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[o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log masuk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Laman untuk penyunting log keluar <a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Pengenalan" aria-label="Ketahui lebih lanjut tentang menyunting"><span>Ketahui lebih lanjut</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Khas:Perbincangan_saya" title="Perbincangan mengenai penyuntingan daripada alamat IP anda [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Perbincangan</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Tapak"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Kandungan" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Kandungan</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">alih ke bar sisi</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">sorokkan</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Permulaan</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliografi_dipetik" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliografi_dipetik"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Bibliografi dipetik</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliografi_dipetik-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pautan_luar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pautan_luar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Pautan luar</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pautan_luar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Kandungan" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Isi Kandungan" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Togol isi kandungan" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Togol isi kandungan</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Keseimbangan termodinamik</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Pergi ke rencana dalam bahasa lain. Tersedia dalam 49 bahasa" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-49" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">49 bahasa</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Termodinamiese_ewewig" title="Termodinamiese ewewig – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Termodinamiese ewewig" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B2%D9%86_%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%8A%D9%83%D9%8A_%D8%AD%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A" title="توازن ديناميكي حراري – Arab" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="توازن ديناميكي حراري" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arab" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Termodinamik_tarazl%C4%B1q" title="Termodinamik tarazlıq – Azerbaijan" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Termodinamik tarazlıq" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kesetimbangan_termodinamik" title="Kesetimbangan termodinamik – Indonesia" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kesetimbangan termodinamik" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jia%CC%8Dt-le%CC%8Dk-ha%CC%8Dk_p%C3%AAng-h%C3%AAng" title="Jia̍t-le̍k-ha̍k pêng-hêng – Cina Min Nan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Jia̍t-le̍k-ha̍k pêng-hêng" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Cina Min Nan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%8D%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%8B%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%9E%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0" title="Тэрмадынамічная раўнавага – Belarus" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Тэрмадынамічная раўнавага" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarus" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%BE_%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B5" title="Термодинамично равновесие – Bulgaria" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Термодинамично равновесие" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgaria" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equilibri_termodin%C3%A0mic" title="Equilibri termodinàmic – Catalonia" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Equilibri termodinàmic" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalonia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BA%C4%83%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B0_%D1%88%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%88%D1%83%D0%BB%C4%83%D1%85" title="Термодинамикăлла шайлашулăх – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Термодинамикăлла шайлашулăх" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Termodynamick%C3%A1_rovnov%C3%A1ha" title="Termodynamická rovnováha – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Termodynamická rovnováha" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Termodynamisk_ligev%C3%A6gt" title="Termodynamisk ligevægt – Denmark" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Termodynamisk ligevægt" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Denmark" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermodynamisches_Gleichgewicht" title="Thermodynamisches Gleichgewicht – Jerman" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Thermodynamisches Gleichgewicht" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="Jerman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Termod%C3%BCnaamiline_tasakaal" title="Termodünaamiline tasakaal – Estonia" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Termodünaamiline tasakaal" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%98%CE%B5%CF%81%CE%BC%CE%BF%CE%B4%CF%85%CE%BD%CE%B1%CE%BC%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE_%CE%B9%CF%83%CE%BF%CF%81%CF%81%CE%BF%CF%80%CE%AF%CE%B1" title="Θερμοδυναμική ισορροπία – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Θερμοδυναμική ισορροπία" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermodynamic_equilibrium" title="Thermodynamic