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overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis; -webkit-line-clamp: 3; -webkit-box-orient: vertical; }</style><div class="col-xs-12 clearfix"><div class="u-floatLeft"><h1 class="PageHeader-title u-m0x u-fs30">Prefrontal Cortex</h1><div class="u-tcGrayDark">7,039 Followers</div><div class="u-tcGrayDark u-mt2x">Recent papers in <b>Prefrontal Cortex</b></div></div></div></div></div></div><div class="TabbedNavigation"><div class="container"><div class="row"><div class="col-xs-12 clearfix"><ul class="nav u-m0x u-p0x list-inline u-displayFlex"><li class="active"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Prefrontal_Cortex">Top Papers</a></li><li><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Prefrontal_Cortex/MostCited">Most Cited Papers</a></li><li><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Prefrontal_Cortex/MostDownloaded">Most Downloaded Papers</a></li><li><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Prefrontal_Cortex/MostRecent">Newest Papers</a></li><li><a class="" href="https://www.academia.edu/People/Prefrontal_Cortex">People</a></li></ul></div><style type="text/css">ul.nav{flex-direction:row}@media(max-width: 567px){ul.nav{flex-direction:column}.TabbedNavigation li{max-width:100%}.TabbedNavigation li.active{background-color:var(--background-grey, #dddde2)}.TabbedNavigation li.active:before,.TabbedNavigation li.active:after{display:none}}</style></div></div></div><div class="container"><div class="row"><div class="col-xs-12"><div class="u-displayFlex"><div class="u-flexGrow1"><div class="works"><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_16028874 coauthored" data-work_id="16028874" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/16028874/Age_related_neural_activity_during_allocentric_spatial_memory">Age-related neural activity during allocentric spatial memory</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Age-related decline in allocentric (viewer-independent) spatial memory is seen across species. We employed a virtual reality analogue of the Morris Water Maze to study the effect of healthy ageing on neural activity during allocentric... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_16028874" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Age-related decline in allocentric (viewer-independent) spatial memory is seen across species. We employed a virtual reality analogue of the Morris Water Maze to study the effect of healthy ageing on neural activity during allocentric spatial memory using functional magnetic resonance imaging. Voxelbased morphometry was used to ascertain hippocampal volumetric integrity. A widespread neural network comprising frontal, parietal, occipital, thalamic, and cerebellar regions was activated in young and older adults, but only young adults significantly activated bilateral hippocampus and left parahippocampus, as well as right frontal pole and dorso-lateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) during encoding and right DLPC during retrieval. Hippocampal grey matter volume was unchanged in older adults; however, prefrontal and parahippocampal functional attenuation was accompanied by volumetric reduction. We conclude that the decline in allocentric spatial memory with age is associated with attenuated hippocampal function, as well as compromised function and structure of prefrontal and parahippocampal regions.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/16028874" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="d6cdcf697ff90f36196983fd424a870e" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":42779626,"asset_id":16028874,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/42779626/download_file?st=MTczOTc4NDAyNSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="35169112" href="https://independent.academia.edu/AntonovaE">Elena Antonova</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="35169112" type="text/json">{"id":35169112,"first_name":"Elena","last_name":"Antonova","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"AntonovaE","display_name":"Elena Antonova","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/AntonovaE?f_ri=28576","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/35169112/11366284/12679209/s65_elena.antonova.jpg"}</script></span></span><span class="u-displayInlineBlock InlineList-item-text"> and <span class="u-textDecorationUnderline u-clickable InlineList-item-text js-work-more-authors-16028874">+1</span><div class="hidden js-additional-users-16028874"><div><span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a href="https://independent.academia.edu/DParslow">D. 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We employed a virtual reality analogue of the Morris Water Maze to study the effect of healthy ageing on neural activity during allocentric spatial memory using functional magnetic resonance imaging. Voxelbased morphometry was used to ascertain hippocampal volumetric integrity. A widespread neural network comprising frontal, parietal, occipital, thalamic, and cerebellar regions was activated in young and older adults, but only young adults significantly activated bilateral hippocampus and left parahippocampus, as well as right frontal pole and dorso-lateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) during encoding and right DLPC during retrieval. Hippocampal grey matter volume was unchanged in older adults; however, prefrontal and parahippocampal functional attenuation was accompanied by volumetric reduction. We conclude that the decline in allocentric spatial memory with age is associated with attenuated hippocampal function, as well as compromised function and structure of prefrontal and parahippocampal regions.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":42779626,"asset_id":16028874,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":35169112,"first_name":"Elena","last_name":"Antonova","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"AntonovaE","display_name":"Elena Antonova","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/AntonovaE?f_ri=28576","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/35169112/11366284/12679209/s65_elena.antonova.jpg"},{"id":35238931,"first_name":"D.","last_name":"Parslow","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"DParslow","display_name":"D. 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Cortex","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Prefrontal_Cortex?f_ri=28576"},{"id":46858,"name":"Memory","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Memory?f_ri=28576"},{"id":50642,"name":"Virtual Reality","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Virtual_Reality?f_ri=28576"},{"id":52176,"name":"Brain Mapping","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Brain_Mapping?f_ri=28576"},{"id":57556,"name":"Hippocampus","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Hippocampus?f_ri=28576"},{"id":103265,"name":"Voxel Based Morphometry","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Voxel_Based_Morphometry?f_ri=28576"},{"id":133057,"name":"Young Adult","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Young_Adult?f_ri=28576"},{"id":289271,"name":"Aged","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Aged?f_ri=28576"},{"id":413194,"name":"Analysis of Variance","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Analysis_of_Variance?f_ri=28576"},{"id":806178,"name":"Older 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study</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/7673915" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="a92e89b7b499ef2c7c1c3297002d530d" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":34207835,"asset_id":7673915,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/34207835/download_file?st=MTczOTc4NDAyNSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i 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u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="2349" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Semantics">Semantics</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="2349" type="text/json">{"id":2349,"name":"Semantics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Semantics?f_ri=28576","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="6200" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Magnetic_Resonance_Imaging">Magnetic Resonance Imaging</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="6200" type="text/json">{"id":6200,"name":"Magnetic Resonance Imaging","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Magnetic_Resonance_Imaging?f_ri=28576","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="28576" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Prefrontal_Cortex">Prefrontal Cortex</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="28576" type="text/json">{"id":28576,"name":"Prefrontal 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Cortex","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Entorhinal_Cortex?f_ri=28576"},{"id":979686,"name":"Human Subjects","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Human_Subjects?f_ri=28576"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_13588373" data-work_id="13588373" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/13588373/Attention_deficit_hyperactivity_disorder_characteristics_interventions_and_models">Attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder: characteristics, interventions and models</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">An epidemiological study of Attention Deficit / Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) suggests that the prevalence may be two to three times higher than the figure of 3 ± 5% often cited. In addition, the data suggest that both underdiagnosis and... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_13588373" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">An epidemiological study of Attention Deficit / Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) suggests that the prevalence may be two to three times higher than the figure of 3 ± 5% often cited. In addition, the data suggest that both underdiagnosis and overdiagnosis occur frequently. Rodent animal models of ADHD, like the Spontaneously Hypertensive Rat (SHR) and other rat models such as those with chemical and radiationinduced brain lesions and cerebellar stunting, and the Coloboma mouse model exhibit clear similarities with several aspects of the human disorder and should prove useful in studying specific traits. Operant behavioral tasks that model learning, short -term memory and simple discriminations are sensitive to ADHD and methylphenidate has been shown to normalize ADHD performance in a short -term memory task. Recent findings challenge not only the current postulate that response inhibition is a unique deficit in ADHD, but also the concepts of ADHD and its treatment, which presume intact perceptual abilities. Time perception deficits may account, in part, for the excessive variability in motor response times on speeded reaction time tasks, motor control problems and motor clumsiness associated with ADHD. The Multimodality Treatment Study of ADHD (MTA) provided data suggesting that pharmacological interventions that included systematic and frequent follow -up with parents and teachers, with or without psychosocial interventions, are superior to psychosocial interventions or standard community care alone. Additionally, the MTA was one of the first studies to demonstrate benefits of multimodal and pharmacological interventions lasting longer than 1 year. Imaging studies have demonstrated differences in brain areas in children with ADHD: anterior corpus callosum, right anterior white matter, and cerebellar volumes are all decreased in children with ADHD and there is less brain asymmetry in ADHD subjects. Additionally, functional imaging studies, coupled with pharmacological manipulations, suggest decreased blood flow and energy utilization in prefrontal cortex and striatum, and the dysregulation of catecholamine systems in persons with ADHD. D (M.G. Paule).</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/13588373" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="e9b5549b0e056fcf6a996f37ab939fd9" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":45181846,"asset_id":13588373,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/45181846/download_file?st=MTczOTc4NDAyNSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="32766183" href="https://uams.academia.edu/MerlePaule">Merle Paule</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="32766183" type="text/json">{"id":32766183,"first_name":"Merle","last_name":"Paule","domain_name":"uams","page_name":"MerlePaule","display_name":"Merle Paule","profile_url":"https://uams.academia.edu/MerlePaule?f_ri=28576","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_13588373 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="13588373"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 13588373, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_13588373", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_13588373 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 13588373; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_13588373"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_13588373 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="13588373"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 13588373; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=13588373]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_13588373").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_13588373").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="13588373"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">30</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="237" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cognitive_Science">Cognitive Science</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="237" type="text/json">{"id":237,"name":"Cognitive Science","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cognitive_Science?f_ri=28576","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="1314" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Anxiety_Disorders">Anxiety Disorders</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="1314" type="text/json">{"id":1314,"name":"Anxiety Disorders","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Anxiety_Disorders?f_ri=28576","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="2350" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Attention-Deficit_Hyperactivity_Disorder">Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="2350" type="text/json">{"id":2350,"name":"Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Attention-Deficit_Hyperactivity_Disorder?f_ri=28576","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="8735" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Motor_Control">Motor Control</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="8735" type="text/json">{"id":8735,"name":"Motor Control","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Motor_Control?f_ri=28576","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=13588373]'), work: {"id":13588373,"title":"Attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder: characteristics, interventions and models","created_at":"2015-07-03T08:09:42.807-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/13588373/Attention_deficit_hyperactivity_disorder_characteristics_interventions_and_models?f_ri=28576","dom_id":"work_13588373","summary":"An epidemiological study of Attention Deficit / Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) suggests that the prevalence may be two to three times higher than the figure of 3 ± 5% often cited. In addition, the data suggest that both underdiagnosis and overdiagnosis occur frequently. Rodent animal models of ADHD, like the Spontaneously Hypertensive Rat (SHR) and other rat models such as those with chemical and radiationinduced brain lesions and cerebellar stunting, and the Coloboma mouse model exhibit clear similarities with several aspects of the human disorder and should prove useful in studying specific traits. Operant behavioral tasks that model learning, short -term memory and simple discriminations are sensitive to ADHD and methylphenidate has been shown to normalize ADHD performance in a short -term memory task. Recent findings challenge not only the current postulate that response inhibition is a unique deficit in ADHD, but also the concepts of ADHD and its treatment, which presume intact perceptual abilities. Time perception deficits may account, in part, for the excessive variability in motor response times on speeded reaction time tasks, motor control problems and motor clumsiness associated with ADHD. The Multimodality Treatment Study of ADHD (MTA) provided data suggesting that pharmacological interventions that included systematic and frequent follow -up with parents and teachers, with or without psychosocial interventions, are superior to psychosocial interventions or standard community care alone. Additionally, the MTA was one of the first studies to demonstrate benefits of multimodal and pharmacological interventions lasting longer than 1 year. Imaging studies have demonstrated differences in brain areas in children with ADHD: anterior corpus callosum, right anterior white matter, and cerebellar volumes are all decreased in children with ADHD and there is less brain asymmetry in ADHD subjects. Additionally, functional imaging studies, coupled with pharmacological manipulations, suggest decreased blood flow and energy utilization in prefrontal cortex and striatum, and the dysregulation of catecholamine systems in persons with ADHD. D (M.G. Paule).","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":45181846,"asset_id":13588373,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":32766183,"first_name":"Merle","last_name":"Paule","domain_name":"uams","page_name":"MerlePaule","display_name":"Merle Paule","profile_url":"https://uams.academia.edu/MerlePaule?f_ri=28576","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":237,"name":"Cognitive Science","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cognitive_Science?f_ri=28576","nofollow":true},{"id":1314,"name":"Anxiety Disorders","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Anxiety_Disorders?f_ri=28576","nofollow":true},{"id":2350,"name":"Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Attention-Deficit_Hyperactivity_Disorder?f_ri=28576","nofollow":true},{"id":8735,"name":"Motor Control","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Motor_Control?f_ri=28576","nofollow":true},{"id":21902,"name":"Time Perception","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Time_Perception?f_ri=28576"},{"id":22506,"name":"Adolescent","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Adolescent?f_ri=28576"},{"id":28576,"name":"Prefrontal Cortex","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Prefrontal_Cortex?f_ri=28576"},{"id":51688,"name":"Neurotoxicology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Neurotoxicology?f_ri=28576"},{"id":52762,"name":"Response Inhibition","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Response_Inhibition?f_ri=28576"},{"id":64933,"name":"Child","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Child?f_ri=28576"},{"id":65614,"name":"Corpus Callosum","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Corpus_Callosum?f_ri=28576"},{"id":67516,"name":"Affective Disorders","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Affective_Disorders?f_ri=28576"},{"id":77794,"name":"Major Depressive Disorder","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Major_Depressive_Disorder?f_ri=28576"},{"id":100946,"name":"Functional Imaging","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Functional_Imaging?f_ri=28576"},{"id":119665,"name":"Reaction Time","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Reaction_Time?f_ri=28576"},{"id":123230,"name":"Regression Analysis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Regression_Analysis?f_ri=28576"},{"id":130338,"name":"Attention Deficit Disorder","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Attention_Deficit_Disorder?f_ri=28576"},{"id":151951,"name":"Animal Model","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Animal_Model?f_ri=28576"},{"id":157943,"name":"Depressive Disorder","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Depressive_Disorder?f_ri=28576"},{"id":323415,"name":"Mouse Model","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mouse_Model?f_ri=28576"},{"id":362036,"name":"White matter","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/White_matter?f_ri=28576"},{"id":426588,"name":"Blood Flow","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Blood_Flow?f_ri=28576"},{"id":437772,"name":"Odds ratio","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Odds_ratio?f_ri=28576"},{"id":522464,"name":"Short Term Memory","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Short_Term_Memory?f_ri=28576"},{"id":732354,"name":"Rat Model","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Rat_Model?f_ri=28576"},{"id":784971,"name":"Community Care","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Community_Care?f_ri=28576"},{"id":1034181,"name":"Cross Sectional Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cross_Sectional_Studies?f_ri=28576"},{"id":1035843,"name":"Spontaneously Hypertensive Rat","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Spontaneously_Hypertensive_Rat?f_ri=28576"},{"id":1036777,"name":"Epidemiologic Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Epidemiologic_Studies?f_ri=28576"},{"id":1239755,"name":"Neurosciences","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Neurosciences?f_ri=28576"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_14552771" data-work_id="14552771" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/14552771/Psychobiological_mechanisms_underlying_the_social_buffering_of_the_hypothalamic_pituitary_adrenocortical_axis_A_review_of_animal_models_and_human_studies_across_development">Psychobiological mechanisms underlying the social buffering of the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenocortical axis: A review of animal models and human studies across development</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Discovering the stress-buffering effects of social relationships has been one of the major findings in psychobiology in the last century. However, an understanding of the underlying neurobiological and psychological mechanisms of this... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_14552771" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Discovering the stress-buffering effects of social relationships has been one of the major findings in psychobiology in the last century. However, an understanding of the underlying neurobiological and psychological mechanisms of this buffering is only beginning to emerge. An important avenue of this research concerns the neurocircuitry that can regulate the activity of the hypothalamic-pituitaryadrenocortical (HPA) axis. The present review is a translational effort aimed at integrating animal models and human studies of the social regulation of the HPA axis from infancy to adulthood, specifically focusing on the process that has been named social buffering. This process has been noted across species and consists of a dampened HPA axis stress response to threat or challenge that occurs with the presence or assistance of a conspecific. We describe aspects of the relevant underlying neurobiology when enough information exists and expose major gaps in our understanding across all domains of the literatures we aimed to integrate. We provide a working conceptual model focused on the role of oxytocinergic systems and prefrontal neural networks as 2 of the putative biological mediators of this process, and propose that the role of early experiences is critical in shaping later social buffering effects. This synthesis points to both general future directions and specific experiments that need to be conducted to build a more comprehensive model of the HPA social buffering effect across the life span that incorporates multiple levels of analysis: neuroendocrine, behavioral, and social.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/14552771" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="7360d6cf7043a63454cd9135d6be6ebd" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":39641366,"asset_id":14552771,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/39641366/download_file?st=MTczOTc4NDAyNSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="33516616" href="https://northwestern.academia.edu/CameliaHostinar">Camelia Hostinar</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="33516616" type="text/json">{"id":33516616,"first_name":"Camelia","last_name":"Hostinar","domain_name":"northwestern","page_name":"CameliaHostinar","display_name":"Camelia Hostinar","profile_url":"https://northwestern.academia.edu/CameliaHostinar?f_ri=28576","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/33516616/9907370/11045758/s65_camelia.hostinar.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_14552771 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="14552771"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 14552771, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_14552771", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_14552771 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 14552771; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_14552771"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_14552771 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="14552771"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 14552771; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=14552771]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_14552771").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_14552771").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="14552771"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">6</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="252" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Developmental_Psychology">Developmental Psychology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="252" type="text/json">{"id":252,"name":"Developmental Psychology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Developmental_Psychology?f_ri=28576","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="28576" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Prefrontal_Cortex">Prefrontal Cortex</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="28576" type="text/json">{"id":28576,"name":"Prefrontal Cortex","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Prefrontal_Cortex?f_ri=28576","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="53735" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Oxytocin">Oxytocin</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="53735" type="text/json">{"id":53735,"name":"Oxytocin","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Oxytocin?f_ri=28576","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="58431" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cortisol">Cortisol</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="58431" type="text/json">{"id":58431,"name":"Cortisol","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cortisol?f_ri=28576","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=14552771]'), work: {"id":14552771,"title":"Psychobiological mechanisms underlying the social buffering of the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenocortical axis: A review of animal models and human studies across development","created_at":"2015-08-01T10:58:55.152-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/14552771/Psychobiological_mechanisms_underlying_the_social_buffering_of_the_hypothalamic_pituitary_adrenocortical_axis_A_review_of_animal_models_and_human_studies_across_development?f_ri=28576","dom_id":"work_14552771","summary":"Discovering the stress-buffering effects of social relationships has been one of the major findings in psychobiology in the last century. However, an understanding of the underlying neurobiological and psychological mechanisms of this buffering is only beginning to emerge. An important avenue of this research concerns the neurocircuitry that can regulate the activity of the hypothalamic-pituitaryadrenocortical (HPA) axis. The present review is a translational effort aimed at integrating animal models and human studies of the social regulation of the HPA axis from infancy to adulthood, specifically focusing on the process that has been named social buffering. This process has been noted across species and consists of a dampened HPA axis stress response to threat or challenge that occurs with the presence or assistance of a conspecific. We describe aspects of the relevant underlying neurobiology when enough information exists and expose major gaps in our understanding across all domains of the literatures we aimed to integrate. We provide a working conceptual model focused on the role of oxytocinergic systems and prefrontal neural networks as 2 of the putative biological mediators of this process, and propose that the role of early experiences is critical in shaping later social buffering effects. This synthesis points to both general future directions and specific experiments that need to be conducted to build a more comprehensive model of the HPA social buffering effect across the life span that incorporates multiple levels of analysis: neuroendocrine, behavioral, and social.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":39641366,"asset_id":14552771,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":33516616,"first_name":"Camelia","last_name":"Hostinar","domain_name":"northwestern","page_name":"CameliaHostinar","display_name":"Camelia Hostinar","profile_url":"https://northwestern.academia.edu/CameliaHostinar?f_ri=28576","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/33516616/9907370/11045758/s65_camelia.hostinar.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":252,"name":"Developmental Psychology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Developmental_Psychology?f_ri=28576","nofollow":true},{"id":28576,"name":"Prefrontal Cortex","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Prefrontal_Cortex?f_ri=28576","nofollow":true},{"id":53735,"name":"Oxytocin","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Oxytocin?f_ri=28576","nofollow":true},{"id":58431,"name":"Cortisol","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cortisol?f_ri=28576","nofollow":true},{"id":131835,"name":"HPA axis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/HPA_axis?f_ri=28576"},{"id":622557,"name":"SOCIAL RELATIONSHIPS","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/SOCIAL_RELATIONSHIPS?f_ri=28576"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_8449549" data-work_id="8449549" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/8449549/Executive_functioning_differences_between_adults_with_attention_deficit_hyperactivity_disorder_and_autistic_spectrum_disorder_in_initiation_planning_and_strategy_formation">Executive functioning differences between adults with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and autistic spectrum disorder in initiation, planning and strategy formation</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Executive functioning deficits characterize the neuropsychological profiles of the childhood neurodevelopmental disorders of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and autistic spectrum disorder (ASD). This study sought to... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_8449549" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Executive functioning deficits characterize the neuropsychological profiles of the childhood neurodevelopmental disorders of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and autistic spectrum disorder (ASD). This study sought to determine whether similar impairments exist in adults with ADHD (N = 53) and ASD (N = 45) in comparison with a healthy control group (N = 31), whether the two disorders can be distinguished on the basis of their executive functioning features, and whether these impairments are related to symptom severity. Both clinical groups were found to exhibit executive functioning deficits. The ADHD group had difficulty withholding a response, with relative preservation of initiation and planning abilities. In contrast, the ASD group exhibited significant impairments in initiation, planning and strategy formation. The specific executive functioning deficits were related to severity of response inhibition impairments in ADHD and stereotyped, repetitive behaviours in ASD. These findings suggest the autism</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/8449549" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="9f5f2de96ae181f9aae288bc3ec0aea9" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":48092053,"asset_id":8449549,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/48092053/download_file?st=MTczOTc4NDAyNSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="17171635" href="https://ucd.academia.edu/JessicaBramham">Jessica Bramham</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="17171635" type="text/json">{"id":17171635,"first_name":"Jessica","last_name":"Bramham","domain_name":"ucd","page_name":"JessicaBramham","display_name":"Jessica Bramham","profile_url":"https://ucd.academia.edu/JessicaBramham?f_ri=28576","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_8449549 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="8449549"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 8449549, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_8449549", }); 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=8449549]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_8449549").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_8449549").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="8449549"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">21</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="221" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Psychology">Psychology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="221" type="text/json">{"id":221,"name":"Psychology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Psychology?f_ri=28576","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="237" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cognitive_Science">Cognitive Science</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="237" type="text/json">{"id":237,"name":"Cognitive Science","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cognitive_Science?f_ri=28576","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="2249" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Autism">Autism</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="2249" type="text/json">{"id":2249,"name":"Autism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Autism?f_ri=28576","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="2350" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Attention-Deficit_Hyperactivity_Disorder">Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="2350" type="text/json">{"id":2350,"name":"Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Attention-Deficit_Hyperactivity_Disorder?f_ri=28576","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=8449549]'), work: {"id":8449549,"title":"Executive functioning differences between adults with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and autistic spectrum disorder in initiation, planning and strategy formation","created_at":"2014-09-22T21:32:02.987-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/8449549/Executive_functioning_differences_between_adults_with_attention_deficit_hyperactivity_disorder_and_autistic_spectrum_disorder_in_initiation_planning_and_strategy_formation?f_ri=28576","dom_id":"work_8449549","summary":"Executive functioning deficits characterize the neuropsychological profiles of the childhood neurodevelopmental disorders of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and autistic spectrum disorder (ASD). This study sought to determine whether similar impairments exist in adults with ADHD (N = 53) and ASD (N = 45) in comparison with a healthy control group (N = 31), whether the two disorders can be distinguished on the basis of their executive functioning features, and whether these impairments are related to symptom severity. Both clinical groups were found to exhibit executive functioning deficits. The ADHD group had difficulty withholding a response, with relative preservation of initiation and planning abilities. In contrast, the ASD group exhibited significant impairments in initiation, planning and strategy formation. The specific executive functioning deficits were related to severity of response inhibition impairments in ADHD and stereotyped, repetitive behaviours in ASD. These findings suggest the autism","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":48092053,"asset_id":8449549,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":17171635,"first_name":"Jessica","last_name":"Bramham","domain_name":"ucd","page_name":"JessicaBramham","display_name":"Jessica Bramham","profile_url":"https://ucd.academia.edu/JessicaBramham?f_ri=28576","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":221,"name":"Psychology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Psychology?f_ri=28576","nofollow":true},{"id":237,"name":"Cognitive Science","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cognitive_Science?f_ri=28576","nofollow":true},{"id":2249,"name":"Autism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Autism?f_ri=28576","nofollow":true},{"id":2350,"name":"Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Attention-Deficit_Hyperactivity_Disorder?f_ri=28576","nofollow":true},{"id":4212,"name":"Cognition","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cognition?f_ri=28576"},{"id":7736,"name":"Attention","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Attention?f_ri=28576"},{"id":28576,"name":"Prefrontal Cortex","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Prefrontal_Cortex?f_ri=28576"},{"id":33732,"name":"Executive Function","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Executive_Function?f_ri=28576"},{"id":46271,"name":"Strategy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Strategy?f_ri=28576"},{"id":47813,"name":"Planning","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Planning?f_ri=28576"},{"id":52762,"name":"Response Inhibition","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Response_Inhibition?f_ri=28576"},{"id":119665,"name":"Reaction Time","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Reaction_Time?f_ri=28576"},{"id":208996,"name":"Cognitive processes","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cognitive_processes?f_ri=28576"},{"id":546419,"name":"Age Factors","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Age_Factors?f_ri=28576"},{"id":844352,"name":"Neurodevelopmental Disorder Autism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Neurodevelopmental_Disorder_Autism?f_ri=28576"},{"id":1257483,"name":"Frontal Lobe","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Frontal_Lobe?f_ri=28576"},{"id":1627527,"name":"Cognition disorders","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cognition_disorders?f_ri=28576"},{"id":2003836,"name":"Asd","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Asd?f_ri=28576"},{"id":2463800,"name":"Severity of Illness Index","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Severity_of_Illness_Index?f_ri=28576"},{"id":2467548,"name":"Neuropsychological Tests","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Neuropsychological_Tests?f_ri=28576"},{"id":2489699,"name":"Autistic disorder","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Autistic_disorder?f_ri=28576"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_15182118" data-work_id="15182118" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/15182118/Onset_related_differences_in_neural_substrates_of_tinnitus_related_distress_the_anterior_cingulate_cortex_in_late_onset_tinnitus_and_the_frontal_cortex_in_early_onset_tinnitus">Onset-related differences in neural substrates of tinnitus-related distress: the anterior cingulate cortex in late-onset tinnitus, and the frontal cortex in early-onset tinnitus</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Recent findings regarding differences in tinnitus-related neural activity according to onset age have raised a question on possible onset age-related differences in neural substrates of distress. Hence we collected quantitative... