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Investing in open access at the University of Minnesota | Insights
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src="https://journal-assets.ubiquity.press/1.7.10/_next/static/chunks/3949-3c3bd673b9d2b60b.js" async=""></script><script src="https://journal-assets.ubiquity.press/1.7.10/_next/static/chunks/app/%5Blocale%5D/(with-layout)/page-34976d889b43ba68.js" async=""></script><link rel="preload" href="/js/data.js?v=1.7.10" as="script"/><title>Investing in open access at the University of Minnesota | Insights</title><meta name="description" content="Insights: the UKSG journal (2048-7754) aims to support UKSG's mission to connect the information community and encourage the exchange of ideas on scholarly communication, specifically to:Provide a forum for the communication and exchange of ideas between the many stakeholders in the global knowledge community.Disseminate news, information and publications, and raise awareness of services that support the scholarly information sector.From 1988 to 2011, Insights was published as Serials: The Journal for the Serials Community. Serials has been fully digitised and is openly accessible at serials.uksg.org."/><meta name="DC.Creator" content="Allison Langham-Putrow"/><meta name="DC.Creator" content="Emma Molls"/><meta name="DC.Creator" content="Sunshine Carter"/><meta name="DC.Creator" content="Amy Riegelman"/><meta name="DC.Description.abstract" content="The University of Minnesota (UMN) is a large, public institution in the United States. The UMN Libraries has a long history of supporting open access (OA), going back as far as the mid-1990s, and we expanded this support through the creation of an OA investment fund in Fiscal Year 2020. The fund is treated like any other collections fund, ensuring we have a budget specifically marked for investments in OA. As the OA movement has progressed, it has become clear that not all approaches to OA are working in the way they were originally imagined. Potential investments are evaluated on criteria based on our Libraries values and principles around OA, which are outlined in a statement endorsed by campus governance groups. To date, the fund supports a variety of investments, including infrastructure, diamond OA journals and OA monograph programs &ndash; OA models that we believe are sustainable and which align with our values of equity more effectively than APC-based publishing models. The budget has grown each year, both through direct allocations and organically, such as when existing journals shift to OA models."/><meta name="DC.date" content="2024-11-05T13:42:49+00:00"/><meta name="DC.Date.available" content="2024-11-05T13:42:49+00:00"/><meta name="DC.Date.created" content="2024-11-05T13:42:49+00:00"/><meta name="DC.Date.dateAccepted" content="2024-08-19T11:15:46+00:00"/><meta name="DC.Date.dateCopyrighted" content="2024"/><meta name="DC.Date.dateSubmitted" content="2024-07-08T21:01:41+00:00"/><meta name="DC.Description" content="The University of Minnesota (UMN) is a large, public institution in the United States. The UMN Libraries has a long history of supporting open access (OA), going back as far as the mid-1990s, and we expanded this support through the creation of an OA investment fund in Fiscal Year 2020. The fund is treated like any other collections fund, ensuring we have a budget specifically marked for investments in OA. As the OA movement has progressed, it has become clear that not all approaches to OA are working in the way they were originally imagined. Potential investments are evaluated on criteria based on our Libraries values and principles around OA, which are outlined in a statement endorsed by campus governance groups. To date, the fund supports a variety of investments, including infrastructure, diamond OA journals and OA monograph programs &ndash; OA models that we believe are sustainable and which align with our values of equity more effectively than APC-based publishing models. The budget has grown each year, both through direct allocations and organically, such as when existing journals shift to OA models."/><meta name="DC.Format" content="text/html"/><meta name="DC.Relation.hasFormat" content="PDF"/><meta name="DC.Relation.hasFormat" content="XML"/><meta name="DC.Relation.hasVersion" content="673"/><meta name="DC.Identifier" content="10.1629/uksg.675"/><meta name="DC.Identifier.identifier" content="10.1629/uksg.675"/><meta name="DC.Date.issued" content="2024-01-09T13:11:39+00:00"/><meta name="DC.Language" content="en-US"/><meta name="DC.Language.language" content="en-US"/><meta name="DC.Format.medium" content="text/html"/><meta name="DC.Publisher.publisher" content="UKSG in association with Ubiquity Press"/><meta name="DC.Source.source" content="https://insights.uksg.org//articles/10.1629/uksg.675"/><meta name="DC.Title.title" content="Investing in open access at the University of Minnesota"/><meta name="DC.Type.type" content="Text"/><meta name="DC.Rights.rights" content="© 2024 The Author(s). This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 license (unless stated otherwise) which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited."/><meta name="DC.Rights.license" content="CC Attribution 4.0"/><meta name="DC.rightsHolder" content="The Author(s)"/><meta name="DC.Rights.rightsHolder" content="The Author(s)"/><meta name="citation_title" content="Investing in open access at the University of Minnesota"/><meta name="citation_author" content="Allison Langham-Putrow"/><meta name="citation_author" content="Emma Molls"/><meta name="citation_author" content="Sunshine Carter"/><meta name="citation_author" content="Amy Riegelman"/><meta name="citation_issn" content="2048-7754"/><meta name="citation_publication_date" content="2024-11-05T13:42:49+00:00"/><meta name="citation_journal_title" content="Insights"/><meta name="citation_volume" content="37"/><meta name="citation_issue" content="1"/><meta name="citation_pdf_url" content="https://insights.uksg.org/articles/675/files/672aa8f8e6be9.pdf"/><meta name="citation_xml_url" content="https://insights.uksg.org/articles/675/files/672aa90d42851.xml"/><link rel="canonical" href="https://insights.uksg.org/articles/10.1629/uksg.675"/><link rel="alternate" hrefLang="en" href="https://insights.uksg.org/articles/10.1629/uksg.675"/><link rel="alternate" hrefLang="x-default" href="https://insights.uksg.org/articles/10.1629/uksg.675"/><meta property="og:title" content="Investing in open access at the University of Minnesota | Insights"/><meta property="og:description" content="Insights: the UKSG journal (2048-7754) aims to support UKSG's mission to connect the information community and encourage the exchange of ideas on scholarly communication, specifically to:Provide a forum for the communication and exchange of ideas between the many stakeholders in the global knowledge community.Disseminate news, information and publications, and raise awareness of services that support the scholarly information sector.From 1988 to 2011, Insights was published as Serials: The Journal for the Serials Community. Serials has been fully digitised and is openly accessible at serials.uksg.org."/><meta property="og:url" content="https://insights.uksg.org/articles/10.1629/uksg.675"/><meta property="og:site_name" content="Insights"/><meta property="og:locale" content="en"/><meta property="og:image" content="https://storage.googleapis.com/jnl-up-j-i-public/journals/1/journalThumbnail_en_US.jpg"/><meta property="og:image:alt" content="thumbnail image"/><meta property="og:image:width" content="600"/><meta property="og:image:height" content="600"/><meta property="og:locale:alternate" content="en-US"/><meta property="og:type" content="article"/><meta name="twitter:card" content="summary"/><meta name="twitter:title" content="Investing in open access at the University of Minnesota | Insights"/><meta name="twitter:description" content="Insights: the UKSG journal (2048-7754) aims to support UKSG's mission to connect the information community and encourage the exchange of ideas on scholarly communication, specifically to:Provide a forum for the communication and exchange of ideas between the many stakeholders in the global knowledge community.Disseminate news, information and publications, and raise awareness of services that support the scholarly information sector.From 1988 to 2011, Insights was published as Serials: The Journal for the Serials Community. Serials has been fully digitised and is openly accessible at serials.uksg.org."/><meta name="twitter:image" content="https://storage.googleapis.com/jnl-up-j-i-public/journals/1/journalThumbnail_en_US.jpg"/><meta name="twitter:image:alt" content="thumbnail image"/><meta name="twitter:image:width" content="600"/><meta name="twitter:image:height" content="600"/><link rel="icon" href="https://storage.googleapis.com/jnl-up-j-i-public/journals/1/favicon_en_US.png"/><meta name="next-size-adjust"/><link rel="stylesheet" href="/api/theme"/><meta name="sentry-trace" content="c8688e1912cf36562b85b1e2e1819db1-015d09b1f8d32a58"/><meta name="baggage" content="sentry-environment=production,sentry-release=1.7.10,sentry-public_key=5343a019563147eba4ce3595c72083d8,sentry-trace_id=c8688e1912cf36562b85b1e2e1819db1,sentry-sampled=false"/><script src="https://journal-assets.ubiquity.press/1.7.10/_next/static/chunks/polyfills-78c92fac7aa8fdd8.js" noModule=""></script></head><body><a href="#main-content" 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class="fPSBzf iLbQFp hYZFkb frarrB"><span id="article-authors" class="mBgaT gsjAMe">Authors</span><div class="fPSBzf gSKPcF gBxyZZ kSmiQp jvZfOb"><div class="fPSBzf iLbQFp dRCFAU kdHsXs"><ul aria-labelledby="article-authors" class="fPSBzf gasSYy bLTRfp"><li class="jdiOWc eCmivB">Allison Langham-Putrow<a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="mailto:lang0636@umn.edu" aria-label="Email Allison Langham-Putrow" title="Email Allison Langham-Putrow" class="bUyOMB jcnSTv"><svg aria-hidden="true" class="kXATDT fibjxV eAGTFX nVRGN" viewBox="0 0 960 960" style="--svg-width:0.8em"><use href="/api/1.7.10/spritesheet#mail-filled"></use></svg></a></li><li class="jdiOWc eCmivB">Emma Molls</li><li class="jdiOWc eCmivB">Sunshine Carter</li><li class="jdiOWc eCmivB">Amy Riegelman</li></ul></div><button class="bZRhvx jzuiJt fPSBzf kSmiQp legDhJ gzHjnz ddgCQn hDGJaH dYGObl AHTHu AHTHd gNnTtK kghvgt jHhPMr fagWSd eXJFak" title="Toggle author information panel" aria-label="Toggle author information panel" aria-controls="article-authors-bios" aria-expanded="false"><svg aria-hidden="true" class="kXATDT fibjxV eAGTFX" viewBox="0 0 960 960" style="--svg-width:1.5em;--svg-height:1.5em"><use href="/api/1.7.10/spritesheet#angle-down"></use></svg></button></div></div><div id="article-authors-bios"></div><div><h2 id="abstract" class="frarrB gsjAMe">Abstract</h2><div class="eSEnRK erRRVO dNXUQo cjzFSm JUYHF bqmeqr bInrdi dCSLQl jhQjpY ibCwtb cEaIEN hpftSi jYADwv fSrteL gCaouQ bpiJH fMDMgT euvmnb dWEByn lhewWf kzWhjJ kGrTuD dINDpi cMEHgi joaZnP ckxHlM enUkly grOQmn gNPIvT jERTDL cwBrTF jCafsy eKfPsn kDvOvm eNYtiW jBYKcI wQfnp juzEmB epmuvM jxASez dxaDoa hAMuHi jBBExG nTSai fRdekv fnFPHJ gJNujC kEWxAo bHjWUJ eMxTUw dlxxQW dvknbV fFtpRP dxzIlt iEgVSh fckrva grndIc kmqrqt krLtwY cCAxWr kVhtyM iztRDP liMYqy ovoga fZVqxR bIDaVq ihfBBT jcxVWj kmBHnL dESszd eubqet kIepeo iacOaP cTSgTJ jLLntq fUakio fwHzea dkXDMO bnuHOn knxlOo gAofhl igxpLC kKUitp klpVDy iLBNjq dwlUMG ixJHCD kyIBgn thMLB iVlhWp jEryfO dPhvLs eGCfDJ kjJSbn bBqmsj xxWbw hxHqQC qmLyI udWtD dLDUgN fNBxGI eFsFfP gKssyu iBLeSY"><p>The University of Minnesota (UMN) is a large, public institution in the United States. The UMN Libraries has a long history of supporting open access (OA), going back as far as the mid-1990s, and we expanded this support through the creation of an OA investment fund in Fiscal Year 2020. The fund is treated like any other collections fund, ensuring we have a budget specifically marked for investments in OA. As the OA movement has progressed, it has become clear that not all approaches to OA are working in the way they were originally imagined. Potential investments are evaluated on criteria based on our Libraries values and principles around OA, which are outlined in a statement endorsed by campus governance groups. To date, the fund supports a variety of investments, including infrastructure, diamond OA journals and OA monograph programs – OA models that we believe are sustainable and which align with our values of equity more effectively than APC-based publishing models. The budget has grown each year, both through direct allocations and organically, such as when existing journals shift to OA models.