equilibrium – Inggeris" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Thermodynamic equilibrium" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="Inggeris" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equilibrio_termodin%C3%A1mico" title="Equilibrio termodinámico – Sepanyol" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Equilibrio termodinámico" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Sepanyol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B9%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%84_%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%85%D9%88%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%85%DB%8C%DA%A9%DB%8C" title="تعادل ترمودینامیکی – Parsi" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="تعادل ترمودینامیکی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Parsi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89quilibre_thermodynamique" title="Équilibre thermodynamique – Perancis" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Équilibre thermodynamique" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="Perancis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Termodin%C3%A1mica_de_equilibrio" title="Termodinámica de equilibrio – Galicia" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Termodinámica de equilibrio" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galicia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%97%B4%EC%97%AD%ED%95%99%EC%A0%81_%ED%8F%89%ED%98%95" title="열역학적 평형 – Korea" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="열역학적 평형" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korea" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8B%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%A4%D5%AB%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%B4%D5%AB%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%B0%D5%A1%D5%BE%D5%A1%D5%BD%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%B7%D5%BC%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Ջերմադինամիկական հավասարակշռություն – Armenia" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ջերմադինամիկական հավասարակշռություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF" title="उष्मागतिक साम्य – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="उष्मागतिक साम्य" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equilibrio_termodinamico" title="Equilibrio termodinamico – Itali" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Equilibrio termodinamico" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Itali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A9%D7%99%D7%95%D7%95%D7%99_%D7%9E%D7%A9%D7%A7%D7%9C_%D7%AA%D7%A8%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%93%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%9E%D7%99" title="שיווי משקל תרמודינמי – Ibrani" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="שיווי משקל תרמודינמי" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Ibrani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8B%D2%9B_%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%B5-%D1%82%D0%B5%D2%A3%D0%B4%D1%96%D0%BA" title="Термодинамикалық тепе-теңдік – Kazakhstan" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Термодинамикалық тепе-теңдік" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakhstan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8B%D0%BA_%D1%82%D0%B5%D2%A3%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%83%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%BA" title="Термодинамикалык теңсалмактуулук – Kirghiz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Термодинамикалык теңсалмактуулук" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kirghiz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9%D0%BD_%D1%82%D1%8D%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B2%D1%8D%D1%80" title="Термодинамикийн тэнцвэр – Mongolia" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Термодинамикийн тэнцвэр" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermodynamisch_evenwicht" title="Thermodynamisch evenwicht – Belanda" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Thermodynamisch evenwicht" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Belanda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%86%B1%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%A6%E7%9A%84%E5%B9%B3%E8%A1%A1" title="熱力学的平衡 – Jepun" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="熱力学的平衡" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Jepun" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Termodynamisk_likevekt" title="Termodynamisk likevekt – Bokmal Norway" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Termodynamisk likevekt" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Bokmal Norway" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Termodynamisk_likevekt" title="Termodynamisk likevekt – Nynorsk Norway" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Termodynamisk likevekt" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Nynorsk Norway" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equilibri_termodinamic" title="Equilibri termodinamic – Occitania" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Equilibri termodinamic" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitania" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%85%D9%88%DA%89%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%85%DB%8C%DA%A9%D9%8A_%D8%AA%D8%B9%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%84" title="ترموډینامیکي تعادل – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="ترموډینامیکي تعادل" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%B3wnowaga_termodynamiczna" title="Równowaga termodynamiczna – Poland" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Równowaga termodynamiczna" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Poland" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equil%C3%ADbrio_termodin%C3%A2mico" title="Equilíbrio