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data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Comparison_with_NTFS" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Comparison_with_NTFS"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Comparison with NTFS</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Comparison_with_NTFS-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Comparison with NTFS subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Comparison_with_NTFS-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Major_new_features" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Major_new_features"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Major new features</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Major_new_features-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Improved_reliability_for_on-disk_structures" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Improved_reliability_for_on-disk_structures"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.1</span> <span>Improved reliability for on-disk structures</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Improved_reliability_for_on-disk_structures-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Built-in_resilience" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Built-in_resilience"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.2</span> <span>Built-in resilience</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Built-in_resilience-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Compatibility_with_existing_APIs_and_technologies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Compatibility_with_existing_APIs_and_technologies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.3</span> <span>Compatibility with existing APIs and technologies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Compatibility_with_existing_APIs_and_technologies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Removed_features" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Removed_features"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Removed features</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Removed_features-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Implementations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Implementations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Implementations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Implementations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Server_2016" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Server_2016"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Server 2016</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Server_2016-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Server_2022" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Server_2022"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Server 2022</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Server_2022-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Versions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Versions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Versions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Versions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Known_problems" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Known_problems"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Known problems</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Known_problems-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Comparison_with_other_file_systems" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Comparison_with_other_file_systems"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Comparison with other file systems</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Comparison_with_other_file_systems-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reverse_engineering_and_internals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reverse_engineering_and_internals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Reverse engineering and internals</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reverse_engineering_and_internals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">ReFS</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 16 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-16" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">16 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D8%B1_%D8%A5%D9%8A_%D8%A3%D9%81_%D8%A5%D8%B3" title="آر إي أف إس – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="آر إي أف إس" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/ReFS" title="ReFS – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="ReFS" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/ReFS" title="ReFS – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="ReFS" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/ReFS" title="ReFS – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="ReFS" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/ReFS" title="ReFS – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="ReFS" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/ReFS" title="ReFS – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="ReFS" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/ReFS" title="ReFS – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="ReFS" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/ReFS" title="ReFS – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ReFS" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/ReFS" title="ReFS – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ReFS" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/ReFS" title="ReFS – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="ReFS" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/ReFS" title="ReFS – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="ReFS" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/ReFS" title="ReFS – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="ReFS" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/ReFS" title="ReFS – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="ReFS" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/ReFS" title="ReFS – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="ReFS" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/ReFS" title="ReFS – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="ReFS" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/ReFS" title="ReFS – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="ReFS" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1445119#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet 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aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/ReFS"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=ReFS&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=ReFS&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" 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vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/ReFS"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=ReFS&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=ReFS&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/ReFS" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/ReFS" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=ReFS&oldid=1280309831" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=ReFS&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=ReFS&id=1280309831&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FReFS"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li 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<div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1445119" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Proprietary file system developed by Microsoft</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/ReiserFS" title="ReiserFS">ReiserFS</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent"><caption class="infobox-title summary">ReFS</caption><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Software_developer" class="mw-redirect" title="Software developer">Developer(s)</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Microsoft" title="Microsoft">Microsoft</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Full name</th><td class="infobox-data">Resilient File System</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Introduced</th><td class="infobox-data">1 August 2012<span class="noprint">; 12 years ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">2012-08-01</span>)</span><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with <a href="/wiki/Windows_Server_2012" title="Windows Server 2012">Windows Server 2012</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Structures</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Directory contents</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/B%2B_tree" title="B+ tree">B+ tree</a><sup id="cite_ref-B8_ReFS_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-B8_ReFS-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Limits</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Max volume size</th><td class="infobox-data">35 <a href="/wiki/Petabyte" class="mw-redirect" title="Petabyte">petabytes</a><sup id="cite_ref-TechNet_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TechNet-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Max file size</th><td class="infobox-data">35 <a href="/wiki/Petabyte" class="mw-redirect" title="Petabyte">petabytes</a><sup id="cite_ref-TechNet_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TechNet-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Features</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Attributes</th><td class="infobox-data">Yes</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Transparent<br />compression</th><td class="infobox-data">No</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Data_deduplication" title="Data deduplication">Data deduplication</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Yes, since v3.2 debuting in 2016 v1709<sup id="cite_ref-v16237_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-v16237-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Copy-on-write" title="Copy-on-write">Copy-on-write</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Yes</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Other</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Supported<br /><a href="/wiki/Operating_system" title="Operating system">operating systems</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Server_2012" title="Windows Server 2012">Windows Server 2012</a> and later</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_8.1" title="Windows 8.1">Windows 8.1</a> and later (ReFS volume creation ability removed in Windows 10's 2017 Fall Creators Update, except for <a href="/wiki/Windows_10_Enterprise" class="mw-redirect" title="Windows 10 Enterprise">Windows 10 Enterprise</a> and <a href="/wiki/Windows_10_Pro_for_Workstations" class="mw-redirect" title="Windows 10 Pro for Workstations">Pro for Workstations</a><sup id="cite_ref-Windows_10_v1709_feature_removal_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Windows_10_v1709_feature_removal-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://learn.microsoft.com/en-US/windows-server/storage/refs/refs-overview">learn<wbr />.microsoft<wbr />.com<wbr />/en-US<wbr />/windows-server<wbr />/storage<wbr />/refs<wbr />/refs-overview</a></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Resilient File System</b> (<b>ReFS</b>),<sup id="cite_ref-technetReFS1_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-technetReFS1-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> codenamed "Protogon",<sup id="cite_ref-zdnetrefsunveiled_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-zdnetrefsunveiled-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is a <a href="/wiki/Microsoft" title="Microsoft">Microsoft</a> <a href="/wiki/Proprietary_format" class="mw-redirect" title="Proprietary format">proprietary</a> <a href="/wiki/File_system" title="File system">file system</a> introduced with <a href="/wiki/Windows_Server_2012" title="Windows Server 2012">Windows Server 2012</a> with the intent of becoming the "next generation" <a href="/wiki/File_system" title="File system">file system</a> after <a href="/wiki/NTFS" title="NTFS">NTFS</a>. </p><p>ReFS was designed to overcome problems that had become significant over the years since NTFS was conceived, which are related to how data storage requirements have changed. These requirements arose from two major changes in storage systems and usage – the size of storage in use (<a href="/wiki/Disk_array" title="Disk array">large or massive arrays</a> of multi-terabyte drives now common), and the need for <a href="/wiki/24/7" class="mw-redirect" title="24/7">continual reliability</a>. As a result, the file system needs to be self-repairing (to prevent disk checking from being impractically slow or disruptive), along with <a href="/wiki/Abstraction_layer" title="Abstraction layer">abstraction</a> or <a href="/wiki/Storage_virtualization" title="Storage virtualization"> virtualization</a> between physical disks and <a href="/wiki/Logical_volume_management" title="Logical volume management"> logical volumes</a>. </p><p>The key design advantages of ReFS include automatic <a href="/wiki/File_integrity_monitoring" title="File integrity monitoring">integrity checking</a> and <a href="/wiki/Data_scrubbing" title="Data scrubbing">data scrubbing</a>, elimination of the need for running <a href="/wiki/Chkdsk" class="mw-redirect" title="Chkdsk">chkdsk</a>, protection against <a href="/wiki/Data_degradation" title="Data degradation">data degradation</a>, built-in handling of <a href="/wiki/Hard_disk_drive_failure" title="Hard disk drive failure">hard disk drive failure</a> and <a href="/wiki/Redundancy_(engineering)" title="Redundancy (engineering)">redundancy</a>, integration of <a href="/wiki/RAID" title="RAID">RAID</a> functionality, a switch to <a href="/wiki/Copy-on-write" title="Copy-on-write">copy/allocate on write</a> for data and <a href="/wiki/Metadata" title="Metadata">metadata</a> updates, handling of <a href="/wiki/Long_filename" title="Long filename">very long paths and filenames</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Storage_virtualization" title="Storage virtualization">storage virtualization</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pooling_(resource_management)" title="Pooling (resource management)"> pooling</a>, including almost arbitrarily sized <a href="/wiki/Logical_volume" class="mw-redirect" title="Logical volume">logical volumes</a> (unrelated to the physical sizes of the used drives). </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Comparison_with_NTFS">Comparison with NTFS</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=ReFS&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Comparison with NTFS"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Major_new_features">Major new features</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=ReFS&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Major new features"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Improved_reliability_for_on-disk_structures">Improved reliability for on-disk structures</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=ReFS&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Improved reliability for on-disk structures"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>ReFS uses <a href="/wiki/B%2B_tree" title="B+ tree">B+ trees</a> for all on-disk structures, including all metadata and file data.