</p></div></div><div class="fPSBzf deTnQX"><span id="article-keywords" class="gsjAMe">Keywords:</span><ul aria-labelledby="article-keywords"><li class="nVRGN kBHUWh"><span class="eSEnRK erRRVO dNXUQo cjzFSm JUYHF bqmeqr bInrdi dCSLQl jhQjpY ibCwtb cEaIEN hpftSi jYADwv fSrteL gCaouQ bpiJH fMDMgT euvmnb dWEByn lhewWf kzWhjJ kGrTuD dINDpi cMEHgi joaZnP ckxHlM enUkly grOQmn gNPIvT jERTDL cwBrTF jCafsy eKfPsn kDvOvm eNYtiW jBYKcI wQfnp juzEmB epmuvM jxASez dxaDoa hAMuHi jBBExG nTSai fRdekv fnFPHJ gJNujC kEWxAo bHjWUJ eMxTUw dlxxQW dvknbV fFtpRP dxzIlt iEgVSh fckrva grndIc kmqrqt krLtwY cCAxWr kVhtyM iztRDP liMYqy ovoga fZVqxR bIDaVq ihfBBT jcxVWj kmBHnL dESszd eubqet kIepeo iacOaP cTSgTJ jLLntq fUakio fwHzea dkXDMO bnuHOn knxlOo gAofhl igxpLC kKUitp klpVDy iLBNjq dwlUMG ixJHCD kyIBgn thMLB iVlhWp jEryfO dPhvLs eGCfDJ kjJSbn bBqmsj xxWbw hxHqQC qmLyI udWtD dLDUgN fNBxGI eFsFfP gKssyu"><a href="/en/search?q=open access">open access</a></span></li><li class="nVRGN kBHUWh"><span class="eSEnRK erRRVO dNXUQo cjzFSm JUYHF bqmeqr bInrdi dCSLQl jhQjpY ibCwtb cEaIEN hpftSi jYADwv fSrteL gCaouQ bpiJH fMDMgT euvmnb dWEByn lhewWf kzWhjJ kGrTuD dINDpi cMEHgi joaZnP ckxHlM enUkly grOQmn gNPIvT jERTDL cwBrTF jCafsy eKfPsn kDvOvm eNYtiW jBYKcI wQfnp juzEmB epmuvM jxASez dxaDoa hAMuHi jBBExG nTSai fRdekv fnFPHJ gJNujC kEWxAo bHjWUJ eMxTUw dlxxQW dvknbV fFtpRP dxzIlt iEgVSh fckrva grndIc kmqrqt krLtwY cCAxWr kVhtyM iztRDP liMYqy ovoga fZVqxR bIDaVq ihfBBT jcxVWj kmBHnL dESszd eubqet kIepeo iacOaP cTSgTJ jLLntq fUakio fwHzea dkXDMO bnuHOn knxlOo gAofhl igxpLC kKUitp klpVDy iLBNjq dwlUMG ixJHCD kyIBgn thMLB iVlhWp jEryfO dPhvLs eGCfDJ kjJSbn bBqmsj xxWbw hxHqQC qmLyI udWtD dLDUgN fNBxGI eFsFfP gKssyu"><a href="/en/search?q=collections">collections</a></span></li><li class="nVRGN kBHUWh"><span class="eSEnRK erRRVO dNXUQo cjzFSm JUYHF bqmeqr bInrdi dCSLQl jhQjpY ibCwtb cEaIEN hpftSi jYADwv fSrteL gCaouQ bpiJH fMDMgT euvmnb dWEByn lhewWf kzWhjJ kGrTuD dINDpi cMEHgi joaZnP ckxHlM enUkly grOQmn gNPIvT jERTDL cwBrTF jCafsy eKfPsn kDvOvm eNYtiW jBYKcI wQfnp juzEmB epmuvM jxASez dxaDoa hAMuHi jBBExG nTSai fRdekv fnFPHJ gJNujC kEWxAo bHjWUJ eMxTUw dlxxQW dvknbV fFtpRP dxzIlt iEgVSh fckrva grndIc kmqrqt krLtwY cCAxWr kVhtyM iztRDP liMYqy ovoga fZVqxR bIDaVq ihfBBT jcxVWj kmBHnL dESszd eubqet kIepeo iacOaP cTSgTJ jLLntq fUakio fwHzea dkXDMO bnuHOn knxlOo gAofhl igxpLC kKUitp klpVDy iLBNjq dwlUMG ixJHCD kyIBgn thMLB iVlhWp jEryfO dPhvLs eGCfDJ kjJSbn bBqmsj xxWbw hxHqQC qmLyI udWtD dLDUgN fNBxGI eFsFfP gKssyu"><a href="/en/search?q=library funding">library funding</a></span></li><li class="nVRGN kBHUWh"><span class="eSEnRK erRRVO dNXUQo cjzFSm JUYHF bqmeqr bInrdi dCSLQl jhQjpY ibCwtb cEaIEN hpftSi jYADwv fSrteL gCaouQ bpiJH fMDMgT euvmnb dWEByn lhewWf kzWhjJ kGrTuD dINDpi cMEHgi joaZnP ckxHlM enUkly grOQmn gNPIvT jERTDL cwBrTF jCafsy eKfPsn kDvOvm eNYtiW jBYKcI wQfnp juzEmB epmuvM jxASez dxaDoa hAMuHi jBBExG nTSai fRdekv fnFPHJ gJNujC kEWxAo bHjWUJ eMxTUw dlxxQW dvknbV fFtpRP dxzIlt iEgVSh fckrva grndIc kmqrqt krLtwY cCAxWr kVhtyM iztRDP liMYqy ovoga fZVqxR bIDaVq ihfBBT jcxVWj kmBHnL dESszd eubqet kIepeo iacOaP cTSgTJ jLLntq fUakio fwHzea dkXDMO bnuHOn knxlOo gAofhl igxpLC kKUitp klpVDy iLBNjq dwlUMG ixJHCD kyIBgn thMLB iVlhWp jEryfO dPhvLs eGCfDJ kjJSbn bBqmsj xxWbw hxHqQC qmLyI udWtD dLDUgN fNBxGI eFsFfP gKssyu"><a href="/en/search?q=values-based decision-making">values-based decision-making</a></span></li></ul></div><div><div class="fPSBzf iLbQFp gBxyZZ kSmiQp hZMpBL dpIsHn ldVkre jjIdTr caeGBz iZlhVq fFsbiy ZlJQT"><div class="hYZFkb legDhJ fPSBzf gasSYy dxKKNQ dAeywj"><div>Year: 2024</div><span class="eSEnRK erRRVO dNXUQo cjzFSm JUYHF bqmeqr bInrdi dCSLQl jhQjpY ibCwtb cEaIEN hpftSi jYADwv fSrteL gCaouQ bpiJH fMDMgT euvmnb dWEByn lhewWf kzWhjJ kGrTuD dINDpi cMEHgi joaZnP ckxHlM enUkly grOQmn gNPIvT jERTDL cwBrTF jCafsy eKfPsn kDvOvm eNYtiW jBYKcI wQfnp juzEmB epmuvM jxASez dxaDoa hAMuHi jBBExG nTSai fRdekv fnFPHJ gJNujC kEWxAo bHjWUJ eMxTUw dlxxQW dvknbV fFtpRP dxzIlt iEgVSh fckrva grndIc kmqrqt krLtwY cCAxWr kVhtyM iztRDP liMYqy ovoga fZVqxR bIDaVq ihfBBT jcxVWj kmBHnL dESszd eubqet kIepeo iacOaP cTSgTJ jLLntq fUakio fwHzea dkXDMO bnuHOn knxlOo gAofhl igxpLC kKUitp klpVDy iLBNjq dwlUMG ixJHCD kyIBgn thMLB iVlhWp jEryfO dPhvLs eGCfDJ kjJSbn bBqmsj xxWbw hxHqQC qmLyI udWtD dLDUgN fNBxGI eFsFfP gKssyu"><a href="/en/27/volume/37/issue/1">Volume 37</a></span><div>Page/Article: 17</div><span class="eSEnRK erRRVO dNXUQo cjzFSm JUYHF bqmeqr bInrdi dCSLQl jhQjpY ibCwtb cEaIEN hpftSi jYADwv fSrteL gCaouQ bpiJH fMDMgT euvmnb dWEByn lhewWf kzWhjJ kGrTuD dINDpi cMEHgi joaZnP ckxHlM enUkly grOQmn gNPIvT jERTDL cwBrTF jCafsy eKfPsn kDvOvm eNYtiW jBYKcI wQfnp juzEmB epmuvM jxASez dxaDoa hAMuHi jBBExG nTSai fRdekv fnFPHJ gJNujC kEWxAo bHjWUJ eMxTUw dlxxQW dvknbV fFtpRP dxzIlt iEgVSh fckrva grndIc kmqrqt krLtwY cCAxWr kVhtyM iztRDP liMYqy ovoga fZVqxR bIDaVq ihfBBT jcxVWj kmBHnL dESszd eubqet kIepeo iacOaP cTSgTJ jLLntq fUakio fwHzea dkXDMO bnuHOn knxlOo gAofhl igxpLC kKUitp klpVDy iLBNjq dwlUMG ixJHCD kyIBgn thMLB iVlhWp jEryfO dPhvLs eGCfDJ kjJSbn bBqmsj xxWbw hxHqQC qmLyI udWtD dLDUgN fNBxGI eFsFfP gKssyu"><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://doi.org/10.1629/uksg.675">DOI: 10.1629/uksg.675</a></span></div></div><div class="fPSBzf iLbQFp gBxyZZ kSmiQp hZMpBL dpIsHn ldVkre jjIdTr caeGBz iZlhVq fFsbiy ZlJQT"><div class="hYZFkb legDhJ fPSBzf gasSYy dxKKNQ dAeywj"><div class="fPSBzf kSmiQp flSamE"><svg aria-hidden="true" class="kXATDT fibjxV eAGTFX" viewBox="0 0 960 960" style="--svg-width:1em"><use href="/api/1.7.10/spritesheet#send"></use></svg><span>Submitted on Jul 8, 2024</span></div><div class="fPSBzf kSmiQp flSamE"><svg aria-hidden="true" class="kXATDT fibjxV eAGTFX" viewBox="0 0 960 960" style="--svg-width:1em"><use 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jGKNKW dMDgBc jCPwxW jYADwv enxAPC aEZgq kPJDhF bpiJH jKFBiG dAINnd eTBihp dWEByn ersonm hKWGrC kGSwJ kGrTuD hbVqJu dfWHWr UnCJu lkmdsW gPuyWR ioFMdR gXYQWv eWDFUl jXGYvB jJcaKz kqFIvj dBuRhU jpPGqC eMKZco srYym jyhLpj iEhJMT eoWnUn kUksiv ewxzDg ilhdUd wgPZv jdquTd fNRizL fqrWkL kBzhbE ihrJwh fquMDB fgRgOF COqHq jIHmpV gjIiWD kvpqeI kGzIpw iRJLOP hGMvRu lbdeBI fMaRD juIcfJ cucZgT eRwyIu lmWXWU bDJvJj iuOgCK iLoSRl fUGxRt kgsySf dgpYOt gSgsEu"><div xmlns:tei="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" xmlns:oasis="http://docs.oasis-open.org/ns/oasis-exchange/table" id="xml-article"> <div id="middle" class="article-body"> <div> <h2 id="introduction" class="article-division" tabindex="-1">Introduction</h2> <p>In Fiscal Year 2020 (FY2020; July 1, 2019 through June 30, 2020), the University of Minnesota (UMN) Libraries created a designated collections budget fund to invest in open access (OA) initiatives. The fund built on existing investments and grew out of recommendations from a committee charged with assessing and planning collection investments. This committee’s final report recommended regular review of investments in OA initiatives as well as monitoring interest in new initiatives.</p> <p>The OA Investment Fund is treated similarly to discipline-specific collection funds, with the scholarly communications librarian serving as the ‘selector’. Selector is the term used for subject librarians responsible for collections decisions for the departments they support, including continuing (i.e. subscription) and one-time purchases.</p> <p>We have a budget specifically marked for OA, which enables us to compare multiple OA investments, balancing across disciplines and types of support (e.g. OA-supporting infrastructure, diamond OA journals). The fund is a relatively small portion of our overall collections budget but is designed to grow over time. There is little published literature on libraries’ OA investment processes or funds for investing in open access projects – aside from funds dedicated to paying individual article processing charges (APCs) for authors. This case study reports on the process of creating a fund and the criteria and process for evaluating investment opportunities. It begins with a brief description of how and why the OA Investment Fund was developed, a description of how the University Libraries approaches OA, the criteria used to evaluate investment opportunities and how the criteria were developed. We finish with a discussion of our future plans.</p> </div> <div> <h2 id="history" class="article-division" tabindex="-1">History</h2> <p>UMN is a large, public university in the United States. The UMN Libraries (‘Libraries’) serve a campus of over 50,000 students and more than 20,000 staff, including 4,800 faculty members.<span class="xref"><strong><button data-state="closed" class="AxjtU foDtdn bbYXSC dxVcBS"><a href="#B1" data-scroll="#B1" rel="footnote" id="main-text-B1" class="scroll-link">1</a></button></strong></span> The University is a member of the Big Ten Academic Alliance (BTAA), with 19 campuses participating in library initiatives.<span class="xref"><strong><button data-state="closed" class="AxjtU foDtdn bbYXSC dxVcBS"><a href="#B2" data-scroll="#B2" rel="footnote" id="main-text-B2" class="scroll-link">2</a></button></strong></span> (Although not an official member of the BTAA, the University of Chicago participates in some library initiatives.)</p> <p>In addition to investment of staff time in education, outreach and policy work related to OA, the Libraries has supported OA infrastructure for decades. In 1995, the Libraries, together with UMN’s Department of Applied Economics, launched AgEcon Search,<span class="xref"><strong><button data-state="closed" class="AxjtU foDtdn bbYXSC dxVcBS"><a href="#B3" data-scroll="#B3" rel="footnote" id="main-text-B3" class="scroll-link">3</a></button></strong></span> a subject repository for scholarly research in the fields of agricultural and applied economics. Use of the collections budget to support OA initiatives such as arXiv came next, with the number of investments increasing dramatically since 2014. However, there was no overarching strategy; rather, OA investments were determined by individual disciplinary selectors.</p> <p>In 2017, in light of an uncertain financial situation and the growing funding gap in the collections budget, the Associate University Librarians for Collections and Research & Learning launched the Assessing & Planning Collections Investment Committee (APCIC) to analyze disciplinary trends, collections use and provide updates in preparation of the FY2018 budget request. The committee members included the Collection Development Officer (CDO) and, primarily, Libraries staff with key collection development responsibilities. The committee created an inventory of current memberships and investments in OA infrastructure. These investments were purchased on a variety of funds, some managed by the CDO and others by individual selectors.</p> <p>Around the time APCIC started its work, the Libraries hired our first scholarly communications librarian and launched a new Scholarly Communications Committee (SCC). APCIC’s final report included the recommendation to regularly review the value of investments in OA as well as interest in new initiatives. The SCC took the lead on tracking OA investments and evaluating new investment opportunities as they were identified by the Libraries’ administrators and committee members. The SCC transitioned to the Open Scholarship Committee (OSC) in 2020, a result of changes in Libraries staffing. OSC has been responsible for this work since.</p> <div> <h3 id="creation-of-the-oa-investment-fund" tabindex="-1">Creation of the OA Investment Fund</h3> <p>OSC members continued ad hoc reviews of current and potential investments until mid-2019, when we recognized the need for a formalized strategy for investing in OA. In preparing the FY2020 budget request, the Collections Strategist proposed the creation of a fund specifically for OA investments; OSC would be responsible for establishing a process for evaluating investment opportunities.