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_15182118" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Recent findings regarding differences in tinnitus-related neural activity according to onset age have raised a question on possible onset age-related differences in neural substrates of distress. Hence we collected quantitative electroencephalography (qEEG) findings of 28 late-onset tinnitus (LOT) and 29 early-onset tinnitus (EOT) (mean onset age 52.3 and 29.0 years, respectively) participants. According to the tinnitus questionnaire (TQ) score grade, LOTs were then subdivided into 13 high distress (HD; TQ grade 3 or 4) and 15 low distress (LD; TQ grade 1 or 2), while EOTs into 14 HD and 15 LD. Compared to the EOT group, the LOT group demonstrated increased qEEG source-localized activity and functional connectivity primarily in the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) and parahippocampus. In subgroup comparisons, the ACC was activated more in HD-LOT participants than in LD-LOT participants for the beta 1, beta 2 and gamma frequency bands, while the left orbitofrontal cortex and left dors...</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/15182118" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="0677c560302e053d9b0b4d0f799a74aa" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":43490382,"asset_id":15182118,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/43490382/download_file?st=MTczOTc4NDAyNSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="34239583" href="https://independent.academia.edu/SvenVanneste">Sven Vanneste</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="34239583" type="text/json">{"id":34239583,"first_name":"Sven","last_name":"Vanneste","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"SvenVanneste","display_name":"Sven Vanneste","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/SvenVanneste?f_ri=28576","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_15182118 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="15182118"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 15182118, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_15182118", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_15182118 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 15182118; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_15182118"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_15182118 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="15182118"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 15182118; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=15182118]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_15182118").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_15182118").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="15182118"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">11</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="237" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cognitive_Science">Cognitive Science</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="237" type="text/json">{"id":237,"name":"Cognitive Science","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cognitive_Science?f_ri=28576","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="5069" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Principal_Component_Analysis">Principal Component Analysis</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="5069" type="text/json">{"id":5069,"name":"Principal Component Analysis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Principal_Component_Analysis?f_ri=28576","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="10904" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Electroencephalography">Electroencephalography</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="10904" type="text/json">{"id":10904,"name":"Electroencephalography","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Electroencephalography?f_ri=28576","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="28576" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Prefrontal_Cortex">Prefrontal Cortex</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="28576" type="text/json">{"id":28576,"name":"Prefrontal Cortex","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Prefrontal_Cortex?f_ri=28576","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=15182118]'), work: {"id":15182118,"title":"Onset-related differences in neural substrates of tinnitus-related distress: the anterior cingulate cortex in late-onset tinnitus, and the frontal cortex in early-onset tinnitus","created_at":"2015-08-25T20:45:50.032-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/15182118/Onset_related_differences_in_neural_substrates_of_tinnitus_related_distress_the_anterior_cingulate_cortex_in_late_onset_tinnitus_and_the_frontal_cortex_in_early_onset_tinnitus?f_ri=28576","dom_id":"work_15182118","summary":"Recent findings regarding differences in tinnitus-related neural activity according to onset age have raised a question on possible onset age-related differences in neural substrates of distress. Hence we collected quantitative electroencephalography (qEEG) findings of 28 late-onset tinnitus (LOT) and 29 early-onset tinnitus (EOT) (mean onset age 52.3 and 29.0 years, respectively) participants. According to the tinnitus questionnaire (TQ) score grade, LOTs were then subdivided into 13 high distress (HD; TQ grade 3 or 4) and 15 low distress (LD; TQ grade 1 or 2), while EOTs into 14 HD and 15 LD. Compared to the EOT group, the LOT group demonstrated increased qEEG source-localized activity and functional connectivity primarily in the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) and parahippocampus. In subgroup comparisons, the ACC was activated more in HD-LOT participants than in LD-LOT participants for the beta 1, beta 2 and gamma frequency bands, while the left orbitofrontal cortex and left dors...","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":43490382,"asset_id":15182118,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":34239583,"first_name":"Sven","last_name":"Vanneste","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"SvenVanneste","display_name":"Sven Vanneste","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/SvenVanneste?f_ri=28576","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":237,"name":"Cognitive Science","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cognitive_Science?f_ri=28576","nofollow":true},{"id":5069,"name":"Principal Component Analysis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Principal_Component_Analysis?f_ri=28576","nofollow":true},{"id":10904,"name":"Electroencephalography","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Electroencephalography?f_ri=28576","nofollow":true},{"id":28576,"name":"Prefrontal Cortex","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Prefrontal_Cortex?f_ri=28576","nofollow":true},{"id":52176,"name":"Brain Mapping","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Brain_Mapping?f_ri=28576"},{"id":61516,"name":"Evoked Potentials","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Evoked_Potentials?f_ri=28576"},{"id":62841,"name":"Tinnitus","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Tinnitus?f_ri=28576"},{"id":133057,"name":"Young Adult","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Young_Adult?f_ri=28576"},{"id":186234,"name":"Medical Physiology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Medical_Physiology?f_ri=28576"},{"id":1239755,"name":"Neurosciences","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Neurosciences?f_ri=28576"},{"id":1489115,"name":"Age of Onset","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Age_of_Onset?f_ri=28576"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_12782485" data-work_id="12782485" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/12782485/Plasticity_and_functions_of_the_orbital_frontal_cortex">Plasticity and functions of the orbital frontal cortex</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">We compare the effects of psychoactive drugs such as morphine and amphetamine on the synaptic organization of neurons in the orbital frontal (OFC) and medial frontal (mPFC) regions in the rat. Both regions are altered chronically by... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_12782485" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">We compare the effects of psychoactive drugs such as morphine and amphetamine on the synaptic organization of neurons in the orbital frontal (OFC) and medial frontal (mPFC) regions in the rat. Both regions are altered chronically by exposure to intermittent doses of either drug but the effects are area-dependent. For example, whereas morphine produces increased spine density in OFC but decreased spine density in mPFC. The differential response of the OFC and mPFC to drugs is paralleled by an areal-dependent effect of gonadal hormones on these regions as well: males have greater dendritic arborization in the mPFC whereas females have a greater arborization in the OFC. We also compared the effects of neonatal injury to the OFC and mPFC on cognitive, motor, and social behaviors as well as on the anatomical organization of the remaining brain. Again, there were differential effects of the treatments to the OFC and mPFC. Neonatal OFC lesions allowed virtually complete functional recovery of cognitive and motor behaviors, which was correlated with mild abnormalities in cerebral development compared to the more severe deficits and morphological sequelea following mPFC lesions at the same ages. One exception was the effect of OFC on social behavior, which was severe regardless of whether the injury was in infancy or adulthood. It is proposed that both drug-induced and developmental abnormalities in the integrity of OFC neurons may lead to deficits in social behavior or other behavioral pathologies, possibly including depression.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/12782485" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="555d591869968cebc537ce935f0d5ae0" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":45937080,"asset_id":12782485,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/45937080/download_file?st=MTczOTc4NDAyNSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="31842318" href="https://uleth.academia.edu/BryanKolb">Bryan Kolb</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="31842318" type="text/json">{"id":31842318,"first_name":"Bryan","last_name":"Kolb","domain_name":"uleth","page_name":"BryanKolb","display_name":"Bryan Kolb","profile_url":"https://uleth.academia.edu/BryanKolb?f_ri=28576","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/31842318/34498984/30297780/s65_bryan.kolb.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_12782485 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="12782485"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 12782485, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_12782485", }); 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Both regions are altered chronically by exposure to intermittent doses of either drug but the effects are area-dependent. For example, whereas morphine produces increased spine density in OFC but decreased spine density in mPFC. The differential response of the OFC and mPFC to drugs is paralleled by an areal-dependent effect of gonadal hormones on these regions as well: males have greater dendritic arborization in the mPFC whereas females have a greater arborization in the OFC. We also compared the effects of neonatal injury to the OFC and mPFC on cognitive, motor, and social behaviors as well as on the anatomical organization of the remaining brain. Again, there were differential effects of the treatments to the OFC and mPFC. Neonatal OFC lesions allowed virtually complete functional recovery of cognitive and motor behaviors, which was correlated with mild abnormalities in cerebral development compared to the more severe deficits and morphological sequelea following mPFC lesions at the same ages. One exception was the effect of OFC on social behavior, which was severe regardless of whether the injury was in infancy or adulthood. It is proposed that both drug-induced and developmental abnormalities in the integrity of OFC neurons may lead to deficits in social behavior or other behavioral pathologies, possibly including depression.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":45937080,"asset_id":12782485,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":31842318,"first_name":"Bryan","last_name":"Kolb","domain_name":"uleth","page_name":"BryanKolb","display_name":"Bryan Kolb","profile_url":"https://uleth.academia.edu/BryanKolb?f_ri=28576","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/31842318/34498984/30297780/s65_bryan.kolb.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":221,"name":"Psychology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Psychology?f_ri=28576","nofollow":true},{"id":237,"name":"Cognitive Science","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cognitive_Science?f_ri=28576","nofollow":true},{"id":28576,"name":"Prefrontal Cortex","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Prefrontal_Cortex?f_ri=28576","nofollow":true},{"id":41819,"name":"Brain and Cognition","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Brain_and_Cognition?f_ri=28576","nofollow":true},{"id":53331,"name":"Social behavior","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Social_behavior?f_ri=28576"},{"id":132020,"name":"Neuronal Plasticity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Neuronal_Plasticity?f_ri=28576"},{"id":134352,"name":"Frontal Cortex","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Frontal_Cortex?f_ri=28576"},{"id":193974,"name":"Neurons","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Neurons?f_ri=28576"},{"id":375054,"name":"Rats","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Rats?f_ri=28576"},{"id":400537,"name":"Functional Recovery","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Functional_Recovery?f_ri=28576"},{"id":628583,"name":"Social Behavior","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Social_Behavior-1?f_ri=28576"},{"id":1239755,"name":"Neurosciences","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Neurosciences?f_ri=28576"},{"id":1257483,"name":"Frontal Lobe","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Frontal_Lobe?f_ri=28576"},{"id":1291623,"name":"Motor Behavior","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Motor_Behavior?f_ri=28576"},{"id":1592877,"name":"Orbit","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Orbit?f_ri=28576"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_32813338" data-work_id="32813338" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/32813338/The_Neural_Basis_of_Age_Related_Changes_in_Motor_Imagery_of_Gait_An_fMRI_Study">The Neural Basis of Age-Related Changes in Motor Imagery of Gait: An fMRI Study</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Aging is often associated with modifications of gait. Recent studies have revealed a strong relationship between gait and executive functions in healthy and pathological aging. We hypothesized that modification of gait due to aging may be... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_32813338" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Aging is often associated with modifications of gait. Recent studies have revealed a strong relationship between gait and executive functions in healthy and pathological aging. We hypothesized that modification of gait due to aging may be related to changes in frontal lobe function.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/32813338" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="038f0575934a6666ef2632d890b79f18" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":52964109,"asset_id":32813338,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/52964109/download_file?st=MTczOTc4NDAyNSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="63830000" href="https://independent.academia.edu/MeulenM">M. van der Meulen</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="63830000" type="text/json">{"id":63830000,"first_name":"M. van der","last_name":"Meulen","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"MeulenM","display_name":"M. van der Meulen","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/MeulenM?f_ri=28576","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_32813338 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="32813338"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 32813338, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_32813338", }); 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Recent studies have revealed a strong relationship between gait and executive functions in healthy and pathological aging. We hypothesized that modification of gait due to aging may be related to changes in frontal lobe function.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":52964109,"asset_id":32813338,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":63830000,"first_name":"M. van der","last_name":"Meulen","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"MeulenM","display_name":"M. van der Meulen","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/MeulenM?f_ri=28576","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":6200,"name":"Magnetic Resonance Imaging","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Magnetic_Resonance_Imaging?f_ri=28576","nofollow":true},{"id":6791,"name":"Aging","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Aging?f_ri=28576","nofollow":true},{"id":28576,"name":"Prefrontal Cortex","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Prefrontal_Cortex?f_ri=28576","nofollow":true},{"id":33732,"name":"Executive 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Stimulation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Transcranial_Magnetic_Stimulation?f_ri=28576","nofollow":true},{"id":28576,"name":"Prefrontal Cortex","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Prefrontal_Cortex?f_ri=28576","nofollow":true},{"id":52176,"name":"Brain Mapping","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Brain_Mapping?f_ri=28576","nofollow":true},{"id":61474,"name":"Brain","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Brain?f_ri=28576"},{"id":73606,"name":"World","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/World?f_ri=28576"},{"id":133057,"name":"Young Adult","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Young_Adult?f_ri=28576"},{"id":244814,"name":"Clinical Sciences","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Clinical_Sciences?f_ri=28576"},{"id":1239755,"name":"Neurosciences","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Neurosciences?f_ri=28576"},{"id":1888321,"name":"Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Dorsolateral_Prefrontal_Cortex?f_ri=28576"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_12649873" data-work_id="12649873" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/12649873/Impaired_Hierarchical_Control_Within_the_Lateral_Prefrontal_Cortex_in_Schizophrenia">Impaired Hierarchical Control Within the Lateral Prefrontal Cortex in Schizophrenia</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">In schizophrenia, disturbances of cognitive control have been associated with impaired functional specialization within the lateral prefrontal cortex (LPFC), but little is known about the functional interactions between specialized LPFC... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_12649873" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">In schizophrenia, disturbances of cognitive control have been associated with impaired functional specialization within the lateral prefrontal cortex (LPFC), but little is known about the functional interactions between specialized LPFC subregions. Here, we addressed this question with a recent model that describes the LPFC functioning as a cascade of control processes along a rostrocaudal axis, whereby anterior frontal regions influence the processing in posterior frontal regions to guide action selection on the basis of the temporal structure of information.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/12649873" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="9228b7273048b2432930c7bb0af0ba6c" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":46028985,"asset_id":12649873,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/46028985/download_file?st=MTczOTc4NDAyNSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="31635258" href="https://independent.academia.edu/PhilippeDomenech">Philippe Domenech</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="31635258" type="text/json">{"id":31635258,"first_name":"Philippe","last_name":"Domenech","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"PhilippeDomenech","display_name":"Philippe Domenech","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/PhilippeDomenech?f_ri=28576","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_12649873 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="12649873"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 12649873, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_12649873", }); 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Here, we addressed this question with a recent model that describes the LPFC functioning as a cascade of control processes along a rostrocaudal axis, whereby anterior frontal regions influence the processing in posterior frontal regions to guide action selection on the basis of the temporal structure of information.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":46028985,"asset_id":12649873,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":31635258,"first_name":"Philippe","last_name":"Domenech","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"PhilippeDomenech","display_name":"Philippe Domenech","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/PhilippeDomenech?f_ri=28576","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":1026,"name":"Psychophysiology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Psychophysiology?f_ri=28576","nofollow":true},{"id":3227,"name":"Schizophrenia","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Schizophrenia?f_ri=28576","nofollow":true},{"id":6200,"name":"Magnetic Resonance Imaging","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Magnetic_Resonance_Imaging?f_ri=28576","nofollow":true},{"id":28576,"name":"Prefrontal Cortex","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Prefrontal_Cortex?f_ri=28576","nofollow":true},{"id":47884,"name":"Biological Sciences","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biological_Sciences?f_ri=28576"},{"id":49600,"name":"Biological Psychiatry","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biological_Psychiatry?f_ri=28576"},{"id":52176,"name":"Brain Mapping","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Brain_Mapping?f_ri=28576"},{"id":117643,"name":"Biological","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biological?f_ri=28576"},{"id":124951,"name":"Effective Connectivity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Effective_Connectivity?f_ri=28576"},{"id":142889,"name":"Mental processes","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mental_processes?f_ri=28576"},{"id":704401,"name":"Neural pathways","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Neural_pathways?f_ri=28576"},{"id":1621567,"name":"Hierarchical Control","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Hierarchical_Control?f_ri=28576"},{"id":1819399,"name":"Case Control Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Case_Control_Studies?f_ri=28576"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_23438765" data-work_id="23438765" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/23438765/Activation_of_5_HT6_receptors_inhibits_corticostriatal_glutamatergic_transmission">Activation of 5-HT6 receptors inhibits corticostriatal glutamatergic transmission</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">We investigated the effect of 5-HT6 receptor subtype activation on glutamatergic transmission by means of whole-cell patch-clamp electrophysiological recordings from medium spiny neurons of the striatum and layer V pyramidal neurons of... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_23438765" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">We investigated the effect of 5-HT6 receptor subtype activation on glutamatergic transmission by means of whole-cell patch-clamp electrophysiological recordings from medium spiny neurons of the striatum and layer V pyramidal neurons of the prefrontal cortex. To this aim, we took advantage of a novel ligand, ST1936, showing nM affinity and agonist activity at the 5-HT6 receptor subtype. Our data show that 5-HT6 receptor activation by ST1936 reduces the frequency of spontaneous excitatory postsynaptic currents, with an IC50 of 1.3 mM. Moreover, 5-HT6 receptor activation also reduced the amplitude of spontaneous excitatory postsynaptic currents recorded from medium spiny neurons, suggesting a mechanism of action involving postsynaptic 5-HT6 receptors,as further confirmed by the paired-pulse analysis on evoked excitatory postsynaptic currents and by recordings of miniature glutamatergic events. The inhibitory effect of ST1936 on glutamatergic transmission was prevented by the selective 5-HT6 receptor antagonist SB258585 and mimicked by a different agonist, WAY-181187.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/23438765" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="6b96355cf9163ae5346c59b11970d587" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":43881181,"asset_id":23438765,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/43881181/download_file?st=MTczOTc4NDAyNSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="45353419" href="https://independent.academia.edu/VitaDaniela">Daniela Vita</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="45353419" type="text/json">{"id":45353419,"first_name":"Daniela","last_name":"Vita","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"VitaDaniela","display_name":"Daniela Vita","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/VitaDaniela?f_ri=28576","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_23438765 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="23438765"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 23438765, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_23438765", }); 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=23438765]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_23438765").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_23438765").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="23438765"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">16</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="221" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Psychology">Psychology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="221" type="text/json">{"id":221,"name":"Psychology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Psychology?f_ri=28576","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="2007" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Electrophysiology">Electrophysiology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="2007" type="text/json">{"id":2007,"name":"Electrophysiology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Electrophysiology?f_ri=28576","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="7955" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Neuropharmacology">Neuropharmacology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="7955" type="text/json">{"id":7955,"name":"Neuropharmacology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Neuropharmacology?f_ri=28576","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="28576" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Prefrontal_Cortex">Prefrontal Cortex</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="28576" type="text/json">{"id":28576,"name":"Prefrontal Cortex","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Prefrontal_Cortex?f_ri=28576","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=23438765]'), work: {"id":23438765,"title":"Activation of 5-HT6 receptors inhibits corticostriatal glutamatergic transmission","created_at":"2016-03-19T00:59:16.900-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/23438765/Activation_of_5_HT6_receptors_inhibits_corticostriatal_glutamatergic_transmission?f_ri=28576","dom_id":"work_23438765","summary":"We investigated the effect of 5-HT6 receptor subtype activation on glutamatergic transmission by means of whole-cell patch-clamp electrophysiological recordings from medium spiny neurons of the striatum and layer V pyramidal neurons of the prefrontal cortex. To this aim, we took advantage of a novel ligand, ST1936, showing nM affinity and agonist activity at the 5-HT6 receptor subtype. Our data show that 5-HT6 receptor activation by ST1936 reduces the frequency of spontaneous excitatory postsynaptic currents, with an IC50 of 1.3 mM. Moreover, 5-HT6 receptor activation also reduced the amplitude of spontaneous excitatory postsynaptic currents recorded from medium spiny neurons, suggesting a mechanism of action involving postsynaptic 5-HT6 receptors,as further confirmed by the paired-pulse analysis on evoked excitatory postsynaptic currents and by recordings of miniature glutamatergic events. The inhibitory effect of ST1936 on glutamatergic transmission was prevented by the selective 5-HT6 receptor antagonist SB258585 and mimicked by a different agonist, WAY-181187.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":43881181,"asset_id":23438765,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":45353419,"first_name":"Daniela","last_name":"Vita","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"VitaDaniela","display_name":"Daniela Vita","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/VitaDaniela?f_ri=28576","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":221,"name":"Psychology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Psychology?f_ri=28576","nofollow":true},{"id":2007,"name":"Electrophysiology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Electrophysiology?f_ri=28576","nofollow":true},{"id":7955,"name":"Neuropharmacology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Neuropharmacology?f_ri=28576","nofollow":true},{"id":28576,"name":"Prefrontal Cortex","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Prefrontal_Cortex?f_ri=28576","nofollow":true},{"id":51565,"name":"Serotonin","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Serotonin?f_ri=28576"},{"id":78467,"name":"Cerebral Cortex","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cerebral_Cortex?f_ri=28576"},{"id":114550,"name":"Cortex","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cortex?f_ri=28576"},{"id":176503,"name":"Synaptic Transmission","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Synaptic_Transmission?f_ri=28576"},{"id":312279,"name":"Serotonin Receptors","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Serotonin_Receptors?f_ri=28576"},{"id":375054,"name":"Rats","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Rats?f_ri=28576"},{"id":564879,"name":"Wistar Rats","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Wistar_Rats?f_ri=28576"},{"id":725615,"name":"Mechanism of action","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mechanism_of_action?f_ri=28576"},{"id":1239755,"name":"Neurosciences","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Neurosciences?f_ri=28576"},{"id":1292998,"name":"Glutamic Acid","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Glutamic_Acid?f_ri=28576"},{"id":1893986,"name":"Whole cell Patch-Clamp","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Whole_cell_Patch-Clamp?f_ri=28576"},{"id":2367569,"name":"Excitatory Postsynaptic Potentials","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Excitatory_Postsynaptic_Potentials?f_ri=28576"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_15173692" data-work_id="15173692" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/15173692/M%C3%A9moire_%C3%A9motionnelle_du_soi">Mémoire émotionnelle du soi</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest">Les émotions structurent la mémoire autobiographique (MA) en distinguant les événements importants pour le soi narratif, c'est-à-dire pour la poursuite de buts à long terme.</div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/15173692" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="9b0b4f2c01cd4a199a14c761d1d1afe2" rel="nofollow" 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type="text/json">{"id":34224227,"first_name":"Cédric","last_name":"Lemogne","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"CédricLemogne","display_name":"Cédric Lemogne","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/C%C3%A9dricLemogne?f_ri=28576","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_15173692 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="15173692"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 15173692, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_15173692", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_15173692 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 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$(".js-view-count-work_15173692").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="15173692"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">5</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="221" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Psychology">Psychology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="221" type="text/json">{"id":221,"name":"Psychology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Psychology?f_ri=28576","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="28576" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Prefrontal_Cortex">Prefrontal Cortex</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="28576" type="text/json">{"id":28576,"name":"Prefrontal Cortex","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Prefrontal_Cortex?f_ri=28576","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="29866" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Autobiographical_Memory">Autobiographical Memory</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="29866" type="text/json">{"id":29866,"name":"Autobiographical Memory","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Autobiographical_Memory?f_ri=28576","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="244814" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Clinical_Sciences">Clinical Sciences</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="244814" type="text/json">{"id":244814,"name":"Clinical Sciences","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Clinical_Sciences?f_ri=28576","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=15173692]'), work: {"id":15173692,"title":"Mémoire émotionnelle du soi","created_at":"2015-08-25T09:30:31.788-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/15173692/M%C3%A9moire_%C3%A9motionnelle_du_soi?f_ri=28576","dom_id":"work_15173692","summary":"Les émotions structurent la mémoire autobiographique (MA) en distinguant les événements importants pour le soi narratif, c'est-à-dire pour la poursuite de buts à long terme.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":43500242,"asset_id":15173692,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":34224227,"first_name":"Cédric","last_name":"Lemogne","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"CédricLemogne","display_name":"Cédric Lemogne","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/C%C3%A9dricLemogne?f_ri=28576","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":221,"name":"Psychology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Psychology?f_ri=28576","nofollow":true},{"id":28576,"name":"Prefrontal Cortex","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Prefrontal_Cortex?f_ri=28576","nofollow":true},{"id":29866,"name":"Autobiographical Memory","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Autobiographical_Memory?f_ri=28576","nofollow":true},{"id":244814,"name":"Clinical Sciences","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Clinical_Sciences?f_ri=28576","nofollow":true},{"id":311947,"name":"Major Depression","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Major_Depression?f_ri=28576"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_81296535" data-work_id="81296535" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/81296535/Medial_prefrontal_cortex_neuronal_circuits_in_fear_behavior">Medial prefrontal cortex neuronal circuits in fear behavior</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">The medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) has emerged as a key structure involved in the modulation of fear behavior over the past few decades. Anatomical, functional and electrophysiological studies have begun to shed light on the precise... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_81296535" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">The medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) has emerged as a key structure involved in the modulation of fear behavior over the past few decades. Anatomical, functional and electrophysiological studies have begun to shed light on the precise mechanisms by which different prefrontal regions regulate the expression and inhibition of fear behavior. These studies have established a canonical view of mPFC functions during fear behavior with dorsal regions selectively involved in the expression of fear behavior and ventral regions linked to the inhibition of fear behavior. Although numerous reports support this view, recent data have refined this model and suggested that dorsal prefrontal regions might also play an important role in the encoding of fear behavior itself. The recent development of sophisticated approaches such as large scale neuronal recordings, simultaneous multisite recordings of spiking activity and local field potentials (LFPs) along with optogenetic approaches will facilitate the testing of these new hypotheses in the near future. Here we provide an extensive review of the literature on the role of mPFC in fear behavior and propose further directions to dissect the contribution of specific prefrontal neuronal elements and circuits in the regulation of fear behavior.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/81296535" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="d6645d6104f7416ecf5b9167a951e984" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":87390546,"asset_id":81296535,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/87390546/download_file?st=MTczOTc4NDAyNSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="183157194" href="https://independent.academia.edu/herrycyril">cyril herry</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="183157194" type="text/json">{"id":183157194,"first_name":"cyril","last_name":"herry","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"herrycyril","display_name":"cyril herry","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/herrycyril?f_ri=28576","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_81296535 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="81296535"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 81296535, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_81296535", }); 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=81296535]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_81296535").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_81296535").