<sup id="cite_ref-B8_ReFS_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-B8_ReFS-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-zdnetrefs_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-zdnetrefs-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Metadata and file data are organized into tables similar to a <a href="/wiki/Relational_database" title="Relational database">relational database</a>. The file size, number of files in a <a href="/wiki/Folder_(computing)" class="mw-redirect" title="Folder (computing)">folder</a>, total volume size, and number of folders in a volume are limited by 64-bit numbers; as a result, ReFS supports a maximum file size of 35 <a href="/wiki/Petabytes" class="mw-redirect" title="Petabytes">petabytes</a>, and a maximum volume size of 35 petabytes.<sup id="cite_ref-TechNet_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TechNet-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Built-in_resilience">Built-in resilience</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=ReFS&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Built-in resilience"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>ReFS employs an <a href="/wiki/Copy-on-write" title="Copy-on-write">allocation-on-write</a> update strategy for metadata,<sup id="cite_ref-B8_ReFS_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-B8_ReFS-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which allocates new chunks for every update transaction and uses large <a href="/wiki/Input/output" title="Input/output">IO</a> batches. All ReFS metadata have 64-bit checksums which are stored independently. The file data can have an optional checksum in a separate "integrity <a href="/wiki/Fork_(file_system)" title="Fork (file system)">stream</a>", in which case the file update strategy also implements allocation-on-write for file data; this is controlled by a new "integrity" attribute applicable to both files and directories. If file data or metadata become corrupt, the file can be deleted without taking the whole volume offline for maintenance, and then be restored from the backup. As a result of built-in resiliency, administrators do not need to periodically run error-checking tools such as <a href="/wiki/CHKDSK" title="CHKDSK">CHKDSK</a> when using ReFS. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Compatibility_with_existing_APIs_and_technologies">Compatibility with existing APIs and technologies</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=ReFS&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Compatibility with existing APIs and technologies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>ReFS supports only a subset of NTFS features, and only supports Win32 APIs that are "widely adopted". It does not require new system APIs, and most file system filters continue to work with ReFS volumes.<sup id="cite_ref-B8_ReFS_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-B8_ReFS-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ReFS supports many existing Windows and NTFS features such as <a href="/wiki/BitLocker" title="BitLocker">BitLocker</a> encryption, <a href="/wiki/Access_Control_Lists" class="mw-redirect" title="Access Control Lists">Access Control Lists</a>, <a href="/wiki/USN_Journal" title="USN Journal">USN Journal</a>, change notifications,<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/NTFS_symbolic_link" class="mw-redirect" title="NTFS symbolic link">symbolic links</a>, <a href="/wiki/NTFS_junction_point" class="mw-redirect" title="NTFS junction point">junction points</a>, <a href="/wiki/Volume_Mount_Point" class="mw-redirect" title="Volume Mount Point">mount points</a>, <a href="/wiki/NTFS_reparse_point" title="NTFS reparse point">reparse points</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shadow_Copy" title="Shadow Copy">volume snapshots</a>, <a href="/wiki/Master_File_Table" class="mw-redirect" title="Master File Table">file IDs</a>, and <a href="/wiki/NTFS#Opportunistic_locks" title="NTFS">oplock</a>. ReFS seamlessly integrates with <a href="/wiki/Storage_Spaces" class="mw-redirect" title="Storage Spaces">Storage Spaces</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-B8_ReFS_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-B8_ReFS-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a <a href="/wiki/Storage_virtualization" title="Storage virtualization">storage virtualization</a> layer that allows data mirroring and striping, as well as sharing storage pools between machines.<sup id="cite_ref-B8_storage_spaces_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-B8_storage_spaces-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ReFS resiliency features enhance the mirroring feature provided by Storage Spaces and can detect whether any mirrored copies of files become corrupt using a <a href="/wiki/Data_scrubbing" title="Data scrubbing">data scrubbing</a> process,<sup id="cite_ref-zdnetrefs_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-zdnetrefs-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which periodically reads all mirror copies and verifies their checksums, then replaces bad copies with good ones. </p><p>Microsoft Windows and Windows Server include <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886049734">.mw-parser-output .monospaced{font-family:monospace,monospace}</style><span class="monospaced">ReFSUtil</span>, a <a href="/wiki/Command-line_interface" title="Command-line interface">command-line</a> utility that can be used to diagnose heavily damaged ReFS volumes, identify remaining files, and copy those files to another volume.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Removed_features">Removed features</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=ReFS&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Removed features"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some NTFS features are not implemented in ReFS. These include <a href="/wiki/NTFS_reparse_point#Distributed_Link_Tracking_(DLT)" title="NTFS reparse point">object IDs</a>, <a href="/wiki/8.3_filename" title="8.3 filename">8.3 filename</a>, <a href="/wiki/NTFS_compression" class="mw-redirect" title="NTFS compression">NTFS compression</a>, <a href="/wiki/Encrypting_File_System" title="Encrypting File System">Encrypting File System</a> (EFS), <a href="/wiki/Transactional_NTFS" title="Transactional NTFS">transactional NTFS</a>, <a href="/wiki/Extended_attributes" class="mw-redirect" title="Extended attributes">extended attributes</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Disk_quota" title="Disk quota">disk quotas</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-zdnetrefsunveiled_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-zdnetrefsunveiled-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-B8_ReFS_2-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-B8_ReFS-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Lucas_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lucas-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dynamic disks with mirrored or striped volumes are replaced with mirrored or striped storage pools provided by Storage Spaces; however, automated error-correction is only supported on mirrored spaces. <a href="/wiki/Data_deduplication" title="Data deduplication">Data deduplication</a> was missing in early versions of ReFS.<sup id="cite_ref-B8_ReFS_2-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-B8_ReFS-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was implemented in v3.2, debuting in Windows Server v1709.<sup id="cite_ref-v16237_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-v16237-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Support for <a href="/wiki/Alternate_data_streams" class="mw-redirect" title="Alternate data streams">alternate data streams</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hard_link" title="Hard link">hard links</a> was initially not implemented in ReFS. In Windows 8.1 64-bit and Server 2012 R2, the file system reacquired support for alternate data streams, with lengths of up to 128K, and automatic correction of corruption when integrity streams are used on parity spaces.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ReFS had initially been unsuitable for <a href="/wiki/Microsoft_SQL_Server" title="Microsoft SQL Server">Microsoft SQL Server</a> instance allocation due to the absence of alternate data streams.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hard links were introduced with preview versions of Windows Server 2022 but are not yet available in Windows 11. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Implementations">Implementations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=ReFS&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Implementations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>ReFS was initially added to <a href="/wiki/Windows_Server_2012" title="Windows Server 2012">Windows Server 2012</a> only, with the aim of gradual migration to consumer systems in future versions; this was achieved as of <a href="/wiki/Windows_8.1" title="Windows 8.1">Windows 8.1</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-TechNet_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TechNet-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The initial versions removed some NTFS features, such as <a href="/wiki/Disk_quota" title="Disk quota">disk quotas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alternate_data_streams" class="mw-redirect" title="Alternate data streams">alternate data streams</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Extended_attributes" class="mw-redirect" title="Extended attributes">extended attributes</a>. Some of these were re-implemented in later versions of ReFS. </p><p>In early versions (2012–2013), ReFS was similar to or slightly faster than NTFS in most tests,<sup id="cite_ref-firstever_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-firstever-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but far slower when full integrity checking was enabled, a result attributed to the relative newness of ReFS.<sup id="cite_ref-bariseris_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bariseris-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Self-published_sources" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="The material near this tag may rely on a self-published source. (March 2022)">self-published source</span></a></i>]</sup><sup id="cite_ref-jasoneckert_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jasoneckert-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Self-published_sources" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="The material near this tag may rely on a self-published source. (March 2022)">self-published source</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The ability to create ReFS volumes was removed in Windows 10's 2017 Fall Creators Update for all editions except Enterprise and Pro for Workstations.<sup id="cite_ref-Windows_10_v1709_feature_removal_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Windows_10_v1709_feature_removal-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The reason for this is unclear. (October 2023)">why?</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Starting with Windows Server 2022 and Windows 11 build 22557, the <a href="/wiki/Windows_Boot_Manager" title="Windows Boot Manager">boot environment</a> natively supports ReFS, allowing the system to be installed and run in a special way on a volume formatted with ReFS v3. If it is a volume formatted with ReFS v1, it cannot be booted with ReFS.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Starting with Windows 11 build 22621.2338, ReFS is re-introduced via a <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/dev-drive/">Dev Drive</a> feature; allowing fixed storage drives and VHDs to be formatted as ReFS, with special file and <a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Defender" class="mw-redirect" title="Microsoft Defender">Microsoft Defender</a> policies added during use. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Data_cluster" class="mw-redirect" title="Data cluster">cluster size</a> of a ReFS volume is either 4 KB or 64 KB.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=ReFS&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Server_2016">Server 2016</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=ReFS&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Server 2016"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>At the Storage Developer Conference 2015, a Microsoft developer presented enhancements of ReFS expected to be released with <a href="/wiki/Windows_Server_2016" title="Windows Server 2016">Windows Server 2016</a> and included in Technical Preview 4, titled "ReFS v2".