</p> <p>We paid individual OA investments with a mix of central funding and subject funds. However, with flat or declining budgets, these investments were competing against more traditional collections spending to purchase content. With the dedicated OA fund, we would be able to compare OA investments to other OA investments, ultimately creating a balance across different types of support for OA: for developing and sustaining infrastructure, participating in memberships and experimenting with new types of publishing models. We also sought to provide support across disciplines, for researchers from arts and humanities, social sciences and science, technology, engineering and mathematics (STEM), as well as for infrastructure that provides global support for OA.</p> <p>The initial allocation for FY2020 was US$50,000, which covered existing investments plus a small amount of additional funding for new opportunities. This is a very small portion of our roughly US$18 million collections budget; the fund is not currently built to support big (i.e. expensive) programs but rather to experiment with new types of OA investments. The creation of the fund coincided with, but was not a result of, the closure of a fund used to pay APCs jointly supported by the Libraries and the Office of the Vice President for Research. The fund used for APCs operated between 2012 and 2019 but was ultimately closed because it was time-consuming to run and was supporting a very limited number of articles (less than 1% of the more than 9,000 publications per year from UMN researchers). Our thinking about the APC model was also evolving. APCs rose at rates higher than inflation<span class="xref"><strong><button data-state="closed" class="AxjtU foDtdn bbYXSC dxVcBS"><a href="#B4" data-scroll="#B4" rel="footnote" id="main-text-B4" class="scroll-link">4</a></button></strong></span> – further reducing the number of articles the fund could support – and the model was not leading to equity in the publishing ecosystem.</p> </div> <div> <h3 id="collections-and-open-access-values" tabindex="-1">Collections and open access values</h3> <p>While the OA investment fund was being created, the Libraries were addressing another recommendation from APCIC: that the Libraries should define the values we seek to advance through our collections program and employ them immediately. A statement of the Libraries Values for Collections<span class="xref"><strong><button data-state="closed" class="AxjtU foDtdn bbYXSC dxVcBS"><a href="#B5" data-scroll="#B5" rel="footnote" id="main-text-B5" class="scroll-link">5</a></button></strong></span> was drafted in 2019 and supported by the University Senate Library Committee (SLC, a university-wide governance advisory committee) in November 2020.<span class="xref"><strong><button data-state="closed" class="AxjtU foDtdn bbYXSC dxVcBS"><a href="#B6" data-scroll="#B6" rel="footnote" id="main-text-B6" class="scroll-link">6</a></button></strong></span></p> <p>One of the collections values directly addressed OA, but was vague, ‘we commit to supporting and expanding open and perpetual access to scholarly resources through our acquisition and licensing of content’. To address this, we articulated OA-specific values to support this broad statement.</p> <p>‘Towards Open Access at the University of Minnesota’<span class="xref"><strong><button data-state="closed" class="AxjtU foDtdn bbYXSC dxVcBS"><a href="#B7" data-scroll="#B7" rel="footnote" id="main-text-B7" class="scroll-link">7</a></button></strong></span> was drafted in 2021 and the SLC released a statement of support for the Libraries position on OA in November of that year, which was then endorsed by a number of campus governance groups.<span class="xref"><strong><button data-state="closed" class="AxjtU foDtdn bbYXSC dxVcBS"><a href="#B8" data-scroll="#B8" rel="footnote" id="main-text-B8" class="scroll-link">8</a></button></strong></span> It affirms our support for green open access and scholar-owned publication pathways; describes the types of OA publishing models we prioritize and outlines our aims for the future. This statement forms the basis of the criteria we use for evaluating OA investments.</p> </div> </div> <div> <h2 id="investment-evaluation" class="article-division" tabindex="-1">Investment evaluation</h2> <div> <h3 id="criteria-development" tabindex="-1">Criteria development</h3> <p>The criteria we use to evaluate investments has evolved over time. Initial discussions of current and potential investments started with asking the questions ‘does this sound like a good thing?’ and ‘do we have money for it?’. We recognized this was not sufficient, particularly as the number and variety of investment opportunities expanded. We began to explore criteria used by other institutions.</p> <p>The University of California’s Scholarly Transformation Advice and Review (STAR) Team was one of the earliest and most rigorous we found.<span class="xref"><strong><button data-state="closed" class="AxjtU foDtdn bbYXSC dxVcBS"><a href="#B9" data-scroll="#B9" rel="footnote" id="main-text-B9" class="scroll-link">9</a></button></strong></span> Although we appreciated their workbook and its level of detail, the level of analysis necessary was time-consuming and beyond what we would be able to conduct. We also reviewed criteria from University of Texas Austin in their ‘Funding open access initiatives at UT Austin’<span class="xref"><strong><button data-state="closed" class="AxjtU foDtdn bbYXSC dxVcBS"><a href="#B10" data-scroll="#B10" rel="footnote" id="main-text-B10" class="scroll-link">10</a></button></strong></span> documentation, which was a lighter weight set of criteria aligning with the statements of values and principles around collections and open access. Around the same time there was a discussion on the American Library Association (ALA) SCHOLCOM (scholcomm@lists.ala.org; now the Association of College & Research Libraries [ACRL] Scholarly Communication Discussion Group<span class="xref"><strong><button data-state="closed" class="AxjtU foDtdn bbYXSC dxVcBS"><a href="#B11" data-scroll="#B11" rel="footnote" id="main-text-B11" class="scroll-link">11</a></button></strong></span>) about OA investment criteria from which we drew additional insights. Our scholarly communications librarian was also working with a group of librarians to create resources for SPARC’s Data Analysis Working Group, resulting in ‘Open Access Agreements: Factors to Consider’,<span class="xref"><strong><button data-state="closed" class="AxjtU foDtdn bbYXSC dxVcBS"><a href="#B12" data-scroll="#B12" rel="footnote" id="main-text-B12" class="scroll-link">12</a></button></strong></span> which, though focused more on OA publishing agreements, can be extended to many types of OA investments.</p> <p>Building from these examples, we drafted initial criteria and at the same time we developed our statement of OA principles.<span class="xref"><strong><button data-state="closed" class="AxjtU foDtdn bbYXSC dxVcBS"><a href="#B13" data-scroll="#B13" rel="footnote" id="main-text-B13" class="scroll-link">13</a></button></strong></span> Once the statement was approved, we made some minor adjustments to our draft investment criteria and were ready to develop our process.</p> </div> <div> <h3 id="oa-investment-recommendation-process" tabindex="-1">OA investment recommendation process</h3> <p>In this section, we describe the review group’s composition, and the investment proposal and decision-making processes.</p> <div> <h4 id="review-group-members" class="tl-default" tabindex="-1">Review group members</h4> <p>The OA Investment review group has changed in size and composition, to create a group agile enough to respond to requests quickly but with broad enough expertise to fairly analyze proposals. The SCC did the first reviews of investments, but the group of 12 was cumbersome and larger than necessary. The next attempt was a group of nine, with the plan to include two selectors as rotating members. Again, this group was larger than needed. The group currently has four members, two from the Libraries’ Research division and two from the Collections & Content Strategy division. Each has in-depth understanding of the OA landscape and the group has experience with a wide range of disciplines.</p> </div> <div> <h4 id="investment-proposal-process" class="tl-default" tabindex="-1">Investment proposal process</h4> <p>All Libraries employees are encouraged to submit suggestions for OA investments. We developed a Qualtrics intake form that guides the user through our criteria. Broadly, it asks:</p> <ul class="list"> <li>what type of resource it is (content, infrastructure, membership organization or other)</li> <li>who the parent company or organization is, if any</li> <li>whether we currently support it, how much or how much more would be needed beyond what is currently spent and if it is a one-time or recurring cost</li> <li>what subject areas it supports</li> <li>what kind of support or impact it offers</li> <li>what unmet needs it fulfills</li> <li>who benefits (authors/readers, UMN-affiliates only, or all potential users)</li> <li>how transparent the pricing and operating structure are and what is its path forward</li> <li>what its long-term sustainability and preservation path is.</li> </ul> <p>Although the form is available for anyone to submit, in practice, many of the opportunities are originally identified by the collections strategist and scholarly communications librarian. When an item is relevant to a particular discipline, they reach out to the appropriate selector to discuss the offer and in some cases work together to submit the intake form.</p> <p>The Libraries e-resources staff also identify OA-related changes to subscriptions when they are up for renewal or are otherwise informed by the publisher – for example, when journals announce a move to a Subscribe to Open (S2O) model. When this happens, the e-resources staff member informs both the selector and the scholarly communications librarian.</p> <p>Decisions on whether to formally consider an offer are made jointly by the selector, who best knows the level of interest for the content, and the scholarly communications librarian, who can provide context for the type of OA model. If the selector is already supporting a journal or other project that moves to OA, the OA investment fund can cover additional costs that might be needed.</p> <p>The intake form is not ‘graded’ on a quantitative scale – the variety of investments is so broad that it would be inappropriate to calculate a score to compare investments. After considering whether funding is available, the review group discusses the responses to the intake form and decides whether and/or how much to invest.</p> </div> </div> </div> <div> <h2 id="current-investments" class="article-division" tabindex="-1">Current investments</h2> <p>We list our current investments on our website,<span class="xref"><strong><button data-state="closed" class="AxjtU foDtdn bbYXSC dxVcBS"><a href="#B14" data-scroll="#B14" rel="footnote" id="main-text-B14" class="scroll-link">14</a></button></strong></span> organized to align with our statement of principles. Here we provide a brief description of the investment categories. Note that some OA investments are negotiated and paid through the BTAA, which has a different approach to OA investments than what we focus on locally.</p> <div> <h3 id="sustainable-and-equitable-models" tabindex="-1">Sustainable and equitable models</h3> <p>As described in our values and principles, the Libraries are committed to equity and diversity, and prioritize investments that will provide equitable opportunities for all authors to publish and read scholarly literature, regardless of institutional affiliation, funding status, or discipline.