termodinâmico – Portugis" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Equilíbrio termodinâmico" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portugis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Echilibru_termodinamic" title="Echilibru termodinamic – Romania" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Echilibru termodinamic" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romania" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B5" title="Термодинамическое равновесие – Rusia" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Термодинамическое равновесие" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Rusia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermodynamic_equilibrium" title="Thermodynamic equilibrium – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Thermodynamic equilibrium" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ravnovesno_stanje_(fizika)" title="Ravnovesno stanje (fizika) – Slovenia" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Ravnovesno stanje (fizika)" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B6%D0%BD%D0%BE_%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%9A%D0%B5_(%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0)" title="Равнотежно стање (термодинамика) – Serbia" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Равнотежно стање (термодинамика)" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ravnote%C5%BEno_stanje_(termodinamika)" title="Ravnotežno stanje (termodinamika) – SerboCroatia" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Ravnotežno stanje (termodinamika)" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="SerboCroatia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Termodynaaminen_tasapaino" title="Termodynaaminen tasapaino – Finland" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Termodynaaminen tasapaino" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finland" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Termodynamisk_j%C3%A4mvikt" title="Termodynamisk jämvikt – Sweden" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Termodynamisk jämvikt" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Sweden" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA_%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%A8%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%88" title="வெப்ப இயக்கவியல் சமநிலை – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="வெப்ப இயக்கவியல் சமநிலை" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%93%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C" title="สมดุลทางอุณหพลศาสตร์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="สมดุลทางอุณหพลศาสตร์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Termodinamik_denge" title="Termodinamik denge – Turki" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Termodinamik denge" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%96%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0_%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%97_%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8" title="Рівновага термодинамічної системи – Ukraine" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Рівновага термодинамічної системи" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukraine" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%86%B1%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%B8%E5%B9%B3%E8%A1%A1" title="熱力學平衡 – Kantonis" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="熱力學平衡" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Kantonis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%86%B1%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%B8%E5%B9%B3%E8%A1%A1" title="熱力學平衡 – Cina" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="熱力學平衡" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Cina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q51363#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Sunting pautan antara bahasa" class="wbc-editpage">Sunting pautan</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Ruang nama"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Keseimbangan_termodinamik" 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class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Penampilan</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">alih ke bar sisi</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">sorokkan</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Daripada Wikipedia, ensiklopedia bebas.</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="ms" dir="ltr"><p><b>Keseimbangan termodinamik</b> ialah konsep <a href="/wiki/Aksiom" title="Aksiom">aksiomatik</a> <a href="/wiki/Termodinamik" title="Termodinamik">termodinamik</a>. Ia merupakan keadaan dalaman untuk satu sistem termodinamik, atau hubungan antara beberapa sistem termodinamik dihubungkan oleh lebih kurang telap atau telap dinding. Dalam keseimbangan termodinamik tidak ada aliran makroskopik <a href="/wiki/Jirim" title="Jirim">bersih jirim</a> atau <a href="/wiki/Tenaga" title="Tenaga">tenaga</a>, sama ada dalam sistem atau antara sistem. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliografi_dipetik">Bibliografi dipetik</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Keseimbangan_termodinamik&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Sunting bahagian: Bibliografi dipetik" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Keseimbangan_termodinamik&action=edit&section=1" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Bibliografi dipetik"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Adkins, C.J. (1968/1983). <i>Equilibrium Thermodynamics</i>, third edition, McGraw-Hill, London, <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Khas:Sumber_buku/0-521-25445-0" title="Khas:Sumber buku/0-521-25445-0">0-521-25445-0</a>.