<sup id="cite_ref-tipton_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tipton-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It highlighted that ReFS now included capabilities for very high speed moving, reordering, and cloning of blocks between files<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (which can be done for all blocks of a file). This is particularly needed for <a href="/wiki/Virtualization" title="Virtualization">virtualization</a>, and is stated to allow fast provisioning, diff merging, and tiering. Other enhancements cover the redo log (for synchronous disk writes), <a href="/wiki/Parallelization" class="mw-redirect" title="Parallelization">parallelization</a>, efficient tracking of uninitialized sparse data and files, and efficient 4k <a href="/wiki/I/O" class="mw-redirect" title="I/O">I/O</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-tipton_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tipton-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Server_2022">Server 2022</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=ReFS&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Server 2022"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Windows_Server_2022" title="Windows Server 2022">Windows Server 2022</a> (using ReFS version 3.7) supports file-level snapshots.<sup id="cite_ref-TechNet_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TechNet-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Windows Insider Preview 22H2 and 23H2 (builds 226** and 25***) support ReFS volume compression using <a href="/wiki/LZ4_(compression_algorithm)" title="LZ4 (compression algorithm)">LZ4</a> and <a href="/wiki/Zstd" title="Zstd">zstd</a> algorithms.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Versions">Versions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=ReFS&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Versions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Confusing plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style ambox-confusing" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/40px-Edit-clear.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/60px-Edit-clear.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/80px-Edit-clear.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>may be <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Vagueness" title="Wikipedia:Vagueness">confusing or unclear</a> to readers</b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify">clarify the article</a>. There might be a discussion about this on <a href="/wiki/Talk:ReFS" title="Talk:ReFS">the talk page</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">July 2017</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>ReFS has some different versions, with various degrees of compatibility between operating system versions. Aside from development versions of the filesystem, usually, later operating system versions can mount filesystems created with earlier OS versions (backwards compatibility). Some features may not be compatible with the feature set of the OS. The version, cluster size and other features of the filesystem can be queried with the command <code>fsutil fsinfo refsinfo volumename</code>. </p> <ul><li><b>1.1</b>: The original version, formatted by <a href="/wiki/Windows_Server_2012" title="Windows Server 2012">Windows Server 2012</a>.</li> <li><b>1.2</b>: Default version if formatted by <a href="/wiki/Windows_8.1" title="Windows 8.1">Windows 8.1</a>, <a href="/wiki/Windows_10" title="Windows 10">Windows 10</a> RTM to v1607, Windows Server 2012 R2, and when specified ReFSv1 on Windows Server 2016. Can use alternate data streams under Windows Server 2012 R2.</li> <li><b>2.2</b>: Default version formatted by Windows 10 Preview build 10049 or earlier. Could not be mounted in 10061 and later.</li> <li><b>2.0</b>: Default version formatted by <a href="/wiki/Windows_Server_2016" title="Windows Server 2016">Windows Server 2016</a> TP2 and TP3. Could not be mounted in Windows 10 Build 10130 and later, or Windows Server 2016 TP4 and later.</li> <li><b>3.0</b>: Default version formatted by Windows Server 2016 TP4 and TP5.</li> <li><b>3.1</b>: Default version formatted by Windows Server 2016 RTM.</li> <li><b>3.2</b>: Default version formatted by Windows 10 v1703 and Windows Server Insider Preview build 16237. Can be formatted with Windows 10 Insider Preview 15002 or later (though only became the default somewhere between 15002 and 15019). Supports deduplication in the server version.</li> <li><b>3.3</b>: Default version formatted by Windows 10 Enterprise v1709 (ReFS volume creation ability removed from all editions except Enterprise and Pro for Workstations starting with build 16226; read/write ability remains<sup id="cite_ref-Windows_10_v1709_feature_removal_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Windows_10_v1709_feature_removal-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) and Windows Server version 1709 (starting with Windows 10 Enterprise Insider Preview build 16257 and Windows Server Insider Preview build 16257).</li> <li><b>3.4</b>: Default version formatted by Windows 10 Pro for Workstations/Enterprise v1803 and newer, also server versions (including the long-time support version Windows Server 2019). For Windows 10 Pro 22H2 build 19045 and previous, ReFS is unavailable.</li> <li><b>3.5</b>: Default version formatted by <a href="/wiki/Windows_11" title="Windows 11">Windows 11</a> Enterprise Insider Preview (build 19536 or newer); adds support for <a href="/wiki/Hard_link" title="Hard link">hard links</a> (only on fresh formatted volume; not supported on volumes upgraded from previous versions).<sup id="cite_ref-TechNet_3-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TechNet-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>3.6</b>: Default version formatted by Windows 11 Enterprise Insider Preview (build 21292 or newer) and Windows Server Insider Preview (build 20282 or newer)</li> <li><b>3.7</b>: Default version formatted by Windows 11 Enterprise Insider Preview (build 21313 or newer) and Windows Server Insider Preview (build 20303 or newer). Also, the version shipped with the final releases of <a href="/wiki/Windows_Server_2022" title="Windows Server 2022">Windows Server 2022</a> and <a href="/wiki/Windows_11" title="Windows 11">Windows 11</a>. Added file-level snapshot (only available in Server 2022).</li> <li><b>3.9</b>: Default version formatted by Windows 11 Enterprise Insider Preview (build 22598 or newer) and Windows Server Insider Preview (build 25099 or newer). Added post process compression with <a href="/wiki/LZ4_(compression_algorithm)" title="LZ4 (compression algorithm)">LZ4</a> and <a href="/wiki/Zstd" title="Zstd">ZSTD</a> and transparent decompression.</li> <li><b>3.10</b>: Default version formatted by Windows 11 Enterprise Insider Preview and Windows Server Insider Preview (build 25324 or newer).</li> <li><b>3.12</b>: Default version formatted by Windows 11 Enterprise Insider Preview (build 26002 or newer).</li> <li><b>3.14</b>: Default version formatted by Windows 11 (build 26047 and newer).<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Known_problems">Known problems</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=ReFS&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Known problems"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444" /><table class="box-Update plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Update" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_current_red_Asia_Australia.svg/42px-Ambox_current_red_Asia_Australia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="42" height="34" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_current_red_Asia_Australia.svg/63px-Ambox_current_red_Asia_Australia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_current_red_Asia_Australia.svg/84px-Ambox_current_red_Asia_Australia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="290" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article needs to be <b>updated</b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">February 2019</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Issues identified or suggested for ReFS, when running on Storage Spaces, include: </p> <ul><li>REFSutil does not work on 3.7 (Windows 2022)</li> <li>Adding thin-provisioned ReFS on top of Storage Spaces (according to a 2012 pre-release article) can fail in a non-graceful manner, in which the volume without warning becomes inaccessible or unmanageable.<sup id="cite_ref-smallnetbuilder1_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-smallnetbuilder1-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This can happen, for example, if the physical disks underlying a storage space became too full. <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Smallnetbuilder&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Smallnetbuilder (page does not exist)">Smallnetbuilder</a></i> comments that, in such cases, recovery could be "prohibitive" as a "breakthrough in theory" is needed to identify storage space layouts and recover them, which is required before any ReFS recovery of file system contents can be started; therefore it recommends using backups as well.<sup id="cite_ref-smallnetbuilder1_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-smallnetbuilder1-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Thin-provisioned ReFS on top of Storage Spaces, occasionally if the ReFS partition is extended to the full size of the thin-volume. When later extending the thin-volume size the ReFS partition may fail to extend to the thin-volume size. Once it fails to extend the partition you can never again extend the partition, no matter how large you extend the thin-volume size too. The workaround is to never extend the ReFS partition to the full size of the thin-volume, always leave a few GB at the end of the volume unassigned. The problem still exists in Server 2022. It is thought that during the extension of the partition, it writes values into the partition table that corrupt the table when using the full size of the thin-volume, preventing any further expansions. That data is still intact and the ReFS partition works normally. A solution is to create a new volume and ReFS partition and copy out of the old ReFS and into the new ReFS requiring double storage during the copy before the old volume can be deleted.</li> <li>Thin-provisioned volume formatted with ReFS eventually expands the thin volume to the full size of the ReFS formatted size, nullifying the reason to use a thin volume on Windows 10. The more use the partition sees the quicker the volume is expanded, even if the data is mostly static. Less used drives still expand on Windows 10 but not at the same rate. When using an NTFS formatted volume on top of a thin volume does not experience the same expansion. For example, 4 TB ReFS two-way mirror 99% static data(data logs) 1.11 TB used, data does not change once added, data added once a month, storage spaces used the entire 8 TB of storage(should be around 2.2 TB used in storage spaces). Same storage space different thin volume formatted with ReFS, two-way mirror single data write, but data is used less frequently and added to less frequently 257 GB of data, storage spaces using 7.77 TB. thin volume NTFS partition, used in the same manner as the 257 GB partition, but only using 601 GB. 7-month window.</li> <li>Even when Storage Spaces is not thinly provisioned, ReFS may still be unable to dependably correct all file errors in some situations, because Storage Spaces operates on blocks and not files, and therefore some files may potentially lack necessary blocks or recovery data if part of the storage space is not working correctly. As a result, disk and data addition and removal may be impaired, and redundancy conversion becomes difficult or impossible.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Store" title="Microsoft Store">Microsoft Store</a> cannot install apps on a ReFS volume.<sup id="cite_ref-refs-win10-features_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-refs-win10-features-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Self-published_sources" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="The material near this tag may rely on a self-published source. (March 2022)">self-published source</span></a></i>]</sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Comparison_with_other_file_systems">Comparison with other file systems</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=ReFS&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Comparison with other file systems"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Like ReFS, <a href="/wiki/ZFS" title="ZFS">ZFS</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bcachefs" title="Bcachefs">Bcachefs</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Btrfs" title="Btrfs">Btrfs</a> are designed to integrate data protection, snapshots, and background error correction. </p><p>In 2012, <a href="/wiki/Phoronix" class="mw-redirect" title="Phoronix">Phoronix</a> wrote an analysis<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> of ReFS vs Btrfs. At the time, their features were similar, with both supporting checksums, <a href="/wiki/RAID" title="RAID">RAID</a>-like use of multiple disks, and error correction. However, ReFS lacked <a href="/wiki/Copy-on-write" title="Copy-on-write">copy-on-write</a> snapshots and compression, both found in Btrfs and ZFS. </p><p>In 2014, BetaNews wrote a review of ReFS and assessed its readiness for production use.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The review concluded that ReFS had at least some advantages over two <a href="/wiki/File_system" title="File system">file systems</a> then available for file servers running <a href="/wiki/Unix-like" title="Unix-like">Unix-like</a> operating systems, ZFS and <a href="/wiki/ReiserFS" title="ReiserFS">ReiserFS</a>. </p><p>ZFS (used in <a href="/wiki/Solaris_(operating_system)" class="mw-redirect" title="Solaris (operating system)">Solaris</a>, <a href="/wiki/Illumos" title="Illumos">illumos</a>, <a href="/wiki/FreeBSD" title="FreeBSD">FreeBSD</a> and others) was widely criticized for its comparatively extreme memory requirements of many gigabytes of <a href="/wiki/RAM" class="mw-redirect" title="RAM">RAM</a> for online deduplication. However, online deduplication was not enabled by default in ZFS and was not supported at the time by ReFS (it has since been added), so not enabling ZFS online deduplication yielded a more even comparison between the two file systems as ZFS then has a memory requirement of only a few hundred megabytes.