<span class="xref"><strong><button data-state="closed" class="AxjtU foDtdn bbYXSC dxVcBS"><a href="#B15" data-scroll="#B15" rel="footnote" id="main-text-B15" class="scroll-link">15</a></button></strong></span> This means we are more likely to fund a journal moving to a diamond OA or S2O model than a read and publish agreement. There has been an enormous growth in the total number of diamond OA journals, particularly from 2016 to 2019<span class="xref"><strong><button data-state="closed" class="AxjtU foDtdn bbYXSC dxVcBS"><a href="#B16" data-scroll="#B16" rel="footnote" id="main-text-B16" class="scroll-link">16</a></button></strong></span> and since the fund was created, opportunities have increased. As one example, the Open Access Community Investment Program, which organizes support from many libraries for transitioning to and/or sustaining diamond OA journals that meet selection criteria, launched for 2021. The criteria for journals to participate in the program align with our OA principles.<span class="xref"><strong><button data-state="closed" class="AxjtU foDtdn bbYXSC dxVcBS"><a href="#B17" data-scroll="#B17" rel="footnote" id="main-text-B17" class="scroll-link">17</a></button></strong></span></p> <p>The S2O model was introduced by Annual Reviews in 2020 and we participated in their first offering. S2O is specifically called out in our OA principles because it is a cooperative model enabling OA publishing for all authors. The number of S2O journals we support has increased each year as journals adopt the model. We saw particularly large increases in the number of journals we support in FY2023 and FY2024.</p> <p>It has proven more difficult to develop sustainable open access models for monographs. A number of delayed open access monograph programs have developed since the fund began. We participate in three of these programs through the BTAA. Although there is a delay in opening the materials, the programs provide equitable opportunities for authors, regardless of whether their institutions provide support.</p> </div> <div> <h3 id="infrastructure" tabindex="-1">Infrastructure</h3> <p>We invest in a variety of open access-related infrastructure projects, including our long-standing support for arXiv. We support additional preprint servers for disciplines in which UMN researchers are actively engaging, such as PsyArXiv.</p> <p>The Global Sustainability Coalition for Open Science Services (SCOSS) is an international program for funding open access infrastructure. It has a rigorous application process that addresses many of the criteria we consider – addressing the value of the service to the community, technical details, past and projected future costs, sustainability, governance, among other factors.<span class="xref"><strong><button data-state="closed" class="AxjtU foDtdn bbYXSC dxVcBS"><a href="#B18" data-scroll="#B18" rel="footnote" id="main-text-B18" class="scroll-link">18</a></button></strong></span> Because of SCOSS funding calls, we increased our support for projects and programs like the Directory of Open Access Journals (DOAJ) and Public Knowledge Project (PKP). This is in addition to support we provide to PKP through our Libraries Publishing Services (and AgEcon Search, which is jointly funded by the Libraries and UMN Department of Applied Economics). We make additional investments in infrastructure such as the Directory of Open Access Books.</p> </div> <div> <h3 id="reduced-author-publishing-fees" tabindex="-1">Reduced author publishing fees</h3> <p>In alignment with our values and principles, we view memberships that provide a discount on the APC less favorably than those that waive the fee entirely, as we want researchers to use their funding to pay for research, not for publishing. We do support a few programs that waive APCs for UMN authors. The programs are for fully OA journals and benefit researchers from the humanities and social sciences, plus an additional one through the BTAA. The large read and publish agreements we participate in are through the BTAA, although we do support a few smaller agreements through the OA investment fund because they are less expensive for us than a subscription alone.</p> </div> </div> <div> <h2 id="continuing-the-fund" class="article-division" tabindex="-1">Continuing the fund</h2> <div> <h3 id="fund-growth" tabindex="-1">Fund growth</h3> <p>The fund has increased each year since FY2020, from US$50,000 to US$145,000 in FY2025. The base allocation has increased, but the fund has also grown organically. As resources become OA, the orders, and the money, are moved to the OA fund. For example, if a journal moves from a subscription or hybrid OA model to diamond OA or S2O, the subscription amount is moved from the fund it was on to the OA investment fund, with any additional funding required provided through the fund. The decision to invest now considers additional factors prioritizing OA over traditional subscriptions.</p> </div> <div> <h3 id="evaluating-existing-investments-at-renewal" tabindex="-1">Evaluating existing investments at renewal</h3> <p>As investments are up for renewal, we re-evaluate whether to continue support. Unless there has been a change in its design, we do not resubmit investments to our intake form. There are basic considerations we take into account, such as the renewal price and whether it will still fit in the budget. For investments that are intended to make more content open, we look for evidence of success, such as increased usage.</p> <p>With the investments in OA through the BTAA, we are monitoring which are renewed (these decisions are made outside of our internal review process). If any that closely align with our criteria are canceled, we will need to decide if and how we can fund them through our OA investment budget.</p> <p>For many of our diamond OA journal investments we made multi-year payments and have not been through a renewal. For these journals, we expect to follow the same process we currently use for S2O journals. The OA investment review group will seek input from the relevant selector(s) who best understand how materials are used by the researchers they support. For STEM (and some social sciences) journals, selectors typically evaluate renewals based on quantitative usage data: COUNTER (Counting Online Usage of Networked Electronic Resources; an international non-profit organization that oversees a standard Code of Practice for providing usage statistics to libraries and consortia<span class="xref"><strong><button data-state="closed" class="AxjtU foDtdn bbYXSC dxVcBS"><a href="#B19" data-scroll="#B19" rel="footnote" id="main-text-B19" class="scroll-link">19</a></button></strong></span>) statistics, citations to the content by our researchers and publications from our researchers. We recognize that view/download data for OA journals need to be considered differently and will take into consideration reduced usage captured in COUNTER reports. We will also consider global views and downloads, not just those from UMN researchers – we consider this type of usage valuable, as supporting global access aligns with the University’s mission statement, which emphasizes sharing of the knowledge it generates to ‘benefit the people of the state, the nation, and the world’.<span class="xref"><strong><button data-state="closed" class="AxjtU foDtdn bbYXSC dxVcBS"><a href="#B20" data-scroll="#B20" rel="footnote" id="main-text-B20" class="scroll-link">20</a></button></strong></span></p> <p>The process is somewhat different for humanities and social sciences journals, in which collections’ decision-making processes are typically less quantitative. Selectors in these disciplines have a deep knowledge of the particular areas of interest to UMN researchers. Decisions to add or cancel might be based on the needs of individual or small groups of researchers. Publishing rates and volumes are also generally lower for these journals, which means we might not see citations or publications at a high rate, or not at all before the renewal. We anticipate considering global views and downloads for these disciplines as well.</p> <p>We have not yet re-evaluated our participation in delayed monograph models, which are new, multi-year investments made through the BTAA, but recognize that evaluation will be difficult because monograph publication data and OA monograph usage data is difficult to obtain. Similarly for infrastructure, we do not have the same types of usage data as we do for journals and ‘return on investment’ is difficult to define, especially as many have no substitute. For these, it is essential we review for aim and scope to ensure they still align with our values.</p> <p>APCs and ‘transformative’ agreements continue to proliferate and increase in price worldwide and in the US. We are concerned about their negative effects on the scholarly communication ecosystem and this has factored into our re-evaluation of APC discount programs and read and publish agreements. We recognize that not only do APC-based models not align with our values, but our authors are getting little use from some of the agreements. However, OA investment decisions are not made solely on principle, and for fiscal reasons, we have retained a few agreements. Note that we do not quantify the cost of what authors would have paid if they paid the list price APC because this is not money ‘saved’ – we know from previous publication data that many of these authors would not have chosen to pay an APC – it is, at most, cost avoided.</p> </div> </div> <div> <h2 id="conclusion" class="article-division" tabindex="-1">Conclusion</h2> <p>UMN Libraries is consciously choosing to invest in OA and has created a specific fund, criteria for choosing and evaluating opportunities, and is developing processes for its continued operations.</p> <p>The fund and decision-making processes are still rather new, and we have not carried out a formal review of the fund or our process. We are continually considering and reconsidering our criteria as we receive investment suggestions – new types of OA support opportunities are still emerging, and we recognize that we may need to make adjustments.</p> <p>As we move forward, we will ensure our investment portfolio is balanced – across types of projects, across disciplines. We will see how our current investments ‘perform’, and as new developments and opportunities for investment arise, we will adjust our portfolio accordingly. One particular area we hope to see increased opportunities in is with open access monographs. OA journal models are not easily translated to monographs: book processing charges have been much higher than journal APCs and there are limited funding sources for researchers in fields that traditionally publish monographs. The landscape is changing; the delayed OA models are examples, but more experimentation is needed.</p> </div> </div> <div id="back" class="article-references"> <div class="capture-id"> <h2 id="acknowledgements" class="article-division" tabindex="-1">Acknowledgements</h2> <p>The authors would like to thank Kate Sheridan for comments that greatly improved the manuscript.</p> </div> <div> <h2 id="abbreviations-and-acronyms" tabindex="-1">Abbreviations and Acronyms</h2> <p>A list of the abbreviations and acronyms used in this and other <em>Insight</em>s articles can be accessed here – click on the URL below and then select the ‘full list of industry A&As’ link: <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="http://www.uksg.org/publications#aa">http://www.uksg.org/publications#aa</a>.</p> </div> <div> <h2 id="competing-interests" tabindex="-1">Competing interests</h2> <p>The authors have declared no competing interests.</p> </div> <div id="references"> <h2 id="references" tabindex="-1">References</h2> <ol class="reference-list"> <li id="B1"> <a href="#B1" rel="footnote" style="display:none"></a><p>“Faculty and Staff Headcounts,” Institutional Data and Research (IDR), University of Minnesota, <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://idr.umn.edu/reports-by-topic-faculty-staff/faculty-and-staff-headcounts">https://idr.umn.edu/reports-by-topic-faculty-staff/faculty-and-staff-headcounts</a> (accessed 13 September 2024); “About Us,” University of Minnesota, <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://twin-cities.umn.edu/about-us">https://twin-cities.umn.edu/about-us</a> (accessed 13 September 2024).