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="81296535"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">13</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="161" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Neuroscience">Neuroscience</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="161" type="text/json">{"id":161,"name":"Neuroscience","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Neuroscience?f_ri=28576","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="221" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Psychology">Psychology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="221" type="text/json">{"id":221,"name":"Psychology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Psychology?f_ri=28576","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="3931" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Fear">Fear</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="3931" type="text/json">{"id":3931,"name":"Fear","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Fear?f_ri=28576","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="26327" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Medicine">Medicine</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="26327" type="text/json">{"id":26327,"name":"Medicine","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Medicine?f_ri=28576","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=81296535]'), work: {"id":81296535,"title":"Medial prefrontal cortex neuronal circuits in fear behavior","created_at":"2022-06-12T06:18:47.915-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/81296535/Medial_prefrontal_cortex_neuronal_circuits_in_fear_behavior?f_ri=28576","dom_id":"work_81296535","summary":"The medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) has emerged as a key structure involved in the modulation of fear behavior over the past few decades. Anatomical, functional and electrophysiological studies have begun to shed light on the precise mechanisms by which different prefrontal regions regulate the expression and inhibition of fear behavior. These studies have established a canonical view of mPFC functions during fear behavior with dorsal regions selectively involved in the expression of fear behavior and ventral regions linked to the inhibition of fear behavior. Although numerous reports support this view, recent data have refined this model and suggested that dorsal prefrontal regions might also play an important role in the encoding of fear behavior itself. The recent development of sophisticated approaches such as large scale neuronal recordings, simultaneous multisite recordings of spiking activity and local field potentials (LFPs) along with optogenetic approaches will facilitate the testing of these new hypotheses in the near future. Here we provide an extensive review of the literature on the role of mPFC in fear behavior and propose further directions to dissect the contribution of specific prefrontal neuronal elements and circuits in the regulation of fear behavior.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":87390546,"asset_id":81296535,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":183157194,"first_name":"cyril","last_name":"herry","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"herrycyril","display_name":"cyril herry","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/herrycyril?f_ri=28576","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":161,"name":"Neuroscience","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Neuroscience?f_ri=28576","nofollow":true},{"id":221,"name":"Psychology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Psychology?f_ri=28576","nofollow":true},{"id":3931,"name":"Fear","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Fear?f_ri=28576","nofollow":true},{"id":26327,"name":"Medicine","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Medicine?f_ri=28576","nofollow":true},{"id":28576,"name":"Prefrontal Cortex","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Prefrontal_Cortex?f_ri=28576"},{"id":69762,"name":"Pl","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Pl?f_ri=28576"},{"id":73356,"name":"CS","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/CS?f_ri=28576"},{"id":146188,"name":"Ac","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ac?f_ri=28576"},{"id":167036,"name":"Fear conditioning","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Fear_conditioning?f_ri=28576"},{"id":177250,"name":"ERK","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/ERK?f_ri=28576"},{"id":193974,"name":"Neurons","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Neurons?f_ri=28576"},{"id":473566,"name":"LTP","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/LTP?f_ri=28576"},{"id":1239755,"name":"Neurosciences","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Neurosciences?f_ri=28576"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_78423373" data-work_id="78423373" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/78423373/Prefrontal_Plasticity_and_Stress_Inoculation_Induced_Resilience">Prefrontal Plasticity and Stress Inoculation-Induced Resilience</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">scribed as inoculating, immunizing, steeling, toughening, or thriving , the notion that mild early life stress induces the development of resilience is further supported by longitudinal studies of nonhuman primates. Squirrel monkey... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_78423373" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">scribed as inoculating, immunizing, steeling, toughening, or thriving , the notion that mild early life stress induces the development of resilience is further supported by longitudinal studies of nonhuman primates. Squirrel monkey mothers and other group members periodically leave newly weaned offspring beginning at 3-6 months of age to forage for food on their own . Initially, brief intermittent separations studied in controlled experimental conditions elicit distress peep calls and increase plasma levels of cortisol with partial habituation of these measures of arousal observed over repeated social separations . Later in life, monkeys exposed to intermittent separations show fewer behavioral indications of anxiety, increased exploration of novel situations, and diminished stress levels of cortisol compared to agematched monkeys not exposed to prior separations . These behavioral and hormonal outcomes reflect a nonspecific form of stress inoculation as exposure to one type of early life stress enhances subsequent arousal regulation and resilience in coping with different stressors encountered later in life. Prior exposure to separation stress also enhances prefrontal-dependent cognitive control of impulsive behavior [18] and appears to increase ventromedial but not dorsolateral prefrontal volumes determined in vivo by noninvasive neuroimaging of the squirrel monkey brain . These findings are of interest because large ventromedial prefrontal size in humans predicts diminished</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/78423373" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="0c67029ad87dc0af7ec373337e9f5731" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":85476121,"asset_id":78423373,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/85476121/download_file?st=MTczOTc4NDAyNSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="219506315" href="https://independent.academia.edu/StephanEliez">Stephan Eliez</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="219506315" type="text/json">{"id":219506315,"first_name":"Stephan","last_name":"Eliez","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"StephanEliez","display_name":"Stephan Eliez","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/StephanEliez?f_ri=28576","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/219506315/77556587/66095247/s65_stephan.eliez.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_78423373 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="78423373"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 78423373, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_78423373", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_78423373 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 78423373; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_78423373"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_78423373 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="78423373"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 78423373; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=78423373]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_78423373").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_78423373").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="78423373"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">16</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="221" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Psychology">Psychology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="221" type="text/json">{"id":221,"name":"Psychology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Psychology?f_ri=28576","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="237" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cognitive_Science">Cognitive Science</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="237" type="text/json">{"id":237,"name":"Cognitive Science","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cognitive_Science?f_ri=28576","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="3245" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cognitive_Control">Cognitive Control</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="3245" type="text/json">{"id":3245,"name":"Cognitive Control","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cognitive_Control?f_ri=28576","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="8322" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Developmental_neuroscience">Developmental neuroscience</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="8322" type="text/json">{"id":8322,"name":"Developmental neuroscience","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Developmental_neuroscience?f_ri=28576","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=78423373]'), work: {"id":78423373,"title":"Prefrontal Plasticity and Stress Inoculation-Induced Resilience","created_at":"2022-05-04T05:53:05.674-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/78423373/Prefrontal_Plasticity_and_Stress_Inoculation_Induced_Resilience?f_ri=28576","dom_id":"work_78423373","summary":"scribed as inoculating, immunizing, steeling, toughening, or thriving , the notion that mild early life stress induces the development of resilience is further supported by longitudinal studies of nonhuman primates. Squirrel monkey mothers and other group members periodically leave newly weaned offspring beginning at 3-6 months of age to forage for food on their own . Initially, brief intermittent separations studied in controlled experimental conditions elicit distress peep calls and increase plasma levels of cortisol with partial habituation of these measures of arousal observed over repeated social separations . Later in life, monkeys exposed to intermittent separations show fewer behavioral indications of anxiety, increased exploration of novel situations, and diminished stress levels of cortisol compared to agematched monkeys not exposed to prior separations . These behavioral and hormonal outcomes reflect a nonspecific form of stress inoculation as exposure to one type of early life stress enhances subsequent arousal regulation and resilience in coping with different stressors encountered later in life. Prior exposure to separation stress also enhances prefrontal-dependent cognitive control of impulsive behavior [18] and appears to increase ventromedial but not dorsolateral prefrontal volumes determined in vivo by noninvasive neuroimaging of the squirrel monkey brain . These findings are of interest because large ventromedial prefrontal size in humans predicts diminished","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":85476121,"asset_id":78423373,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":219506315,"first_name":"Stephan","last_name":"Eliez","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"StephanEliez","display_name":"Stephan Eliez","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/StephanEliez?f_ri=28576","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/219506315/77556587/66095247/s65_stephan.eliez.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":221,"name":"Psychology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Psychology?f_ri=28576","nofollow":true},{"id":237,"name":"Cognitive Science","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cognitive_Science?f_ri=28576","nofollow":true},{"id":3245,"name":"Cognitive Control","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cognitive_Control?f_ri=28576","nofollow":true},{"id":8322,"name":"Developmental neuroscience","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Developmental_neuroscience?f_ri=28576","nofollow":true},{"id":8929,"name":"Diffusion Tensor Imaging","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Diffusion_Tensor_Imaging?f_ri=28576"},{"id":12478,"name":"Emotion Regulation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Emotion_Regulation?f_ri=28576"},{"id":26327,"name":"Medicine","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Medicine?f_ri=28576"},{"id":28576,"name":"Prefrontal Cortex","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Prefrontal_Cortex?f_ri=28576"},{"id":55724,"name":"Curiosity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Curiosity?f_ri=28576"},{"id":58431,"name":"Cortisol","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cortisol?f_ri=28576"},{"id":132020,"name":"Neuronal Plasticity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Neuronal_Plasticity?f_ri=28576"},{"id":609834,"name":"Cortical Thickness","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cortical_Thickness-1?f_ri=28576"},{"id":662135,"name":"Dev","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Dev?f_ri=28576"},{"id":1239755,"name":"Neurosciences","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Neurosciences?f_ri=28576"},{"id":2439414,"name":"Magnetic resonance image","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Magnetic_resonance_image?f_ri=28576"},{"id":2463495,"name":"Random Allocation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Random_Allocation?f_ri=28576"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_69628934" data-work_id="69628934" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/69628934/Lexical_Preactivation_in_Basic_Linguistic_Phrases">Lexical Preactivation in Basic Linguistic Phrases</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">■ Many previous studies have shown that predictable words are read faster and lead to reduced neural activation, consistent with a model of reading in which words are activated in advance of being encountered. The nature of such... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_69628934" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">■ Many previous studies have shown that predictable words are read faster and lead to reduced neural activation, consistent with a model of reading in which words are activated in advance of being encountered. The nature of such preactivation, however, has typ-ically been studied indirectly through its subsequent effect on word recognition. Here, we use magnetoencephalography to study the dynamics of prediction within serially presented adjective–noun phrases, beginning at the point at which the pre-dictive information is first available to the reader. Using corpus transitional probability to estimate the predictability of a noun, we found an increase in activity in the left middle temporal gyrus in response to the presentation of highly predictive adjectives (i.e., adjectives that license a strong noun prediction). Moreover, we found that adjective predictivity and expected noun frequency interacted, such that the response to the highly predictive adjec-tives (e.g., stainless) was ...</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/69628934" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="ecf8004111250394f97f0aa89642b6e0" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":79650896,"asset_id":69628934,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/79650896/download_file?st=MTczOTc4NDAyNSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="33442100" href="https://nyu.academia.edu/AlecMarantz">Alec Marantz</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="33442100" type="text/json">{"id":33442100,"first_name":"Alec","last_name":"Marantz","domain_name":"nyu","page_name":"AlecMarantz","display_name":"Alec Marantz","profile_url":"https://nyu.academia.edu/AlecMarantz?f_ri=28576","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_69628934 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="69628934"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 69628934, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_69628934", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_69628934 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 69628934; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_69628934"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_69628934 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="69628934"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 69628934; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=69628934]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_69628934").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_69628934").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="69628934"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">12</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="221" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Psychology">Psychology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="221" type="text/json">{"id":221,"name":"Psychology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Psychology?f_ri=28576","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="237" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cognitive_Science">Cognitive Science</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="237" type="text/json">{"id":237,"name":"Cognitive Science","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cognitive_Science?f_ri=28576","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="422" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Computer_Science">Computer Science</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="422" type="text/json">{"id":422,"name":"Computer Science","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Computer_Science?f_ri=28576","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="4972" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Psycholinguistics">Psycholinguistics</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="4972" type="text/json">{"id":4972,"name":"Psycholinguistics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Psycholinguistics?f_ri=28576","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=69628934]'), work: {"id":69628934,"title":"Lexical Preactivation in Basic Linguistic Phrases","created_at":"2022-01-27T05:34:16.769-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/69628934/Lexical_Preactivation_in_Basic_Linguistic_Phrases?f_ri=28576","dom_id":"work_69628934","summary":"■ Many previous studies have shown that predictable words are read faster and lead to reduced neural activation, consistent with a model of reading in which words are activated in advance of being encountered. The nature of such preactivation, however, has typ-ically been studied indirectly through its subsequent effect on word recognition. Here, we use magnetoencephalography to study the dynamics of prediction within serially presented adjective–noun phrases, beginning at the point at which the pre-dictive information is first available to the reader. Using corpus transitional probability to estimate the predictability of a noun, we found an increase in activity in the left middle temporal gyrus in response to the presentation of highly predictive adjectives (i.e., adjectives that license a strong noun prediction). Moreover, we found that adjective predictivity and expected noun frequency interacted, such that the response to the highly predictive adjec-tives (e.g., stainless) was ...","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":79650896,"asset_id":69628934,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":33442100,"first_name":"Alec","last_name":"Marantz","domain_name":"nyu","page_name":"AlecMarantz","display_name":"Alec Marantz","profile_url":"https://nyu.academia.edu/AlecMarantz?f_ri=28576","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":221,"name":"Psychology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Psychology?f_ri=28576","nofollow":true},{"id":237,"name":"Cognitive Science","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cognitive_Science?f_ri=28576","nofollow":true},{"id":422,"name":"Computer Science","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Computer_Science?f_ri=28576","nofollow":true},{"id":4972,"name":"Psycholinguistics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Psycholinguistics?f_ri=28576","nofollow":true},{"id":5356,"name":"Magnetoencephalography","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Magnetoencephalography?f_ri=28576"},{"id":9471,"name":"Reading","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Reading?f_ri=28576"},{"id":21548,"name":"Cognitive Neuroscience","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cognitive_Neuroscience?f_ri=28576"},{"id":26327,"name":"Medicine","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Medicine?f_ri=28576"},{"id":28576,"name":"Prefrontal Cortex","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Prefrontal_Cortex?f_ri=28576"},{"id":57557,"name":"Temporal Lobe","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Temporal_Lobe?f_ri=28576"},{"id":133057,"name":"Young Adult","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Young_Adult?f_ri=28576"},{"id":1239755,"name":"Neurosciences","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Neurosciences?f_ri=28576"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_59604287" data-work_id="59604287" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/59604287/The_cholinergic_system_and_depression">The cholinergic system and depression</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Major depressive disorder is a severe psychiatric condition which forms a substantial burden to patients and society. Despite continuous efforts to unravel its etiology and pathophysiology, many questions remain. The majority of... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_59604287" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Major depressive disorder is a severe psychiatric condition which forms a substantial burden to patients and society. Despite continuous efforts to unravel its etiology and pathophysiology, many questions remain. The majority of neurobiological research and classical pharmacotherapy regimens have approached this illness as the consequence of a failing monoaminergic neurotransmitter system. In the last decades, involvement of adult hippocampal neurogenesis in the pathogenesis and treatment of depressive disorder has gained an enormous interest. Numerous neurobiological systems and circuits thus appear to underlie this complex multi-factorial disease. One of them is the cholinergic system, which plays a major role in the regulation of various CNS functions, such as arousal, attention, cognition and memory. Cognitive impairments are often observed in depression, next to low mood, anhedonia and other clinical symptoms. Cholinergic dysfunctions may account for the development of cognitive symptoms during the course of depression. Changes in hippocampal neurogenesis, often associated with chronic stress in animal models, may be in part mediated by cholinergic dysfunction, which in turn could underlie the cognitive disturbances observed in depression. Here, we discuss the involvement of the cholinergic system in depressive disorder, with particular focus on its role in associated cognitive impairment. Since such deficits are often modified by cholinergic drugs, application of these neuropharmacological findings may provide a new therapeutic niche while yielding valuable insight into the pathophysiology of this complex illness.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/59604287" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="b8f19a36d045800b8026c2da13bffdfa" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":73442157,"asset_id":59604287,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/73442157/download_file?st=MTczOTc4NDAyNSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="75724730" href="https://independent.academia.edu/DENBOERJOHAN">JOHAN DEN BOER</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="75724730" type="text/json">{"id":75724730,"first_name":"JOHAN","last_name":"DEN BOER","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"DENBOERJOHAN","display_name":"JOHAN DEN BOER","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/DENBOERJOHAN?f_ri=28576","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/75724730/126830465/116209058/s65_johan.den_boer.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_59604287 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="59604287"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 59604287, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_59604287", }); 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=59604287]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_59604287").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_59604287").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="59604287"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">18</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="3777" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Neurogenesis">Neurogenesis</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="3777" type="text/json">{"id":3777,"name":"Neurogenesis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Neurogenesis?f_ri=28576","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="28576" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Prefrontal_Cortex">Prefrontal Cortex</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="28576" type="text/json">{"id":28576,"name":"Prefrontal Cortex","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Prefrontal_Cortex?f_ri=28576","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="57556" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Hippocampus">Hippocampus</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="57556" type="text/json">{"id":57556,"name":"Hippocampus","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Hippocampus?f_ri=28576","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="61474" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Brain">Brain</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="61474" type="text/json">{"id":61474,"name":"Brain","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Brain?f_ri=28576","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=59604287]'), work: {"id":59604287,"title":"The cholinergic system and depression","created_at":"2021-10-23T00:28:18.134-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/59604287/The_cholinergic_system_and_depression?f_ri=28576","dom_id":"work_59604287","summary":"Major depressive disorder is a severe psychiatric condition which forms a substantial burden to patients and society. Despite continuous efforts to unravel its etiology and pathophysiology, many questions remain. The majority of neurobiological research and classical pharmacotherapy regimens have approached this illness as the consequence of a failing monoaminergic neurotransmitter system. In the last decades, involvement of adult hippocampal neurogenesis in the pathogenesis and treatment of depressive disorder has gained an enormous interest. Numerous neurobiological systems and circuits thus appear to underlie this complex multi-factorial disease. One of them is the cholinergic system, which plays a major role in the regulation of various CNS functions, such as arousal, attention, cognition and memory. Cognitive impairments are often observed in depression, next to low mood, anhedonia and other clinical symptoms. Cholinergic dysfunctions may account for the development of cognitive symptoms during the course of depression. Changes in hippocampal neurogenesis, often associated with chronic stress in animal models, may be in part mediated by cholinergic dysfunction, which in turn could underlie the cognitive disturbances observed in depression. Here, we discuss the involvement of the cholinergic system in depressive disorder, with particular focus on its role in associated cognitive impairment. Since such deficits are often modified by cholinergic drugs, application of these neuropharmacological findings may provide a new therapeutic niche while yielding valuable insight into the pathophysiology of this complex illness.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":73442157,"asset_id":59604287,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":75724730,"first_name":"JOHAN","last_name":"DEN BOER","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"DENBOERJOHAN","display_name":"JOHAN DEN BOER","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/DENBOERJOHAN?f_ri=28576","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/75724730/126830465/116209058/s65_johan.den_boer.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":3777,"name":"Neurogenesis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Neurogenesis?f_ri=28576","nofollow":true},{"id":28576,"name":"Prefrontal Cortex","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Prefrontal_Cortex?f_ri=28576","nofollow":true},{"id":57556,"name":"Hippocampus","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Hippocampus?f_ri=28576","nofollow":true},{"id":61474,"name":"Brain","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Brain?f_ri=28576","nofollow":true},{"id":77794,"name":"Major Depressive Disorder","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Major_Depressive_Disorder?f_ri=28576"},{"id":151951,"name":"Animal Model","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Animal_Model?f_ri=28576"},{"id":157943,"name":"Depressive Disorder","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Depressive_Disorder?f_ri=28576"},{"id":159958,"name":"Acetylcholine","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Acetylcholine?f_ri=28576"},{"id":176503,"name":"Synaptic Transmission","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Synaptic_Transmission?f_ri=28576"},{"id":341121,"name":"Cognitive impairment","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cognitive_impairment?f_ri=28576"},{"id":341654,"name":"Disturbance Observer","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Disturbance_Observer?f_ri=28576"},{"id":510566,"name":"Chronic Stress","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Chronic_Stress?f_ri=28576"},{"id":1355489,"name":"Affective Disorder","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Affective_Disorder?f_ri=28576"},{"id":1627527,"name":"Cognition disorders","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cognition_disorders?f_ri=28576"},{"id":1959361,"name":"Basolateral Amygdala","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Basolateral_Amygdala?f_ri=28576"},{"id":2922956,"name":"Psychology and Cognitive Sciences","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Psychology_and_Cognitive_Sciences?f_ri=28576"},{"id":3205152,"name":"Cholinergic antagonists","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cholinergic_antagonists?f_ri=28576"},{"id":3763225,"name":"Medical and Health Sciences","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Medical_and_Health_Sciences?f_ri=28576"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_1206108" data-work_id="1206108" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/1206108/The_causal_role_of_the_prefrontal_cortex_in_episodic_memory_as_demonstrated_with_rTMS">The causal role of the prefrontal cortex in episodic memory as demonstrated with rTMS</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/1206108" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="1612f07916a8e75992b3a1c95335abd3" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":7526507,"asset_id":1206108,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/7526507/download_file?st=MTczOTc4NDAyNSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="238099" href="https://unitn.academia.edu/CarloMiniussi">Carlo Miniussi</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="238099" type="text/json">{"id":238099,"first_name":"Carlo","last_name":"Miniussi","domain_name":"unitn","page_name":"CarloMiniussi","display_name":"Carlo Miniussi","profile_url":"https://unitn.academia.edu/CarloMiniussi?f_ri=28576","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/238099/1985586/15711375/s65_carlo.miniussi.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_1206108 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="1206108"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 1206108, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_1206108", }); 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function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=1206108]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_1206108").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_1206108").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="1206108"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">9</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="10904" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Electroencephalography">Electroencephalography</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="10904" type="text/json">{"id":10904,"name":"Electroencephalography","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Electroencephalography?f_ri=28576","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="28576" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Prefrontal_Cortex">Prefrontal Cortex</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="28576" type="text/json">{"id":28576,"name":"Prefrontal Cortex","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Prefrontal_Cortex?f_ri=28576","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="32361" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Episodic_Memory">Episodic Memory</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="32361" type="text/json">{"id":32361,"name":"Episodic Memory","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Episodic_Memory?f_ri=28576","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="33626" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Evidence-Based_Practice_Psychology_">Evidence-Based Practice (Psychology)</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="33626" type="text/json">{"id":33626,"name":"Evidence-Based Practice (Psychology)","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Evidence-Based_Practice_Psychology_?f_ri=28576","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=1206108]'), work: {"id":1206108,"title":"The causal role of the prefrontal cortex in episodic memory as demonstrated with 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data-work_id="29946814" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/29946814/Spatial_and_nonspatial_Morris_maze_learning_impaired_behavioral_flexibility_in_mice_with_ectopias_located_in_the_prefrontal_cortex">Spatial and nonspatial Morris maze learning: impaired behavioral flexibility in mice with ectopias located in the prefrontal cortex</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">About half of BXSB/MpJ-Yaa (BXSB) mice have neocortical ectopias (misplaced clusters of neurons located in layer I of cortex). Previous behavioral studies have suggested that ectopic mice have superior spatial, but equivalent nonspatial,... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_29946814" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">About half of BXSB/MpJ-Yaa (BXSB) mice have neocortical ectopias (misplaced clusters of neurons located in layer I of cortex). Previous behavioral studies have suggested that ectopic mice have superior spatial, but equivalent nonspatial, reference memory learning. However, since spatial and nonspatial learning were not assessed in the same apparatus and with the same testing procedure, it is unclear if this conclusion is accurate. We have created a new nonspatial Morris maze for mice that differs from the spatial task only in the type of cues that must be utilized to efficiently locate the platform (intra-maze black/white patterns vs. extramaze room cues) and does not differ in the level of task complexity or the presence of objects within the maze. Ectopic mice were very good in utilizing extra-maze cues when learning the spatial version and in utilizing intra-maze cues when learning the nonspatial version of the Morris maze, while non-ectopics were not, suggesting that ectopics have superior spatial and nonspatial reference memory. Ectopias in BXSB mice are usually located in prefrontal and/or motor cortex. The prefrontal cortex is involved in behavioral flexibility (e.g. being able to easily switch from using spatial to nonspatial cues). Only ectopic mice with ectopias specifically located in the prefrontal region of cortex demonstrated difficulty switching from using extra-maze to intra-maze cues and vice versa. Thus, the presence of one or more ectopias in the prefrontal region of cortex disrupted one of the normal functions of the prefrontal cortex. #</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/29946814" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="86eb4aa5aa2ec75014557d205183311a" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":50404103,"asset_id":29946814,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/50404103/download_file?st=MTczOTc4NDAyNSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="56875740" href="https://independent.academia.edu/AmyJoStavnezer">Amy Jo Stavnezer</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="56875740" type="text/json">{"id":56875740,"first_name":"Amy Jo","last_name":"Stavnezer","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"AmyJoStavnezer","display_name":"Amy Jo Stavnezer","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/AmyJoStavnezer?f_ri=28576","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_29946814 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="29946814"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 29946814, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_29946814", }); 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Previous behavioral studies have suggested that ectopic mice have superior spatial, but equivalent nonspatial, reference memory learning. However, since spatial and nonspatial learning were not assessed in the same apparatus and with the same testing procedure, it is unclear if this conclusion is accurate. We have created a new nonspatial Morris maze for mice that differs from the spatial task only in the type of cues that must be utilized to efficiently locate the platform (intra-maze black/white patterns vs. extramaze room cues) and does not differ in the level of task complexity or the presence of objects within the maze. Ectopic mice were very good in utilizing extra-maze cues when learning the spatial version and in utilizing intra-maze cues when learning the nonspatial version of the Morris maze, while non-ectopics were not, suggesting that ectopics have superior spatial and nonspatial reference memory. Ectopias in BXSB mice are usually located in prefrontal and/or motor cortex. The prefrontal cortex is involved in behavioral flexibility (e.g. being able to easily switch from using spatial to nonspatial cues). Only ectopic mice with ectopias specifically located in the prefrontal region of cortex demonstrated difficulty switching from using extra-maze to intra-maze cues and vice versa. Thus, the presence of one or more ectopias in the prefrontal region of cortex disrupted one of the normal functions of the prefrontal cortex. #","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":50404103,"asset_id":29946814,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":56875740,"first_name":"Amy Jo","last_name":"Stavnezer","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"AmyJoStavnezer","display_name":"Amy Jo Stavnezer","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/AmyJoStavnezer?f_ri=28576","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":2749,"name":"Animal Behavior","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Animal_Behavior?f_ri=28576","nofollow":true},{"id":4163,"name":"Spatial Memory","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Spatial_Memory?f_ri=28576","nofollow":true},{"id":4212,"name":"Cognition","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cognition?f_ri=28576","nofollow":true},{"id":28576,"name":"Prefrontal 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href="https://www.academia.edu/24824066/State_anger_and_prefrontal_brain_activity_Evidence_that_insult_related_relative_left_prefrontal_activation_is_associated_with_experienced_anger_and_aggression">State anger and prefrontal brain activity: Evidence that insult-related relative left-prefrontal activation is associated with experienced anger and aggression</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/24824066" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="a0130b102fdaedb5190fdb87e7ae3e0d" rel="nofollow" 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type="text/json">{"id":221,"name":"Psychology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Psychology?f_ri=28576","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="237" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cognitive_Science">Cognitive Science</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="237" type="text/json">{"id":237,"name":"Cognitive Science","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cognitive_Science?f_ri=28576","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="2073" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Anger">Anger</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="2073" type="text/json">{"id":2073,"name":"Anger","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Anger?f_ri=28576","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=24824066]'), work: {"id":24824066,"title":"State anger and prefrontal brain 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u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/13654980/Impact_of_Modafinil_on_Prefrontal_Executive_Function_in_Schizophrenia">Impact of Modafinil on Prefrontal Executive Function in Schizophrenia</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest">Objective: The purpose of this study was to investigate the acute effects of modafinil on prefrontal activation and cognitive control of motor activity in people with schizophrenia and prominent negative symptoms.