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reverse_engineering_and_internals">Reverse engineering and internals</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=ReFS&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Reverse engineering and internals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As of November 2019<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=ReFS&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, Microsoft has not published any specifications for ReFS, nor have any working open-source drivers been made. A third-party open-source project to document ReFS is on GitHub.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Paragon_Software_Group" title="Paragon Software Group">Paragon Software Group</a> provides a closed-source driver for Windows and Linux. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=ReFS&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_file_systems" title="Comparison of file systems">Comparison of file systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apple_File_System" title="Apple File System">Apple File System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WinFS" title="WinFS">WinFS</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=ReFS&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 July</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=ReFSUtil+%7C+Microsoft+Docs&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdocs.microsoft.com%2Fen-us%2Fwindows-server%2Fadministration%2Fwindows-commands%2Frefsutil&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReFS" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lucas-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Lucas_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://blogs.technet.com/b/askpfeplat/archive/2013/01/02/windows-server-2012-does-refs-replace-ntfs-when-should-i-use-it.aspx">Windows Server 2012: Does ReFS replace NTFS? When should I use it?</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130602212025/http://blogs.technet.com/b/askpfeplat/archive/2013/01/02/windows-server-2012-does-refs-replace-ntfs-when-should-i-use-it.aspx">Archived</a> 2 June 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> – Martin Lucas, <i><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_TechNet" title="Microsoft TechNet">TechNet</a></i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/previous-versions/windows/it-pro/windows-server-2012-R2-and-2012/hh831724(v=ws.11)">"Resilient File System Overview"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Docs" title="Microsoft Docs">Microsoft Docs</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Microsoft" title="Microsoft">Microsoft</a>. 29 February 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 August</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Microsoft+Docs&rft.atitle=Resilient+File+System+Overview&rft.date=2012-02-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdocs.microsoft.com%2Fen-us%2Fprevious-versions%2Fwindows%2Fit-pro%2Fwindows-server-2012-R2-and-2012%2Fhh831724%28v%3Dws.11%29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReFS" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCherry2012" class="citation web cs1">Cherry, Denny (21 August 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.itprotoday.com/sql-server-and-windows-server-2012s-refs-file-system">"SQL Server and Windows Server 2012's ReFS File System | Troubleshooting SQL Server Storage Problems"</a>. <i>SQL Server Pro magazine</i>. <a href="/wiki/Penton_Media" class="mw-redirect" title="Penton Media">Penton Media</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180714181014/http://www.itprotoday.com/sql-server-and-windows-server-2012s-refs-file-system">Archived</a> from the original on 14 July 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=SQL+Server+Pro+magazine&rft.atitle=SQL+Server+and+Windows+Server+2012%27s+ReFS+File+System+%26%23124%3B+Troubleshooting+SQL+Server+Storage+Problems&rft.date=2012-08-21&rft.aulast=Cherry&rft.aufirst=Denny&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.itprotoday.com%2Fsql-server-and-windows-server-2012s-refs-file-system&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReFS" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-firstever-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-firstever_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140708024559/http://www.firstever.eu/en/refs-vs-ntfs-benchmark/">"ReFS vs NTFS Benchmark – First Ever – Exclusive Technology News"</a>. <i>FirstEver.eu</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.firstever.eu/en/refs-vs-ntfs-benchmark/">the original</a> on 8 July 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=FirstEver.eu&rft.atitle=ReFS+vs+NTFS+Benchmark+%E2%80%93+First+Ever+%E2%80%93+Exclusive+Technology+News&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.firstever.eu%2Fen%2Frefs-vs-ntfs-benchmark%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReFS" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bariseris-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-bariseris_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bariseris.wordpress.com/2012/10/22/relative-performance-of-parity-vs-mirror-in-storage-spaces/">"Relative Performance of Parity .vs. Mirror in Storage Spaces"</a>. <i>Baris Eris's Blog</i>. 22 October 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140622070324/http://bariseris.wordpress.com/2012/10/22/relative-performance-of-parity-vs-mirror-in-storage-spaces/">Archived</a> from the original on 22 June 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 June</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Baris+Eris%27s+Blog&rft.atitle=Relative+Performance+of+Parity+.vs.+Mirror+in+Storage+Spaces&rft.date=2012-10-22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbariseris.wordpress.com%2F2012%2F10%2F22%2Frelative-performance-of-parity-vs-mirror-in-storage-spaces%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReFS" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-jasoneckert-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-jasoneckert_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFEckert2014" class="citation web cs1">Eckert, Jason (25 February 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://triosdevelopers.com/jason.eckert/blog/Entries/2014/2/25_Microsoft_ReFS_vs_Oracle_ZFS_-_FIGHT.html">"Microsoft ReFS vs Oracle ZFS – Fight!"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170113170432/http://triosdevelopers.com/jason.eckert/blog/Entries/2014/2/25_Microsoft_ReFS_vs_Oracle_ZFS_-_FIGHT.html">Archived</a> from the original on 13 January 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 January</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Microsoft+ReFS+vs+Oracle+ZFS+%E2%80%93+Fight%21&rft.date=2014-02-25&rft.aulast=Eckert&rft.aufirst=Jason&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftriosdevelopers.com%2Fjason.eckert%2Fblog%2FEntries%2F2014%2F2%2F25_Microsoft_ReFS_vs_Oracle_ZFS_-_FIGHT.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReFS" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=80E4dTq4WNM"><i>Windows 11 on ReFS</i></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220710092316/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=80E4dTq4WNM">archived</a> from the original on 10 July 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 July</span> 2022</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Windows+11+on+ReFS&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3D80E4dTq4WNM&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReFS" class="Z3988"></span> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://techcommunity.microsoft.com/t5/storage-at-microsoft/cluster-size-recommendations-for-refs-and-ntfs/ba-p/425960">"Storage at Microsoft: Cluster size recommendations for ReFS and NTFS"</a>. 13 January 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 August</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Storage+at+Microsoft%3A+Cluster+size+recommendations+for+ReFS+and+NTFS&rft.date=2017-01-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftechcommunity.microsoft.com%2Ft5%2Fstorage-at-microsoft%2Fcluster-size-recommendations-for-refs-and-ntfs%2Fba-p%2F425960&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReFS" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-tipton-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-tipton_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-tipton_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJ._R._Tipton" class="citation web cs1">J. R. Tipton. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.snia.org/sites/default/files/SDC15_presentations/file_sys/JRTipton_ReFS_v2.pdf">"ReFS v2 – Cloning, projecting, and moving data"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 May</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=ReFS+v2+%E2%80%93+Cloning%2C+projecting%2C+and+moving+data&rft.au=J.+R.+Tipton&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.snia.org%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2FSDC15_presentations%2Ffile_sys%2FJRTipton_ReFS_v2.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReFS" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/win32/fileio/block-cloning">"Block Cloning"</a>. <i>Microsoft Docs</i>. <a href="/wiki/Microsoft" title="Microsoft">Microsoft</a>. 7 January 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 May</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Microsoft+Docs&rft.atitle=Block+Cloning&rft.date=2021-01-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flearn.microsoft.com%2Fen-us%2Fwindows%2Fwin32%2Ffileio%2Fblock-cloning&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReFS" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">REFS_COMPRESSION_FORMATS - NTIFS.h <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/windows-insider/flight-hub/">Windows SDK Insider Preview</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220514121854/https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/windows-insider/flight-hub/">Archived</a> 14 May 2022 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> build 22621</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://x.com/PhantomOfEarth/status/1756023763643027568">https://x.com/PhantomOfEarth/status/1756023763643027568</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-smallnetbuilder1-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-smallnetbuilder1_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-smallnetbuilder1_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPakhomova2012" class="citation web cs1">Pakhomova, Elena (8 August 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.smallnetbuilder.com/nas/nas-features/31836-data-recovery-tales-when-windows-storage-spaces-go-bad">"Data Recovery Tales: When Windows Storage Spaces Go Bad"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160730224238/http://www.smallnetbuilder.com/nas/nas-features/31836-data-recovery-tales-when-windows-storage-spaces-go-bad">Archived</a> from the original on 30 July 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 June</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Data+Recovery+Tales%3A+When+Windows+Storage+Spaces+Go+Bad&rft.date=2012-08-08&rft.aulast=Pakhomova&rft.aufirst=Elena&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.smallnetbuilder.com%2Fnas%2Fnas-features%2F31836-data-recovery-tales-when-windows-storage-spaces-go-bad&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReFS" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-refs-win10-features-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-refs-win10-features_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ctrl.blog/entry/adventures-in-refs">"What I learned after 30 minutes with ReFS"</a>. <i>Ctrl blog</i>. 18 May 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170519052803/https://ctrl.blog/entry/adventures-in-refs">Archived</a> from the original on 19 May 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 May</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ctrl+blog&rft.atitle=What+I+learned+after+30+minutes+with+ReFS&rft.date=2017-05-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fctrl.blog%2Fentry%2Fadventures-in-refs&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReFS" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.phoronix.com/scan.php?page=news_item&px=MTA0NDA">"Microsoft's ReFS File-System: Competitor To Btrfs?"</a>. <i>phoronix.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160908221624/http://www.phoronix.com/scan.php?page=news_item&px=MTA0NDA">Archived</a> from the original on 8 September 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 September</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=phoronix.com&rft.atitle=Microsoft%27s+ReFS+File-System%3A+Competitor+To+Btrfs%3F&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.phoronix.com%2Fscan.php%3Fpage%3Dnews_item%26px%3DMTA0NDA&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReFS" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://betanews.com/2014/01/15/windows-storage-spaces-and-refs-is-it-time-to-ditch-raid-for-good/">"Windows Storage Spaces and ReFS: Is it time to ditch RAID for good?"</a>. <i>BetaNews</i>. 15 January 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140131084448/http://betanews.com/2014/01/15/windows-storage-spaces-and-refs-is-it-time-to-ditch-raid-for-good/">Archived</a> from the original on 31 January 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 June</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BetaNews&rft.atitle=Windows+Storage+Spaces+and+ReFS%3A+Is+it+time+to+ditch+RAID+for+good%3F&rft.date=2014-01-15&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbetanews.com%2F2014%2F01%2F15%2Fwindows-storage-spaces-and-refs-is-it-time-to-ditch-raid-for-good%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReFS" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oracle.com/technical-resources/articles/it-infrastructure/admin-o11-113-size-zfs-dedup.html">"How To Size Main Memory for ZFS Deduplication"</a>. <i>www.oracle.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 August</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.oracle.com&rft.atitle=How+To+Size+Main+Memory+for+ZFS+Deduplication&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oracle.com%2Ftechnical-resources%2Farticles%2Fit-infrastructure%2Fadmin-o11-113-size-zfs-dedup.