<a href="#main-text-B1" data-scroll="#main-text-B1" class="scroll-link"> <svg aria-hidden="true" class="kXATDT fibjxV eAGTFX nVRGN cHjsHT" viewBox="0 0 960 960" style="--svg-width:1.5em"><use href="/api/1.7.10/spritesheet#arrow-upward"></use></svg></a></p> </li> <li id="B2"> <a href="#B2" rel="footnote" style="display:none"></a><p>“Big Ten Academic Alliance Welcomes UCLA, USC, Oregon and Washington,” Big Ten Academic Alliance, <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://btaa.org/about/news-and-publications/news/2024/08/02/big-ten-academic-alliance-welcomes-ucla--usc--oregon-and-washington">https://btaa.org/about/news-and-publications/news/2024/08/02/big-ten-academic-alliance-welcomes-ucla--usc--oregon-and-washington</a> (accessed 13 September 2024).<a href="#main-text-B2" data-scroll="#main-text-B2" class="scroll-link"> <svg aria-hidden="true" class="kXATDT fibjxV eAGTFX nVRGN cHjsHT" viewBox="0 0 960 960" style="--svg-width:1.5em"><use href="/api/1.7.10/spritesheet#arrow-upward"></use></svg></a></p> </li> <li id="B3"> <a href="#B3" rel="footnote" style="display:none"></a><p>“AgEcon Search Overview and History,” AgEcon Search, <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://ageconsearch.umn.edu/pages/?page=about/">https://ageconsearch.umn.edu/pages/?page=about/</a> (accessed 16 September 2024).<a href="#main-text-B3" data-scroll="#main-text-B3" class="scroll-link"> <svg aria-hidden="true" class="kXATDT fibjxV eAGTFX nVRGN cHjsHT" viewBox="0 0 960 960" style="--svg-width:1.5em"><use href="/api/1.7.10/spritesheet#arrow-upward"></use></svg></a></p> </li> <li id="B4"> <a href="#B4" rel="footnote" style="display:none"></a><p>Shaun Yon-Seng Khoo, “Article processing charge hyperinflation and price insensitivity: An open access sequel to the serials crisis,” <em>Liber Quarterly</em> 29, no. 1 (2019): 1–18, DOI: <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://doi.org/10.18352/lq.10280">https://doi.org/10.18352/lq.10280</a> (accessed 13 September 2024).<a href="#main-text-B4" data-scroll="#main-text-B4" class="scroll-link"> <svg aria-hidden="true" class="kXATDT fibjxV eAGTFX nVRGN cHjsHT" viewBox="0 0 960 960" style="--svg-width:1.5em"><use href="/api/1.7.10/spritesheet#arrow-upward"></use></svg></a></p> </li> <li id="B5"> <a href="#B5" rel="footnote" style="display:none"></a><p>“Values,” About our collections, University of Minnesota Libraries, <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://www.lib.umn.edu/about/our-collections#selection-vpc">https://www.lib.umn.edu/about/our-collections#selection-vpc</a> (accessed 13 September 2024).<a href="#main-text-B5" data-scroll="#main-text-B5" class="scroll-link"> <svg aria-hidden="true" class="kXATDT fibjxV eAGTFX nVRGN cHjsHT" viewBox="0 0 960 960" style="--svg-width:1.5em"><use href="/api/1.7.10/spritesheet#arrow-upward"></use></svg></a></p> </li> <li id="B6"> <a href="#B6" rel="footnote" style="display:none"></a><p>University of Minnesota Senate Library Committee, “Statement of Support for the University of Minnesota Libraries’ Values for Collections,” University of Minnesota, November 2020, <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://hdl.handle.net/11299/218543">https://hdl.handle.net/11299/218543</a> (accessed 13 September 2024).<a href="#main-text-B6" data-scroll="#main-text-B6" class="scroll-link"> <svg aria-hidden="true" class="kXATDT fibjxV eAGTFX nVRGN cHjsHT" viewBox="0 0 960 960" style="--svg-width:1.5em"><use href="/api/1.7.10/spritesheet#arrow-upward"></use></svg></a></p> </li> <li id="B7"> <a href="#B7" rel="footnote" style="display:none"></a><p>University of Minnesota Libraries, “Towards Open Access at the University of Minnesota,” University of Minnesota, 2021, <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://hdl.handle.net/11299/225221">https://hdl.handle.net/11299/225221</a> (accessed 13 September 2024).<a href="#main-text-B7" data-scroll="#main-text-B7" class="scroll-link"> <svg aria-hidden="true" class="kXATDT fibjxV eAGTFX nVRGN cHjsHT" viewBox="0 0 960 960" style="--svg-width:1.5em"><use href="/api/1.7.10/spritesheet#arrow-upward"></use></svg></a></p> </li> <li id="B8"> <a href="#B8" rel="footnote" style="display:none"></a><p>University of Minnesota Senate Library Committee, “Statement of Support for the University of Minnesota Libraries’ ‘Towards Open Access at the University of Minnesota’,” November 2021, <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://hdl.handle.net/11299/226102">https://hdl.handle.net/11299/226102</a> (accessed 13 September 2024).<a href="#main-text-B8" data-scroll="#main-text-B8" class="scroll-link"> <svg aria-hidden="true" class="kXATDT fibjxV eAGTFX nVRGN cHjsHT" viewBox="0 0 960 960" style="--svg-width:1.5em"><use href="/api/1.7.10/spritesheet#arrow-upward"></use></svg></a></p> </li> <li id="B9"> <a href="#B9" rel="footnote" style="display:none"></a><p>“Scholarly Transformation Advice and Review (STAR) Team Criteria Summary,” University of California Libraries, <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://libraries.universityofcalifornia.edu/sclg/star/scholarly-transformation-advice-and-review-star-team-criteria-summary">https://libraries.universityofcalifornia.edu/sclg/star/scholarly-transformation-advice-and-review-star-team-criteria-summary</a> (accessed 13 September 2024).<a href="#main-text-B9" data-scroll="#main-text-B9" class="scroll-link"> <svg aria-hidden="true" class="kXATDT fibjxV eAGTFX nVRGN cHjsHT" viewBox="0 0 960 960" style="--svg-width:1.5em"><use href="/api/1.7.10/spritesheet#arrow-upward"></use></svg></a></p> </li> <li id="B10"> <a href="#B10" rel="footnote" style="display:none"></a><p>“Funding open access initiatives at UT Austin,” University of Texas Scholarly Communication Services, <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://www.lib.utexas.edu/research-help-support/scholarly-communication">https://www.lib.utexas.edu/research-help-support/scholarly-communication</a> (accessed 13 September 2024).<a href="#main-text-B10" data-scroll="#main-text-B10" class="scroll-link"> <svg aria-hidden="true" class="kXATDT fibjxV eAGTFX nVRGN cHjsHT" viewBox="0 0 960 960" style="--svg-width:1.5em"><use href="/api/1.7.10/spritesheet#arrow-upward"></use></svg></a></p> </li> <li id="B11"> <a href="#B11" rel="footnote" style="display:none"></a><p>“SCHOLCOMM – ACRL Scholarly Communication Discussion Group,” ACRL, <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://connect.ala.org/acrl/communities/community-home?CommunityKey=9573532d-f79a-4321-bcaa-ee896d81761c">https://connect.ala.org/acrl/communities/community-home?CommunityKey=9573532d-f79a-4321-bcaa-ee896d81761c</a> (accessed 13 September 2024).<a href="#main-text-B11" data-scroll="#main-text-B11" class="scroll-link"> <svg aria-hidden="true" class="kXATDT fibjxV eAGTFX nVRGN cHjsHT" viewBox="0 0 960 960" style="--svg-width:1.5em"><use href="/api/1.7.10/spritesheet#arrow-upward"></use></svg></a></p> </li> <li id="B12"> <a href="#B12" rel="footnote" style="display:none"></a><p>“Open Access Agreements: Factors to Consider – SPARC,” SPARC, <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://sparcopen.org/our-work/negotiation-resources/data-analysis/open-access-agreements-factors-to-consider/">https://sparcopen.org/our-work/negotiation-resources/data-analysis/open-access-agreements-factors-to-consider/</a> (accessed 13 September 2024).<a href="#main-text-B12" data-scroll="#main-text-B12" class="scroll-link"> <svg aria-hidden="true" class="kXATDT fibjxV eAGTFX nVRGN cHjsHT" viewBox="0 0 960 960" style="--svg-width:1.5em"><use href="/api/1.7.10/spritesheet#arrow-upward"></use></svg></a></p> </li> <li id="B13"> <a href="#B13" rel="footnote" style="display:none"></a><p>UMN Libraries, “Towards Open Access.”<a href="#main-text-B13" data-scroll="#main-text-B13" class="scroll-link"> <svg aria-hidden="true" class="kXATDT fibjxV eAGTFX nVRGN cHjsHT" viewBox="0 0 960 960" style="--svg-width:1.5em"><use href="/api/1.7.10/spritesheet#arrow-upward"></use></svg></a></p> </li> <li id="B14"> <a href="#B14" rel="footnote" style="display:none"></a><p>“Libraries Partnerships for Open Access,” University of Minnesota Libraries, <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://www.lib.umn.edu/services/open-access/oa-partnerships">https://www.lib.umn.edu/services/open-access/oa-partnerships</a> (accessed 13 September 2024).<a href="#main-text-B14" data-scroll="#main-text-B14" class="scroll-link"> <svg aria-hidden="true" class="kXATDT fibjxV eAGTFX nVRGN cHjsHT" viewBox="0 0 960 960" style="--svg-width:1.5em"><use href="/api/1.7.10/spritesheet#arrow-upward"></use></svg></a></p> </li> <li id="B15"> <a href="#B15" rel="footnote" style="display:none"></a><p>UMN Libraries, “Towards Open Access.”<a href="#main-text-B15" data-scroll="#main-text-B15" class="scroll-link"> <svg aria-hidden="true" class="kXATDT fibjxV eAGTFX nVRGN cHjsHT" viewBox="0 0 960 960" style="--svg-width:1.5em"><use href="/api/1.7.10/spritesheet#arrow-upward"></use></svg></a></p> </li> <li id="B16"> <a href="#B16" rel="footnote" style="display:none"></a><p>Jereon Bosman et al, <em>The OA diamond journals study. Part 1: Findings</em>, March 2021, DOI: <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4558704">https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4558704</a> (accessed 13 September 2024).<a href="#main-text-B16" data-scroll="#main-text-B16" class="scroll-link"> <svg aria-hidden="true" class="kXATDT fibjxV eAGTFX nVRGN cHjsHT" viewBox="0 0 960 960" style="--svg-width:1.5em"><use href="/api/1.7.10/spritesheet#arrow-upward"></use></svg></a></p> </li> <li id="B17"> <a href="#B17" rel="footnote" style="display:none"></a><p>“Lyrasis Open Access Community Investment Program,” Lyrasis, <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://bit.ly/OACIP_CriteriaForm">https://bit.ly/OACIP_CriteriaForm</a> (accessed 13 September 2024).<a href="#main-text-B17" data-scroll="#main-text-B17" class="scroll-link"> <svg aria-hidden="true" class="kXATDT fibjxV eAGTFX nVRGN cHjsHT" viewBox="0 0 960 960" style="--svg-width:1.5em"><use href="/api/1.7.10/spritesheet#arrow-upward"></use></svg></a></p> </li> <li id="B18"> <a href="#B18" rel="footnote" style="display:none"></a><p>“SCOSS Application Form 2023,” SCOSS, <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://scoss.org/scossapplicationform2023/">https://scoss.org/scossapplicationform2023/</a> (accessed 13 September 2024).<a href="#main-text-B18" data-scroll="#main-text-B18" class="scroll-link"> <svg aria-hidden="true" class="kXATDT fibjxV eAGTFX nVRGN cHjsHT" viewBox="0 0 960 960" style="--svg-width:1.5em"><use href="/api/1.7.10/spritesheet#arrow-upward"></use></svg></a></p> </li> <li id="B19"> <a href="#B19" rel="footnote" style="display:none"></a><p>“About COUNTER,” COUNTER Metrics, <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://www.countermetrics.org/about">https://www.countermetrics.org/about</a> (accessed 13 September 2024).<a href="#main-text-B19" data-scroll="#main-text-B19" class="scroll-link"> <svg aria-hidden="true" class="kXATDT fibjxV eAGTFX nVRGN cHjsHT" viewBox="0 0 960 960" style="--svg-width:1.5em"><use href="/api/1.7.10/spritesheet#arrow-upward"></use></svg></a></p> </li> <li id="B20"> <a href="#B20" rel="footnote" style="display:none"></a><p>University of Minnesota Board of Regents, “Mission Statement,” February 8, 2008, <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://regents.umn.edu/sites/regents.umn.edu/files/2024-05/policy_mission_statement.pdf">https://regents.umn.edu/sites/regents.umn.edu/files/2024-05/policy_mission_statement.pdf</a> (accessed 13 September 2024).