</div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/13654980" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="c26217d72cb6ab2b2ba99de1f77928ff" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":45099732,"asset_id":13654980,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/45099732/download_file?st=MTczOTc4NDAyNSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" 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href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cognition">Cognition</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="4212" type="text/json">{"id":4212,"name":"Cognition","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cognition?f_ri=28576","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="6200" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Magnetic_Resonance_Imaging">Magnetic Resonance Imaging</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="6200" type="text/json">{"id":6200,"name":"Magnetic Resonance Imaging","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Magnetic_Resonance_Imaging?f_ri=28576","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="12426" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Treatment_Outcome">Treatment Outcome</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="12426" type="text/json">{"id":12426,"name":"Treatment 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symptoms.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":45099732,"asset_id":13654980,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":32808892,"first_name":"Iain","last_name":"Wilkinson","domain_name":"sheffield","page_name":"IainWilkinson","display_name":"Iain Wilkinson","profile_url":"https://sheffield.academia.edu/IainWilkinson?f_ri=28576","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":3227,"name":"Schizophrenia","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Schizophrenia?f_ri=28576","nofollow":true},{"id":4212,"name":"Cognition","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cognition?f_ri=28576","nofollow":true},{"id":6200,"name":"Magnetic Resonance Imaging","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Magnetic_Resonance_Imaging?f_ri=28576","nofollow":true},{"id":12426,"name":"Treatment Outcome","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Treatment_Outcome?f_ri=28576","nofollow":true},{"id":28576,"name":"Prefrontal Cortex","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Prefrontal_Cortex?f_ri=28576"},{"id":33732,"name":"Executive Function","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Executive_Function?f_ri=28576"},{"id":123230,"name":"Regression Analysis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Regression_Analysis?f_ri=28576"},{"id":151448,"name":"American","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/American?f_ri=28576"},{"id":1146830,"name":"Cross-Over Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cross-Over_Studies?f_ri=28576"},{"id":1627527,"name":"Cognition disorders","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cognition_disorders?f_ri=28576"},{"id":2234200,"name":"Functional Laterality","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Functional_Laterality?f_ri=28576"},{"id":2246318,"name":"Motor activity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Motor_activity?f_ri=28576"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_15102492" data-work_id="15102492" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/15102492/Impaired_Decision_Making_Related_to_Working_Memory_Deficits_in_Individuals_With_Substance_Addictions">Impaired Decision Making Related to Working Memory Deficits in Individuals With Substance Addictions</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">This study examined whether individuals with substance dependence (ISDs) show impairments in working memory and whether there is a relationship between their impairments in decision making as measured by the gambling task (GT) paradigm... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_15102492" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">This study examined whether individuals with substance dependence (ISDs) show impairments in working memory and whether there is a relationship between their impairments in decision making as measured by the gambling task (GT) paradigm and working memory as measured by a delayed nonmatching to sample (DNMS) task. Using the GT, 11% of healthy control participants and 61% of ISDs opted for choices with high immediate gains in spite of higher future losses. For the ISDs and controls with equal GT impairments, the ISDs performed significantly lower than controls on the DNMS task. The nonimpaired ISDs on the GT also performed significantly worse than matched controls on the DNMS task. The DNMS task deficit in ISDs was across all delay times, suggesting the deficit may lie in the &amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;quot;executive&amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;quot; process of working memory, which supports earlier findings (E. M. Martin et al., 2003). The authors suggest that the prefrontal cortex hosts multiple distinct mechanisms of decision making and inhibitory control and that ISDs may be affected in any one or combination of them.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/15102492" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="2560ce40b22a0575e52665a4c143bf6d" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":54660036,"asset_id":15102492,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/54660036/download_file?st=MTczOTc4NDAyNSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="34129975" href="https://rush.academia.edu/EileenMartin">Eileen Martin</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="34129975" type="text/json">{"id":34129975,"first_name":"Eileen","last_name":"Martin","domain_name":"rush","page_name":"EileenMartin","display_name":"Eileen Martin","profile_url":"https://rush.academia.edu/EileenMartin?f_ri=28576","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/34129975/16860366/17096892/s65_eileen.martin.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_15102492 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="15102492"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 15102492, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_15102492", }); 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Using the GT, 11% of healthy control participants and 61% of ISDs opted for choices with high immediate gains in spite of higher future losses. For the ISDs and controls with equal GT impairments, the ISDs performed significantly lower than controls on the DNMS task. The nonimpaired ISDs on the GT also performed significantly worse than matched controls on the DNMS task. The DNMS task deficit in ISDs was across all delay times, suggesting the deficit may lie in the \u0026amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;quot;executive\u0026amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;quot; process of working memory, which supports earlier findings (E. M. Martin et al., 2003). The authors suggest that the prefrontal cortex hosts multiple distinct mechanisms of decision making and inhibitory control and that ISDs may be affected in any one or combination of them.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":54660036,"asset_id":15102492,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":34129975,"first_name":"Eileen","last_name":"Martin","domain_name":"rush","page_name":"EileenMartin","display_name":"Eileen 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$(".js-view-count-work_17045028").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="17045028"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">12</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="28576" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Prefrontal_Cortex">Prefrontal Cortex</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="28576" type="text/json">{"id":28576,"name":"Prefrontal Cortex","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Prefrontal_Cortex?f_ri=28576","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="37834" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Western_blotting">Western blotting</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="37834" type="text/json">{"id":37834,"name":"Western blotting","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Western_blotting?f_ri=28576","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="57556" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Hippocampus">Hippocampus</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="57556" type="text/json">{"id":57556,"name":"Hippocampus","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Hippocampus?f_ri=28576","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="103297" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Corticosterone">Corticosterone</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="103297" type="text/json">{"id":103297,"name":"Corticosterone","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Corticosterone?f_ri=28576","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=17045028]'), work: {"id":17045028,"title":"St. John's wort may relieve negative effects of stress on spatial working memory by changing synaptic plasticity","created_at":"2015-10-20T07:07:08.504-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/17045028/St_Johns_wort_may_relieve_negative_effects_of_stress_on_spatial_working_memory_by_changing_synaptic_plasticity?f_ri=28576","dom_id":"work_17045028","summary":null,"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":42346139,"asset_id":17045028,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":36601584,"first_name":"Jan","last_name":"Braszko","domain_name":"umwb","page_name":"JanBraszko","display_name":"Jan Braszko","profile_url":"https://umwb.academia.edu/JanBraszko?f_ri=28576","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":28576,"name":"Prefrontal Cortex","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Prefrontal_Cortex?f_ri=28576","nofollow":true},{"id":37834,"name":"Western blotting","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Western_blotting?f_ri=28576","nofollow":true},{"id":57556,"name":"Hippocampus","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Hippocampus?f_ri=28576","nofollow":true},{"id":103297,"name":"Corticosterone","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Corticosterone?f_ri=28576","nofollow":true},{"id":132020,"name":"Neuronal Plasticity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Neuronal_Plasticity?f_ri=28576"},{"id":354056,"name":"Plant extracts","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Plant_extracts?f_ri=28576"},{"id":375054,"name":"Rats","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Rats?f_ri=28576"},{"id":522464,"name":"Short Term Memory","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Short_Term_Memory?f_ri=28576"},{"id":564879,"name":"Wistar Rats","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Wistar_Rats?f_ri=28576"},{"id":739714,"name":"Hypericum","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Hypericum?f_ri=28576"},{"id":1120983,"name":"Synaptophysin","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Synaptophysin?f_ri=28576"},{"id":1169505,"name":"Maze Learning","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Maze_Learning?f_ri=28576"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_19504094" data-work_id="19504094" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/19504094/The_medial_prefrontal_cortex_in_the_rat_evidence_for_a_dorso_ventral_distinction_based_upon_functional_and_anatomical_characteristics">The medial prefrontal cortex in the rat: evidence for a dorso-ventral distinction based upon functional and anatomical characteristics</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">The prefrontal cortex in rats can be distinguished anatomically from other frontal cortical areas both in terms of cytoarchitectonic characteristics and neural connectivity, and it can be further subdivided into subterritories on the... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_19504094" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">The prefrontal cortex in rats can be distinguished anatomically from other frontal cortical areas both in terms of cytoarchitectonic characteristics and neural connectivity, and it can be further subdivided into subterritories on the basis of such criteria. Functionally, the prefrontal cortex of rats has been implicated in working memory, attention, response initiation and management of autonomic control and emotion. In humans, dysfunction of prefrontal cortical areas with which the medial prefrontal cortex of the rat is most likely comparable is related to psychopathology including schizophrenia, sociopathy, obsessive-compulsive disorder, depression, and drug abuse. Recent literature points to the relevance of conducting a functional analysis of prefrontal subregions and supports the idea that the area of the medial prefrontal cortex in rats is characterized by its own functional heterogeneity, which may be related to neuroanatomical and neurochemical dissociations. The present review covers recent findings with the intent of correlating these distinct functional differences in the dorso-ventral axis of the rat medial prefrontal cortex with anatomical and neurochemical patterns. q</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/19504094" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="3cfc2b493f63efee01330cbfedd6ee5e" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":40657153,"asset_id":19504094,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/40657153/download_file?st=MTczOTc4NDAyNSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="39739154" href="https://independent.academia.edu/HGroenewegen">Henk Groenewegen</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="39739154" type="text/json">{"id":39739154,"first_name":"Henk","last_name":"Groenewegen","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"HGroenewegen","display_name":"Henk Groenewegen","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/HGroenewegen?f_ri=28576","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_19504094 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="19504094"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 19504094, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_19504094", }); 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=19504094]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_19504094").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_19504094").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="19504094"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">14</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="371" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Functional_Analysis">Functional Analysis</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="371" type="text/json">{"id":371,"name":"Functional Analysis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Functional_Analysis?f_ri=28576","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="8538" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Working_Memory">Working Memory</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="8538" type="text/json">{"id":8538,"name":"Working Memory","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Working_Memory?f_ri=28576","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="28576" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Prefrontal_Cortex">Prefrontal Cortex</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="28576" type="text/json">{"id":28576,"name":"Prefrontal Cortex","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Prefrontal_Cortex?f_ri=28576","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="51565" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Serotonin">Serotonin</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="51565" type="text/json">{"id":51565,"name":"Serotonin","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Serotonin?f_ri=28576","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=19504094]'), work: {"id":19504094,"title":"The medial prefrontal cortex in the rat: evidence for a dorso-ventral distinction based upon functional and anatomical characteristics","created_at":"2015-12-05T08:54:47.912-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/19504094/The_medial_prefrontal_cortex_in_the_rat_evidence_for_a_dorso_ventral_distinction_based_upon_functional_and_anatomical_characteristics?f_ri=28576","dom_id":"work_19504094","summary":"The prefrontal cortex in rats can be distinguished anatomically from other frontal cortical areas both in terms of cytoarchitectonic characteristics and neural connectivity, and it can be further subdivided into subterritories on the basis of such criteria. Functionally, the prefrontal cortex of rats has been implicated in working memory, attention, response initiation and management of autonomic control and emotion. In humans, dysfunction of prefrontal cortical areas with which the medial prefrontal cortex of the rat is most likely comparable is related to psychopathology including schizophrenia, sociopathy, obsessive-compulsive disorder, depression, and drug abuse. Recent literature points to the relevance of conducting a functional analysis of prefrontal subregions and supports the idea that the area of the medial prefrontal cortex in rats is characterized by its own functional heterogeneity, which may be related to neuroanatomical and neurochemical dissociations. The present review covers recent findings with the intent of correlating these distinct functional differences in the dorso-ventral axis of the rat medial prefrontal cortex with anatomical and neurochemical patterns. q","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":40657153,"asset_id":19504094,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":39739154,"first_name":"Henk","last_name":"Groenewegen","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"HGroenewegen","display_name":"Henk Groenewegen","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/HGroenewegen?f_ri=28576","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":371,"name":"Functional Analysis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Functional_Analysis?f_ri=28576","nofollow":true},{"id":8538,"name":"Working Memory","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Working_Memory?f_ri=28576","nofollow":true},{"id":28576,"name":"Prefrontal Cortex","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Prefrontal_Cortex?f_ri=28576","nofollow":true},{"id":51565,"name":"Serotonin","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Serotonin?f_ri=28576","nofollow":true},{"id":51566,"name":"Dopamine","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Dopamine?f_ri=28576"},{"id":52176,"name":"Brain Mapping","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Brain_Mapping?f_ri=28576"},{"id":119379,"name":"Obsessive Compulsive Disorder","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Obsessive_Compulsive_Disorder?f_ri=28576"},{"id":159958,"name":"Acetylcholine","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Acetylcholine?f_ri=28576"},{"id":209189,"name":"Drug abuse","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Drug_abuse?f_ri=28576"},{"id":222494,"name":"Autonomous Control","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Autonomous_Control?f_ri=28576"},{"id":375054,"name":"Rats","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Rats?f_ri=28576"},{"id":704401,"name":"Neural pathways","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Neural_pathways?f_ri=28576"},{"id":1621346,"name":"Medial Prefrontal Cortex","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Medial_Prefrontal_Cortex?f_ri=28576"},{"id":1818977,"name":"Anterior cingulate cortex","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Anterior_cingulate_cortex?f_ri=28576"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_25904624" data-work_id="25904624" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/25904624/Dopaminergic_and_prefrontal_contributions_to_reward_based_learning_and_outcome_monitoring_during_child_development_and_aging">Dopaminergic and prefrontal contributions to reward-based learning and outcome monitoring during child development and aging</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">In many instances, children and older adults show similar difficulties in reward-based learning and outcome monitoring. These impairments are most pronounced in situations in which reward is uncertain (e.g., probabilistic reward... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_25904624" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">In many instances, children and older adults show similar difficulties in reward-based learning and outcome monitoring. These impairments are most pronounced in situations in which reward is uncertain (e.g., probabilistic reward schedules) and if outcome information is ambiguous (e.g., the relative value of outcomes has to be learned). Furthermore, whereas children show a greater sensitivity to external outcome information, older adults focus less on a rapid differentiation of rewarding outcomes. In this article, we review evidence for the idea that these phenomenologically similar impairments in learning and outcome monitoring in children and older adults can be attributed to deficits in different underlying neurophysiological mechanisms. We propose that in older adults learning impairments are the result of reduced dopaminergic projections to the ventromedial prefrontal cortex, which lead to less differentiated representations of reward value. In contrast, in children, impairments in learning can be primarily attributed to deficits in executive control, which may be due to a protracted development of the dorsal medial and lateral prefrontal cortices. We think that this framework maps well onto recent neurophysiological models of reward processing and is plausible from a broader developmental perspective.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/25904624" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="8bea8d22d7a726a1ffa37a0051c0cc02" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":46268677,"asset_id":25904624,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/46268677/download_file?st=MTczOTc4NDAyNSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="49699370" href="https://independent.academia.edu/DorotheaHammerer">Dorothea Hammerer</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="49699370" type="text/json">{"id":49699370,"first_name":"Dorothea","last_name":"Hammerer","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"DorotheaHammerer","display_name":"Dorothea Hammerer","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/DorotheaHammerer?f_ri=28576","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_25904624 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="25904624"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 25904624, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_25904624", }); 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=25904624]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_25904624").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_25904624").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="25904624"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">19</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="221" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Psychology">Psychology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="221" type="text/json">{"id":221,"name":"Psychology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Psychology?f_ri=28576","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="237" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cognitive_Science">Cognitive Science</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="237" type="text/json">{"id":237,"name":"Cognitive Science","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cognitive_Science?f_ri=28576","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="252" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Developmental_Psychology">Developmental Psychology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="252" type="text/json">{"id":252,"name":"Developmental Psychology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Developmental_Psychology?f_ri=28576","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="1681" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Decision_Making">Decision Making</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="1681" type="text/json">{"id":1681,"name":"Decision Making","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Decision_Making?f_ri=28576","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=25904624]'), work: {"id":25904624,"title":"Dopaminergic and prefrontal contributions to reward-based learning and outcome monitoring during child development and aging","created_at":"2016-06-05T23:55:38.544-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/25904624/Dopaminergic_and_prefrontal_contributions_to_reward_based_learning_and_outcome_monitoring_during_child_development_and_aging?f_ri=28576","dom_id":"work_25904624","summary":"In many instances, children and older adults show similar difficulties in reward-based learning and outcome monitoring. These impairments are most pronounced in situations in which reward is uncertain (e.g., probabilistic reward schedules) and if outcome information is ambiguous (e.g., the relative value of outcomes has to be learned). Furthermore, whereas children show a greater sensitivity to external outcome information, older adults focus less on a rapid differentiation of rewarding outcomes. In this article, we review evidence for the idea that these phenomenologically similar impairments in learning and outcome monitoring in children and older adults can be attributed to deficits in different underlying neurophysiological mechanisms. We propose that in older adults learning impairments are the result of reduced dopaminergic projections to the ventromedial prefrontal cortex, which lead to less differentiated representations of reward value. In contrast, in children, impairments in learning can be primarily attributed to deficits in executive control, which may be due to a protracted development of the dorsal medial and lateral prefrontal cortices. We think that this framework maps well onto recent neurophysiological models of reward processing and is plausible from a broader developmental perspective.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":46268677,"asset_id":25904624,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":49699370,"first_name":"Dorothea","last_name":"Hammerer","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"DorotheaHammerer","display_name":"Dorothea Hammerer","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/DorotheaHammerer?f_ri=28576","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":221,"name":"Psychology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Psychology?f_ri=28576","nofollow":true},{"id":237,"name":"Cognitive Science","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cognitive_Science?f_ri=28576","nofollow":true},{"id":252,"name":"Developmental Psychology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Developmental_Psychology?f_ri=28576","nofollow":true},{"id":1681,"name":"Decision Making","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Decision_Making?f_ri=28576","nofollow":true},{"id":1688,"name":"Reinforcement Learning","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Reinforcement_Learning?f_ri=28576"},{"id":3770,"name":"Metabolism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Metabolism?f_ri=28576"},{"id":4583,"name":"Child Development","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Child_Development?f_ri=28576"},{"id":6791,"name":"Aging","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Aging?f_ri=28576"},{"id":28576,"name":"Prefrontal Cortex","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Prefrontal_Cortex?f_ri=28576"},{"id":32362,"name":"Executive Control","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Executive_Control?f_ri=28576"},{"id":43774,"name":"Learning","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Learning?f_ri=28576"},{"id":49021,"name":"Reward","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Reward?f_ri=28576"},{"id":51566,"name":"Dopamine","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Dopamine?f_ri=28576"},{"id":64933,"name":"Child","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Child?f_ri=28576"},{"id":208996,"name":"Cognitive processes","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cognitive_processes?f_ri=28576"},{"id":428130,"name":"Cognitive Ability","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cognitive_Ability?f_ri=28576"},{"id":806178,"name":"Older Adult","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Older_Adult?f_ri=28576"},{"id":1127828,"name":"Life Span","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Life_Span?f_ri=28576"},{"id":1565778,"name":"Ventromedial Prefrontal Cortex","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ventromedial_Prefrontal_Cortex?f_ri=28576"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_22143957" data-work_id="22143957" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/22143957/Serotonin_brain_circuits_involved_in_major_depression_and_suicide">Serotonin brain circuits involved in major depression and suicide</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Throughout his life and his work, Cajal realized the potential of the neurons he was so carefully studying and how, grouped in systems, they served the special senses and the maintenance and proper functioning of the organism. Over the... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_22143957" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Throughout his life and his work, Cajal realized the potential of the neurons he was so carefully studying and how, grouped in systems, they served the special senses and the maintenance and proper functioning of the organism. Over the past 25 years, major depression and suicide have come to be recognized as associated with alteration in serotonergic neurons and their target receptors. We examined whether prefrontal cortical (PFC) serotonin transporter sites (SERT) differ in major depression and suicide by quantitative receptor autoradiography. Clinical information was obtained by psychological autopsy. We found regionally distinct neurobiological correlates of major depression and suicide. A diffuse reduction of SERT binding throughout the dorsoventral extent of the PFC in major depression may reflect a widespread impairment of serotonergic function consistent with the range of psychopathology in major depression. The localized reduction in SERT binding in ventral PFC found in suic...</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/22143957" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="955baf2b041671b6d45fbadcd9a9fd67" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":42807504,"asset_id":22143957,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/42807504/download_file?st=MTczOTc4NDAyNSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="42211589" href="https://columbia.academia.edu/VictoriaArango">Victoria Arango</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="42211589" type="text/json">{"id":42211589,"first_name":"Victoria","last_name":"Arango","domain_name":"columbia","page_name":"VictoriaArango","display_name":"Victoria Arango","profile_url":"https://columbia.academia.edu/VictoriaArango?f_ri=28576","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/42211589/169055869/159025441/s65_victoria.arango.jpeg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_22143957 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="22143957"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 22143957, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_22143957", }); 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=22143957]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_22143957").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_22143957").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="22143957"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">10</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="237" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cognitive_Science">Cognitive Science</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="237" type="text/json">{"id":237,"name":"Cognitive Science","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cognitive_Science?f_ri=28576","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="3217" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Depression">Depression</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="3217" type="text/json">{"id":3217,"name":"Depression","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Depression?f_ri=28576","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="8981" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Suicide">Suicide</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="8981" type="text/json">{"id":8981,"name":"Suicide","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Suicide?f_ri=28576","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="28576" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Prefrontal_Cortex">Prefrontal Cortex</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="28576" type="text/json">{"id":28576,"name":"Prefrontal Cortex","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Prefrontal_Cortex?f_ri=28576","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=22143957]'), work: {"id":22143957,"title":"Serotonin brain circuits involved in major depression and suicide","created_at":"2016-02-18T08:40:02.775-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/22143957/Serotonin_brain_circuits_involved_in_major_depression_and_suicide?f_ri=28576","dom_id":"work_22143957","summary":"Throughout his life and his work, Cajal realized the potential of the neurons he was so carefully studying and how, grouped in systems, they served the special senses and the maintenance and proper functioning of the organism. Over the past 25 years, major depression and suicide have come to be recognized as associated with alteration in serotonergic neurons and their target receptors. We examined whether prefrontal cortical (PFC) serotonin transporter sites (SERT) differ in major depression and suicide by quantitative receptor autoradiography. Clinical information was obtained by psychological autopsy. We found regionally distinct neurobiological correlates of major depression and suicide. A diffuse reduction of SERT binding throughout the dorsoventral extent of the PFC in major depression may reflect a widespread impairment of serotonergic function consistent with the range of psychopathology in major depression. The localized reduction in SERT binding in ventral PFC found in suic...","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":42807504,"asset_id":22143957,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":42211589,"first_name":"Victoria","last_name":"Arango","domain_name":"columbia","page_name":"VictoriaArango","display_name":"Victoria Arango","profile_url":"https://columbia.academia.edu/VictoriaArango?f_ri=28576","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/42211589/169055869/159025441/s65_victoria.arango.jpeg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":237,"name":"Cognitive Science","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cognitive_Science?f_ri=28576","nofollow":true},{"id":3217,"name":"Depression","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Depression?f_ri=28576","nofollow":true},{"id":8981,"name":"Suicide","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Suicide?f_ri=28576","nofollow":true},{"id":28576,"name":"Prefrontal Cortex","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Prefrontal_Cortex?f_ri=28576","nofollow":true},{"id":51565,"name":"Serotonin","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Serotonin?f_ri=28576"},{"id":193974,"name":"Neurons","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Neurons?f_ri=28576"},{"id":220742,"name":"Membrane transport proteins","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Membrane_transport_proteins?f_ri=28576"},{"id":704401,"name":"Neural pathways","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Neural_pathways?f_ri=28576"},{"id":956026,"name":"Somatic Cell Count","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Somatic_Cell_Count?f_ri=28576"},{"id":1239755,"name":"Neurosciences","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Neurosciences?f_ri=28576"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_80863480" data-work_id="80863480" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/80863480/Prefrontal_Mechanisms_Underlying_Sequential_Tasks">Prefrontal Mechanisms Underlying Sequential Tasks</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/80863480" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="fb2669b08bbad17be911e629087d09cc" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":87103455,"asset_id":80863480,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/87103455/download_file?st=MTczOTc4NDAyNSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="105652044" href="https://independent.academia.edu/FengKueiChiang">Feng-Kuei Chiang</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="105652044" type="text/json">{"id":105652044,"first_name":"Feng-Kuei","last_name":"Chiang","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"FengKueiChiang","display_name":"Feng-Kuei Chiang","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/FengKueiChiang?f_ri=28576","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/105652044/24214243/23163589/s65_feng-kuei.chiang.