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReFS" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://github.com/libyal/libfsrefs">"libyal/libfsrefs"</a>. <i>GitHub</i>. 18 October 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190209093800/https://github.com/libyal/libfsrefs">Archived</a> from the original on 9 February 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 November</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=GitHub&rft.atitle=libyal%2Flibfsrefs&rft.date=2019-10-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgithub.com%2Flibyal%2Flibfsrefs&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReFS" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://github.com/libyal/libfsrefs/tree/main/documentation">"ReFS documentation project - PDF document of the ReFS filing system (direct link)"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/GitHub" title="GitHub">GitHub</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220710230653/https://github.com/libyal/libfsrefs/tree/main/documentation">Archived</a> from the original on 10 July 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 June</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=GitHub&rft.atitle=ReFS+documentation+project+-+PDF+document+of+the+ReFS+filing+system+%28direct+link%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgithub.com%2Flibyal%2Flibfsrefs%2Ftree%2Fmain%2Fdocumentation&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReFS" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=ReFS&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://kx.cloudingenium.com/microsoft/servers/windows-servers/windows-server-2012/windows-server-2012-file-system-resiliency-refs-data-deduplication-ntfs/">Analysis of detailed differences between NTFS and ReFS in Server 2012, and reasons for choosing one or the other</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://github.com/libyal/libfsrefs/tree/main/documentation">ReFS documentation project - PDF document of the ReFS filing system</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl 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style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Advanced_Disc_Filing_System" title="Advanced Disc Filing System">ADFS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AdvFS" title="AdvFS">AdvFS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amiga_Fast_File_System" title="Amiga Fast File System">Amiga FFS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amiga_Old_File_System" title="Amiga Old File System">Amiga OFS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apple_File_System" title="Apple File System">APFS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AtheOS_File_System" class="mw-redirect" title="AtheOS File System">AthFS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bcachefs" title="Bcachefs">bcachefs</a></li> <li>BFS <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Be_File_System" title="Be File System">Be File System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boot_File_System" title="Boot File System">Boot File System</a></li> <li>Byte File System (<a href="/wiki/Z/VM" title="Z/VM">z/VM</a>)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Btrfs" title="Btrfs">Btrfs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/StorNext_File_System" title="StorNext File System">CVFS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CXFS" title="CXFS">CXFS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disc_Filing_System" title="Disc Filing System">DFS</a></li> <li>EFS <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Encrypting_File_System" title="Encrypting File System">Encrypting File System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extent_File_System" title="Extent File System">Extent File System</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Episode_filesystem" title="Episode filesystem">Episode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extended_file_system" title="Extended file system">ext</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ext2" title="Ext2">ext2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ext3" title="Ext3">ext3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ext3cow" title="Ext3cow">ext3cow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ext4" title="Ext4">ext4</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File_Allocation_Table" title="File Allocation Table">FAT</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ExFAT" title="ExFAT">exFAT</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Files-11" title="Files-11">Files-11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fossil_(file_system)" title="Fossil (file system)">Fossil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPFS" title="GPFS">GPFS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HAMMER_(file_system)" title="HAMMER (file system)">HAMMER</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HAMMER2" title="HAMMER2">HAMMER2</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hierarchical_File_System_(Apple)" title="Hierarchical File System (Apple)">HFS</a> (<a href="/wiki/Classic_Mac_OS" title="Classic Mac OS">Classic Mac OS</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hierarchical_File_System_(IBM_MVS)" title="Hierarchical File System (IBM MVS)">HFS</a> (<a href="/wiki/MVS" title="MVS">MVS</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/HFS_Plus" title="HFS Plus">HFS+</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Performance_File_System" title="High Performance File System">HPFS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Throughput_File_System" title="High Throughput File System">HTFS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JFS_(file_system)" title="JFS (file system)">JFS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Log-structured_File_System_(BSD)" title="Log-structured File System (BSD)">LFS</a></li> <li>MFS <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Macintosh_File_System" title="Macintosh File System">Macintosh File System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TiVo_Media_File_System" title="TiVo Media File System">TiVo Media File System</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MINIX_file_system" title="MINIX file system">MINIX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NetWare_File_System" title="NetWare File System">NetWare File System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Next3" title="Next3">Next3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NILFS" title="NILFS">NILFS</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/NILFS" title="NILFS">NILFS2</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novell_Storage_Services" title="Novell Storage Services">NSS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NTFS" title="NTFS">NTFS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OneFS_distributed_file_system" title="OneFS distributed file system">OneFS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OpenZFS" title="OpenZFS">OpenZFS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Professional_File_System" title="Professional File System">PFS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/QFS" title="QFS">QFS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/QNX4FS" title="QNX4FS">QNX4FS</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">ReFS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ReiserFS" title="ReiserFS">ReiserFS</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reiser4" title="Reiser4">Reiser4</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Datalight#Reliance_family" title="Datalight">Reliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Datalight#Reliance_Nitro" title="Datalight">Reliance Nitro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Remote_File_Sharing" title="Remote File Sharing">RFS</a></li> <li>SFS <ul><li>Shared File System (<a href="/wiki/VM_(operating_system)" title="VM (operating system)">VM</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smart_File_System" title="Smart File System">Smart File System</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/StorNext_File_System" title="StorNext File System">SNFS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soup_(Apple)" title="Soup (Apple)">Soup (Apple)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tux3" title="Tux3">Tux3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UBIFS" title="UBIFS">UBIFS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unix_File_System" title="Unix File System">UFS/UFS2</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soft_updates" title="Soft updates">soft updates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Write_Ahead_Physical_Block_Logging" title="Write Ahead Physical Block Logging">WAPBL</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veritas_File_System" title="Veritas File System">VxFS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Write_Anywhere_File_Layout" title="Write Anywhere File Layout">WAFL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xiafs" title="Xiafs">Xiafs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XFS" title="XFS">XFS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xsan" title="Xsan">Xsan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ZFS_(z/OS_file_system)" title="ZFS (z/OS file system)">zFS</a> (<a href="/wiki/Z/OS" title="Z/OS">z/OS</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/ZFS" title="ZFS">ZFS</a> (<a href="/wiki/Sun_Microsystems" title="Sun Microsystems">Sun</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Optical_disc" title="Optical disc">Optical disc</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/High_Sierra_Format" class="mw-redirect" title="High Sierra Format">HSF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_9660" title="ISO 9660">ISO 9660</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_13490" title="ISO 13490">ISO 13490</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_Disk_Format" title="Universal Disk Format">UDF</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Flash_memory" title="Flash memory">Flash memory</a> and <a href="/wiki/Solid-state_drive" title="Solid-state drive">SSD</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apple_File_System" title="Apple File System">APFS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File_Allocation_Table" title="File Allocation Table">FAT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ExFAT" title="ExFAT">exFAT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transaction-Safe_FAT_File_System" title="Transaction-Safe FAT File System">TFAT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EROFS" title="EROFS">EROFS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F2FS" title="F2FS">F2FS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JFS_(file_system)" title="JFS (file system)">JFS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-Volatile_File_System" title="Non-Volatile File System">NVFS</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="host-side_wear_leveling27" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">host-side <a href="/wiki/Wear_leveling" title="Wear leveling">wear leveling</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CHFS" title="CHFS">CHFS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JFFS" title="JFFS">JFFS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JFFS2" title="JFFS2">JFFS2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LogFS" title="LogFS">LogFS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NILFS" title="NILFS">NILFS</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/NILFS" title="NILFS">NILFS2</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/YAFFS" title="YAFFS">YAFFS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UBIFS" title="UBIFS">UBIFS</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Clustered_file_system#Distributed_file_systems" title="Clustered file system">Distributed parallel</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/BeeGFS" title="BeeGFS">BeeGFS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceph_(software)" title="Ceph (software)">Ceph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CXFS" title="CXFS">CXFS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GFS2" title="GFS2">GFS2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_File_System" title="Google File System">Google File System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OCFS2" title="OCFS2">OCFS2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OrangeFS" title="OrangeFS">OrangeFS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parallel_Virtual_File_System" title="Parallel Virtual File System">PVFS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quantcast_File_System" title="Quantcast File System">QFS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xsan" title="Xsan">Xsan</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/List_of_file_systems#Distributed_parallel_file_systems" title="List of file systems">more...</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Network-attached_storage" title="Network-attached storage">NAS</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/9P_(protocol)" title="9P (protocol)">9P</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_File_System" title="Andrew File System">AFS</a> (<a href="/wiki/OpenAFS" title="OpenAFS">OpenAFS</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apple_Filing_Protocol" title="Apple Filing Protocol">AFP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coda_(file_system)" title="Coda (file system)">Coda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distributed_File_System_(Microsoft)" title="Distributed File System (Microsoft)">DFS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_File_System" title="Google File System">Google File System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPFS" title="GPFS">GPFS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lustre_(file_system)" title="Lustre (file system)">Lustre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NetWare_Core_Protocol" title="NetWare Core Protocol">NCP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Network_File_System" title="Network File System">NFS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elliptics" title="Elliptics">POHMELFS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apache_Hadoop" title="Apache Hadoop">Hadoop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Server_Message_Block" title="Server Message Block">SMB (CIFS)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SSHFS" title="SSHFS">SSHFS</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/List_of_file_systems#Distributed_file_systems" title="List of file systems">more...