<a href="#main-text-B20" data-scroll="#main-text-B20" class="scroll-link"> <svg aria-hidden="true" class="kXATDT fibjxV eAGTFX nVRGN cHjsHT" viewBox="0 0 960 960" style="--svg-width:1.5em"><use href="/api/1.7.10/spritesheet#arrow-upward"></use></svg></a></p> </li> </ol> </div> </div> <div id="article-level-0-end-metadata" class="fm"> </div> </div> </div></div></div></section></article></main><aside class="lfpFOb fiuYUG kvsxzu fZULLI eAZrqn bsEVTl jzuiJt dDHwAh bympqB klDsRy"><section style="--extra-height:5rem" class="ljXGdG fdfVFM jrnjrZ cWkHOC cnsCBk fEzDZB lnopcr eIiEcR eAZrqn faYEqN gWzzAr JCara bympqB iUHufA hJIWyj" data-no-padding="true"><div dir="ltr" data-orientation="horizontal"><div role="tablist" aria-orientation="horizontal" class="fPSBzf cgzmzJ dXscgu" tabindex="-1" data-orientation="horizontal" style="outline:none"><button type="button" role="tab" aria-selected="true" aria-controls="radix-:R1bjttsmtnqfja:-content-toc" data-state="active" id="radix-:R1bjttsmtnqfja:-trigger-toc" class="bZRhvx dclGjS hYZFkb fgbdHr ddAjyo kdHsXs iiYJRg gfxUHM jaxCjk dBwzdG gsjAMe kghvgt ftkVga fagWSd hmEmdR hwUhUp dgihsQ dPDtDQ dJUmhj dolfgN hblLYA bQczTr hFYGLr cZrzMw gMoMzF dyTZGO enqMWn fBFwEN kiLcDA dXENQP htxIvu jfiBIV eHTTJO kDjVHE iJRWrr fhiMPc ftxADP" tabindex="-1" data-orientation="horizontal" data-radix-collection-item=""><span class="mBgaT">Table of</span> Contents</button><button type="button" 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data-orientation="horizontal" data-radix-collection-item="">Related Articles</button></div><div data-state="active" data-orientation="horizontal" role="tabpanel" aria-labelledby="radix-:R1bjttsmtnqfja:-trigger-toc" id="radix-:R1bjttsmtnqfja:-content-toc" tabindex="0" class="gWzzAr dsKHtw jIwvFq iXlXYP" style="animation-duration:0s"><section aria-labelledby="table-of-contents" class="ljXGdG fdfVFM jrnjrZ cWkHOC cnsCBk fEzDZB"><nav id="table-of-contents" aria-label="Table of contents"><ol class="fPSBzf iLbQFp fZAeZb bpGbVy fjKWZo"><li><div class="fPSBzf kSmiQp"><a href="#abstract" class="lmZmzR bSRIfX">Abstract</a></div></li><li><div class="fPSBzf kSmiQp"><a href="#introduction" class="lmZmzR bSRIfX">Introduction</a></div></li><li><div class="fPSBzf kSmiQp"><a href="#history" class="lmZmzR bSRIfX">History</a><button class="bZRhvx fPSBzf jwcOfF jzuiJt kSmiQp eIlUJG joQJaA frzzzL" aria-label="Open" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true" aria-controls="menu-history"><svg aria-hidden="true" class="kXATDT fibjxV eAGTFX" viewBox="0 0 960 960" style="--svg-height:1.5rem"><use href="/api/1.7.10/spritesheet#angle-down"></use></svg></button></div><ol class="fPSBzf iLbQFp fZAeZb" id="menu-history" aria-hidden="true"></ol></li><li><div class="fPSBzf kSmiQp"><a href="#investment-evaluation" class="lmZmzR bSRIfX">Investment evaluation</a><button class="bZRhvx fPSBzf jwcOfF jzuiJt kSmiQp eIlUJG joQJaA frzzzL" aria-label="Open" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true" aria-controls="menu-investment-evaluation"><svg aria-hidden="true" class="kXATDT fibjxV eAGTFX" viewBox="0 0 960 960" style="--svg-height:1.5rem"><use href="/api/1.7.10/spritesheet#angle-down"></use></svg></button></div><ol class="fPSBzf iLbQFp fZAeZb" id="menu-investment-evaluation" aria-hidden="true"></ol></li><li><div class="fPSBzf kSmiQp"><a href="#current-investments" class="lmZmzR bSRIfX">Current investments</a><button class="bZRhvx fPSBzf jwcOfF jzuiJt kSmiQp eIlUJG joQJaA frzzzL" aria-label="Open" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true" aria-controls="menu-current-investments"><svg aria-hidden="true" class="kXATDT fibjxV eAGTFX" viewBox="0 0 960 960" style="--svg-height:1.5rem"><use href="/api/1.7.10/spritesheet#angle-down"></use></svg></button></div><ol class="fPSBzf iLbQFp fZAeZb" id="menu-current-investments" aria-hidden="true"></ol></li><li><div class="fPSBzf kSmiQp"><a href="#continuing-the-fund" class="lmZmzR bSRIfX">Continuing the fund</a><button class="bZRhvx fPSBzf jwcOfF jzuiJt kSmiQp eIlUJG joQJaA frzzzL" aria-label="Open" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true" aria-controls="menu-continuing-the-fund"><svg aria-hidden="true" class="kXATDT fibjxV eAGTFX" viewBox="0 0 960 960" style="--svg-height:1.5rem"><use href="/api/1.7.10/spritesheet#angle-down"></use></svg></button></div><ol class="fPSBzf iLbQFp fZAeZb" id="menu-continuing-the-fund" aria-hidden="true"></ol></li><li><div class="fPSBzf kSmiQp"><a href="#conclusion" class="lmZmzR bSRIfX">Conclusion</a></div></li><li><div class="fPSBzf kSmiQp"><a href="#acknowledgements" class="lmZmzR bSRIfX">Acknowledgements</a></div></li><li><div class="fPSBzf kSmiQp"><a href="#abbreviations-and-acronyms" class="lmZmzR bSRIfX">Abbreviations and Acronyms</a></div></li><li><div class="fPSBzf kSmiQp"><a href="#competing-interests" class="lmZmzR bSRIfX">Competing interests</a></div></li><li><div class="fPSBzf kSmiQp"><a href="#references" class="lmZmzR bSRIfX">References</a></div></li></ol></nav></section></div><div data-state="inactive" data-orientation="horizontal" role="tabpanel" aria-labelledby="radix-:R1bjttsmtnqfja:-trigger-annotations" hidden="" id="radix-:R1bjttsmtnqfja:-content-annotations" tabindex="0" class="gWzzAr dsKHtw jIwvFq iXlXYP"></div><div data-state="inactive" data-orientation="horizontal" role="tabpanel" aria-labelledby="radix-:R1bjttsmtnqfja:-trigger-related" hidden="" id="radix-:R1bjttsmtnqfja:-content-related" tabindex="0" class="gWzzAr dsKHtw jIwvFq 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The UMN Libraries has a long history of supporting open access (OA), going back as far as the mid-1990s, and we expanded this support through the creation of an OA investment fund in Fiscal Year 2020. The fund is treated like any other collections fund, ensuring we have a budget specifically marked for investments in OA. As the OA movement has progressed, it has become clear that not all approaches to OA are working in the way they were originally imagined. Potential investments are evaluated on criteria based on our Libraries values and principles around OA, which are outlined in a statement endorsed by campus governance groups. To date, the fund supports a variety of investments, including infrastructure, diamond OA journals and OA monograph programs \u0026ndash; OA models that we believe are sustainable and which align with our values of equity more effectively than APC-based publishing models. The budget has grown each year, both through direct allocations and organically, such as when existing journals shift to OA models.\u003c/p\u003e28:{\"id\":\"64281a38b46a026025ae88db8a57dec5b5957f01\",\"bound\":null}\n2a:T46b,\u003cp\u003eThe University of Minnesota (UMN) is a large, public institution in the United States. The UMN Libraries has a long history of supporting open access (OA), going back as far as the mid-1990s, and we expanded this support through the creation of an OA investment fund in Fiscal Year 2020. The fund is treated like any other collections fund, ensuring we have a budget sp"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"ecifically marked for investments in OA. As the OA movement has progressed, it has become clear that not all approaches to OA are working in the way they were originally imagined. Potential investments are evaluated on criteria based on our Libraries values and principles around OA, which are outlined in a statement endorsed by campus governance groups. To date, the fund supports a variety of investments, including infrastructure, diamond OA journals and OA monograph programs \u0026ndash; OA models that we believe are sustainable and which align with our values of equity more effectively than APC-based publishing models. The budget has grown each year, both through direct allocations and organically, such as when existing journals shift to OA models.\u003c/p\u003e32:T460,The University of Minnesota (UMN) is a large, public institution in the United States. The UMN Libraries has a long history of supporting open access (OA), going back as far as the mid-1990s, and we expanded this support through the creation of an OA investment fund in Fiscal Year 2020. The fund is treated like any other collections fund, ensuring we have a budget specifically marked for investments in OA. As the OA movement has progressed, it has become clear that not all approaches to OA are working in the way they were originally imagined. Potential investments are evaluated on criteria based on our Libraries values and principles around OA, which are outlined in a statement endorsed by campus governance groups. To date, the fund supports a variety of investments, including infrastructure, diamond OA journals and OA monograph programs – OA models that we believe are sustainable and which align with our values of equity more effectively than APC-based publishing models. The budget has grown each year, both through direct allocations and organically, such as when existing journals shift to OA models.3d:T46a,We have a budget specifically marked for OA, which enables us to compare multiple OA\n investments, balancing across disciplines and types "])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"of support (e.g. OA-supporting\n infrastructure, diamond OA journals). The fund is a relatively small portion of our\n overall collections budget but is designed to grow over time. There is little\n published literature on libraries’ OA investment processes or funds for\n investing in open access projects – aside from funds dedicated to paying\n individual article processing charges (APCs) for authors. This case study reports on\n the process of creating a fund and the criteria and process for evaluating\n investment opportunities. It begins with a brief description of how and why the OA\n Investment Fund was developed, a description of how the University Libraries\n approaches OA, the criteria used to evaluate investment opportunities and how the\n criteria were developed. We finish with a discussion of our future plans.3f:T45a,The initial allocation for FY2020 was US$50,000, which covered existing\n investments plus a small amount of additional funding for new opportunities.\n This is a very small portion of our roughly US$18 million collections budget;\n the fund is not currently built to support big (i.e. expensive) programs but\n rather to experiment with new types of OA investments. The creation of the fund\n coincided with, but was not a result of, the closure of a fund used to pay APCs\n jointly supported by the Libraries and the Office of the Vice President for\n Research. The fund used for APCs operated between 2012 and 2019 but was\n ultimately closed because it was time-consuming to run and was supporting a very\n limited number of articles (less than 1% of the more than 9,000 publications per\n year from UMN researchers). Our thinking about the APC model was also evolving.\n "])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1," APCs rose at rates higher than inflation40:T42d,APCs and ‘transformative’ agreements continue to proliferate and\n increase in price worldwide and in the US. We are concerned about their negative\n effects on the scholarly communication ecosystem and this has factored into our\n re-evaluation of APC discount programs and read and publish agreements. We\n recognize that not only do APC-based models not align with our values, but our\n authors are getting little use from some of the agreements. However, OA\n investment decisions are not made solely on principle, and for fiscal reasons,\n we have retained a few agreements. Note that we do not quantify the cost of what\n authors would have paid if they paid the list price APC because this is not\n money ‘saved’ – we know from previous publication data that\n many of these authors would not have chosen to pay an APC – it is, at\n most, cost avoided."])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"a:[\"$\",\"$L20\",null,{\"article\":{\"publication_id\":673,\"submission_id\":675,\"date_submitted\":\"2024-07-08T21:01:41+00:00\",\"date_accepted\":\"2024-08-19T11:15:46+00:00\",\"date_published\":\"2024-11-05T13:42:49+00:00\",\"peer_reviewed\":true,\"submission_locale\":\"en_US\",\"copyright\":{\"holder\":\"The Author(s)\",\"year\":\"2024\"},\"versions\":[{\"id\":673,\"date_published\":\"2024-11-05\"}],\"doi\":\"10.1629/uksg.675\",\"pages\":\"17\",\"title\":\"Investing in open access at the University of 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The fund built on existing investments and grew out of\\n recommendations from a committee charged with assessing and planning collection\\n investments. This committee’s final report recommended regular review of\\n investments in OA initiatives as well as monitoring interest in new initiatives.\"}],\"\\n\",[\"$\",\"p\",\"5\",{\"children\":\"The OA Investment Fund is treated similarly to discipline-specific collection funds,\\n with the scholarly communications librarian serving as the ‘selector’.\\n Selector is the term used for subject librarians responsible for collections\\n decisions for the departments they support, including continuing (i.e. subscription)\\n and one-time purchases.