</li> <li>Bailyn, M. (1994). <i>A Survey of Thermodynamics</i>, American Institute of Physics Press, New York, <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Khas:Sumber_buku/0-88318-797-3" title="Khas:Sumber buku/0-88318-797-3">0-88318-797-3</a>.</li> <li>Beattie, J.A., Oppenheim, I. (1979). <i>Principles of Thermodynamics</i>, Elsevier Scientific Publishing, Amsterdam, <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Khas:Sumber_buku/0-444-41806-7" title="Khas:Sumber buku/0-444-41806-7">0-444-41806-7</a>.</li> <li>Boltzmann, L. (1896/1964). <i>Lectures on Gas Theory</i>, translated by S.G. Brush, University of California Press, Berkeley.</li> <li>Buchdahl, H.A. (1966). <i>The Concepts of Classical Thermodynamics</i>, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge UK.</li> <li>Callen, H.B. (1960/1985). <i>Thermodynamics and an Introduction to Thermostatistics</i>, (1st edition 1960) 2nd edition 1985, Wiley, New York, <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Khas:Sumber_buku/0-471-86256-8" title="Khas:Sumber buku/0-471-86256-8">0-471-86256-8</a>.</li> <li>Carathéodory, C. (1909). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304213645/http://gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/index.php?id=11&PPN=PPN235181684_0067&DMDID=DMDLOG_0033&L=1">Untersuchungen über die Grundlagen der Thermodynamik</a>, <i>Mathematische Annalen</i>, <b>67</b>: 355–386. A translation may be found <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://neo-classical-physics.info/uploads/3/0/6/5/3065888/caratheodory_-_thermodynamics.pdf">here</a>. Also a mostly reliable <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xwBRAAAAMAAJ&q=Investigation+into+the+foundations">translation is to be found</a> at Kestin, J. (1976). <i>The Second Law of Thermodynamics</i>, Dowden, Hutchinson & Ross, Stroudsburg PA.</li> <li>Chapman, S., Cowling, T.G. (1939/1970). <i>The Mathematical Theory of Non-uniform gases. An Account of the Kinetic Theory of Viscosity, Thermal Conduction and Diffusion in Gases</i>, third edition 1970, Cambridge University Press, London.</li> <li>Crawford, F.H. (1963). <i>Heat, Thermodynamics, and Statistical Physics</i>, Rupert Hart-Davis, London, Harcourt, Brace & World, Inc.</li> <li>de Groot, S.R., Mazur, P. (1962). <i>Non-equilibrium Thermodynamics</i>, North-Holland, Amsterdam. Reprinted (1984), Dover Publications Inc., New York, <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Khas:Sumber_buku/0486647412" title="Khas:Sumber buku/0486647412">0486647412</a>.</li> <li>Denbigh, K.G. (1951). <i>Thermodynamics of the Steady State</i>, Methuen, London.</li> <li>Eu, B.C. (2002). <i>Generalized Thermodynamics. The Thermodynamics of Irreversible Processes and Generalized Hydrodynamics</i>, Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Khas:Sumber_buku/1-4020-0788-4" title="Khas:Sumber buku/1-4020-0788-4">1-4020-0788-4</a>.</li> <li>Fitts, D.D. (1962). <i>Nonequilibrium thermodynamics. A Phenomenological Theory of Irreversible Processes in Fluid Systems</i>, McGraw-Hill, New York.</li> <li>Gibbs, J.W. (1876/1878). On the equilibrium of heterogeneous substances, <i>Trans. Conn. Acad.</i>, <b>3</b>: 108–248, 343–524, reprinted in <i>The Collected Works of J. Willard Gibbs, Ph.D, LL. D.</i>, edited by W.R. Longley, R.G. Van Name, Longmans, Green & Co., New York, 1928, volume 1, pp. 55–353.</li> <li>Griem, H.R. (2005). <i>Principles of Plasma Spectroscopy (Cambridge Monographs on Plasma Physics)</i>, Cambridge University Press, New York <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Khas:Sumber_buku/0-521-61941-6" title="Khas:Sumber buku/0-521-61941-6">0-521-61941-6</a>.</li> <li>Guggenheim, E.A. (1949/1967). <i>Thermodynamics. An Advanced Treatment for Chemists and Physicists</i>, fifth revised edition, North-Holland, Amsterdam.</li> <li>Haase, R. (1971). Survey of Fundamental Laws, chapter 1 of <i>Thermodynamics</i>, pages 1–97 of volume 1, ed. W. Jost, of <i>Physical Chemistry. An Advanced Treatise</i>, ed. H. Eyring, D. Henderson, W. Jost, Academic Press, New York, lcn 73–117081.</li> <li>Kirkwood, J.G., Oppenheim, I. (1961). <i>Chemical Thermodynamics</i>, McGraw-Hill Book Company, New York.</li> <li>Landsberg, P.T. (1961). <i>Thermodynamics with Quantum Statistical Illustrations</i>, Interscience, New York.</li> <li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r6405196">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}</style><cite id="CITEREFLiebYngvason1999" class="citation journal cs1">Lieb, E. H.; Yngvason, J. (1999). "The Physics and Mathematics of the Second Law of Thermodynamics". <i>Phys. Rep</i>. <b>310</b> (1): 1–96. <a href="/wiki/ArXiv" title="ArXiv">arXiv</a>:<span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Boleh diakses dengan percuma"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//arxiv.org/abs/cond-mat/9708200">cond-mat/9708200</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1999PhR...310....1L">1999PhR...310....1L</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0370-1573%2898%2900082-9">10.1016/S0370-1573(98)00082-9</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Phys.+Rep.&rft.atitle=The+Physics+and+Mathematics+of+the+Second+Law+of+Thermodynamics&rft.volume=310&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=1-96&rft.date=1999&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2Fcond-mat%2F9708200&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0370-1573%2898%2900082-9&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1999PhR...310....1L&rft.aulast=Lieb&rft.aufirst=E.+H.&rft.au=Yngvason%2C+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3AKeseimbangan+termodinamik" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Levine, I.N. (1983), <i>Physical Chemistry</i>, second edition, McGraw-Hill, New York, <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Khas:Sumber_buku/978-0072538625" title="Khas:Sumber buku/978-0072538625">978-0072538625</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r6405196"><cite id="CITEREFMaxwell1867" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/James_Clerk_Maxwell" title="James Clerk Maxwell">Maxwell, J.C.