</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Specialized</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aufs" title="Aufs">Aufs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AXFS" title="AXFS">AXFS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boot_File_System" title="Boot File System">Boot File System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compact_Disc_File_System" title="Compact Disc File System">Compact Disc File System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cramfs" title="Cramfs">cramfs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Davfs2" title="Davfs2">Davfs2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EROFS" title="EROFS">EROFS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FTPFS" title="FTPFS">FTPFS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filesystem_in_Userspace" title="Filesystem in Userspace">FUSE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lnfs" title="Lnfs">Lnfs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linear_Tape_File_System" title="Linear Tape File System">LTFS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NOVA_(filesystem)" title="NOVA (filesystem)">NOVA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rational_MultiVersion_File_System" class="mw-redirect" title="Rational MultiVersion File System">MVFS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SquashFS" title="SquashFS">SquashFS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FAT_filesystem_and_Linux" title="FAT filesystem and Linux">UMSDOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OverlayFS" title="OverlayFS">OverlayFS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UnionFS" title="UnionFS">UnionFS</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pseudo</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Configfs" title="Configfs">configfs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Device_file" title="Device file">devfs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Debugfs" title="Debugfs">debugfs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kernfs_(BSD)" title="Kernfs (BSD)">kernfs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Procfs" title="Procfs">procfs</a></li> <li>specfs</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sysfs" title="Sysfs">sysfs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tmpfs" title="Tmpfs">tmpfs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WinFS" title="WinFS">WinFS</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Filesystem-level_encryption" title="Filesystem-level encryption">Encrypted</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ECryptfs" title="ECryptfs">eCryptfs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EncFS" title="EncFS">EncFS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Encrypting_File_System" title="Encrypting File System">EFS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rubberhose_(file_system)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rubberhose (file system)">Rubberhose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SSHFS" title="SSHFS">SSHFS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oracle_ZFS" title="Oracle ZFS">ZFS</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clustered_file_system" title="Clustered file system">Clustered</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Global_file_system" title="Global file system">Global</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grid_file_system" title="Grid file system">Grid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-certifying_File_System" title="Self-certifying File System">Self-certifying</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flash_file_system" title="Flash file system">Flash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Journaling_file_system" title="Journaling file system">Journaling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Log-structured_file_system" title="Log-structured file system">Log-structured</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Object_storage" title="Object storage">Object</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Record-oriented_filesystem" title="Record-oriented filesystem">Record-oriented</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semantic_file_system" title="Semantic file system">Semantic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steganographic_file_system" title="Steganographic file system">Steganographic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synthetic_file_system" title="Synthetic file system">Synthetic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Versioning_file_system" title="Versioning file system">Versioning</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Features</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Case_preservation" title="Case preservation">Case preservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copy-on-write" title="Copy-on-write">Copy-on-write</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_deduplication" title="Data deduplication">Data deduplication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_scrubbing" title="Data scrubbing">Data scrubbing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Execute_in_place" title="Execute in place">Execute in place</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extent_(file_systems)" title="Extent (file systems)">Extent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File_attribute" title="File attribute">File attribute</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Extended_file_attributes" title="Extended file attributes">Extended file attributes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File_change_log" title="File change log">File change log</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fork_(file_system)" title="Fork (file system)">Fork</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inode" title="Inode">Inode</a></li> <li>Links <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hard_link" title="Hard link">Hard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symbolic_link" title="Symbolic link">Symbolic</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Computer_access_control" title="Computer access control">Access control</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Access-control_list" title="Access-control list">Access-control list</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filesystem-level_encryption" title="Filesystem-level encryption">Filesystem-level encryption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File-system_permissions" title="File-system permissions">Permissions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chmod" title="Chmod">Modes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sticky_bit" title="Sticky bit">Sticky bit</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Interface_(computing)" title="Interface (computing)">Interfaces</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/File_manager" title="File manager">File manager</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File_system_API" title="File system API">File system API</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Installable_File_System" title="Installable File System">Installable File System</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtual_file_system" title="Virtual file system">Virtual file system</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_file_systems" title="List of file systems">Lists</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cryptographic_file_systems" title="List of cryptographic file systems">Cryptographic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_default_file_systems" title="List of default file systems">Default</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_log-structured_file_systems" title="List of log-structured file systems">Log-structured</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Layouts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Master_Boot_Record" class="mw-redirect" title="Master Boot Record">Master Boot Record</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GUID_Partition_Table" title="GUID Partition Table">GUID Partition Table</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apple_Partition_Map" title="Apple Partition Map">Apple Partition Map</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Microsoft_Windows_components875" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Microsoft_Windows_components" title="Template:Microsoft Windows components"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Microsoft_Windows_components" title="Template talk:Microsoft Windows components"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Microsoft_Windows_components" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Microsoft Windows components"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Microsoft_Windows_components875" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Microsoft_Windows_components" title="List of Microsoft Windows components">Microsoft Windows components</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Microsoft_Windows_application_programming_interfaces_and_frameworks" title="List of Microsoft Windows application programming interfaces and frameworks">APIs</a></li> <li>Architecture <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Windows_9x" title="Architecture of Windows 9x">9x</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Windows_NT" title="Architecture of Windows NT">NT</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Booting_process_of_Windows" title="Booting process of Windows">Booting process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_games_included_with_Windows" title="List of games included with Windows">Games</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Management<br />tools</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/App_Installer" title="App Installer">App Installer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cmd.exe" title="Cmd.exe">Command Prompt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Control_Panel_(Windows)" title="Control Panel (Windows)">Control Panel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Device_Manager" title="Device Manager">Device Manager</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DirectX_Diagnostic_Tool" title="DirectX Diagnostic Tool">DirectX Diagnostic Tool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disk_Cleanup" title="Disk Cleanup">Disk Cleanup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Drive_Optimizer" title="Microsoft Drive Optimizer">Drive Optimizer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Driver_Verifier" title="Driver Verifier">Driver Verifier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Event_Viewer" title="Event Viewer">Event Viewer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IExpress" title="IExpress">IExpress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Management_Console" title="Microsoft Management Console">Management Console</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Netsh" title="Netsh">Netsh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Performance_Monitor" title="Performance Monitor">Performance Monitor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PowerShell" title="PowerShell">PowerShell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recovery_Console" title="Recovery Console">Recovery Console</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resource_Monitor" title="Resource Monitor">Resource Monitor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Settings_(Windows)" title="Settings (Windows)">Settings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sysprep" title="Sysprep">Sysprep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MSConfig" title="MSConfig">System Configuration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/System_File_Checker" title="System File Checker">System File Checker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/System_Information_(Windows)" title="System Information (Windows)">System Information</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/System_Policy_Editor" title="System Policy Editor">System Policy Editor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/System_Restore" title="System Restore">System Restore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Task_Manager_(Windows)" title="Task Manager (Windows)">Task Manager</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Error_Reporting" title="Windows Error Reporting">Windows Error Reporting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Ink" title="Windows Ink">Windows Ink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Installer" title="Windows Installer">Windows Installer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Update" title="Windows Update">Windows Update</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Insider" title="Windows Insider">Windows Insider</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Preinstallation_Environment#Windows_Recovery_Environment" title="Windows Preinstallation Environment">WinRE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Management_Instrumentation" title="Windows Management Instrumentation">WMI</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Application_software" title="Application software">Apps</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_3D_Viewer" title="Microsoft 3D Viewer">3D Viewer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Calculator" title="Windows Calculator">Calculator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calendar_(Windows)" title="Calendar (Windows)">Calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Camera" title="Windows Camera">Camera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Character_Map_(Windows)" title="Character Map (Windows)">Character