\"}],\"\\n\",[\"$\",\"p\",\"7\",{\"children\":\"$3d\"}],\"\\n\"]}],\"\\n\",[\"$\",\"div\",\"3\",{\"children\":[\"\\n\",[\"$\",\"h2\",\"1\",{\"id\":\"history\",\"className\":\"article-division\",\"tabIndex\":\"-1\",\"children\":\"History\"}],\"\\n\",[\"$\",\"p\",\"3\",{\"children\":[\"UMN is a large, public university in the United States. The UMN Libraries\\n (‘Libraries’) serve a campus of over 50,000 students and more than\\n 20,000 staff, including 4,800 faculty members.\",[\"$\",\"span\",\"1\",{\"className\":\"xref\",\"children\":[\"$\",\"strong\",null,{\"children\":[\"$\",\"$L3e\",null,{\"scrollId\":\"B1\",\"linkProps\":{\"href\":\"#B1\",\"data-scroll\":\"#B1\",\"rel\":\"footnote\",\"id\":\"main-text-B1\",\"className\":\"scroll-link\"},\"children\":\"1\"}]}]}],\" The University is a member of the Big Ten Academic Alliance (BTAA),\\n with 19 campuses participating in library initiatives.\",[\"$\",\"span\",\"3\",{\"className\":\"xref\",\"children\":[\"$\",\"strong\",null,{\"children\":[\"$\",\"$L3e\",null,{\"scrollId\":\"B2\",\"linkProps\":{\"href\":\"#B2\",\"data-scroll\":\"#B2\",\"rel\":\"footnote\",\"id\":\"main-text-B2\",\"className\":\"scroll-link\"},\"children\":\"2\"}]}]}],\" (Although not an official member of the BTAA, the University of\\n Chicago participates in some library initiatives.)\"]}],\"\\n\",[\"$\",\"p\",\"5\",{\"children\":[\"In addition to investment of staff time in education, outreach and policy work\\n related to OA, the Libraries has supported OA infrastructure for decades. In 1995,\\n the Libraries, together with UMN’s Department of Applied Economics, launched\\n AgEcon Search,\",[\"$\",\"span\",\"1\",{\"className\":\"xref\",\"children\":[\"$\",\"strong\",null,{\"children\":[\"$\",\"$L3e\",null,{\"scrollId\":\"B3\",\"linkProps\":{\"href\":\"#B3\",\"data-scroll\":\"#B3\",\"rel\":\"footnote\",\"id\":\"main-text-B3\",\"className\":\"scroll-link\"},\"children\":\"3\"}]}]}],\" a subject repository for\\n scholarly research in the fields of agricultural and applied economics. Use of the\\n collections budget to support OA initiatives such as arXiv came next, with the\\n number of investments increasing dramatically since 2014. However, there was no\\n overarching strategy; rather, OA investments were determined by individual\\n disciplinary selectors.\"]}],\"\\n\",[\"$\",\"p\",\"7\",{\"children\":\"In 2017, in light of an uncertain financial situation and the growing funding gap in\\n the collections budget, the Associate University Librarians for Collections and\\n Research \u0026 Learning launched the Assessing \u0026 Planning Collections Investment\\n Committee (APCIC) to analyze disciplinary trends, collections use and provide\\n updates in preparation of the FY2018 budget request. The committee members included\\n the Collection Development Officer (CDO) and, primarily, Libraries staff with key\\n collection development responsibilities. The committee created an inventory of\\n current memberships and investments in OA infrastructure. These investments were\\n purchased on a variety of funds, some managed by the CDO and others by individual\\n selectors.\"}],\"\\n\",[\"$\",\"p\",\"9\",{\"children\":\"Around the time APCIC started its work, the Libraries hired our first scholarly\\n communications librarian and launched a new Scholarly Communications Committee\\n (SCC). APCIC’s final report included the recommendation to regularly review\\n the value of investments in OA as well as interest in new initiatives. The SCC took\\n the lead on tracking OA investments and evaluating new investment opportunities as\\n they were identified by the Libraries’ administrators and committee members.\\n The SCC transitioned to the Open Scholarship Committee (OSC) in 2020, a result of\\n changes in Libraries staffing. OSC has been responsible for this work since.\"}],\"\\n\",[\"$\",\"div\",\"11\",{\"children\":[\"\\n\",[\"$\",\"h3\",\"1\",{\"id\":\"creation-of-the-oa-investment-fund\",\"tabIndex\":\"-1\",\"children\":\"Creation of the OA Investment Fund\"}],\"\\n\",[\"$\",\"p\",\"3\",{\"children\":\"OSC members continued ad hoc reviews of current and potential investments until\\n mid-2019, when we recognized the need for a formalized strategy for investing in\\n OA. In preparing the FY2020 budget request, the Collections Strategist proposed\\n the creation of a fund specifically for OA investments; OSC would be responsible\\n for establishing a process for evaluating investment opportunities.\"}],\"\\n\",[\"$\",\"p\",\"5\",{\"children\":\"We paid individual OA investments with a mix of central funding and subject\\n funds. However, with flat or declining budgets, these investments were competing\\n against more traditional collections spending to purchase content. With the\\n dedicated OA fund, we would be able to compare OA investments to other OA\\n investments, ultimately creating a balance across different types of support for\\n OA: for developing and sustaining infrastructure, participating in memberships\\n and experimenting with new types of publishing models. We also sought to provide\\n support across disciplines, for researchers from arts and humanities, social\\n sciences and science, technology, engineering and mathematics (STEM), as well as\\n for infrastructure that provides global support for OA.\"}],\"\\n\",[\"$\",\"p\",\"7\",{\"children\":[\"$3f\",[\"$\",\"span\",\"1\",{\"className\":\"xref\",\"children\":[\"$\",\"strong\",null,{\"children\":[\"$\",\"$L3e\",null,{\"scrollId\":\"B4\",\"linkProps\":{\"href\":\"#B4\",\"data-scroll\":\"#B4\",\"rel\":\"footnote\",\"id\":\"main-text-B4\",\"className\":\"scroll-link\"},\"children\":\"4\"}]}]}],\"\\n – further reducing the number of articles the fund could support –\\n and the model was not leading to equity in the publishing ecosystem.\"]}],\"\\n\"]}],\"\\n\",[\"$\",\"div\",\"13\",{\"children\":[\"\\n\",[\"$\",\"h3\",\"1\",{\"id\":\"collections-and-open-access-values\",\"tabIndex\":\"-1\",\"children\":\"Collections and open access values\"}],\"\\n\",[\"$\",\"p\",\"3\",{\"children\":[\"While the OA investment fund was being created, the Libraries were addressing\\n another recommendation from APCIC: that the Libraries should define the values\\n we seek to advance through our collections program and employ them immediately.\\n A statement of the Libraries Values for Collections\",[\"$\",\"span\",\"1\",{\"className\":\"xref\",\"children\":[\"$\",\"strong\",null,{\"children\":[\"$\",\"$L3e\",null,{\"scrollId\":\"B5\",\"linkProps\":{\"href\":\"#B5\",\"data-scroll\":\"#B5\",\"rel\":\"footnote\",\"id\":\"main-text-B5\",\"className\":\"scroll-link\"},\"children\":\"5\"}]}]}],\" was drafted in 2019 and supported by the University Senate\\n Library Committee (SLC, a university-wide governance advisory committee) in\\n November 2020.\",[\"$\",\"span\",\"3\",{\"className\":\"xref\",\"children\":[\"$\",\"strong\",null,{\"children\":[\"$\",\"$L3e\",null,{\"scrollId\":\"B6\",\"linkProps\":{\"href\":\"#B6\",\"data-scroll\":\"#B6\",\"rel\":\"footnote\",\"id\":\"main-text-B6\",\"className\":\"scroll-link\"},\"children\":\"6\"}]}]}]]}],\"\\n\",[\"$\",\"p\",\"5\",{\"children\":\"One of the collections values directly addressed OA, but was vague, ‘we\\n commit to supporting and expanding open and perpetual access to scholarly\\n resources through our acquisition and licensing of content’. To address\\n this, we articulated OA-specific values to support this broad statement.\"}],\"\\n\",[\"$\",\"p\",\"7\",{\"children\":[\"‘Towards Open Access at the University of Minnesota’\",[\"$\",\"span\",\"1\",{\"className\":\"xref\",\"children\":[\"$\",\"strong\",null,{\"children\":[\"$\",\"$L3e\",null,{\"scrollId\":\"B7\",\"linkProps\":{\"href\":\"#B7\",\"data-scroll\":\"#B7\",\"rel\":\"footnote\",\"id\":\"main-text-B7\",\"className\":\"scroll-link\"},\"children\":\"7\"}]}]}],\" was drafted in 2021 and the SLC released a\\n statement of support for the Libraries position on OA in November of that year,\\n which was then endorsed by a number of campus governance groups.\",[\"$\",\"span\",\"3\",{\"className\":\"xref\",\"children\":[\"$\",\"strong\",null,{\"children\":[\"$\",\"$L3e\",null,{\"scrollId\":\"B8\",\"linkProps\":{\"href\":\"#B8\",\"data-scroll\":\"#B8\",\"rel\":\"footnote\",\"id\":\"main-text-B8\",\"className\":\"scroll-link\"},\"children\":\"8\"}]}]}],\" It affirms our support for green open\\n access and scholar-owned publication pathways; describes the types of OA\\n publishing models we prioritize and outlines our aims for the future. This\\n statement forms the basis of the criteria we use for evaluating OA\\n investments.\"]}],\"\\n\"]}],\"\\n\"]}],\"\\n\",[\"$\",\"div\",\"5\",{\"children\":[\"\\n\",[\"$\",\"h2\",\"1\",{\"id\":\"investment-evaluation\",\"className\":\"article-division\",\"tabIndex\":\"-1\",\"children\":\"Investment evaluation\"}],\"\\n\",[\"$\",\"div\",\"3\",{\"children\":[\"\\n\",[\"$\",\"h3\",\"1\",{\"id\":\"criteria-development\",\"tabIndex\":\"-1\",\"children\":\"Criteria development\"}],\"\\n\",[\"$\",\"p\",\"3\",{\"children\":\"The criteria we use to evaluate investments has evolved over time. Initial\\n discussions of current and potential investments started with asking the\\n questions ‘does this sound like a good thing?’ and ‘do we have\\n money for it?’. We recognized this was not sufficient, particularly as the\\n number and variety of investment opportunities expanded. We began to explore\\n criteria used by other institutions.\"}],\"\\n\",[\"$\",\"p\",\"5\",{\"children\":[\"The University of California’s Scholarly Transformation Advice and Review\\n (STAR) Team was one of the earliest and most rigorous we found.\",[\"$\",\"span\",\"1\",{\"className\":\"xref\",\"children\":[\"$\",\"strong\",null,{\"children\":[\"$\",\"$L3e\",null,{\"scrollId\":\"B9\",\"linkProps\":{\"href\":\"#B9\",\"data-scroll\":\"#B9\",\"rel\":\"footnote\",\"id\":\"main-text-B9\",\"className\":\"scroll-link\"},\"children\":\"9\"}]}]}],\" Although we appreciated their workbook and\\n its level of detail, the level of analysis necessary was time-consuming and\\n beyond what we would be able to conduct. We also reviewed criteria from\\n University of Texas Austin in their ‘Funding open access initiatives at UT\\n Austin’\",[\"$\",\"span\",\"3\",{\"className\":\"xref\",\"children\":[\"$\",\"strong\",null,{\"children\":[\"$\",\"$L3e\",null,{\"scrollId\":\"B10\",\"linkProps\":{\"href\":\"#B10\",\"data-scroll\":\"#B10\",\"rel\":\"footnote\",\"id\":\"main-text-B10\",\"className\":\"scroll-link\"},\"children\":\"10\"}]}]}],\" documentation, which\\n was a lighter weight set of criteria aligning with the statements of values and\\n principles around collections and open access. Around the same time there was a\\n discussion on the American Library Association (ALA) SCHOLCOM\\n (scholcomm@lists.ala.org; now the Association of College \u0026 Research\\n Libraries [ACRL] Scholarly Communication Discussion Group\",[\"$\",\"span\",\"5\",{\"className\":\"xref\",\"children\":[\"$\",\"strong\",null,{\"children\":[\"$\",\"$L3e\",null,{\"scrollId\":\"B11\",\"linkProps\":{\"href\":\"#B11\",\"data-scroll\":\"#B11\",\"rel\":\"footnote\",\"id\":\"main-text-B11\",\"className\":\"scroll-link\"},\"children\":\"11\"}]}]}],\") about OA investment criteria from which we drew\\n additional insights. Our scholarly communications librarian was also working\\n with a group of librarians to create resources for SPARC’s Data Analysis\\n Working Group, resulting in ‘Open Access Agreements: Factors to\\n Consider’,\",[\"$\",\"span\",\"7\",{\"className\":\"xref\",\"children\":[\"$\",\"strong\",null,{\"children\":[\"$\",\"$L3e\",null,{\"scrollId\":\"B12\",\"linkProps\":{\"href\":\"#B12\",\"data-scroll\":\"#B12\",\"rel\":\"footnote\",\"id\":\"main-text-B12\",\"className\":\"scroll-link\"},\"children\":\"12\"}]}]}],\" which, though\\n focused more on OA publishing agreements, can be extended to many types of OA\\n investments.\"]}],\"\\n\",[\"$\",\"p\",\"7\",{\"children\":[\"Building from these examples, we drafted initial criteria and at the same time we\\n developed our statement of OA principles.\",[\"$\",\"span\",\"1\",{\"className\":\"xref\",\"children\":[\"$\",\"strong\",null,{\"children\":[\"$\",\"$L3e\",null,{\"scrollId\":\"B13\",\"linkProps\":{\"href\":\"#B13\",\"data-scroll\":\"#B13\",\"rel\":\"footnote\",\"id\":\"main-text-B13\",\"className\":\"scroll-link\"},\"children\":\"13\"}]}]}],\" Once the statement was approved, we made some minor adjustments\\n to our draft investment criteria and were ready to develop our process.