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_80863480 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="80863480"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 80863480, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_80863480", }); 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One of the applications of the Neurofeedback methodology is peak performance in sport. The protocols of the neurofeedback are usually based on an assessment of the spectral parameters of spontaneous EEG in resting state conditions.... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_73872051" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Aim. One of the applications of the Neurofeedback methodology is peak performance in sport. The protocols of the neurofeedback are usually based on an assessment of the spectral parameters of spontaneous EEG in resting state conditions. The aim of the paper was to study whether the intensive neurofeedback training of a well-functioning Olympic athlete who has lost his performance confidence after injury in sport, could change the brain functioning reflected in changes in spontaneous EEG and event related potentials (ERPs). Case study. The case is presented of an Olympic athlete who has lost his performance confidence after injury in sport. He wanted to resume his activities by means of neurofeedback training. His QEEG/ERP parameters were assessed before and after 4 intensive sessions of neurotherapy. Dramatic and statistically significant changes that could not be explained by error measurement were observed in the patient. Conclusion. Neurofeedback training in the subject under stu...</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/73872051" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="a3312d40dbde106e1e879b468295ff71" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":82228742,"asset_id":73872051,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/82228742/download_file?st=MTczOTc4NDAyNSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="173859469" href="https://afm.academia.edu/AndrzejMirski">Andrzej Mirski</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="173859469" type="text/json">{"id":173859469,"first_name":"Andrzej","last_name":"Mirski","domain_name":"afm","page_name":"AndrzejMirski","display_name":"Andrzej Mirski","profile_url":"https://afm.academia.edu/AndrzejMirski?f_ri=28576","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_73872051 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="73872051"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 73872051, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_73872051", }); 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One of the applications of the Neurofeedback methodology is peak performance in sport. The protocols of the neurofeedback are usually based on an assessment of the spectral parameters of spontaneous EEG in resting state conditions. The aim of the paper was to study whether the intensive neurofeedback training of a well-functioning Olympic athlete who has lost his performance confidence after injury in sport, could change the brain functioning reflected in changes in spontaneous EEG and event related potentials (ERPs). Case study. The case is presented of an Olympic athlete who has lost his performance confidence after injury in sport. He wanted to resume his activities by means of neurofeedback training. His QEEG/ERP parameters were assessed before and after 4 intensive sessions of neurotherapy. Dramatic and statistically significant changes that could not be explained by error measurement were observed in the patient. Conclusion. Neurofeedback training in the subject under stu...","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":82228742,"asset_id":73872051,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":173859469,"first_name":"Andrzej","last_name":"Mirski","domain_name":"afm","page_name":"AndrzejMirski","display_name":"Andrzej Mirski","profile_url":"https://afm.academia.edu/AndrzejMirski?f_ri=28576","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":221,"name":"Psychology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Psychology?f_ri=28576","nofollow":true},{"id":9749,"name":"Neurofeedback","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Neurofeedback?f_ri=28576","nofollow":true},{"id":10904,"name":"Electroencephalography","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Electroencephalography?f_ri=28576","nofollow":true},{"id":26327,"name":"Medicine","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Medicine?f_ri=28576","nofollow":true},{"id":27363,"name":"Poland","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Poland?f_ri=28576"},{"id":28576,"name":"Prefrontal Cortex","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Prefrontal_Cortex?f_ri=28576"},{"id":50456,"name":"Sports","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sports?f_ri=28576"},{"id":58054,"name":"Environmental Sciences","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Environmental_Sciences?f_ri=28576"},{"id":61516,"name":"Evoked Potentials","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Evoked_Potentials?f_ri=28576"},{"id":133057,"name":"Young Adult","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Young_Adult?f_ri=28576"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_67868128" data-work_id="67868128" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/67868128/Stroop_theory_memory_and_prefrontal_cortical_functioning_reply_to_Cohen_et_al_1997_">Stroop theory, memory, and prefrontal cortical functioning: reply to Cohen et al. (1997)</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">In this article, the authors respond to J. D. Cohen, K. O. Dunbar, D. M. Barch and T. S. Braver&#39;s (1997) comment on their target article. The present article (a) takes issue with the characterization given by Cohen et al. of the... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_67868128" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">In this article, the authors respond to J. D. Cohen, K. O. Dunbar, D. M. Barch and T. S. Braver&#39;s (1997) comment on their target article. The present article (a) takes issue with the characterization given by Cohen et al. of the authors&#39; approach as a classical speed-of-processing account of Stroop effects, (b) discusses the value and relevance of other theoretical concepts, such as traditional accounts of working memory and parallel distributed processing (PDP) approaches to Stroop effects, (c) further examines the possibility that the differences the authors observed in Experiment 2 between normal participants&#39; performance and that of participants with schizophrenia may have been due to distractor stimulus degradation, particularly for participants with schizophrenia, and (d) argues for the relevance of the prefrontal cortex, as well as other brain areas, in accounting for their results. The authors conclude with a final theoretical question.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/67868128" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="c7a79e82edb0d0617b9ccb4303133c3d" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":78554320,"asset_id":67868128,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/78554320/download_file?st=MTczOTc4NDAyNSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="59129696" href="https://independent.academia.edu/ewaldneumann">ewald neumann</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="59129696" type="text/json">{"id":59129696,"first_name":"ewald","last_name":"neumann","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"ewaldneumann","display_name":"ewald neumann","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/ewaldneumann?f_ri=28576","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_67868128 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="67868128"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 67868128, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_67868128", }); 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=67868128]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_67868128").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_67868128").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="67868128"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">18</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="221" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Psychology">Psychology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="221" type="text/json">{"id":221,"name":"Psychology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Psychology?f_ri=28576","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="237" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cognitive_Science">Cognitive Science</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="237" type="text/json">{"id":237,"name":"Cognitive Science","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cognitive_Science?f_ri=28576","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="3227" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Schizophrenia">Schizophrenia</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="3227" type="text/json">{"id":3227,"name":"Schizophrenia","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Schizophrenia?f_ri=28576","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="6002" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Theory">Theory</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="6002" type="text/json">{"id":6002,"name":"Theory","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Theory?f_ri=28576","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=67868128]'), work: {"id":67868128,"title":"Stroop theory, memory, and prefrontal cortical functioning: reply to Cohen et al. (1997)","created_at":"2022-01-12T11:48:26.338-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/67868128/Stroop_theory_memory_and_prefrontal_cortical_functioning_reply_to_Cohen_et_al_1997_?f_ri=28576","dom_id":"work_67868128","summary":"In this article, the authors respond to J. D. Cohen, K. O. Dunbar, D. M. Barch and T. S. Braver\u0026#39;s (1997) comment on their target article. The present article (a) takes issue with the characterization given by Cohen et al. of the authors\u0026#39; approach as a classical speed-of-processing account of Stroop effects, (b) discusses the value and relevance of other theoretical concepts, such as traditional accounts of working memory and parallel distributed processing (PDP) approaches to Stroop effects, (c) further examines the possibility that the differences the authors observed in Experiment 2 between normal participants\u0026#39; performance and that of participants with schizophrenia may have been due to distractor stimulus degradation, particularly for participants with schizophrenia, and (d) argues for the relevance of the prefrontal cortex, as well as other brain areas, in accounting for their results. The authors conclude with a final theoretical question.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":78554320,"asset_id":67868128,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":59129696,"first_name":"ewald","last_name":"neumann","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"ewaldneumann","display_name":"ewald neumann","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/ewaldneumann?f_ri=28576","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":221,"name":"Psychology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Psychology?f_ri=28576","nofollow":true},{"id":237,"name":"Cognitive Science","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cognitive_Science?f_ri=28576","nofollow":true},{"id":3227,"name":"Schizophrenia","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Schizophrenia?f_ri=28576","nofollow":true},{"id":6002,"name":"Theory","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Theory?f_ri=28576","nofollow":true},{"id":7736,"name":"Attention","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Attention?f_ri=28576"},{"id":8538,"name":"Working Memory","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Working_Memory?f_ri=28576"},{"id":26327,"name":"Medicine","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Medicine?f_ri=28576"},{"id":28576,"name":"Prefrontal Cortex","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Prefrontal_Cortex?f_ri=28576"},{"id":36837,"name":"Information Processing","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Information_Processing?f_ri=28576"},{"id":38756,"name":"Color Perception","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Color_Perception?f_ri=28576"},{"id":80548,"name":"Stroop effect","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Stroop_effect?f_ri=28576"},{"id":119665,"name":"Reaction Time","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Reaction_Time?f_ri=28576"},{"id":123404,"name":"Verbal behavior","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Verbal_behavior?f_ri=28576"},{"id":314162,"name":"Psychological Tests","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Psychological_Tests?f_ri=28576"},{"id":337500,"name":"Velocity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Velocity?f_ri=28576"},{"id":568468,"name":"Parallel and Distributed Processing","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Parallel_and_Distributed_Processing?f_ri=28576"},{"id":1144102,"name":"Task Performance and Analysis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Task_Performance_and_Analysis?f_ri=28576"},{"id":2651410,"name":"Parallel Distributed Processing","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Parallel_Distributed_Processing?f_ri=28576"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_53136639" data-work_id="53136639" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/53136639/White_matter_connectivity_of_human_hypothalamus">White matter connectivity of human hypothalamus</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">The macroscopic extrinsic white matter connectivity and the internal structure of the hypothalamus are still incompletely defined in humans. We investigated whether in-vivo diffusion tensor imaging tractography provides evidence of... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_53136639" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">The macroscopic extrinsic white matter connectivity and the internal structure of the hypothalamus are still incompletely defined in humans. We investigated whether in-vivo diffusion tensor imaging tractography provides evidence of systematization according to hypothalamic compartmentalization. Six defined hypothalamic macroscopic compartments, preoptic, supraoptic, anteroventral, anterodorsal, lateral and posterior, were probed, within the right and left hemispheres of 14 subjects. Important new insights into the macroscopic structure of hypothalamus and white matter connections were found; the preoptic, anteroventral, lateral and posterior compartments are strongly connected to the cortex. The anteroventral connects particularly to the prefrontal cortex while the preoptic compartment connects mainly to the deep anterior brain. The anterodorsal connects mainly to the medial thalamus and the midline gray matter. There is a rightward frontal trend of hemispheric connectivity for the preoptic, anteroventral and lateral compartments. These findings may aid new neuromodulation applications and understanding in brain connectomics.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/53136639" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="1be5c5a40b75fea675e6b87a47a62f8b" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":70065537,"asset_id":53136639,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/70065537/download_file?st=MTczOTc4NDAyNSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="65632268" href="https://independent.academia.edu/AlessandraGorgulho">Alessandra Gorgulho</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="65632268" type="text/json">{"id":65632268,"first_name":"Alessandra","last_name":"Gorgulho","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"AlessandraGorgulho","display_name":"Alessandra Gorgulho","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/AlessandraGorgulho?f_ri=28576","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_53136639 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="53136639"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 53136639, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_53136639", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_53136639 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 53136639; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_53136639"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_53136639 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="53136639"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 53136639; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=53136639]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_53136639").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_53136639").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="53136639"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">16</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="237" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cognitive_Science">Cognitive Science</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="237" type="text/json">{"id":237,"name":"Cognitive Science","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cognitive_Science?f_ri=28576","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="8929" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Diffusion_Tensor_Imaging">Diffusion Tensor Imaging</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="8929" type="text/json">{"id":8929,"name":"Diffusion Tensor Imaging","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Diffusion_Tensor_Imaging?f_ri=28576","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="28576" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Prefrontal_Cortex">Prefrontal Cortex</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="28576" type="text/json">{"id":28576,"name":"Prefrontal Cortex","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Prefrontal_Cortex?f_ri=28576","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="54589" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Anatomy">Anatomy</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="54589" type="text/json">{"id":54589,"name":"Anatomy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Anatomy?f_ri=28576","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=53136639]'), work: {"id":53136639,"title":"White matter connectivity of human hypothalamus","created_at":"2021-09-21T09:05:09.992-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/53136639/White_matter_connectivity_of_human_hypothalamus?f_ri=28576","dom_id":"work_53136639","summary":"The macroscopic extrinsic white matter connectivity and the internal structure of the hypothalamus are still incompletely defined in humans. We investigated whether in-vivo diffusion tensor imaging tractography provides evidence of systematization according to hypothalamic compartmentalization. Six defined hypothalamic macroscopic compartments, preoptic, supraoptic, anteroventral, anterodorsal, lateral and posterior, were probed, within the right and left hemispheres of 14 subjects. Important new insights into the macroscopic structure of hypothalamus and white matter connections were found; the preoptic, anteroventral, lateral and posterior compartments are strongly connected to the cortex. The anteroventral connects particularly to the prefrontal cortex while the preoptic compartment connects mainly to the deep anterior brain. The anterodorsal connects mainly to the medial thalamus and the midline gray matter. There is a rightward frontal trend of hemispheric connectivity for the preoptic, anteroventral and lateral compartments. These findings may aid new neuromodulation applications and understanding in brain connectomics.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":70065537,"asset_id":53136639,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":65632268,"first_name":"Alessandra","last_name":"Gorgulho","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"AlessandraGorgulho","display_name":"Alessandra Gorgulho","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/AlessandraGorgulho?f_ri=28576","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":237,"name":"Cognitive Science","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cognitive_Science?f_ri=28576","nofollow":true},{"id":8929,"name":"Diffusion Tensor Imaging","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Diffusion_Tensor_Imaging?f_ri=28576","nofollow":true},{"id":28576,"name":"Prefrontal Cortex","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Prefrontal_Cortex?f_ri=28576","nofollow":true},{"id":54589,"name":"Anatomy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Anatomy?f_ri=28576","nofollow":true},{"id":61474,"name":"Brain","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Brain?f_ri=28576"},{"id":95704,"name":"Hypothalamus","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Hypothalamus?f_ri=28576"},{"id":226366,"name":"Connectivity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Connectivity?f_ri=28576"},{"id":289271,"name":"Aged","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Aged?f_ri=28576"},{"id":682787,"name":"Essential Tremor","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Essential_Tremor?f_ri=28576"},{"id":704401,"name":"Neural pathways","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Neural_pathways?f_ri=28576"},{"id":724444,"name":"Internal Structure","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Internal_Structure?f_ri=28576"},{"id":810789,"name":"Left Hemisphere","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Left_Hemisphere?f_ri=28576"},{"id":1182947,"name":"Axons","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Axons?f_ri=28576"},{"id":1239755,"name":"Neurosciences","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Neurosciences?f_ri=28576"},{"id":1250577,"name":"Gray Matter","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Gray_Matter?f_ri=28576"},{"id":1541077,"name":"Parkinson Disease","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Parkinson_Disease?f_ri=28576"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_48504430" data-work_id="48504430" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/48504430/Ethanol_induced_differences_in_medial_prefrontal_cortex_dopamine_asymmetry_and_in_nucleus_accumbens_dopamine_metabolism_in_left_and_right_turning_rats">Ethanol induced differences in medial prefrontal cortex dopamine asymmetry and in nucleus accumbens dopamine metabolism in left- and right-turning rats</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Ž. Ž. Ž. Ethanol 0.5 grkg i.p. 15 min prior to sacrifice increased homovanillic acid HVA levels in the left medial prefrontal cortex mPFC Ž. Ž. of left-turning rats and in the right mPFC of right-turning rats. In the nucleus accumbens NAS... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_48504430" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Ž. Ž. Ž. Ethanol 0.5 grkg i.p. 15 min prior to sacrifice increased homovanillic acid HVA levels in the left medial prefrontal cortex mPFC Ž. Ž. of left-turning rats and in the right mPFC of right-turning rats. In the nucleus accumbens NAS , ethanol decreased dopamine DA , Ž. 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid DOPAC , and HVA levels in rats that exhibited low levels of locomotor activity but not in rats that exhibited high levels of locomotor activity. This laboratory has previously shown that rats exhibiting differences in turning and locomotor activity behavior display different preferences for ethanol. The present results suggest that ethanol-induced differences in mPFC and NAS DA activity may be related to individual differences in the susceptibility to abuse ethanol.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/48504430" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="d5c1ab9150acb85c917b6606024f2bfd" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":67082030,"asset_id":48504430,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/67082030/download_file?st=MTczOTc4NDAyNiw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="42811017" href="https://independent.academia.edu/DarciNielsen">Darci Nielsen</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="42811017" type="text/json">{"id":42811017,"first_name":"Darci","last_name":"Nielsen","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"DarciNielsen","display_name":"Darci Nielsen","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/DarciNielsen?f_ri=28576","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_48504430 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="48504430"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 48504430, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_48504430", }); 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=48504430]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_48504430").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_48504430").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="48504430"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">17</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="237" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cognitive_Science">Cognitive Science</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="237" type="text/json">{"id":237,"name":"Cognitive Science","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cognitive_Science?f_ri=28576","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="3770" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Metabolism">Metabolism</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="3770" type="text/json">{"id":3770,"name":"Metabolism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Metabolism?f_ri=28576","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="28576" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Prefrontal_Cortex">Prefrontal Cortex</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="28576" type="text/json">{"id":28576,"name":"Prefrontal Cortex","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Prefrontal_Cortex?f_ri=28576","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="41697" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Nucleus_Accumbens">Nucleus Accumbens</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="41697" type="text/json">{"id":41697,"name":"Nucleus Accumbens","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Nucleus_Accumbens?f_ri=28576","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=48504430]'), work: {"id":48504430,"title":"Ethanol induced differences in medial prefrontal cortex dopamine asymmetry and in nucleus accumbens dopamine metabolism in left- and right-turning rats","created_at":"2021-05-04T21:28:22.803-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/48504430/Ethanol_induced_differences_in_medial_prefrontal_cortex_dopamine_asymmetry_and_in_nucleus_accumbens_dopamine_metabolism_in_left_and_right_turning_rats?f_ri=28576","dom_id":"work_48504430","summary":"Ž. Ž. Ž. Ethanol 0.5 grkg i.p. 15 min prior to sacrifice increased homovanillic acid HVA levels in the left medial prefrontal cortex mPFC Ž. Ž. of left-turning rats and in the right mPFC of right-turning rats. In the nucleus accumbens NAS , ethanol decreased dopamine DA , Ž. 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid DOPAC , and HVA levels in rats that exhibited low levels of locomotor activity but not in rats that exhibited high levels of locomotor activity. This laboratory has previously shown that rats exhibiting differences in turning and locomotor activity behavior display different preferences for ethanol. The present results suggest that ethanol-induced differences in mPFC and NAS DA activity may be related to individual differences in the susceptibility to abuse ethanol.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":67082030,"asset_id":48504430,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":42811017,"first_name":"Darci","last_name":"Nielsen","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"DarciNielsen","display_name":"Darci Nielsen","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/DarciNielsen?f_ri=28576","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":237,"name":"Cognitive Science","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cognitive_Science?f_ri=28576","nofollow":true},{"id":3770,"name":"Metabolism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Metabolism?f_ri=28576","nofollow":true},{"id":28576,"name":"Prefrontal Cortex","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Prefrontal_Cortex?f_ri=28576","nofollow":true},{"id":41697,"name":"Nucleus Accumbens","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Nucleus_Accumbens?f_ri=28576","nofollow":true},{"id":51566,"name":"Dopamine","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Dopamine?f_ri=28576"},{"id":61474,"name":"Brain","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Brain?f_ri=28576"},{"id":121705,"name":"Ethanol","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ethanol?f_ri=28576"},{"id":184685,"name":"Asymmetry","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Asymmetry?f_ri=28576"},{"id":375054,"name":"Rats","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Rats?f_ri=28576"},{"id":417494,"name":"Rat","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Rat?f_ri=28576"},{"id":564895,"name":"Locomotor Activity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Locomotor_Activity?f_ri=28576"},{"id":965088,"name":"Individual Difference","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Individual_Difference?f_ri=28576"},{"id":1239755,"name":"Neurosciences","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Neurosciences?f_ri=28576"},{"id":1621346,"name":"Medial Prefrontal Cortex","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Medial_Prefrontal_Cortex?f_ri=28576"},{"id":2234200,"name":"Functional Laterality","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Functional_Laterality?f_ri=28576"},{"id":2690854,"name":"Stereotyped behavior","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Stereotyped_behavior?f_ri=28576"},{"id":2950651,"name":"Tissue distribution","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Tissue_distribution?f_ri=28576"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_47302161" data-work_id="47302161" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/47302161/The_integrative_function_of_the_basal_ganglia_in_instrumental_conditioning">The integrative function of the basal ganglia in instrumental conditioning</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Recent research in instrumental conditioning has focused on the striatum, particularly the role of the dorsal striatum in the learning processes that contribute to instrumental performance in rats. This research has found evidence of what... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_47302161" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Recent research in instrumental conditioning has focused on the striatum, particularly the role of the dorsal striatum in the learning processes that contribute to instrumental performance in rats. This research has found evidence of what appear to be parallel, functionally and anatomically distinct circuits involving dorsomedial striatum (DMS) and dorsolateral striatum (DLS) that contribute to two independent instrumental learning processes. Evidence suggests that the formation of the critical action-outcome associations mediating goal-directed action are localized to the dorsomedial striatum, whereas the sensorimotor connections that control the performance of habitual actions are localized to the dorsolateral striatum. In addition to the dorsal striatum, these learning processes appear to engage distinct corticostriatal networks and to be embedded in a complex of converging and partially segregated loops that constitute the cortico-striatal thalamo-cortical feedback circuit. As the entry point for the basal ganglia, cortical circuits involving the dorsal striatum are clearly in a position to control a variety of motor functions but, as recent studies of various neurodegenerative disorders have made clear, they are also involved in a number of cognitive and executive functions including action selection, planning, and decision-making.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/47302161" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="b817663a98090657b9b9354c3f568b50" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":66475154,"asset_id":47302161,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/66475154/download_file?st=MTczOTc4NDAyNiw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="34307086" href="https://independent.academia.edu/MimiLiljeholm">Mimi Liljeholm</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="34307086" type="text/json">{"id":34307086,"first_name":"Mimi","last_name":"Liljeholm","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"MimiLiljeholm","display_name":"Mimi Liljeholm","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/MimiLiljeholm?f_ri=28576","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_47302161 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="47302161"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 47302161, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_47302161", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_47302161 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 47302161; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_47302161"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_47302161 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="47302161"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 47302161; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=47302161]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_47302161").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_47302161").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="47302161"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">19</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="1681" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Decision_Making">Decision Making</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="1681" type="text/json">{"id":1681,"name":"Decision Making","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Decision_Making?f_ri=28576","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="8735" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Motor_Control">Motor Control</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="8735" type="text/json">{"id":8735,"name":"Motor Control","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Motor_Control?f_ri=28576","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="28576" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Prefrontal_Cortex">Prefrontal Cortex</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="28576" type="text/json">{"id":28576,"name":"Prefrontal Cortex","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Prefrontal_Cortex?f_ri=28576","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="33732" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Executive_Function">Executive Function</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="33732" type="text/json">{"id":33732,"name":"Executive Function","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Executive_Function?f_ri=28576","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=47302161]'), work: {"id":47302161,"title":"The integrative function of the basal ganglia in instrumental conditioning","created_at":"2021-04-21T11:32:35.100-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/47302161/The_integrative_function_of_the_basal_ganglia_in_instrumental_conditioning?f_ri=28576","dom_id":"work_47302161","summary":"Recent research in instrumental conditioning has focused on the striatum, particularly the role of the dorsal striatum in the learning processes that contribute to instrumental performance in rats. This research has found evidence of what appear to be parallel, functionally and anatomically distinct circuits involving dorsomedial striatum (DMS) and dorsolateral striatum (DLS) that contribute to two independent instrumental learning processes. Evidence suggests that the formation of the critical action-outcome associations mediating goal-directed action are localized to the dorsomedial striatum, whereas the sensorimotor connections that control the performance of habitual actions are localized to the dorsolateral striatum. In addition to the dorsal striatum, these learning processes appear to engage distinct corticostriatal networks and to be embedded in a complex of converging and partially segregated loops that constitute the cortico-striatal thalamo-cortical feedback circuit. As the entry point for the basal ganglia, cortical circuits involving the dorsal striatum are clearly in a position to control a variety of motor functions but, as recent studies of various neurodegenerative disorders have made clear, they are also involved in a number of cognitive and executive functions including action selection, planning, and decision-making.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":66475154,"asset_id":47302161,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":34307086,"first_name":"Mimi","last_name":"Liljeholm","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"MimiLiljeholm","display_name":"Mimi Liljeholm","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/MimiLiljeholm?f_ri=28576","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":1681,"name":"Decision Making","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Decision_Making?f_ri=28576","nofollow":true},{"id":8735,"name":"Motor Control","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Motor_Control?f_ri=28576","nofollow":true},{"id":28576,"name":"Prefrontal Cortex","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Prefrontal_Cortex?f_ri=28576","nofollow":true},{"id":33732,"name":"Executive Function","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Executive_Function?f_ri=28576","nofollow":true},{"id":43774,"name":"Learning","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Learning?f_ri=28576"},{"id":86151,"name":"Habit","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Habit?f_ri=28576"},{"id":145286,"name":"Reinforcement","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Reinforcement?f_ri=28576"},{"id":253812,"name":"Instrumental Conditioning","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Instrumental_Conditioning?f_ri=28576"},{"id":393524,"name":"Learning Process","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Learning_Process?f_ri=28576"},{"id":441660,"name":"Motor Function","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Motor_Function?f_ri=28576"},{"id":484219,"name":"Basal ganglia","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Basal_ganglia?f_ri=28576"},{"id":536343,"name":"Instrumental Learning","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Instrumental_Learning?f_ri=28576"},{"id":704401,"name":"Neural pathways","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Neural_pathways?f_ri=28576"},{"id":1232076,"name":"Action Selection","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Action_Selection?f_ri=28576"},{"id":2444775,"name":"Psychomotor Performance","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Psychomotor_Performance?f_ri=28576"},{"id":2467548,"name":"Neuropsychological Tests","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Neuropsychological_Tests?f_ri=28576"},{"id":2922956,"name":"Psychology and Cognitive Sciences","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Psychology_and_Cognitive_Sciences?f_ri=28576"},{"id":3578535,"name":"Neurodegenerative disorder","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Neurodegenerative_disorder?f_ri=28576"},{"id":3763225,"name":"Medical and Health Sciences","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Medical_and_Health_Sciences?f_ri=28576"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_34474158" data-work_id="34474158" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/34474158/Cognitive_functioning_after_repetitive_transcranial_magnetic_stimulation_in_patients_with_cerebrovascular_disease_without_dementia_a_pilot_study_of_seven_patients">Cognitive functioning after repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation in patients with cerebrovascular disease without dementia: a pilot study of seven patients</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Aims: Examine whether one session of high frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) applied over the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) would induce any measurable cognitive changes in patients with... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_34474158" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Aims: Examine whether one session of high frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) applied over the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) would induce any measurable cognitive changes in patients with cerebrovascular disease and mild cognitive deficits. Patients and method: Seven patients with cerebrovascular disease and mild executive dysfunction entered the randomised, controlled, blinded study with a crossover design. rTMS was applied either over the left DLPFC (an active stimulation site) or over the left motor cortex (MC; a control stimulation site) in one session. Each patient participated in both stimulation sessions (days 1 and 4) and the order of stimulation sites (DLPFC or MC) was randomised. A short battery of neuropsychological tests was performed by a blinded psychologist prior to and after each rTMS session. Psychomotor speed, executive function, and memory were evaluated. Results: The only mild but significant stimulation site-specific effect of rTMS was observed in the Stroop interference results (i.e. improvement) after the stimulation of DLPFC but not MC in comparison with the baseline scores (Wilcoxon, Z=À2.03, p=0.04). Patients improved in the digit symbols subtest of the Wechsler adult intelligence scale-revised after both rTMS sessions regardless of the stimulation site (DLPFC or MC; Z=À2.06, p=0.04 and Z=À2.06, p=0.04, respectively). There was no measurable effect of rTMS in any other neuropsychological test. Conclusion: Our pilot study results showed that one session of the high frequency rTMS applied over the left DLPFC was safe in patients with cerebrovascular disease and mild executive deficits, and may induce measurable positive effects on executive functioning. D</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/34474158" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="2bb72ef513a57ff7984135f4f9061204" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":54346205,"asset_id":34474158,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/54346205/download_file?st=MTczOTc4NDAyNiw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="67929238" href="https://independent.academia.edu/BaresM">M. Bares</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="67929238" type="text/json">{"id":67929238,"first_name":"M.","last_name":"Bares","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"BaresM","display_name":"M. Bares","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/BaresM?f_ri=28576","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_34474158 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="34474158"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 34474158, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_34474158", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_34474158 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 34474158; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_34474158"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_34474158 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="34474158"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 34474158; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=34474158]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_34474158").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_34474158").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="34474158"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">20</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="4212" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cognition">Cognition</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="4212" type="text/json">{"id":4212,"name":"Cognition","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cognition?f_ri=28576","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="28576" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Prefrontal_Cortex">Prefrontal Cortex</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="28576" type="text/json">{"id":28576,"name":"Prefrontal Cortex","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Prefrontal_Cortex?f_ri=28576","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="46858" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Memory">Memory</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="46858" type="text/json">{"id":46858,"name":"Memory","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Memory?f_ri=28576","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="48458" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/High_Frequency">High Frequency</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="48458" type="text/json">{"id":48458,"name":"High Frequency","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/High_Frequency?f_ri=28576","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=34474158]'), work: {"id":34474158,"title":"Cognitive functioning after repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation in patients with cerebrovascular disease without dementia: a pilot study of seven patients","created_at":"2017-09-05T12:41:07.218-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/34474158/Cognitive_functioning_after_repetitive_transcranial_magnetic_stimulation_in_patients_with_cerebrovascular_disease_without_dementia_a_pilot_study_of_seven_patients?f_ri=28576","dom_id":"work_34474158","summary":"Aims: Examine whether one session of high frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) applied over the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) would induce any measurable cognitive changes in patients with cerebrovascular disease and mild cognitive deficits. Patients and method: Seven patients with cerebrovascular disease and mild executive dysfunction entered the randomised, controlled, blinded study with a crossover design. rTMS was applied either over the left DLPFC (an active stimulation site) or over the left motor cortex (MC; a control stimulation site) in one session. Each patient participated in both stimulation sessions (days 1 and 4) and the order of stimulation sites (DLPFC or MC) was randomised. A short battery of neuropsychological tests was performed by a blinded psychologist prior to and after each rTMS session. Psychomotor speed, executive function, and memory were evaluated. Results: The only mild but significant stimulation site-specific effect of rTMS was observed in the Stroop interference results (i.e. improvement) after the stimulation of DLPFC but not MC in comparison with the baseline scores (Wilcoxon, Z=À2.03, p=0.04). Patients improved in the digit symbols subtest of the Wechsler adult intelligence scale-revised after both rTMS sessions regardless of the stimulation site (DLPFC or MC; Z=À2.06, p=0.04 and Z=À2.06, p=0.04, respectively). There was no measurable effect of rTMS in any other neuropsychological test. Conclusion: Our pilot study results showed that one session of the high frequency rTMS applied over the left DLPFC was safe in patients with cerebrovascular disease and mild executive deficits, and may induce measurable positive effects on executive functioning. D","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":54346205,"asset_id":34474158,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":67929238,"first_name":"M.","last_name":"Bares","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"BaresM","display_name":"M. Bares","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/BaresM?f_ri=28576","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":4212,"name":"Cognition","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cognition?f_ri=28576","nofollow":true},{"id":28576,"name":"Prefrontal Cortex","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Prefrontal_Cortex?f_ri=28576","nofollow":true},{"id":46858,"name":"Memory","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Memory?f_ri=28576","nofollow":true},{"id":48458,"name":"High Frequency","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/High_Frequency?f_ri=28576","nofollow":true},{"id":91905,"name":"Cerebrovascular Disease","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cerebrovascular_Disease?f_ri=28576"},{"id":131236,"name":"Electromagnetic Fields","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Electromagnetic_Fields?f_ri=28576"},{"id":153836,"name":"Motor Cortex","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Motor_Cortex?f_ri=28576"},{"id":244814,"name":"Clinical Sciences","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Clinical_Sciences?f_ri=28576"},{"id":289271,"name":"Aged","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Aged?f_ri=28576"},{"id":308908,"name":"Pilot study","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Pilot_study?f_ri=28576"},{"id":441653,"name":"Cognitive Function","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cognitive_Function?f_ri=28576"},{"id":945595,"name":"Pilot Projects","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Pilot_Projects?f_ri=28576"},{"id":1146830,"name":"Cross-Over Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cross-Over_Studies?f_ri=28576"},{"id":1205102,"name":"Cerebrovascular Disorders","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cerebrovascular_Disorders?f_ri=28576"},{"id":1239755,"name":"Neurosciences","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Neurosciences?f_ri=28576"},{"id":1550739,"name":"Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Repetitive_transcranial_magnetic_stimulation?f_ri=28576"},{"id":1888321,"name":"Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Dorsolateral_Prefrontal_Cortex?f_ri=28576"},{"id":2444775,"name":"Psychomotor Performance","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Psychomotor_Performance?f_ri=28576"},{"id":2467529,"name":"Psychiatric Status Rating Scales","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Psychiatric_Status_Rating_Scales?f_ri=28576"},{"id":2467548,"name":"Neuropsychological Tests","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Neuropsychological_Tests?f_ri=28576"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_249595" data-work_id="249595" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/249595/Shared_representations_between_self_and_other_a_social_cognitive_neuroscience_view">Shared representations between self and other: a social cognitive neuroscience view</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/249595" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="8a44b47a00d94bcee45480e21474ca0c" rel="nofollow" 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type="text/json">{"id":9322,"first_name":"Jean","last_name":"Decety","domain_name":"chicago","page_name":"JeanDecety","display_name":"Jean Decety","profile_url":"https://chicago.academia.edu/JeanDecety?f_ri=28576","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/9322/3226/12396117/s65_jean.decety.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_249595 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="249595"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 249595, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_249595", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_249595 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 249595; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_249595"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_249595 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="249595"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 249595; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=249595]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_249595").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_249595").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="249595"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">5</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="248" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Social_Psychology">Social Psychology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="248" type="text/json">{"id":248,"name":"Social Psychology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Social_Psychology?f_ri=28576","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="26066" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Neural_Network">Neural Network</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="26066" type="text/json">{"id":26066,"name":"Neural Network","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Neural_Network?f_ri=28576","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="28576" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Prefrontal_Cortex">Prefrontal Cortex</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="28576" type="text/json">{"id":28576,"name":"Prefrontal Cortex","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Prefrontal_Cortex?f_ri=28576","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="36325" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Social_Cognitive_Neuroscience">Social Cognitive Neuroscience</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="36325" type="text/json">{"id":36325,"name":"Social Cognitive Neuroscience","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Social_Cognitive_Neuroscience?f_ri=28576","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=249595]'), work: {"id":249595,"title":"Shared representations between self and other: a social cognitive neuroscience view","created_at":"2010-06-24T07:14:08.849-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/249595/Shared_representations_between_self_and_other_a_social_cognitive_neuroscience_view?f_ri=28576","dom_id":"work_249595","summary":null,"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":3237764,"asset_id":249595,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":9322,"first_name":"Jean","last_name":"Decety","domain_name":"chicago","page_name":"JeanDecety","display_name":"Jean Decety","profile_url":"https://chicago.academia.edu/JeanDecety?f_ri=28576","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/9322/3226/12396117/s65_jean.decety.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":248,"name":"Social Psychology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Social_Psychology?f_ri=28576","nofollow":true},{"id":26066,"name":"Neural Network","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Neural_Network?f_ri=28576","nofollow":true},{"id":28576,"name":"Prefrontal Cortex","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Prefrontal_Cortex?f_ri=28576","nofollow":true},{"id":36325,"name":"Social Cognitive Neuroscience","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Social_Cognitive_Neuroscience?f_ri=28576","nofollow":true},{"id":54755,"name":"Right Hemisphere Functions","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Right_Hemisphere_Functions?f_ri=28576"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_1487553" data-work_id="1487553" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/1487553/When_I_think_about_me_and_simulate_you_medial_rostral_prefrontal_cortex_and_self_referential_processes">When I think about me and simulate you: medial rostral prefrontal cortex and self-referential processes</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">While neuroimaging studies implicate medial rostral prefrontal cortex (mrPFC) in self-referential processing, simulation accounts of social cognition suggest that this region also supports thinking about other people. This study tested... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_1487553" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">While neuroimaging studies implicate medial rostral prefrontal cortex (mrPFC) in self-referential processing, simulation accounts of social cognition suggest that this region also supports thinking about other people. This study tested the prediction that mrPFC might be involved in appraising the personality traits of another person to the degree that this person is perceived as similar to oneself. We also examined whether recruiting common processes for thinking about oneself and others might impact on subsequent memory for those judgments. Functional MRI was used while two factors were crossed: (i) the requirement to engage in personality trait or episodic source memory judgments and (ii) the reference for these judgments (i.e., oneself or a friend). The results link haemodynamic changes in mrPFC to both personality judgments about oneself and subsequent episodic memory retrieval of these judgments. The degree to which BOLD signal in this region was also associated with thinking about others correlated with perceived similarity in both tasks, thus corroborating simulation accounts. Moreover, participants who perceived themselves as having similar traits to their friends tended to be poorer at remembering whether they had made trait judgments in reference to themselves or their friend. This behavioral effect was reflected in the BOLD signal in mrPFC: there was a positive correlation between signal change for self versus friend judgments and subsequent memory for the reference of such judgments. The results suggest that investigations of mrPFC activity in the context of self/other judgments should take into account this psychological similarity effect.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/1487553" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="553a68ed866d4d70af31143445b64b67" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":50951479,"asset_id":1487553,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/50951479/download_file?st=MTczOTc4NDAyNiw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="223372" href="https://ucl.academia.edu/PaulBurgess">Paul Burgess</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="223372" type="text/json">{"id":223372,"first_name":"Paul","last_name":"Burgess","domain_name":"ucl","page_name":"PaulBurgess","display_name":"Paul Burgess","profile_url":"https://ucl.academia.edu/PaulBurgess?f_ri=28576","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/223372/500715/629824/s65_paul.burgess.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_1487553 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="1487553"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 1487553, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_1487553", }); 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=1487553]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_1487553").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_1487553").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="1487553"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">21</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="2672" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Personality">Personality</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="2672" type="text/json">{"id":2672,"name":"Personality","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Personality?f_ri=28576","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="4626" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Social_Cognition">Social Cognition</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="4626" type="text/json">{"id":4626,"name":"Social Cognition","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Social_Cognition?f_ri=28576","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="6200" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Magnetic_Resonance_Imaging">Magnetic Resonance Imaging</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="6200" type="text/json">{"id":6200,"name":"Magnetic Resonance Imaging","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Magnetic_Resonance_Imaging?f_ri=28576","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="9224" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Functional_MRI">Functional MRI</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="9224" type="text/json">{"id":9224,"name":"Functional MRI","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Functional_MRI?f_ri=28576","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=1487553]'), work: {"id":1487553,"title":"When I think about me and simulate you: medial rostral prefrontal cortex and self-referential processes","created_at":"2012-03-26T19:04:56.896-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/1487553/When_I_think_about_me_and_simulate_you_medial_rostral_prefrontal_cortex_and_self_referential_processes?f_ri=28576","dom_id":"work_1487553","summary":"While neuroimaging studies implicate medial rostral prefrontal cortex (mrPFC) in self-referential processing, simulation accounts of social cognition suggest that this region also supports thinking about other people. This study tested the prediction that mrPFC might be involved in appraising the personality traits of another person to the degree that this person is perceived as similar to oneself. We also examined whether recruiting common processes for thinking about oneself and others might impact on subsequent memory for those judgments. Functional MRI was used while two factors were crossed: (i) the requirement to engage in personality trait or episodic source memory judgments and (ii) the reference for these judgments (i.e., oneself or a friend). The results link haemodynamic changes in mrPFC to both personality judgments about oneself and subsequent episodic memory retrieval of these judgments. The degree to which BOLD signal in this region was also associated with thinking about others correlated with perceived similarity in both tasks, thus corroborating simulation accounts. Moreover, participants who perceived themselves as having similar traits to their friends tended to be poorer at remembering whether they had made trait judgments in reference to themselves or their friend. This behavioral effect was reflected in the BOLD signal in mrPFC: there was a positive correlation between signal change for self versus friend judgments and subsequent memory for the reference of such judgments. The results suggest that investigations of mrPFC activity in the context of self/other judgments should take into account this psychological similarity effect.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":50951479,"asset_id":1487553,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":223372,"first_name":"Paul","last_name":"Burgess","domain_name":"ucl","page_name":"PaulBurgess","display_name":"Paul Burgess","profile_url":"https://ucl.academia.edu/PaulBurgess?f_ri=28576","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/223372/500715/629824/s65_paul.burgess.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":2672,"name":"Personality","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Personality?f_ri=28576","nofollow":true},{"id":4626,"name":"Social Cognition","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Social_Cognition?f_ri=28576","nofollow":true},{"id":6200,"name":"Magnetic Resonance Imaging","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Magnetic_Resonance_Imaging?f_ri=28576","nofollow":true},{"id":9224,"name":"Functional MRI","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Functional_MRI?f_ri=28576","nofollow":true},{"id":18440,"name":"Social Perception","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Social_Perception?f_ri=28576"},{"id":28576,"name":"Prefrontal Cortex","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Prefrontal_Cortex?f_ri=28576"},{"id":32361,"name":"Episodic Memory","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Episodic_Memory?f_ri=28576"},{"id":52176,"name":"Brain Mapping","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Brain_Mapping?f_ri=28576"},{"id":61474,"name":"Brain","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Brain?f_ri=28576"},{"id":61534,"name":"Thinking","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Thinking?f_ri=28576"},{"id":66843,"name":"Judgment","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Judgment?f_ri=28576"},{"id":99038,"name":"Process Simulation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Process_Simulation?f_ri=28576"},{"id":103260,"name":"Neuroimage","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Neuroimage?f_ri=28576"},{"id":119665,"name":"Reaction Time","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Reaction_Time?f_ri=28576"},{"id":133057,"name":"Young Adult","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Young_Adult?f_ri=28576"},{"id":232673,"name":"Source Memory","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Source_Memory?f_ri=28576"},{"id":321147,"name":"Self Concept","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Self_Concept?f_ri=28576"},{"id":380825,"name":"Oxygen","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Oxygen?f_ri=28576"},{"id":1120028,"name":"Friends","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Friends?f_ri=28576"},{"id":1843330,"name":"Personality Trait","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Personality_Trait?f_ri=28576"},{"id":2467548,"name":"Neuropsychological Tests","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Neuropsychological_Tests?f_ri=28576"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_30322168" data-work_id="30322168" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/30322168/Are_the_frontal_lobes_implicated_in_planning_functions_Interpreting_data_from_the_Tower_of_Hanoi">Are the frontal lobes implicated in “planning” functions? Interpreting data from the Tower of Hanoi</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest">The user has requested enhancement of the downloaded file.</div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/30322168" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="2d49265ce846fb9174c72531d94b3d8b" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":50778423,"asset_id":30322168,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/50778423/download_file?st=MTczOTc4NDAyNiw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="34559616" href="https://yorku.academia.edu/VinodGoel">Vinod Goel</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="34559616" type="text/json">{"id":34559616,"first_name":"Vinod","last_name":"Goel","domain_name":"yorku","page_name":"VinodGoel","display_name":"Vinod Goel","profile_url":"https://yorku.academia.edu/VinodGoel?f_ri=28576","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/34559616/65246517/53579523/s65_vinod.goel.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_30322168 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="30322168"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 30322168, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_30322168", }); 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Interpreting data from the Tower of Hanoi","created_at":"2016-12-07T22:52:58.275-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/30322168/Are_the_frontal_lobes_implicated_in_planning_functions_Interpreting_data_from_the_Tower_of_Hanoi?f_ri=28576","dom_id":"work_30322168","summary":"The user has requested enhancement of the downloaded file.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":50778423,"asset_id":30322168,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":34559616,"first_name":"Vinod","last_name":"Goel","domain_name":"yorku","page_name":"VinodGoel","display_name":"Vinod Goel","profile_url":"https://yorku.academia.edu/VinodGoel?f_ri=28576","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/34559616/65246517/53579523/s65_vinod.goel.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":221,"name":"Psychology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Psychology?f_ri=28576","nofollow":true},{"id":237,"name":"Cognitive Science","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cognitive_Science?f_ri=28576","nofollow":true},{"id":28576,"name":"Prefrontal Cortex","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Prefrontal_Cortex?f_ri=28576","nofollow":true},{"id":47813,"name":"Planning","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Planning?f_ri=28576","nofollow":true},{"id":49419,"name":"Problem Solving","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Problem_Solving?f_ri=28576"},{"id":119665,"name":"Reaction Time","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Reaction_Time?f_ri=28576"},{"id":142889,"name":"Mental processes","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mental_processes?f_ri=28576"},{"id":366171,"name":"Look Ahead","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Look_Ahead?f_ri=28576"},{"id":452621,"name":"Neuropsychologia","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Neuropsychologia?f_ri=28576"},{"id":1144102,"name":"Task Performance and Analysis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Task_Performance_and_Analysis?f_ri=28576"},{"id":1239755,"name":"Neurosciences","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Neurosciences?f_ri=28576"},{"id":1257483,"name":"Frontal Lobe","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Frontal_Lobe?f_ri=28576"},{"id":2234200,"name":"Functional Laterality","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Functional_Laterality?f_ri=28576"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_30199974" data-work_id="30199974" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/30199974/Experimental_Approach_to_Prefrontal_Functions_in_Humans">Experimental Approach to Prefrontal Functions in Humans</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x 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data-has-card-for-ri="28235" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Multidisciplinary">Multidisciplinary</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="28235" type="text/json">{"id":28235,"name":"Multidisciplinary","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Multidisciplinary?f_ri=28576","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="28576" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Prefrontal_Cortex">Prefrontal Cortex</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="28576" type="text/json">{"id":28576,"name":"Prefrontal Cortex","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Prefrontal_Cortex?f_ri=28576","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="522464" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Short_Term_Memory">Short Term Memory</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="522464" type="text/json">{"id":522464,"name":"Short Term Memory","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Short_Term_Memory?f_ri=28576","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="974411" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Memory_Disorders">Memory Disorders</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="974411" type="text/json">{"id":974411,"name":"Memory Disorders","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Memory_Disorders?f_ri=28576","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=30199974]'), work: {"id":30199974,"title":"Experimental Approach to Prefrontal Functions in Humans","created_at":"2016-12-01T06:32:24.151-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/30199974/Experimental_Approach_to_Prefrontal_Functions_in_Humans?f_ri=28576","dom_id":"work_30199974","summary":null,"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":50658642,"asset_id":30199974,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":81206,"first_name":"Richard","last_name":"Levy","domain_name":"ucalgary","page_name":"richardLevy","display_name":"Richard M Levy","profile_url":"https://ucalgary.academia.edu/richardLevy?f_ri=28576","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/81206/22568/20881/s65_richard.levy.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":28235,"name":"Multidisciplinary","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Multidisciplinary?f_ri=28576","nofollow":true},{"id":28576,"name":"Prefrontal Cortex","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Prefrontal_Cortex?f_ri=28576","nofollow":true},{"id":522464,"name":"Short Term Memory","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Short_Term_Memory?f_ri=28576","nofollow":true},{"id":974411,"name":"Memory Disorders","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Memory_Disorders?f_ri=28576","nofollow":true},{"id":1765793,"name":"Brain Diseases","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Brain_Diseases?f_ri=28576"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_13304383" data-work_id="13304383" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/13304383/Effects_of_nonspatial_selective_and_divided_visual_attention_on_fMRI_BOLD_responses">Effects of nonspatial selective and divided visual attention on fMRI BOLD responses</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Using an uncertainty paradigm and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) we studied the effect of nonspatial selective and divided visual attention on the activity of specific areas of human extrastriate visual cortex. The stimuli... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_13304383" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Using an uncertainty paradigm and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) we studied the effect of nonspatial selective and divided visual attention on the activity of specific areas of human extrastriate visual cortex. The stimuli were single ovals that differed from an implicit standard oval in either colour or width. The subjects' task was to classify the current stimulus as one of two possible alternatives per stimulus dimension.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/13304383" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="31a70dabe613337793a07a85beb47cb1" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":45493666,"asset_id":13304383,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/45493666/download_file?st=MTczOTc4NDAyNiw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="32554429" href="https://uni-regensburg.academia.edu/MarkGreenlee">Mark Greenlee</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="32554429" type="text/json">{"id":32554429,"first_name":"Mark","last_name":"Greenlee","domain_name":"uni-regensburg","page_name":"MarkGreenlee","display_name":"Mark Greenlee","profile_url":"https://uni-regensburg.academia.edu/MarkGreenlee?f_ri=28576","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_13304383 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="13304383"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 13304383, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_13304383", }); 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=13304383]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_13304383").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_13304383").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="13304383"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">17</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="1680" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Selective_Attention">Selective Attention</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="1680" type="text/json">{"id":1680,"name":"Selective Attention","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Selective_Attention?f_ri=28576","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="4008" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Visual_attention">Visual attention</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="4008" type="text/json">{"id":4008,"name":"Visual attention","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Visual_attention?f_ri=28576","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="5187" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Statistical_Analysis">Statistical Analysis</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="5187" type="text/json">{"id":5187,"name":"Statistical Analysis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Statistical_Analysis?f_ri=28576","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="5359" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Visual_perception">Visual perception</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="5359" type="text/json">{"id":5359,"name":"Visual perception","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Visual_perception?f_ri=28576","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=13304383]'), work: {"id":13304383,"title":"Effects of nonspatial selective and divided visual attention on fMRI BOLD responses","created_at":"2015-06-26T00:53:16.722-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/13304383/Effects_of_nonspatial_selective_and_divided_visual_attention_on_fMRI_BOLD_responses?f_ri=28576","dom_id":"work_13304383","summary":"Using an uncertainty paradigm and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) we studied the effect of nonspatial selective and divided visual attention on the activity of specific areas of human extrastriate visual cortex. The stimuli were single ovals that differed from an implicit standard oval in either colour or width. The subjects' task was to classify the current stimulus as one of two possible alternatives per stimulus dimension.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":45493666,"asset_id":13304383,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":32554429,"first_name":"Mark","last_name":"Greenlee","domain_name":"uni-regensburg","page_name":"MarkGreenlee","display_name":"Mark Greenlee","profile_url":"https://uni-regensburg.academia.edu/MarkGreenlee?f_ri=28576","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":1680,"name":"Selective Attention","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Selective_Attention?f_ri=28576","nofollow":true},{"id":4008,"name":"Visual attention","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Visual_attention?f_ri=28576","nofollow":true},{"id":5187,"name":"Statistical Analysis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Statistical_Analysis?f_ri=28576","nofollow":true},{"id":5359,"name":"Visual perception","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Visual_perception?f_ri=28576","nofollow":true},{"id":6200,"name":"Magnetic Resonance Imaging","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Magnetic_Resonance_Imaging?f_ri=28576"},{"id":7736,"name":"Attention","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Attention?f_ri=28576"},{"id":8538,"name":"Working Memory","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Working_Memory?f_ri=28576"},{"id":9224,"name":"Functional MRI","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Functional_MRI?f_ri=28576"},{"id":28576,"name":"Prefrontal Cortex","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Prefrontal_Cortex?f_ri=28576"},{"id":38756,"name":"Color Perception","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Color_Perception?f_ri=28576"},{"id":49816,"name":"Divided Attention","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Divided_Attention?f_ri=28576"},{"id":52176,"name":"Brain Mapping","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Brain_Mapping?f_ri=28576"},{"id":119259,"name":"Magnetic Resonance","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Magnetic_Resonance?f_ri=28576"},{"id":123277,"name":"Posterior Parietal Cortex","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Posterior_Parietal_Cortex?f_ri=28576"},{"id":124303,"name":"Size Perception","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Size_Perception?f_ri=28576"},{"id":406036,"name":"Parietal Lobe","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Parietal_Lobe?f_ri=28576"},{"id":505179,"name":"Shape Perception","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Shape_Perception?f_ri=28576"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_13655005" data-work_id="13655005" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/13655005/Approaching_an_ecologically_valid_functional_anatomy_of_spontaneous_willed_action">Approaching an ecologically valid functional anatomy of spontaneous “willed” action</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">We used functional magnetic resonance imaging of healthy subjects to investigate the neural basis for spontaneous "willed" action. We hypothesised that such action involves prefrontal cortex (PFC) and supplementary motor area (SMA), in... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_13655005" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">We used functional magnetic resonance imaging of healthy subjects to investigate the neural basis for spontaneous "willed" action. We hypothesised that such action involves prefrontal cortex (PFC) and supplementary motor area (SMA), in addition to primary motor cortex. Furthermore, we predicted that PFC and SMA would demonstrate similar temporal response dynamics, distinct from primary motor cortex. Specifically, we predicted earlier activation in PFC and SMA, manifest as shorter response latencies compared with primary motor cortex. Six right-handed males participated in an event-related design and were required to generate spontaneous motor acts inside the scanner. By deciding "which" of two buttons to press, and "when" to press them, subjects generated sequences of action that were of high information content ("novelty" or "randomness"). Utilising a short repetition time (1 s), we acquired functional images that covered most of the frontal and parietal cortices. The onset of action was associated with significant activation in bilateral PFC, left primary motor cortex, and, close to the midline, SMA. Following action, mean time to half-maximum blood oxygenation level-dependent response was significantly earlier in left PFC and SMA than primary motor cortex. Our findings suggest that neural correlates of spontaneous willed action are distributed in executive and motor centres, and that temporal response dynamics differentiate "higher" regions from subordinate motor areas.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/13655005" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="5de523278731309ac87e619a407659aa" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":45099680,"asset_id":13655005,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/45099680/download_file?st=MTczOTc4NDAyNiw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="32808892" href="https://sheffield.academia.edu/IainWilkinson">Iain Wilkinson</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="32808892" type="text/json">{"id":32808892,"first_name":"Iain","last_name":"Wilkinson","domain_name":"sheffield","page_name":"IainWilkinson","display_name":"Iain Wilkinson","profile_url":"https://sheffield.academia.edu/IainWilkinson?f_ri=28576","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_13655005 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="13655005"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 13655005, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_13655005", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_13655005 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 13655005; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_13655005"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_13655005 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="13655005"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 13655005; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=13655005]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_13655005").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_13655005").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="13655005"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">20</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="6200" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Magnetic_Resonance_Imaging">Magnetic Resonance Imaging</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="6200" type="text/json">{"id":6200,"name":"Magnetic Resonance Imaging","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Magnetic_Resonance_Imaging?f_ri=28576","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="28576" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Prefrontal_Cortex">Prefrontal Cortex</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="28576" type="text/json">{"id":28576,"name":"Prefrontal Cortex","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Prefrontal_Cortex?f_ri=28576","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="28850" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Linear_models">Linear models</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="28850" type="text/json">{"id":28850,"name":"Linear models","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Linear_models?f_ri=28576","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="52176" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Brain_Mapping">Brain Mapping</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="52176" type="text/json">{"id":52176,"name":"Brain Mapping","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Brain_Mapping?f_ri=28576","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=13655005]'), work: {"id":13655005,"title":"Approaching an ecologically valid functional anatomy of spontaneous “willed” action","created_at":"2015-07-05T08:10:42.754-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/13655005/Approaching_an_ecologically_valid_functional_anatomy_of_spontaneous_willed_action?f_ri=28576","dom_id":"work_13655005","summary":"We used functional magnetic resonance imaging of healthy subjects to investigate the neural basis for spontaneous \"willed\" action. We hypothesised that such action involves prefrontal cortex (PFC) and supplementary motor area (SMA), in addition to primary motor cortex. Furthermore, we predicted that PFC and SMA would demonstrate similar temporal response dynamics, distinct from primary motor cortex. Specifically, we predicted earlier activation in PFC and SMA, manifest as shorter response latencies compared with primary motor cortex. Six right-handed males participated in an event-related design and were required to generate spontaneous motor acts inside the scanner. By deciding \"which\" of two buttons to press, and \"when\" to press them, subjects generated sequences of action that were of high information content (\"novelty\" or \"randomness\"). Utilising a short repetition time (1 s), we acquired functional images that covered most of the frontal and parietal cortices. The onset of action was associated with significant activation in bilateral PFC, left primary motor cortex, and, close to the midline, SMA. Following action, mean time to half-maximum blood oxygenation level-dependent response was significantly earlier in left PFC and SMA than primary motor cortex. Our findings suggest that neural correlates of spontaneous willed action are distributed in executive and motor centres, and that temporal response dynamics differentiate \"higher\" regions from subordinate motor areas.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":45099680,"asset_id":13655005,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":32808892,"first_name":"Iain","last_name":"Wilkinson","domain_name":"sheffield","page_name":"IainWilkinson","display_name":"Iain Wilkinson","profile_url":"https://sheffield.academia.edu/IainWilkinson?f_ri=28576","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":6200,"name":"Magnetic Resonance Imaging","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Magnetic_Resonance_Imaging?f_ri=28576","nofollow":true},{"id":28576,"name":"Prefrontal Cortex","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Prefrontal_Cortex?f_ri=28576","nofollow":true},{"id":28850,"name":"Linear models","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Linear_models?f_ri=28576","nofollow":true},{"id":52176,"name":"Brain Mapping","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Brain_Mapping?f_ri=28576","nofollow":true},{"id":61474,"name":"Brain","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Brain?f_ri=28576"},{"id":61516,"name":"Evoked Potentials","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Evoked_Potentials?f_ri=28576"},{"id":84745,"name":"Movement","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Movement?f_ri=28576"},{"id":100946,"name":"Functional Imaging","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Functional_Imaging?f_ri=28576"},{"id":103260,"name":"Neuroimage","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Neuroimage?f_ri=28576"},{"id":119259,"name":"Magnetic Resonance","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Magnetic_Resonance?f_ri=28576"},{"id":153836,"name":"Motor Cortex","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Motor_Cortex?f_ri=28576"},{"id":231665,"name":"Ecological Validity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ecological_Validity?f_ri=28576"},{"id":313898,"name":"Information Content","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Information_Content?f_ri=28576"},{"id":337457,"name":"Supplementary Motor Area","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Supplementary_Motor_Area?f_ri=28576"},{"id":380825,"name":"Oxygen","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Oxygen?f_ri=28576"},{"id":615949,"name":"Volition","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Volition?f_ri=28576"},{"id":766410,"name":"Primary Motor Cortex","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Primary_Motor_Cortex?f_ri=28576"},{"id":1142759,"name":"Healthy Subjects","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Healthy_Subjects?f_ri=28576"},{"id":1274453,"name":"Right Handed","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Right_Handed?f_ri=28576"},{"id":2234200,"name":"Functional Laterality","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Functional_Laterality?f_ri=28576"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_634037" data-work_id="634037" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/634037/Causal_Role_of_Dorsolateral_Prefrontal_Cortex_in_Human_Perceptual_Decision_Making">Causal Role of Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex in Human Perceptual Decision Making</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">The way that we interpret and interact with the world entails making decisions on the basis of available sensory evidence. Recent primate neurophysiology [1-6], human neuroimaging [7-13], and modeling experiments [14-19] have demonstrated... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_634037" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">The way that we interpret and interact with the world entails making decisions on the basis of available sensory evidence. Recent primate neurophysiology [1-6], human neuroimaging [7-13], and modeling experiments [14-19] have demonstrated that perceptual decisions are based on an integrative process in which sensory evidence accumulates over time until an internal decision bound is reached. Here we used repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) to provide causal support for the role of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) in this integrative process. Specifically, we used a speeded perceptual categorization task designed to induce a time-dependent accumulation of sensory evidence through rapidly updating dynamic stimuli and found that disruption of the left DLPFC with low-frequency rTMS reduced accuracy and increased response times relative to a sham condition. Importantly, using the drift-diffusion model, we show that these behavioral effects correspond to a decrease in drift rate, a parameter describing the rate and thereby the efficiency of the sensory evidence integration in the decision process. These results provide causal evidence linking the DLPFC to the mechanism of evidence accumulation during perceptual decision making.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/634037" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="838fe8487a3e3e0e082006531b2e1840" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":3430789,"asset_id":634037,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/3430789/download_file?st=MTczOTc4NDAyNiw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="466064" href="https://ucl.academia.edu/RyszardAuksztulewicz">Ryszard Auksztulewicz</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="466064" type="text/json">{"id":466064,"first_name":"Ryszard","last_name":"Auksztulewicz","domain_name":"ucl","page_name":"RyszardAuksztulewicz","display_name":"Ryszard Auksztulewicz","profile_url":"https://ucl.academia.edu/RyszardAuksztulewicz?f_ri=28576","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/466064/154637/1481864/s65_ryszard.auksztulewicz.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_634037 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="634037"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 634037, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_634037", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_634037 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 634037; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_634037"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_634037 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="634037"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 634037; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=634037]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_634037").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_634037").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="634037"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">5</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="1681" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Decision_Making">Decision Making</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="1681" type="text/json">{"id":1681,"name":"Decision Making","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Decision_Making?f_ri=28576","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="28576" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Prefrontal_Cortex">Prefrontal Cortex</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="28576" type="text/json">{"id":28576,"name":"Prefrontal Cortex","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Prefrontal_Cortex?f_ri=28576","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="42361" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/TMS">TMS</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="42361" type="text/json">{"id":42361,"name":"TMS","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/TMS?f_ri=28576","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="62313" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Perceptual_Decision_Making">Perceptual Decision Making</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="62313" type="text/json">{"id":62313,"name":"Perceptual Decision Making","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Perceptual_Decision_Making?f_ri=28576","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=634037]'), work: {"id":634037,"title":"Causal Role of Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex in Human Perceptual Decision Making","created_at":"2011-06-01T00:01:49.653-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/634037/Causal_Role_of_Dorsolateral_Prefrontal_Cortex_in_Human_Perceptual_Decision_Making?f_ri=28576","dom_id":"work_634037","summary":"The way that we interpret and interact with the world entails making decisions on the basis of available sensory evidence. Recent primate neurophysiology [1-6], human neuroimaging [7-13], and modeling experiments [14-19] have demonstrated that perceptual decisions are based on an integrative process in which sensory evidence accumulates over time until an internal decision bound is reached. Here we used repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) to provide causal support for the role of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) in this integrative process. Specifically, we used a speeded perceptual categorization task designed to induce a time-dependent accumulation of sensory evidence through rapidly updating dynamic stimuli and found that disruption of the left DLPFC with low-frequency rTMS reduced accuracy and increased response times relative to a sham condition. Importantly, using the drift-diffusion model, we show that these behavioral effects correspond to a decrease in drift rate, a parameter describing the rate and thereby the efficiency of the sensory evidence integration in the decision process. These results provide causal evidence linking the DLPFC to the mechanism of evidence accumulation during perceptual decision making.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":3430789,"asset_id":634037,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":466064,"first_name":"Ryszard","last_name":"Auksztulewicz","domain_name":"ucl","page_name":"RyszardAuksztulewicz","display_name":"Ryszard Auksztulewicz","profile_url":"https://ucl.academia.edu/RyszardAuksztulewicz?f_ri=28576","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/466064/154637/1481864/s65_ryszard.auksztulewicz.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":1681,"name":"Decision Making","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Decision_Making?f_ri=28576","nofollow":true},{"id":28576,"name":"Prefrontal Cortex","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Prefrontal_Cortex?f_ri=28576","nofollow":true},{"id":42361,"name":"TMS","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/TMS?f_ri=28576","nofollow":true},{"id":62313,"name":"Perceptual Decision Making","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Perceptual_Decision_Making?f_ri=28576","nofollow":true},{"id":76124,"name":"DLPFC","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/DLPFC?f_ri=28576"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_67102520" data-work_id="67102520" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/67102520/Lobar_Asymmetries_in_Subtypes_of_Dyslexic_and_Control_Subjects">Lobar Asymmetries in Subtypes of Dyslexic and Control Subjects</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Reading involves phonologic decoding, in which readers ``sound out&#39;&#39; a word; orthographic decoding, in which readers recognize a word visually, as in ``sight reading&#39;&#39;; and comprehension. Because reading can involve... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_67102520" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Reading involves phonologic decoding, in which readers ``sound out&#39;&#39; a word; orthographic decoding, in which readers recognize a word visually, as in ``sight reading&#39;&#39;; and comprehension. Because reading can involve multiple processes, dyslexia might be a heterogeneous disorder. This study investigated behavior and gross lobar anatomy in subtypes of dyslexic and control subjects. Subjects aged 18 to 25 years with identified reading problems and a group of healthy controls were given cognitive and behavioral tests and volumetric brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Because atypical cerebral laterality has been proposed as a potential neural risk for dyslexia, dyslexic and control subjects were compared on anatomy of gross lobar regions. On asymmetry quotients, no significant differences were found between groups. Examination of the percentage of total brain volume of each structure revealed that control and dyslexic subjects were significantly different (P = .018)....</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/67102520" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="0572508bd1bcffbee6c4e7d51760c428" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":78046569,"asset_id":67102520,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/78046569/download_file?st=MTczOTc4NDAyNiw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="67437979" href="https://independent.academia.edu/AnneFoundas">Anne Foundas</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="67437979" type="text/json">{"id":67437979,"first_name":"Anne","last_name":"Foundas","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"AnneFoundas","display_name":"Anne Foundas","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/AnneFoundas?f_ri=28576","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/67437979/172280783/162282240/s65_anne.foundas.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_67102520 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="67102520"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 67102520, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_67102520", }); 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=67102520]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_67102520").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_67102520").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="67102520"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">15</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="237" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cognitive_Science">Cognitive Science</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="237" type="text/json">{"id":237,"name":"Cognitive Science","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cognitive_Science?f_ri=28576","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="2139" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Phonetics">Phonetics</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="2139" type="text/json">{"id":2139,"name":"Phonetics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Phonetics?f_ri=28576","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="6200" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Magnetic_Resonance_Imaging">Magnetic Resonance Imaging</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="6200" type="text/json">{"id":6200,"name":"Magnetic Resonance Imaging","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Magnetic_Resonance_Imaging?f_ri=28576","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="9471" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Reading">Reading</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="9471" type="text/json">{"id":9471,"name":"Reading","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Reading?f_ri=28576","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=67102520]'), work: {"id":67102520,"title":"Lobar Asymmetries in Subtypes of Dyslexic and Control Subjects","created_at":"2022-01-04T09:46:50.932-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/67102520/Lobar_Asymmetries_in_Subtypes_of_Dyslexic_and_Control_Subjects?f_ri=28576","dom_id":"work_67102520","summary":"Reading involves phonologic decoding, in which readers ``sound out\u0026#39;\u0026#39; a word; orthographic decoding, in which readers recognize a word visually, as in ``sight reading\u0026#39;\u0026#39;; and comprehension. Because reading can involve multiple processes, dyslexia might be a heterogeneous disorder. This study investigated behavior and gross lobar anatomy in subtypes of dyslexic and control subjects. Subjects aged 18 to 25 years with identified reading problems and a group of healthy controls were given cognitive and behavioral tests and volumetric brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Because atypical cerebral laterality has been proposed as a potential neural risk for dyslexia, dyslexic and control subjects were compared on anatomy of gross lobar regions. On asymmetry quotients, no significant differences were found between groups. Examination of the percentage of total brain volume of each structure revealed that control and dyslexic subjects were significantly different (P = .018)....","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":78046569,"asset_id":67102520,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":67437979,"first_name":"Anne","last_name":"Foundas","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"AnneFoundas","display_name":"Anne Foundas","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/AnneFoundas?f_ri=28576","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/67437979/172280783/162282240/s65_anne.foundas.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":237,"name":"Cognitive Science","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cognitive_Science?f_ri=28576","nofollow":true},{"id":2139,"name":"Phonetics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Phonetics?f_ri=28576","nofollow":true},{"id":6200,"name":"Magnetic Resonance Imaging","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Magnetic_Resonance_Imaging?f_ri=28576","nofollow":true},{"id":9471,"name":"Reading","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Reading?f_ri=28576","nofollow":true},{"id":22506,"name":"Adolescent","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Adolescent?f_ri=28576"},{"id":25052,"name":"Dyslexia","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Dyslexia?f_ri=28576"},{"id":28576,"name":"Prefrontal Cortex","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Prefrontal_Cortex?f_ri=28576"},{"id":78467,"name":"Cerebral Cortex","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cerebral_Cortex?f_ri=28576"},{"id":153836,"name":"Motor Cortex","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Motor_Cortex?f_ri=28576"},{"id":226692,"name":"Child Neurology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Child_Neurology?f_ri=28576"},{"id":244814,"name":"Clinical Sciences","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Clinical_Sciences?f_ri=28576"},{"id":1239755,"name":"Neurosciences","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Neurosciences?f_ri=28576"},{"id":1766624,"name":"Occipital Lobe","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Occipital_Lobe?f_ri=28576"},{"id":2234200,"name":"Functional Laterality","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Functional_Laterality?f_ri=28576"},{"id":2439414,"name":"Magnetic resonance image","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Magnetic_resonance_image?f_ri=28576"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_45391213" data-work_id="45391213" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/45391213/Dissociation_in_human_prefrontal_cortex_of_affective_influences_on_working_memory_related_activity">Dissociation in human prefrontal cortex of affective influences on working memory-related activity</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Although neural activity associated with emotion is becoming better understood, the influence of affective parameters on brain activity reflecting cognitive functioning in humans remains poorly characterized. We examined affective... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_45391213" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Although neural activity associated with emotion is becoming better understood, the influence of affective parameters on brain activity reflecting cognitive functioning in humans remains poorly characterized. We examined affective influences on working memory (WM) and tested the hypotheses that (i) dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) activity reflecting WM is influenced by the emotionevoking qualities of task-relevant stimuli, but only when brought ''on-line'' by task demands, and (ii) DLPFC and orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) activities are inversely related as a function of emotional valence. Participants performed two tasks while event-related functional MRI measured brain activity; one task required active maintenance of stimulus representations in WM, and the other task required target detection responses with no demand for WM. Stimuli were standardized emotional (pleasant and unpleasant) and neutral pictures. Emotional stimuli differentially influenced DPFC and OFC activity during WM; DLPFC was influenced by emotional valence, enhanced by pleasant and reduced by unpleasant, compared to neutral stimuli, only when task conditions required WM. OFC was valence-sensitive during both tasks, greater to arousing than neutral stimuli when WM demand was low and in inverse relationship to DLPFC with high WM demand. Further, DLPFC and OFC activities are inversely related with respect to emotional valence during the WM task. The results are consistent with the hypothesis that the intrinsic valence of task-relevant stimuli maintained in WM modulates DLPFC activity but only when the DLPFC is required for task demands. Findings suggest a conceptualization of DLPFC and its involvement in WM that takes into account a role for affective parameters. <a href="http://www.pnas.org" rel="nofollow">www.pnas.org</a> PNAS ͉ April 2, 2002 ͉ vol. 99 ͉ no. 7 ͉ 4753 CORRECTIONS View publication stats View publication stats</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/45391213" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="322cf5ac4a17fbd0d2220168b85f2934" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":65914050,"asset_id":45391213,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/65914050/download_file?st=MTczOTc4NDAyNiw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="32741845" href="https://florida.academia.edu/WilliamPerlstein">William M . Perlstein, Ph.D.</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="32741845" type="text/json">{"id":32741845,"first_name":"William","last_name":"Perlstein, Ph.D.","domain_name":"florida","page_name":"WilliamPerlstein","display_name":"William M . Perlstein, Ph.D.","profile_url":"https://florida.academia.edu/WilliamPerlstein?f_ri=28576","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/32741845/14706494/15531399/s65_william.perlstein.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_45391213 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="45391213"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 45391213, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_45391213", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_45391213 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 45391213; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_45391213"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_45391213 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="45391213"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 45391213; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=45391213]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_45391213").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_45391213").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="45391213"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">10</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="4212" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cognition">Cognition</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="4212" type="text/json">{"id":4212,"name":"Cognition","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cognition?f_ri=28576","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="6200" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Magnetic_Resonance_Imaging">Magnetic Resonance Imaging</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="6200" type="text/json">{"id":6200,"name":"Magnetic Resonance Imaging","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Magnetic_Resonance_Imaging?f_ri=28576","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="28235" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Multidisciplinary">Multidisciplinary</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="28235" type="text/json">{"id":28235,"name":"Multidisciplinary","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Multidisciplinary?f_ri=28576","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="28576" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Prefrontal_Cortex">Prefrontal Cortex</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="28576" type="text/json">{"id":28576,"name":"Prefrontal Cortex","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Prefrontal_Cortex?f_ri=28576","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=45391213]'), work: {"id":45391213,"title":"Dissociation in human prefrontal cortex of affective influences on working memory-related activity","created_at":"2021-03-06T04:34:00.947-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/45391213/Dissociation_in_human_prefrontal_cortex_of_affective_influences_on_working_memory_related_activity?f_ri=28576","dom_id":"work_45391213","summary":"Although neural activity associated with emotion is becoming better understood, the influence of affective parameters on brain activity reflecting cognitive functioning in humans remains poorly characterized. We examined affective influences on working memory (WM) and tested the hypotheses that (i) dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) activity reflecting WM is influenced by the emotionevoking qualities of task-relevant stimuli, but only when brought ''on-line'' by task demands, and (ii) DLPFC and orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) activities are inversely related as a function of emotional valence. Participants performed two tasks while event-related functional MRI measured brain activity; one task required active maintenance of stimulus representations in WM, and the other task required target detection responses with no demand for WM. Stimuli were standardized emotional (pleasant and unpleasant) and neutral pictures. Emotional stimuli differentially influenced DPFC and OFC activity during WM; DLPFC was influenced by emotional valence, enhanced by pleasant and reduced by unpleasant, compared to neutral stimuli, only when task conditions required WM. OFC was valence-sensitive during both tasks, greater to arousing than neutral stimuli when WM demand was low and in inverse relationship to DLPFC with high WM demand. Further, DLPFC and OFC activities are inversely related with respect to emotional valence during the WM task. The results are consistent with the hypothesis that the intrinsic valence of task-relevant stimuli maintained in WM modulates DLPFC activity but only when the DLPFC is required for task demands. Findings suggest a conceptualization of DLPFC and its involvement in WM that takes into account a role for affective parameters. www.pnas.org PNAS ͉ April 2, 2002 ͉ vol. 99 ͉ no. 7 ͉ 4753 CORRECTIONS View publication stats View publication stats","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":65914050,"asset_id":45391213,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":32741845,"first_name":"William","last_name":"Perlstein, Ph.D.","domain_name":"florida","page_name":"WilliamPerlstein","display_name":"William M . Perlstein, Ph.D.","profile_url":"https://florida.academia.edu/WilliamPerlstein?f_ri=28576","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/32741845/14706494/15531399/s65_william.perlstein.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":4212,"name":"Cognition","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cognition?f_ri=28576","nofollow":true},{"id":6200,"name":"Magnetic Resonance Imaging","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Magnetic_Resonance_Imaging?f_ri=28576","nofollow":true},{"id":28235,"name":"Multidisciplinary","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Multidisciplinary?f_ri=28576","nofollow":true},{"id":28576,"name":"Prefrontal Cortex","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Prefrontal_Cortex?f_ri=28576","nofollow":true},{"id":42162,"name":"Emotions","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Emotions?f_ri=28576"},{"id":46858,"name":"Memory","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Memory?f_ri=28576"},{"id":50238,"name":"Affect","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Affect?f_ri=28576"},{"id":52176,"name":"Brain Mapping","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Brain_Mapping?f_ri=28576"},{"id":88325,"name":"Cues","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cues?f_ri=28576"},{"id":314162,"name":"Psychological Tests","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Psychological_Tests?f_ri=28576"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_5367460" data-work_id="5367460" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/5367460/Towards_understanding_of_the_cortical_network_underlying_associative_memory">Towards understanding of the cortical network underlying associative memory</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Declarative knowledge and experiences are represented in the association cortex and are recalled by reactivation of the neural representation. Electrophysiological experiments have revealed that associations between semantically linked... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_5367460" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Declarative knowledge and experiences are represented in the association cortex and are recalled by reactivation of the neural representation. Electrophysiological experiments have revealed that associations between semantically linked visual objects are formed in neural representations in the temporal and limbic cortices. Memory traces are created by the reorganization of neural circuits. These regions are reactivated during retrieval and contribute to the contents of a memory. Two different types of retrieval signals are suggested as follows: automatic and active. One flows backward from the medial temporal lobe during the automatic retrieval process, whereas the other is conveyed as a top-down signal from the prefrontal cortex to the temporal cortex during the active retrieval process. By sending the top-down signal, the prefrontal cortex manipulates and organizes to-be-remembered information, devises strategies for retrieval and monitors the outcome. To further understand the neural mechanism of memory, the following two complementary views are needed: how the multiple cortical areas in the brain-wide network interact to orchestrate cognitive functions and how the properties of single neurons and their synaptic connections with neighbouring neurons combine to form local circuits and to exhibit the function of each cortical area. We will discuss some new methodological innovations that tackle these challenges.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/5367460" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="9c4552f07c96e2f0157c202dcabd415b" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":49323875,"asset_id":5367460,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/49323875/download_file?st=MTczOTc4NDAyNiw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="7463833" href="https://u-tokyo.academia.edu/YusukeAdachi">Yusuke Adachi</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="7463833" type="text/json">{"id":7463833,"first_name":"Yusuke","last_name":"Adachi","domain_name":"u-tokyo","page_name":"YusukeAdachi","display_name":"Yusuke Adachi","profile_url":"https://u-tokyo.academia.edu/YusukeAdachi?f_ri=28576","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_5367460 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="5367460"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 5367460, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_5367460", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_5367460 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 5367460; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_5367460"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_5367460 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="5367460"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 5367460; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=5367460]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_5367460").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_5367460").