Map</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_Art_Search" title="City Art Search">City Art Search</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clipchamp" title="Clipchamp">Clipchamp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Clock" title="Windows Clock">Clock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Copilot" title="Microsoft Copilot">Copilot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Edge" title="Microsoft Edge">Edge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Fax_and_Scan" title="Windows Fax and Scan">Fax and Scan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feedback_Hub" title="Feedback Hub">Feedback Hub</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Get_Help" title="Get Help">Get Help</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnifier_(Windows)" title="Magnifier (Windows)">Magnifier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mail_(Windows)" title="Mail (Windows)">Mail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Maps" title="Windows Maps">Maps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Media_Player" title="Windows Media Player">Media Player</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Media_Player_(2022)" title="Windows Media Player (2022)">2022</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Mesh" title="Microsoft Mesh">Mesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Messaging" title="Microsoft Messaging">Messaging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Mobility_Center" title="Windows Mobility Center">Mobility Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MSN#Money" title="MSN">Money</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Movies_%26_TV" title="Microsoft Movies & TV">Movies & TV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narrator_(Windows)" title="Narrator (Windows)">Narrator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Notepad" title="Windows Notepad">Notepad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OneDrive" title="OneDrive">OneDrive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_OneNote" title="Microsoft OneNote">OneNote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Paint" title="Microsoft Paint">Paint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_PC_Manager" title="Microsoft PC Manager">PC Manager</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People_(Windows)" title="People (Windows)">People</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phone_Link" title="Phone Link">Phone Link</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photos_(Windows)" title="Photos (Windows)">Photos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quick_Assist" title="Quick Assist">Quick Assist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Remote_Desktop_Connection" class="mw-redirect" title="Remote Desktop Connection">Remote Desktop Connection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skype" title="Skype">Skype</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snipping_Tool" title="Snipping Tool">Snipping Tool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Speech_Recognition" title="Windows Speech Recognition">Speech Recognition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MSN#Sports" title="MSN">Sports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Start" title="Microsoft Start">Start</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sticky_Notes" title="Sticky Notes">Sticky Notes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Store" title="Microsoft Store">Store</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Tips" title="Microsoft Tips">Tips</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sound_Recorder_(Windows)" title="Sound Recorder (Windows)">Voice Recorder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MSN#Weather" title="MSN">Weather</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Whiteboard" title="Microsoft Whiteboard">Whiteboard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xbox_(app)" title="Xbox (app)">Xbox</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Windows_shell" title="Windows shell">Shell</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Action_Center" title="Action Center">Action Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Aero" title="Windows Aero">Aero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AutoPlay" title="AutoPlay">AutoPlay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AutoRun" title="AutoRun">AutoRun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ClearType" title="ClearType">ClearType</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File_Explorer" title="File Explorer">Explorer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Search" title="Windows Search">Search</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/IFilter" title="IFilter">IFilter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indexing_Service" title="Indexing Service">Indexing Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Shell_namespace" title="Windows Shell namespace">Namespace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtual_folder#Windows" title="Virtual folder">Saved search</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_folder" title="Special folder">Special folder</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Start_menu" title="Start menu">Start menu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Task_View" title="Task View">Task View</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taskbar" title="Taskbar">Taskbar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Spotlight" title="Windows Spotlight">Windows Spotlight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_XP_visual_styles" title="Windows XP visual styles">Windows XP visual styles</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Windows_service" title="Windows service">Services</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Background_Intelligent_Transfer_Service" title="Background Intelligent Transfer Service">BITS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_Log_File_System" title="Common Log File System">CLFS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Error_Reporting" title="Windows Error Reporting">Error Reporting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multimedia_Class_Scheduler_Service" title="Multimedia Class Scheduler Service">Multimedia Class Scheduler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Service_Control_Manager" title="Service Control Manager">Service Control Manager</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shadow_Copy" title="Shadow Copy">Shadow Copy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Task_Scheduler" title="Windows Task Scheduler">Task Scheduler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wireless_Zero_Configuration" title="Wireless Zero Configuration">Wireless Zero Configuration</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/File_system" title="File system">File systems</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ISO_9660" title="ISO 9660">CDFS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distributed_File_System_(Microsoft)" title="Distributed File System (Microsoft)">DFS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ExFAT" title="ExFAT">exFAT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File_Allocation_Table" title="File Allocation Table">FAT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Installable_File_System" title="Installable File System">IFS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NTFS" title="NTFS">NTFS</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Encrypting_File_System" title="Encrypting File System">EFS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hard_link" title="Hard link">Hard link</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NTFS_links" title="NTFS links">links</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NTFS_volume_mount_point" title="NTFS volume mount point">Mount Point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NTFS_reparse_point" title="NTFS reparse point">Reparse point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transactional_NTFS" title="Transactional NTFS">TxF</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">ReFS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_Disk_Format" title="Universal Disk Format">UDF</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Server_(computing)" title="Server (computing)">Server</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Active_Directory" title="Active Directory">Active Directory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Active_Directory_Rights_Management_Services" title="Active Directory Rights Management Services">Active DRM Services</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File_Replication_Service" title="File Replication Service">DFS Replication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Distributed_Transaction_Coordinator" title="Microsoft Distributed Transaction Coordinator">Distributed Transaction Coordinator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_DNS" title="Microsoft DNS">DNS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_domain" title="Windows domain">Domains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folder_redirection" title="Folder redirection">Folder redirection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_Policy" title="Group Policy">Group Policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyper-V" title="Hyper-V">Hyper-V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_Information_Services" title="Internet Information Services">IIS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Message_Queuing" title="Microsoft Message Queuing">MSMQ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Network_Access_Protection" title="Network Access Protection">Network Access Protection</a></li> <li>Print Services for UNIX</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Personal_Web_Server" title="Microsoft Personal Web Server">PWS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Remote_Desktop_Services" title="Remote Desktop Services">Remote Desktop Services</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Remote_Differential_Compression" title="Remote Differential Compression">Remote Differential Compression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Remote_Installation_Services" title="Remote Installation Services">Remote Installation Services</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roaming_user_profile" title="Roaming user profile">Roaming user profiles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Server_Core" title="Server Core">Server Core</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SharePoint" title="SharePoint">SharePoint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_System_Resource_Manager" title="Windows System Resource Manager">System Resource Manager</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Deployment_Services" title="Windows Deployment Services">Windows Deployment Services</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Media_Services" title="Windows Media Services">Windows Media Services</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Server_Update_Services" title="Windows Server Update Services">WSUS</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Software_architecture" title="Software architecture">Architecture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Boot_Manager" title="Windows Boot Manager">Boot Manager</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Console" title="Windows Console">Console</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Client/Server_Runtime_Subsystem" title="Client/Server Runtime Subsystem">CSRSS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desktop_Window_Manager" title="Desktop Window Manager">Desktop Window Manager</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enhanced_Write_Filter" title="Enhanced Write Filter">Enhanced Write Filter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graphics_Device_Interface" title="Graphics Device Interface">Graphics Device Interface</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Windows_library_files#Hardware_Abstraction_Layer" title="Microsoft Windows library files">Hardware Abstraction Layer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/I/O_request_packet" title="I/O request packet">I/O request packet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Imaging_Format" title="Windows Imaging Format">Imaging Format</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kernel_Transaction_Manager" title="Kernel Transaction Manager">Kernel Transaction Manager</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Windows_library_files" title="Microsoft Windows library files">Library files</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logical_Disk_Manager" title="Logical Disk Manager">Logical Disk Manager</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Local_Security_Authority_Subsystem_Service" title="Local Security Authority Subsystem Service">LSASS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MinWin" title="MinWin">MinWin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NTLDR" title="NTLDR">NTLDR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ntoskrnl.exe" title="Ntoskrnl.exe">Ntoskrnl.exe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Object_Manager" title="Object Manager">Object Manager</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_XML_Paper_Specification" title="Open XML Paper Specification">Open XML Paper Specification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portable_Executable" title="Portable Executable">Portable Executable</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dynamic-link_library" title="Dynamic-link library">DLL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/.exe" title=".exe">EXE</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Registry" title="Windows Registry">Registry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Resource_Protection" title="Windows Resource Protection">Resource Protection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Security_Account_Manager" title="Security Account Manager">Security Account Manager</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Server_Message_Block" title="Server Message Block">Server Message