</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_Party_(United_States,_1952)" title="Constitution Party (United States, 1952)">Constitution (1952)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_Union_Party_(United_States)" title="Constitutional Union Party (United States)">Constitutional Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic-Republican_Party_(1844)" class="mw-redirect" title="Democratic-Republican Party (1844)">Democratic-Republican (1844)</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Farmer–Labor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Soil_Party" title="Free Soil Party">Free Soil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="National Democratic Party (United States)">Gold Democrats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenback_Party" title="Greenback Party">Greenback</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_Rights_Party_(United_States)" title="Human Rights Party (United States)">Human Rights Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independence_Party_(United_States)" title="Independence Party (United States)">Independence (1906)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independence_Party_of_America" title="Independence Party of America">Independence (2007)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justice_Party_(United_States)" title="Justice Party (United States)">Justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labor_Party_of_the_United_States" title="Labor Party of the United States">Labor (1919)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labor_Party_(United_States,_1996)" title="Labor Party (United States, 1996)">Labor (1996)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Liberal Republican Party (United States)">Liberal Republican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberty_Party_(United_States,_1840)" title="Liberty Party (United States, 1840)">Liberty (1840)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Party_(United_States)" title="National Party (United States)"> National (1917)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Renaissance_Party_(United_States)" title="National Renaissance Party (United States)">National Renaissance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_Party_of_America" title="National Socialist Party of America">National Socialist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_States%27_Rights_Party" title="National States' Rights Party">National States' Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_Law_Party_(United_States)" title="Natural Law Party (United States)">Natural Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Alliance_Party" title="New Alliance Party">New Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Party_(United_States)" title="New Party (United States)">New Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Union_Party" title="New Union Party">New Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nullifier_Party" title="Nullifier Party">Nullifier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opposition_Party_(Southern_U.S.)" title="Opposition Party (Southern U.S.)">Opposition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriot_Party_(1970s)" title="Patriot Party (1970s)">Patriot Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Party_(United_States,_1971)" title="People's Party (United States, 1971)">People's Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Party_(United_States)" title="People's Party (United States)">Populist (People's)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personal_Choice_Party" title="Personal Choice Party">Personal Choice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Populist_Party_(United_States,_1984)" title="Populist Party (United States, 1984)">Populist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bull_Moose_Party" title="Bull Moose Party">Progressive (1912)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_Party_(United_States,_1924%E2%80%931934)" title="Progressive Party (United States, 1924–1934)">Progressive (1924)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_Party_(United_States,_1948)" class="mw-redirect" title="Progressive Party (United States, 1948)">Progressive (1948)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proletarian_Party_of_America" title="Proletarian Party of America">Proletarian Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radical_Democracy_Party_(United_States)" title="Radical Democracy Party (United States)">Radical Democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raza_Unida_Party" title="Raza Unida Party">Raza Unida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Readjuster_Party" title="Readjuster Party">Readjuster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Guards_(United_States)" title="Red Guards (United States)">Red Guards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Guard_Party" title="Red Guard Party">Red Guard Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silver_Party" title="Silver Party">Silver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silver_Republican_Party" title="Silver Republican Party">Silver Republican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_of_America" title="Social Democratic Party of America">Social Democratic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Party_of_America" title="Socialist Party of America">Socialist (1901)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dixiecrat" title="Dixiecrat">States Rights (Dixiecrat)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditionalist_Worker_Party" title="Traditionalist Worker Party">Traditionalist Worker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unconditional_Union_Party" title="Unconditional Union Party">Unconditional Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_Party_(United_States,_1850)" title="Union Party (United States, 1850)">Union (1850)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unionist_politician_(American_Civil_War)" title="Unionist politician (American Civil War)">Union (1861)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_Party_(United_States)" title="Union Party (United States)">Union (1936)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U.S._Labor_Party" title="U.S. Labor Party">U.S. Labor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Panthers" class="mw-redirect" title="White Panthers">White Panthers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Patriot_Party" title="White Patriot Party">White Patriot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_Patriots_Organization" title="Young Patriots Organization">Young Patriots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workers_Party_of_America" title="Workers Party of America">Workers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_Lords_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Young Lords Party">Young Lords</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Youth_International_Party" title="Youth International Party">Youth International</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow plainlist" colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"><div> <ul><li><div class="hlist"><ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Template"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Symbol_template_class_pink.svg/16px-Symbol_template_class_pink.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Symbol_template_class_pink.svg/23px-Symbol_template_class_pink.svg.png 1.5x, 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<div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Historical_left-wing_third-party_U.S._presidential_tickets" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Historical_left-wing_third_party_presidential_tickets_(U.S.)" title="Template:Historical left-wing third party presidential tickets (U.S.)"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Historical_left-wing_third_party_presidential_tickets_(U.S.)" title="Template talk:Historical left-wing third party presidential tickets (U.S.)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Historical_left-wing_third_party_presidential_tickets_(U.S.)" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Historical left-wing third party presidential tickets (U.S.)"