</a> (1867). "On the dynamical theory of gases". <i>Phil. Trans. Roy. Soc. London</i>. <b>157</b>: 49–88.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Phil.+Trans.+Roy.+Soc.+London&rft.atitle=On+the+dynamical+theory+of+gases&rft.volume=157&rft.pages=49-88&rft.date=1867&rft.aulast=Maxwell&rft.aufirst=J.C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3AKeseimbangan+termodinamik" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Morse, P.M. (1969). <i>Thermal Physics</i>, second edition, W.A. Benjamin, Inc, New York.</li> <li>Münster, A. (1970). <i>Classical Thermodynamics</i>, translated by E.S. Halberstadt, Wiley–Interscience, London.</li> <li>Partington, J.R. (1949). <i>An Advanced Treatise on Physical Chemistry</i>, volume 1, <i>Fundamental Principles. The Properties of Gases</i>, Longmans, Green and Co., London.</li> <li>Pippard, A.B. (1957/1966). <i>The Elements of Classical Thermodynamics</i>, reprinted with corrections 1966, Cambridge University Press, London.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Planck" title="Max Planck">Planck. M.</a> (1914). <a href="//archive.org/details/theoryofheatradi00planrich" class="extiw" title="iarchive:theoryofheatradi00planrich"><i>The Theory of Heat Radiation</i></a>, a translation by Masius, M. of the second German edition, P. Blakiston's Son & Co., Philadelphia.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilya_Prigogine" title="Ilya Prigogine">Prigogine, I.</a> (1947). <i>Étude Thermodynamique des Phénomènes irréversibles</i>, Dunod, Paris, and Desoers, Liège.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilya_Prigogine" title="Ilya Prigogine">Prigogine, I.</a>, Defay, R. (1950/1954). <i>Chemical Thermodynamics</i>, Longmans, Green & Co, London.</li> <li>Silbey, R.J., Alberty, R.A., Bawendi, M.G. (1955/2005). <i>Physical Chemistry</i>, fourth edition, Wiley, Hoboken NJ.</li> <li>ter Haar, D., Wergeland, H. (1966). <i>Elements of Thermodynamics</i>, Addison-Wesley Publishing, Reading MA.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r6405196"><cite id="CITEREFThomson1851" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Thomson,_1st_Baron_Kelvin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="William Thomson, 1st Baron Kelvin (laman tidak wujud)">Thomson, W.</a> (March 1851). "On the Dynamical Theory of Heat, with numerical results deduced from Mr Joule's equivalent of a Thermal Unit, and M. Regnault's Observations on Steam". <i>Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh</i>. <b>XX</b> (part II): 261–268, 289–298.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Transactions+of+the+Royal+Society+of+Edinburgh&rft.atitle=On+the+Dynamical+Theory+of+Heat%2C+with+numerical+results+deduced+from+Mr+Joule%27s+equivalent+of+a+Thermal+Unit%2C+and+M.+Regnault%27s+Observations+on+Steam&rft.volume=XX&rft.issue=part+II&rft.pages=261-268%2C+289-298&rft.date=1851-03&rft.aulast=Thomson&rft.aufirst=W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3AKeseimbangan+termodinamik" class="Z3988"></span> Also published in <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r6405196"><cite id="CITEREFThomson1852" class="citation journal cs1">Thomson, W. (December 1852). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/londonedinburghp04maga">"On the Dynamical Theory of Heat, with numerical results deduced from Mr Joule's equivalent of a Thermal Unit, and M. Regnault's Observations on Steam"</a>. <i>Phil. Mag</i>. 4. <b>IV</b> (22): 8–21<span class="reference-accessdate">. Dicapai pada <span class="nowrap">25 June</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Phil.+Mag.&rft.atitle=On+the+Dynamical+Theory+of+Heat%2C+with+numerical+results+deduced+from+Mr+Joule%27s+equivalent+of+a+Thermal+Unit%2C+and+M.+Regnault%27s+Observations+on+Steam&rft.volume=IV&rft.issue=22&rft.pages=8-21&rft.date=1852-12&rft.aulast=Thomson&rft.aufirst=W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Flondonedinburghp04maga&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3AKeseimbangan+termodinamik" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Tisza, L. (1966). <i>Generalized Thermodynamics</i>, M.I.T Press, Cambridge MA.</li> <li>Uhlenbeck, G.E., Ford, G.W. (1963). <i>Lectures in Statistical Mechanics</i>, American Mathematical Society, Providence RI.</li> <li>Waldram, J.R. (1985). <i>The Theory of Thermodynamics</i>, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge UK, <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Khas:Sumber_buku/0-521-24575-3" title="Khas:Sumber buku/0-521-24575-3">0-521-24575-3</a>.</li> <li>Zemansky, M. (1937/1968). <i>Heat and Thermodynamics. An Intermediate Textbook</i>, fifth edition 1967, McGraw–Hill Book Company, New York.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pautan_luar">Pautan luar</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Keseimbangan_termodinamik&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Sunting bahagian: Pautan luar" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Keseimbangan_termodinamik&action=edit&section=2" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Pautan luar"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ads.harvard.edu/books/1989fsa..book/AbookC15.pdf">Breakdown of Local Thermodynamic Equilibrium</a> George W. Collins, The Fundamentals of Stellar Astrophysics, Chapter 15</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://spiff.rit.edu/classes/phys440/lectures/lte/lte.html">Thermodynamic Equilibrium, Local and otherwise</a> lecture by Michael Richmond</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://journals.ametsoc.org/doi/abs/10.1175/1520-0469%281970%29027%3C0711:NLTEIC%3E2.0.CO%3B2">Non-Local Thermodynamic Equilibrium in Cloudy Planetary Atmospheres</a> Paper by R. E. 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