Block</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shadow_Copy" title="Shadow Copy">Shadow Copy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Session_Manager_Subsystem" title="Session Manager Subsystem">SMSS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/System_Idle_Process" title="System Idle Process">System Idle Process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_USER" title="Windows USER">USER</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Hardware_Error_Architecture" title="Windows Hardware Error Architecture">WHEA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winlogon" title="Winlogon">Winlogon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WinUSB" title="WinUSB">WinUSB</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Security</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Security_and_Maintenance" title="Security and Maintenance">Security and Maintenance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AppLocker" title="AppLocker">AppLocker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BitLocker" title="BitLocker">BitLocker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Credential_Guard" title="Credential Guard">Credential Guard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_Execution_Prevention" class="mw-redirect" title="Data Execution Prevention">Data Execution Prevention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Defender_Antivirus" title="Microsoft Defender Antivirus">Defender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_family_features" title="Microsoft family features">Family features</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kernel_Patch_Protection" title="Kernel Patch Protection">Kernel Patch Protection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandatory_Integrity_Control" title="Mandatory Integrity Control">Mandatory Integrity Control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protected_Media_Path" title="Protected Media Path">Protected Media Path</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/User_Account_Control" title="User Account Control">User Account Control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/User_Interface_Privilege_Isolation" title="User Interface Privilege Isolation">User Interface Privilege Isolation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Firewall" title="Windows Firewall">Windows Firewall</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Compatibility</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/COMMAND.COM" title="COMMAND.COM">COMMAND.COM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Subsystem_for_Linux" title="Windows Subsystem for Linux">Windows Subsystem for Linux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WoW64" title="WoW64">WoW64</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/API" title="API">API</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Active_Scripting" title="Active Scripting">Active Scripting</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/JScript" title="JScript">JScript</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VBScript" title="VBScript">VBScript</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Script_Host" title="Windows Script Host">WSH</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Component_Object_Model" title="Component Object Model">COM</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ActiveX" title="ActiveX">ActiveX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ActiveX_Document" title="ActiveX Document">ActiveX Document</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COM_Structured_Storage" title="COM Structured Storage">COM Structured storage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distributed_Component_Object_Model" title="Distributed Component Object Model">DCOM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Object_Linking_and_Embedding" title="Object Linking and Embedding">OLE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OLE_Automation" title="OLE Automation">OLE Automation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Transaction_Server" title="Microsoft Transaction Server">Transaction Server</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DirectX" title="DirectX">DirectX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Native_API" title="Windows Native API">Native</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/.NET" title=".NET">.NET</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_Windows_Platform" title="Universal Windows Platform">Universal Windows Platform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_API" title="Windows API">WinAPI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Mixed_Reality" title="Windows Mixed Reality">Windows Mixed Reality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Runtime" title="Windows Runtime">Windows Runtime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WinUSB" title="WinUSB">WinUSB</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Video_game" title="Video game">Games</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Solitaire_Collection" title="Microsoft Solitaire Collection">Solitaire Collection</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Surf_(video_game)" title="Surf (video game)">Surf</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Discontinued</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Games</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Full_Tilt!_Pinball#3D_Pinball_for_Windows_–_Space_Cadet" title="Full Tilt! Pinball">3D Pinball</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Chess_Titans" title="Chess Titans">Chess Titans</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_FreeCell" title="Microsoft FreeCell">FreeCell</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Hearts" title="Microsoft Hearts">Hearts</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Windows_Ultimate_Extras" title="Windows Ultimate Extras">Hold 'Em</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/InkBall" title="InkBall">InkBall</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Purble_Place" title="Purble Place">Purble Place</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Solitaire" title="Microsoft Solitaire">Solitaire</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Spider_Solitaire" title="Microsoft Spider Solitaire">Spider Solitaire</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Tinker" title="Microsoft Tinker">Tinker</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Apps</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ActiveMovie" title="ActiveMovie">ActiveMovie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Address_Book" title="Windows Address Book">Address Book</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Anytime_Upgrade" title="Windows Anytime Upgrade">Anytime Upgrade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Backup_and_Restore" title="Backup and Restore">Backup and Restore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cardfile" title="Cardfile">Cardfile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_CardSpace" title="Windows CardSpace">CardSpace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CD_Player_(Windows)" title="CD Player (Windows)">CD Player</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Chat" title="Windows Chat">Chat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Contacts" title="Windows Contacts">Contacts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cortana_(virtual_assistant)" title="Cortana (virtual assistant)">Cortana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Desktop_Gadgets" title="Windows Desktop Gadgets">Desktop Gadgets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Diagnostics" title="Microsoft Diagnostics">Diagnostics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DriveSpace" title="DriveSpace">DriveSpace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_DVD_Maker" title="Windows DVD Maker">DVD Maker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Easy_Transfer" title="Windows Easy Transfer">Easy Transfer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Edge_Legacy" title="Microsoft Edge Legacy">Edge Legacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Fax" class="mw-redirect" title="Microsoft Fax">Fax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MSN_Food_%26_Drink" class="mw-redirect" title="MSN Food & Drink">Food & Drink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Groove_Music" title="Groove Music">Groove Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MSN_Health_%26_Fitness" class="mw-redirect" title="MSN Health & Fitness">Health & Fitness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help_and_Support_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="Help and Support Center">Help and Support Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HyperACCESS" title="HyperACCESS">HyperTerminal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imaging_for_Windows" title="Imaging for Windows">Imaging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_Explorer" title="Internet Explorer">Internet Explorer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Journal" title="Windows Journal">Journal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Make_Compatible" title="Make Compatible">Make Compatible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Media_Center" title="Windows Media Center">Media Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Meeting_Space" title="Windows Meeting Space">Meeting Space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Messaging" title="Windows Messaging">Messaging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Messenger" title="Windows Messenger">Messenger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Mobile_Device_Center" title="Windows Mobile Device Center">Mobile Device Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Movie_Maker" title="Windows Movie Maker">Movie Maker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MSN_Dial-up" title="MSN Dial-up">MSN Dial-up</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_NetMeeting" title="Microsoft NetMeeting">NetMeeting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NTBackup" title="NTBackup">NTBackup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outlook_Express" title="Outlook Express">Outlook Express</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paint_3D" title="Paint 3D">Paint 3D</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Pay" title="Microsoft Pay">Pay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phone_Companion" title="Phone Companion">Phone Companion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Photo_Gallery" title="Windows Photo Gallery">Photo Gallery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Photo_Viewer" title="Windows Photo Viewer">Photo Viewer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Program_Manager" title="Program Manager">Program Manager</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Problem_Steps_Recorder" class="mw-redirect" title="Problem Steps Recorder">Steps Recorder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syskey" title="Syskey">Syskey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Travel_(Windows)" class="mw-redirect" title="Travel (Windows)">Travel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WinHelp" title="WinHelp">WinHelp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WordPad" title="WordPad">WordPad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Write" title="Microsoft Write">Write</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Desktop_Cleanup_Wizard" title="Desktop Cleanup Wizard">Desktop Cleanup Wizard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_File_Protection" title="Windows File Protection">File Protection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Games_for_Windows" title="Games for Windows">Games for Windows</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Performance_File_System" title="High Performance File System">HPFS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interix" title="Interix">Interix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_Control_Interface" title="Media Control Interface">Media Control Interface</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MS-DOS_7" title="MS-DOS 7">MS-DOS 7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Next-Generation_Secure_Computing_Base" title="Next-Generation Secure Computing Base">Next-Generation Secure Computing Base</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_POSIX_subsystem" title="Microsoft POSIX subsystem">POSIX subsystem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_ScanDisk" title="Microsoft ScanDisk">ScanDisk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_for_Windows" title="Video for Windows">Video for Windows</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtual_DOS_machine" title="Virtual DOS machine">Virtual DOS machine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_on_Windows" title="Windows on Windows">Windows on Windows</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Services_for_UNIX" title="Windows Services for UNIX">Windows Services for UNIX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_SideShow" title="Windows SideShow">Windows SideShow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_System_Assessment_Tool" title="Windows System Assessment Tool">Windows System Assessment Tool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_To_Go" title="Windows To Go">Windows To Go</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WinFS" title="WinFS">WinFS</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Spun off to<br /><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Store" title="Microsoft Store">Microsoft Store</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/DVD_Player_(Windows)" title="DVD Player (Windows)">DVD Player</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_File_Manager" title="Windows File Manager">File Manager</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hover!" title="Hover!">Hover!</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Mahjong" title="Microsoft Mahjong">Mahjong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Minesweeper" title="Microsoft Minesweeper">Minesweeper</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" 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