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="5367460"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">7</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="6200" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Magnetic_Resonance_Imaging">Magnetic Resonance Imaging</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="6200" type="text/json">{"id":6200,"name":"Magnetic Resonance Imaging","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Magnetic_Resonance_Imaging?f_ri=28576","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="28576" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Prefrontal_Cortex">Prefrontal Cortex</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="28576" type="text/json">{"id":28576,"name":"Prefrontal Cortex","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Prefrontal_Cortex?f_ri=28576","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="46858" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Memory">Memory</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="46858" type="text/json">{"id":46858,"name":"Memory","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Memory?f_ri=28576","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="47884" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biological_Sciences">Biological Sciences</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="47884" type="text/json">{"id":47884,"name":"Biological Sciences","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biological_Sciences?f_ri=28576","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=5367460]'), work: {"id":5367460,"title":"Towards understanding of the cortical network underlying associative memory","created_at":"2013-12-09T11:38:28.883-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/5367460/Towards_understanding_of_the_cortical_network_underlying_associative_memory?f_ri=28576","dom_id":"work_5367460","summary":"Declarative knowledge and experiences are represented in the association cortex and are recalled by reactivation of the neural representation. Electrophysiological experiments have revealed that associations between semantically linked visual objects are formed in neural representations in the temporal and limbic cortices. Memory traces are created by the reorganization of neural circuits. These regions are reactivated during retrieval and contribute to the contents of a memory. Two different types of retrieval signals are suggested as follows: automatic and active. One flows backward from the medial temporal lobe during the automatic retrieval process, whereas the other is conveyed as a top-down signal from the prefrontal cortex to the temporal cortex during the active retrieval process. By sending the top-down signal, the prefrontal cortex manipulates and organizes to-be-remembered information, devises strategies for retrieval and monitors the outcome. To further understand the neural mechanism of memory, the following two complementary views are needed: how the multiple cortical areas in the brain-wide network interact to orchestrate cognitive functions and how the properties of single neurons and their synaptic connections with neighbouring neurons combine to form local circuits and to exhibit the function of each cortical area. We will discuss some new methodological innovations that tackle these challenges.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":49323875,"asset_id":5367460,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":7463833,"first_name":"Yusuke","last_name":"Adachi","domain_name":"u-tokyo","page_name":"YusukeAdachi","display_name":"Yusuke Adachi","profile_url":"https://u-tokyo.academia.edu/YusukeAdachi?f_ri=28576","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":6200,"name":"Magnetic Resonance Imaging","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Magnetic_Resonance_Imaging?f_ri=28576","nofollow":true},{"id":28576,"name":"Prefrontal Cortex","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Prefrontal_Cortex?f_ri=28576","nofollow":true},{"id":46858,"name":"Memory","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Memory?f_ri=28576","nofollow":true},{"id":47884,"name":"Biological Sciences","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biological_Sciences?f_ri=28576","nofollow":true},{"id":57557,"name":"Temporal Lobe","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Temporal_Lobe?f_ri=28576"},{"id":328150,"name":"Associative Memory","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Associative_Memory?f_ri=28576"},{"id":704401,"name":"Neural pathways","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Neural_pathways?f_ri=28576"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_27703995" data-work_id="27703995" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/27703995/Enhancing_cognitive_control_components_of_insight_problems_solving_by_anodal_tDCS_of_the_left_dorsolateral_prefrontal_cortex">Enhancing cognitive control components of insight problems solving by anodal tDCS of the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Background: Executive functions play a vital role in semantic processing. Recently, transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) over frontal regions associated with cognitive control has been found to enhance verbal insight problem... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_27703995" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Background: Executive functions play a vital role in semantic processing. Recently, transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) over frontal regions associated with cognitive control has been found to enhance verbal insight problem solving. The aim of the current study was to extend our understanding of the cognitive control processes modulating verbal insight problem solving. Hypotheses: Anodal stimulation over the left Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex (DLPFC) was predicted to improve performance in solving insight problems. Particularly, it was expected that this effect would be focused on solution recognition, which is hypothesized to be directly related to control processes, and would be more pronounced for difficult problems, hypothesized to require more cognitive demand. Moreover, we predicted that this effect would be modulated by approach motivation tendencies, due to cognition and motivation interactions in the DLPFC. Methods: 21 participants performed a verbal insight problem task twice, once under active anodal tDCS over the left DLPFC and once under sham stimulation, with a one week interval between sessions. Participants had 7 s to generate a solution for each problem, and then were requested to indicate whether a target word was the correct solution or not. Results: Stimulation significantly enhanced solution recognition for difficult problems. This effect was modulated by trait motivation, i.e. was larger for participants with lower approach motivation. No effects were found for easy problems, or solution generation. Conclusions: Left DLPFC executive control modulates semantic processing of verbal insight problems. The observed synergy between language, cognition and motivation carries theoretical implication as well as practical consideration for future stimulation research.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/27703995" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="8fe90d3920ce7c6350b1e402023f767b" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":47971349,"asset_id":27703995,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/47971349/download_file?st=MTczOTc4NDAyNiw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="51948472" href="https://independent.academia.edu/MichalLavidor">Michal Lavidor</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="51948472" type="text/json">{"id":51948472,"first_name":"Michal","last_name":"Lavidor","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"MichalLavidor","display_name":"Michal Lavidor","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/MichalLavidor?f_ri=28576","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_27703995 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="27703995"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 27703995, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_27703995", }); 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Recently, transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) over frontal regions associated with cognitive control has been found to enhance verbal insight problem solving. The aim of the current study was to extend our understanding of the cognitive control processes modulating verbal insight problem solving. Hypotheses: Anodal stimulation over the left Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex (DLPFC) was predicted to improve performance in solving insight problems. Particularly, it was expected that this effect would be focused on solution recognition, which is hypothesized to be directly related to control processes, and would be more pronounced for difficult problems, hypothesized to require more cognitive demand. Moreover, we predicted that this effect would be modulated by approach motivation tendencies, due to cognition and motivation interactions in the DLPFC. Methods: 21 participants performed a verbal insight problem task twice, once under active anodal tDCS over the left DLPFC and once under sham stimulation, with a one week interval between sessions. Participants had 7 s to generate a solution for each problem, and then were requested to indicate whether a target word was the correct solution or not. Results: Stimulation significantly enhanced solution recognition for difficult problems. This effect was modulated by trait motivation, i.e. was larger for participants with lower approach motivation. No effects were found for easy problems, or solution generation. Conclusions: Left DLPFC executive control modulates semantic processing of verbal insight problems. The observed synergy between language, cognition and motivation carries theoretical implication as well as practical consideration for future stimulation research.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":47971349,"asset_id":27703995,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":51948472,"first_name":"Michal","last_name":"Lavidor","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"MichalLavidor","display_name":"Michal Lavidor","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/MichalLavidor?f_ri=28576","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":4212,"name":"Cognition","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cognition?f_ri=28576","nofollow":true},{"id":22506,"name":"Adolescent","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Adolescent?f_ri=28576","nofollow":true},{"id":28576,"name":"Prefrontal Cortex","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Prefrontal_Cortex?f_ri=28576","nofollow":true},{"id":46406,"name":"Motivation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Motivation?f_ri=28576","nofollow":true},{"id":49419,"name":"Problem Solving","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Problem_Solving?f_ri=28576"},{"id":235085,"name":"Semantic Processing","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Semantic_Processing?f_ri=28576"},{"id":318293,"name":"Brain Stimulation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Brain_Stimulation?f_ri=28576"},{"id":2444775,"name":"Psychomotor Performance","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Psychomotor_Performance?f_ri=28576"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_12463970" data-work_id="12463970" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/12463970/The_interactive_effect_of_acute_ovarian_suppression_and_the_cholinergic_system_on_visuospatial_working_memory_in_young_women">The interactive effect of acute ovarian suppression and the cholinergic system on visuospatial working memory in young women</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Please cite this article in press as: Craig, M.C., et al., The interactive effect of acute ovarian suppression and the cholinergic system on visuospatial working memory in young women. Psychoneuroendocrinology (2010), Please cite this... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_12463970" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Please cite this article in press as: Craig, M.C., et al., The interactive effect of acute ovarian suppression and the cholinergic system on visuospatial working memory in young women. Psychoneuroendocrinology (2010), Please cite this article in press as: Craig, M.C., et al., The interactive effect of acute ovarian suppression and the cholinergic system on visuospatial working memory in young women. Psychoneuroendocrinology (2010), Please cite this article in press as: Craig, M.C., et al., The interactive effect of acute ovarian suppression and the cholinergic system on visuospatial working memory in young women. Psychoneuroendocrinology (2010), Please cite this article in press as: Craig, M.C., et al., The interactive effect of acute ovarian suppression and the cholinergic system on visuospatial working memory in young women. Psychoneuroendocrinology (2010), Please cite this article in press as: Craig, M.C., et al., The interactive effect of acute ovarian suppression and the cholinergic system on visuospatial working memory in young women. Psychoneuroendocrinology (2010), Please cite this article in press as: Craig, M.C., et al., The interactive effect of acute ovarian suppression and the cholinergic system on visuospatial working memory in young women. Psychoneuroendocrinology (2010), Please cite this article in press as: Craig, M.C., et al., The interactive effect of acute ovarian suppression and the cholinergic system on visuospatial working memory in young women. Psychoneuroendocrinology (2010), Please cite this article in press as: Craig, M.C., et al., The interactive effect of acute ovarian suppression and the cholinergic system on visuospatial working memory in young women. Psychoneuroendocrinology (2010), Please cite this article in press as: Craig, M.C., et al., The interactive effect of acute ovarian suppression and the cholinergic system on visuospatial working memory in young women. Psychoneuroendocrinology (2010), Please cite this article in press as: Craig, M.C., et al., The interactive effect of acute ovarian suppression and the cholinergic system on visuospatial working memory in young women. Psychoneuroendocrinology (2010),</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/12463970" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="4d930a05b438316726c9b50a8564c4fd" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":46165732,"asset_id":12463970,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/46165732/download_file?st=MTczOTc4NDAyNiw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="31294909" href="https://kcl.academia.edu/DanielStahl">Daniel Stahl</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="31294909" type="text/json">{"id":31294909,"first_name":"Daniel","last_name":"Stahl","domain_name":"kcl","page_name":"DanielStahl","display_name":"Daniel Stahl","profile_url":"https://kcl.academia.edu/DanielStahl?f_ri=28576","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_12463970 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="12463970"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 12463970, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_12463970", }); 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Psychoneuroendocrinology (2010), Please cite this article in press as: Craig, M.C., et al., The interactive effect of acute ovarian suppression and the cholinergic system on visuospatial working memory in young women. Psychoneuroendocrinology (2010), Please cite this article in press as: Craig, M.C., et al., The interactive effect of acute ovarian suppression and the cholinergic system on visuospatial working memory in young women. Psychoneuroendocrinology (2010), Please cite this article in press as: Craig, M.C., et al., The interactive effect of acute ovarian suppression and the cholinergic system on visuospatial working memory in young women. Psychoneuroendocrinology (2010), Please cite this article in press as: Craig, M.C., et al., The interactive effect of acute ovarian suppression and the cholinergic system on visuospatial working memory in young women. Psychoneuroendocrinology (2010), Please cite this article in press as: Craig, M.C., et al., The interactive effect of acute ovarian suppression and the cholinergic system on visuospatial working memory in young women. Psychoneuroendocrinology (2010), Please cite this article in press as: Craig, M.C., et al., The interactive effect of acute ovarian suppression and the cholinergic system on visuospatial working memory in young women. Psychoneuroendocrinology (2010), Please cite this article in press as: Craig, M.C., et al., The interactive effect of acute ovarian suppression and the cholinergic system on visuospatial working memory in young women. Psychoneuroendocrinology (2010), Please cite this article in press as: Craig, M.C., et al., The interactive effect of acute ovarian suppression and the cholinergic system on visuospatial working memory in young women. Psychoneuroendocrinology (2010), Please cite this article in press as: Craig, M.C., et al., The interactive effect of acute ovarian suppression and the cholinergic system on visuospatial working memory in young women. 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Present TMS navigation systems use computationally simple spherical conductor models. Anatomically realistic boundary-element models can improve TMS targeting especially at... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_13737510" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Volume conductor models influence TMS electric field estimates. Present TMS navigation systems use computationally simple spherical conductor models. Anatomically realistic boundary-element models can improve TMS targeting especially at prefrontal and temporal regions.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/13737510" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="4a64505789197bcaa673f22c34108208" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":45005633,"asset_id":13737510,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/45005633/download_file?st=MTczOTc4NDAyNiw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="32859380" href="https://independent.academia.edu/AapoNummenmaa">Aapo Nummenmaa</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="32859380" type="text/json">{"id":32859380,"first_name":"Aapo","last_name":"Nummenmaa","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"AapoNummenmaa","display_name":"Aapo Nummenmaa","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/AapoNummenmaa?f_ri=28576","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span><span class="u-displayInlineBlock InlineList-item-text"> and <span class="u-textDecorationUnderline u-clickable InlineList-item-text js-work-more-authors-13737510">+1</span><div class="hidden js-additional-users-13737510"><div><span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a href="https://aalto-fi.academia.edu/RistoIlmoniemi">Risto Ilmoniemi</a></span></div></div></span><script>(function(){ var popoverSettings = { el: $('.js-work-more-authors-13737510'), placement: 'bottom', hide_delay: 200, html: true, content: function(){ return $('.js-additional-users-13737510').html(); 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However, the association of motor behaviour and white matter integrity of motor pathways in MDD is unclear.... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_23770641" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Alterations of brain structure and function have been associated with psychomotor retardation in major depressive disorder (MDD). However, the association of motor behaviour and white matter integrity of motor pathways in MDD is unclear. The aim of the present study was to first investigate structural connectivity of white matter motor pathways in MDD. Second, we explore the relation of objectively measured motor activity and white matter integrity of motor pathways in MDD. Therefore, 21 patients with MDD and 21 healthy controls matched for age, gender, education and body mass index underwent diffusion tensor imaging and 24 hour actigraphy (measure of the activity level) the same day. Applying a probabilistic fibre tracking approach we extracted connection pathways between the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (dlPFC), the rostral anterior cingulate cortex (rACC), the pre-supplementary motor area (pre-SMA), the SMA-proper, the primary motor cortex (M1), the caudate nucleus, the putamen, the pallidum and the thalamus. Patients had lower activity levels and demonstrated increased mean diffusivity (MD) in pathways linking left pre-SMA and SMA-proper, and right SMA-proper and M1. Exploratory analyses point to a positive association of activity level and mean-fractional anisotropy in the right rACCpre-SMA connection in MDD. Only MDD patients with low activity levels had a negative linear association of activity level and mean-MD in the left dlPFC-pre-SMA connection. Our results point to structural alterations of cortico-cortical white matter motor pathways in MDD. Altered white matter organisation of rACC-pre-SMA and dlPFC-pre-SMA pathways may contribute to movement initiation in MDD.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/23770641" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="bea40852cada457d8dd76414092efa23" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":44212178,"asset_id":23770641,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/44212178/download_file?st=MTczOTc4NDAyNiw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="33382462" href="https://northwestern.academia.edu/SusanneSchnell">Susanne Schnell</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="33382462" type="text/json">{"id":33382462,"first_name":"Susanne","last_name":"Schnell","domain_name":"northwestern","page_name":"SusanneSchnell","display_name":"Susanne Schnell","profile_url":"https://northwestern.academia.edu/SusanneSchnell?f_ri=28576","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_23770641 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="23770641"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 23770641, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_23770641", }); 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However, the association of motor behaviour and white matter integrity of motor pathways in MDD is unclear. The aim of the present study was to first investigate structural connectivity of white matter motor pathways in MDD. Second, we explore the relation of objectively measured motor activity and white matter integrity of motor pathways in MDD. Therefore, 21 patients with MDD and 21 healthy controls matched for age, gender, education and body mass index underwent diffusion tensor imaging and 24 hour actigraphy (measure of the activity level) the same day. Applying a probabilistic fibre tracking approach we extracted connection pathways between the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (dlPFC), the rostral anterior cingulate cortex (rACC), the pre-supplementary motor area (pre-SMA), the SMA-proper, the primary motor cortex (M1), the caudate nucleus, the putamen, the pallidum and the thalamus. Patients had lower activity levels and demonstrated increased mean diffusivity (MD) in pathways linking left pre-SMA and SMA-proper, and right SMA-proper and M1. Exploratory analyses point to a positive association of activity level and mean-fractional anisotropy in the right rACCpre-SMA connection in MDD. Only MDD patients with low activity levels had a negative linear association of activity level and mean-MD in the left dlPFC-pre-SMA connection. Our results point to structural alterations of cortico-cortical white matter motor pathways in MDD. Altered white matter organisation of rACC-pre-SMA and dlPFC-pre-SMA pathways may contribute to movement initiation in MDD.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":44212178,"asset_id":23770641,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":33382462,"first_name":"Susanne","last_name":"Schnell","domain_name":"northwestern","page_name":"SusanneSchnell","display_name":"Susanne Schnell","profile_url":"https://northwestern.academia.edu/SusanneSchnell?f_ri=28576","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":6200,"name":"Magnetic Resonance Imaging","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Magnetic_Resonance_Imaging?f_ri=28576","nofollow":true},{"id":8929,"name":"Diffusion Tensor Imaging","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Diffusion_Tensor_Imaging?f_ri=28576","nofollow":true},{"id":28235,"name":"Multidisciplinary","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Multidisciplinary?f_ri=28576","nofollow":true},{"id":28576,"name":"Prefrontal Cortex","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Prefrontal_Cortex?f_ri=28576","nofollow":true},{"id":52176,"name":"Brain Mapping","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Brain_Mapping?f_ri=28576"},{"id":77794,"name":"Major Depressive Disorder","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Major_Depressive_Disorder?f_ri=28576"},{"id":153836,"name":"Motor Cortex","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Motor_Cortex?f_ri=28576"},{"id":220780,"name":"PLoS one","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/PLoS_one?f_ri=28576"},{"id":276765,"name":"Actigraphy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Actigraphy?f_ri=28576"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_22711581" data-work_id="22711581" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/22711581/Functional_anatomical_study_of_psychogenic_amnesia">Functional anatomical study of psychogenic amnesia</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Psychogenic amnesia is characterized by an inability to recall information already stored in the patient's memory. It is usually related to a stressful or traumatic event that cannot be explained by manifest brain damage. To examine the... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_22711581" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Psychogenic amnesia is characterized by an inability to recall information already stored in the patient's memory. It is usually related to a stressful or traumatic event that cannot be explained by manifest brain damage. To examine the underlying functional disturbance of brain areas in this condition, we performed a positron emission tomography Ž . PET activation study on a psychogenic amnesic patient and on 12 normal control subjects. A task requiring explicit retrograde memory of faces was compared with a control task. To assess functional modifications associated with the processes of recovery, a second PET study was performed on the patient 12 months after onset. During the task, activation of the right anterior medial temporal region including the amygdala was increased in the psychogenic amnesic patient. Activation of the bilateral hippocampal regions increased only in the control subjects. During recovery, the right anterior medial temporal region became less active while the right hippocampal region became more active. Activation levels also differed in the anterior cingulate cortex, prefrontal cortex and some other cortical regions between control subjects and the patient. These findings suggest that the changes in these limbic and limbic᎐cortical functions are related to symptoms of the psychogenic amnesia. ᮊ</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/22711581" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="766fcac1140cfa433c7b288da1aeac8f" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":43283823,"asset_id":22711581,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/43283823/download_file?st=MTczOTc4NDAyNiw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="44334484" href="https://independent.academia.edu/HiromasaTokunaga">Hiromasa Tokunaga</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="44334484" type="text/json">{"id":44334484,"first_name":"Hiromasa","last_name":"Tokunaga","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"HiromasaTokunaga","display_name":"Hiromasa Tokunaga","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/HiromasaTokunaga?f_ri=28576","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_22711581 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="22711581"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 22711581, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_22711581", }); 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=22711581]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_22711581").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_22711581").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="22711581"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">14</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="237" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cognitive_Science">Cognitive Science</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="237" type="text/json">{"id":237,"name":"Cognitive Science","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cognitive_Science?f_ri=28576","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="635" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Psychiatry">Psychiatry</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="635" type="text/json">{"id":635,"name":"Psychiatry","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Psychiatry?f_ri=28576","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="23518" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Positron_Emission_Tomography">Positron Emission Tomography</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="23518" type="text/json">{"id":23518,"name":"Positron Emission Tomography","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Positron_Emission_Tomography?f_ri=28576","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="28576" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Prefrontal_Cortex">Prefrontal Cortex</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="28576" type="text/json">{"id":28576,"name":"Prefrontal Cortex","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Prefrontal_Cortex?f_ri=28576","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=22711581]'), work: {"id":22711581,"title":"Functional anatomical study of psychogenic amnesia","created_at":"2016-03-02T14:27:59.719-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/22711581/Functional_anatomical_study_of_psychogenic_amnesia?f_ri=28576","dom_id":"work_22711581","summary":"Psychogenic amnesia is characterized by an inability to recall information already stored in the patient's memory. It is usually related to a stressful or traumatic event that cannot be explained by manifest brain damage. To examine the underlying functional disturbance of brain areas in this condition, we performed a positron emission tomography Ž . PET activation study on a psychogenic amnesic patient and on 12 normal control subjects. A task requiring explicit retrograde memory of faces was compared with a control task. To assess functional modifications associated with the processes of recovery, a second PET study was performed on the patient 12 months after onset. During the task, activation of the right anterior medial temporal region including the amygdala was increased in the psychogenic amnesic patient. Activation of the bilateral hippocampal regions increased only in the control subjects. During recovery, the right anterior medial temporal region became less active while the right hippocampal region became more active. Activation levels also differed in the anterior cingulate cortex, prefrontal cortex and some other cortical regions between control subjects and the patient. These findings suggest that the changes in these limbic and limbic᎐cortical functions are related to symptoms of the psychogenic amnesia. ᮊ","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":43283823,"asset_id":22711581,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":44334484,"first_name":"Hiromasa","last_name":"Tokunaga","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"HiromasaTokunaga","display_name":"Hiromasa Tokunaga","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/HiromasaTokunaga?f_ri=28576","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":237,"name":"Cognitive Science","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cognitive_Science?f_ri=28576","nofollow":true},{"id":635,"name":"Psychiatry","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Psychiatry?f_ri=28576","nofollow":true},{"id":23518,"name":"Positron Emission Tomography","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Positron_Emission_Tomography?f_ri=28576","nofollow":true},{"id":28576,"name":"Prefrontal Cortex","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Prefrontal_Cortex?f_ri=28576","nofollow":true},{"id":46858,"name":"Memory","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Memory?f_ri=28576"},{"id":50238,"name":"Affect","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Affect?f_ri=28576"},{"id":61474,"name":"Brain","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Brain?f_ri=28576"},{"id":102041,"name":"Amnesia","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Amnesia?f_ri=28576"},{"id":234259,"name":"Retrograde Amnesia","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Retrograde_Amnesia?f_ri=28576"},{"id":244814,"name":"Clinical Sciences","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Clinical_Sciences?f_ri=28576"},{"id":375439,"name":"Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Single_Photon_Emission_Computed_Tomography?f_ri=28576"},{"id":1239755,"name":"Neurosciences","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Neurosciences?f_ri=28576"},{"id":1431361,"name":"Brain Damage","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Brain_Damage?f_ri=28576"},{"id":1818977,"name":"Anterior cingulate cortex","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Anterior_cingulate_cortex?f_ri=28576"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_15454488" data-work_id="15454488" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/15454488/Human_cognition_Foundations_of_human_reasoning_in_the_prefrontal_cortex">Human cognition. Foundations of human reasoning in the prefrontal cortex</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">The prefrontal cortex (PFC) subserves reasoning in the service of adaptive behavior. Little is known, however, about the architecture of reasoning processes in the PFC. Using computational modeling and neuroimaging, we show here that the... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_15454488" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">The prefrontal cortex (PFC) subserves reasoning in the service of adaptive behavior. Little is known, however, about the architecture of reasoning processes in the PFC. Using computational modeling and neuroimaging, we show here that the human PFC has two concurrent inferential tracks: (i) one from ventromedial to dorsomedial PFC regions that makes probabilistic inferences about the reliability of the ongoing behavioral strategy and arbitrates between adjusting this strategy versus exploring new ones from long-term memory, and (ii) another from polar to lateral PFC regions that makes probabilistic inferences about the reliability of two or three alternative strategies and arbitrates between exploring new strategies versus exploiting these alternative ones. The two tracks interact and, along with the striatum, realize hypothesis testing for accepting versus rejecting newly created strategies.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/15454488" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="7a7c326821e541a45c5d9b7539ac9e55" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":43179735,"asset_id":15454488,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/43179735/download_file?st=MTczOTc4NDAyNiw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="34597531" href="https://brown.academia.edu/AnneCollins">Anne Collins</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="34597531" type="text/json">{"id":34597531,"first_name":"Anne","last_name":"Collins","domain_name":"brown","page_name":"AnneCollins","display_name":"Anne Collins","profile_url":"https://brown.academia.edu/AnneCollins?f_ri=28576","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/34597531/10107865/11277761/s65_anne.collins.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_15454488 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="15454488"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 15454488, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_15454488", }); 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=15454488]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_15454488").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_15454488").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="15454488"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">17</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="428" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Algorithms">Algorithms</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="428" type="text/json">{"id":428,"name":"Algorithms","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Algorithms?f_ri=28576","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="4212" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cognition">Cognition</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="4212" type="text/json">{"id":4212,"name":"Cognition","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cognition?f_ri=28576","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="4307" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Behavior">Behavior</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="4307" type="text/json">{"id":4307,"name":"Behavior","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Behavior?f_ri=28576","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="6200" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Magnetic_Resonance_Imaging">Magnetic Resonance Imaging</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="6200" type="text/json">{"id":6200,"name":"Magnetic Resonance Imaging","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Magnetic_Resonance_Imaging?f_ri=28576","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=15454488]'), work: {"id":15454488,"title":"Human cognition. Foundations of human reasoning in the prefrontal cortex","created_at":"2015-09-06T14:21:04.125-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/15454488/Human_cognition_Foundations_of_human_reasoning_in_the_prefrontal_cortex?f_ri=28576","dom_id":"work_15454488","summary":"The prefrontal cortex (PFC) subserves reasoning in the service of adaptive behavior. Little is known, however, about the architecture of reasoning processes in the PFC. Using computational modeling and neuroimaging, we show here that the human PFC has two concurrent inferential tracks: (i) one from ventromedial to dorsomedial PFC regions that makes probabilistic inferences about the reliability of the ongoing behavioral strategy and arbitrates between adjusting this strategy versus exploring new ones from long-term memory, and (ii) another from polar to lateral PFC regions that makes probabilistic inferences about the reliability of two or three alternative strategies and arbitrates between exploring new strategies versus exploiting these alternative ones. The two tracks interact and, along with the striatum, realize hypothesis testing for accepting versus rejecting newly created strategies.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":43179735,"asset_id":15454488,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":34597531,"first_name":"Anne","last_name":"Collins","domain_name":"brown","page_name":"AnneCollins","display_name":"Anne Collins","profile_url":"https://brown.academia.edu/AnneCollins?f_ri=28576","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/34597531/10107865/11277761/s65_anne.collins.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":428,"name":"Algorithms","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Algorithms?f_ri=28576","nofollow":true},{"id":4212,"name":"Cognition","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cognition?f_ri=28576","nofollow":true},{"id":4307,"name":"Behavior","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Behavior?f_ri=28576","nofollow":true},{"id":6200,"name":"Magnetic Resonance 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