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Historical_left-wing_third-party_U.S._presidential_tickets" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_left-wing_politics_in_the_United_States" title="History of left-wing politics in the United States">Historical left-wing third-party U.S. presidential tickets</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>This group includes only pre-1996 parties that fielded a candidate that won greater 0.1% of the popular vote in at least one presidential election</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Presidential<br />tickets that<br />won at least<br />one percent of<br />the national<br />popular vote<br /> (candidate(s) / <br /> running mate(s))</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Greenback_Party" title="Greenback Party">Greenback</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Cooper" title="Peter Cooper">Peter Cooper</a>/<a href="/wiki/Samuel_Fenton_Cary" title="Samuel Fenton Cary">Samuel F. Cary</a> (<a href="/wiki/1876_United_States_presidential_election" title="1876 United States presidential election">1876</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_B._Weaver" title="James B. Weaver">James B. Weaver</a>/<a href="/wiki/Barzillai_J._Chambers" title="Barzillai J. Chambers">Barzillai J. Chambers</a> (<a href="/wiki/1880_United_States_presidential_election" title="1880 United States presidential election">1880</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Butler" title="Benjamin Butler">Benjamin Butler</a>/<a href="/wiki/Absolom_M._West" title="Absolom M. West">Absolom M. West</a> (<a href="/wiki/1884_United_States_presidential_election" title="1884 United States presidential election">1884</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Labor_Party_(United_States,_19th_century)" title="Labor Party (United States, 19th century)">Union Labor</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alson_Streeter" title="Alson Streeter">Alson Streeter</a>/<a href="/wiki/Charles_E._Cunningham" title="Charles E. Cunningham">Charles E. Cunningham</a> (<a href="/wiki/1888_United_States_presidential_election" title="1888 United States presidential election">1888</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Party_(United_States)" title="People's Party (United States)">Populist</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/James_B._Weaver" title="James B. Weaver">James B. Weaver</a>/<a href="/wiki/James_G._Field" title="James G. Field">James G. Field</a> (<a href="/wiki/1892_United_States_presidential_election" title="1892 United States presidential election">1892</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Jennings_Bryan" title="William Jennings Bryan">William Jennings Bryan</a>/<a href="/wiki/Thomas_E._Watson" title="Thomas E. Watson">Thomas E. Watson</a> (<a href="/wiki/1896_United_States_presidential_election" title="1896 United States presidential election">1896</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Party_of_America" title="Socialist Party of America">Socialist</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eugene_V._Debs" title="Eugene V. Debs">Eugene V. Debs</a>/<a href="/wiki/Ben_Hanford" title="Ben Hanford">Ben Hanford</a> (<a href="/wiki/1904_United_States_presidential_election" title="1904 United States presidential election">1904</a> and <a href="/wiki/1908_United_States_presidential_election" title="1908 United States presidential election">1908</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugene_V._Debs" title="Eugene V. Debs">Eugene V. Debs</a>/<a href="/wiki/Emil_Seidel" title="Emil Seidel">Emil Seidel</a> (<a href="/wiki/1912_United_States_presidential_election" title="1912 United States presidential election">1912</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allan_L._Benson" title="Allan L. Benson">Allan L. Benson</a>/<a href="/wiki/George_Ross_Kirkpatrick" title="George Ross Kirkpatrick">George R. Kirkpatrick</a> (<a href="/wiki/1916_United_States_presidential_election" title="1916 United States presidential election">1916</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugene_V._Debs" title="Eugene V. Debs">Eugene V. Debs</a>/<a href="/wiki/Seymour_Stedman" title="Seymour Stedman">Seymour Stedman</a> (<a href="/wiki/1920_United_States_presidential_election" title="1920 United States presidential election">1920</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norman_Thomas" title="Norman Thomas">Norman Thomas</a>/<a href="/wiki/James_H._Maurer" title="James H. Maurer">James H. Maurer</a> (<a href="/wiki/1932_United_States_presidential_election" title="1932 United States presidential election">1932</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bull_Moose_Party" title="Bull Moose Party">Bull Moose</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Theodore Roosevelt">Theodore Roosevelt</a>/<a href="/wiki/Hiram_Johnson" title="Hiram Johnson">Hiram Johnson</a> (<a href="/wiki/1912_United_States_presidential_election" title="1912 United States presidential election">1912</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Progressive_Party_(United_States,_1924%E2%80%931934)" title="Progressive Party (United States, 1924–1934)">Progressive (1924)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Robert_M._La_Follette" title="Robert M. La Follette">Robert M. La Follette</a>/<a href="/wiki/Burton_K._Wheeler" title="Burton K. Wheeler">Burton K. Wheeler</a> (<a href="/wiki/1924_United_States_presidential_election" title="1924 United States presidential election">1924</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Progressive_Party_(United_States,_1948)" class="mw-redirect" title="Progressive Party (United States, 1948)">Progressive (1948)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Henry_A._Wallace" title="Henry A. Wallace">Henry A. Wallace</a>/<a href="/wiki/Glen_H._Taylor" title="Glen H. Taylor">Glen H. Taylor</a> (<a href="/wiki/1948_United_States_presidential_election" title="1948 United States presidential election">1948</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other notable<br />left-wing parties</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Labor_Party_of_America" title="Socialist Labor Party of America">Socialist Labor Party of America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_of_America" title="Social Democratic Party of America">Social Democratic Party of America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independence_Party_(United_States)" title="Independence Party (United States)">Independence Party</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Farmer–Labor Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_USA" title="Communist Party USA">Communist Party USA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Workers_Party_(United_States)" title="Socialist Workers Party (United States)">Socialist Workers Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberty_Party_(United_States,_1932)" title="Liberty Party (United States, 1932)">Liberty Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Party_(United_States,_1971)" title="People's Party (United States, 1971)">People's Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citizens_Party_(United_States)" title="Citizens Party (United States)">Citizens Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Alliance_Party" title="New Alliance Party">New Alliance Party</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_third-party_and_independent_performances_in_United_States_presidential_elections" title="List of third-party and independent performances in United States presidential elections">Third-party performances in presidential elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labor_history_of_the_United_States" title="Labor history of the United States">Labor history of the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_the_United_States" title="Liberalism in the United States">Liberalism in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressivism_in_the_United_States" title="Progressivism in the United States">Progressivism in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_socialist_movement_in_the_United_States" title="History of the socialist movement in the United States">Socialism in the United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" 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