\"]}],\"\\n\"]}],\"\\n\",[\"$\",\"div\",\"5\",{\"children\":[\"\\n\",[\"$\",\"h3\",\"1\",{\"id\":\"oa-investment-recommendation-process\",\"tabIndex\":\"-1\",\"children\":\"OA investment recommendation process\"}],\"\\n\",[\"$\",\"p\",\"3\",{\"children\":\"In this section, we describe the review group’s composition, and the\\n investment proposal and decision-making processes.\"}],\"\\n\",[\"$\",\"div\",\"5\",{\"children\":[\"\\n\",[\"$\",\"h4\",\"1\",{\"id\":\"review-group-members\",\"className\":\"tl-default\",\"tabIndex\":\"-1\",\"children\":\"Review group members\"}],\"\\n\",[\"$\",\"p\",\"3\",{\"children\":\"The OA Investment review group has changed in size and composition, to create\\n a group agile enough to respond to requests quickly but with broad enough\\n expertise to fairly analyze proposals. The SCC did the first reviews of\\n investments, but the group of 12 was cumbersome and larger than necessary.\\n The next attempt was a group of nine, with the plan to include two selectors\\n as rotating members. Again, this group was larger than needed. The group\\n currently has four members, two from the Libraries’ Research division\\n and two from the Collections \u0026 Content Strategy division. Each has\\n in-depth understanding of the OA landscape and the group has experience with\\n a wide range of disciplines.\"}],\"\\n\"]}],\"\\n\",[\"$\",\"div\",\"7\",{\"children\":[\"\\n\",[\"$\",\"h4\",\"1\",{\"id\":\"investment-proposal-process\",\"className\":\"tl-default\",\"tabIndex\":\"-1\",\"children\":\"Investment proposal process\"}],\"\\n\",[\"$\",\"p\",\"3\",{\"children\":\"All Libraries employees are encouraged to submit suggestions for OA\\n investments. We developed a Qualtrics intake form that guides the user\\n through our criteria. Broadly, it asks:\"}],\"\\n\",[\"$\",\"ul\",\"5\",{\"className\":\"list\",\"children\":[\"\\n\",[\"$\",\"li\",\"1\",{\"children\":\"what type of resource it is (content, infrastructure, membership\\n organization or other)\"}],\"\\n\",[\"$\",\"li\",\"3\",{\"children\":\"who the parent company or organization is, if any\"}],\"\\n\",[\"$\",\"li\",\"5\",{\"children\":\"whether we currently support it, how much or how much more would be\\n needed beyond what is currently spent and if it is a one-time or\\n recurring cost\"}],\"\\n\",[\"$\",\"li\",\"7\",{\"children\":\"what subject areas it supports\"}],\"\\n\",[\"$\",\"li\",\"9\",{\"children\":\"what kind of support or impact it offers\"}],\"\\n\",[\"$\",\"li\",\"11\",{\"children\":\"what unmet needs it fulfills\"}],\"\\n\",[\"$\",\"li\",\"13\",{\"children\":\"who benefits (authors/readers, UMN-affiliates only, or all potential\\n users)\"}],\"\\n\",[\"$\",\"li\",\"15\",{\"children\":\"how transparent the pricing and operating structure are and what is\\n its path forward\"}],\"\\n\",[\"$\",\"li\",\"17\",{\"children\":\"what its long-term sustainability and preservation path is.\"}],\"\\n\"]}],\"\\n\",[\"$\",\"p\",\"7\",{\"children\":\"Although the form is available for anyone to submit, in practice, many of the\\n opportunities are originally identified by the collections strategist and\\n scholarly communications librarian. When an item is relevant to a particular\\n discipline, they reach out to the appropriate selector to discuss the offer\\n and in some cases work together to submit the intake form.\"}],\"\\n\",[\"$\",\"p\",\"9\",{\"children\":\"The Libraries e-resources staff also identify OA-related changes to\\n subscriptions when they are up for renewal or are otherwise informed by the\\n publisher – for example, when journals announce a move to a Subscribe\\n to Open (S2O) model. When this happens, the e-resources staff member informs\\n both the selector and the scholarly communications librarian.\"}],\"\\n\",[\"$\",\"p\",\"11\",{\"children\":\"Decisions on whether to formally consider an offer are made jointly by the\\n selector, who best knows the level of interest for the content, and the\\n scholarly communications librarian, who can provide context for the type of\\n OA model. If the selector is already supporting a journal or other project\\n that moves to OA, the OA investment fund can cover additional costs that\\n might be needed.\"}],\"\\n\",[\"$\",\"p\",\"13\",{\"children\":\"The intake form is not ‘graded’ on a quantitative scale –\\n the variety of investments is so broad that it would be inappropriate to\\n calculate a score to compare investments. After considering whether funding\\n is available, the review group discusses the responses to the intake form\\n and decides whether and/or how much to invest.\"}],\"\\n\"]}],\"\\n\"]}],\"\\n\"]}],\"\\n\",[\"$\",\"div\",\"7\",{\"children\":[\"\\n\",[\"$\",\"h2\",\"1\",{\"id\":\"current-investments\",\"className\":\"article-division\",\"tabIndex\":\"-1\",\"children\":\"Current investments\"}],\"\\n\",[\"$\",\"p\",\"3\",{\"children\":[\"We list our current investments on our website,\",[\"$\",\"span\",\"1\",{\"className\":\"xref\",\"children\":[\"$\",\"strong\",null,{\"children\":[\"$\",\"$L3e\",null,{\"scrollId\":\"B14\",\"linkProps\":{\"href\":\"#B14\",\"data-scroll\":\"#B14\",\"rel\":\"footnote\",\"id\":\"main-text-B14\",\"className\":\"scroll-link\"},\"children\":\"14\"}]}]}],\" organized to align with our statement of principles. Here we provide\\n a brief description of the investment categories. Note that some OA investments are\\n negotiated and paid through the BTAA, which has a different approach to OA\\n investments than what we focus on locally.\"]}],\"\\n\",[\"$\",\"div\",\"5\",{\"children\":[\"\\n\",[\"$\",\"h3\",\"1\",{\"id\":\"sustainable-and-equitable-models\",\"tabIndex\":\"-1\",\"children\":\"Sustainable and equitable models\"}],\"\\n\",[\"$\",\"p\",\"3\",{\"children\":[\"As described in our values and principles, the Libraries are committed to equity\\n and diversity, and prioritize investments that will provide equitable\\n opportunities for all authors to publish and read scholarly literature,\\n regardless of institutional affiliation, funding status, or discipline.\",[\"$\",\"span\",\"1\",{\"className\":\"xref\",\"children\":[\"$\",\"strong\",null,{\"children\":[\"$\",\"$L3e\",null,{\"scrollId\":\"B15\",\"linkProps\":{\"href\":\"#B15\",\"data-scroll\":\"#B15\",\"rel\":\"footnote\",\"id\":\"main-text-B15\",\"className\":\"scroll-link\"},\"children\":\"15\"}]}]}],\" This means we are more likely to fund a\\n journal moving to a diamond OA or S2O model than a read and publish agreement.\\n There has been an enormous growth in the total number of diamond OA journals,\\n particularly from 2016 to 2019\",[\"$\",\"span\",\"3\",{\"className\":\"xref\",\"children\":[\"$\",\"strong\",null,{\"children\":[\"$\",\"$L3e\",null,{\"scrollId\":\"B16\",\"linkProps\":{\"href\":\"#B16\",\"data-scroll\":\"#B16\",\"rel\":\"footnote\",\"id\":\"main-text-B16\",\"className\":\"scroll-link\"},\"children\":\"16\"}]}]}],\" and\\n since the fund was created, opportunities have increased. As one example, the\\n Open Access Community Investment Program, which organizes support from many\\n libraries for transitioning to and/or sustaining diamond OA journals that meet\\n selection criteria, launched for 2021. The criteria for journals to participate\\n in the program align with our OA principles.\",[\"$\",\"span\",\"5\",{\"className\":\"xref\",\"children\":[\"$\",\"strong\",null,{\"children\":[\"$\",\"$L3e\",null,{\"scrollId\":\"B17\",\"linkProps\":{\"href\":\"#B17\",\"data-scroll\":\"#B17\",\"rel\":\"footnote\",\"id\":\"main-text-B17\",\"className\":\"scroll-link\"},\"children\":\"17\"}]}]}]]}],\"\\n\",[\"$\",\"p\",\"5\",{\"children\":\"The S2O model was introduced by Annual Reviews in 2020 and we participated in\\n their first offering. S2O is specifically called out in our OA principles\\n because it is a cooperative model enabling OA publishing for all authors. The\\n number of S2O journals we support has increased each year as journals adopt the\\n model. We saw particularly large increases in the number of journals we support\\n in FY2023 and FY2024.\"}],\"\\n\",[\"$\",\"p\",\"7\",{\"children\":\"It has proven more difficult to develop sustainable open access models for\\n monographs. A number of delayed open access monograph programs have developed\\n since the fund began. We participate in three of these programs through the\\n BTAA. Although there is a delay in opening the materials, the programs provide\\n equitable opportunities for authors, regardless of whether their institutions\\n provide support.\"}],\"\\n\"]}],\"\\n\",[\"$\",\"div\",\"7\",{\"children\":[\"\\n\",[\"$\",\"h3\",\"1\",{\"id\":\"infrastructure\",\"tabIndex\":\"-1\",\"children\":\"Infrastructure\"}],\"\\n\",[\"$\",\"p\",\"3\",{\"children\":\"We invest in a variety of open access-related infrastructure projects, including\\n our long-standing support for arXiv. We support additional preprint servers for\\n disciplines in which UMN researchers are actively engaging, such as\\n PsyArXiv.\"}],\"\\n\",[\"$\",\"p\",\"5\",{\"children\":[\"The Global Sustainability Coalition for Open Science Services (SCOSS) is an\\n international program for funding open access infrastructure. It has a rigorous\\n application process that addresses many of the criteria we consider –\\n addressing the value of the service to the community, technical details, past\\n and projected future costs, sustainability, governance, among other\\n factors.\",[\"$\",\"span\",\"1\",{\"className\":\"xref\",\"children\":[\"$\",\"strong\",null,{\"children\":[\"$\",\"$L3e\",null,{\"scrollId\":\"B18\",\"linkProps\":{\"href\":\"#B18\",\"data-scroll\":\"#B18\",\"rel\":\"footnote\",\"id\":\"main-text-B18\",\"className\":\"scroll-link\"},\"children\":\"18\"}]}]}],\" Because of SCOSS funding\\n calls, we increased our support for projects and programs like the Directory of\\n Open Access Journals (DOAJ) and Public Knowledge Project (PKP). This is in\\n addition to support we provide to PKP through our Libraries Publishing Services\\n (and AgEcon Search, which is jointly funded by the Libraries and UMN Department\\n of Applied Economics). We make additional investments in infrastructure such as\\n the Directory of Open Access Books.\"]}],\"\\n\"]}],\"\\n\",[\"$\",\"div\",\"9\",{\"children\":[\"\\n\",[\"$\",\"h3\",\"1\",{\"id\":\"reduced-author-publishing-fees\",\"tabIndex\":\"-1\",\"children\":\"Reduced author publishing fees\"}],\"\\n\",[\"$\",\"p\",\"3\",{\"children\":\"In alignment with our values and principles, we view memberships that provide a\\n discount on the APC less favorably than those that waive the fee entirely, as we\\n want researchers to use their funding to pay for research, not for publishing.\\n We do support a few programs that waive APCs for UMN authors. The programs are\\n for fully OA journals and benefit researchers from the humanities and social\\n sciences, plus an additional one through the BTAA. The large read and publish\\n agreements we participate in are through the BTAA, although we do support a few\\n smaller agreements through the OA investment fund because they are less\\n expensive for us than a subscription alone.\"}],\"\\n\"]}],\"\\n\"]}],\"\\n\",[\"$\",\"div\",\"9\",{\"children\":[\"\\n\",[\"$\",\"h2\",\"1\",{\"id\":\"continuing-the-fund\",\"className\":\"article-division\",\"tabIndex\":\"-1\",\"children\":\"Continuing the fund\"}],\"\\n\",[\"$\",\"div\",\"3\",{\"children\":[\"\\n\",[\"$\",\"h3\",\"1\",{\"id\":\"fund-growth\",\"tabIndex\":\"-1\",\"children\":\"Fund growth\"}],\"\\n\",[\"$\",\"p\",\"3\",{\"children\":\"The fund has increased each year since FY2020, from US$50,000 to US$145,000 in\\n FY2025. The base allocation has increased, but the fund has also grown\\n organically. As resources become OA, the orders, and the money, are moved to the\\n OA fund. For example, if a journal moves from a subscription or hybrid OA model\\n to diamond OA or S2O, the subscription amount is moved from the fund it was on\\n to the OA investment fund, with any additional funding required provided through\\n the fund. The decision to invest now considers additional factors prioritizing\\n OA over traditional subscriptions.\"}],\"\\n\"]}],\"\\n\",[\"$\",\"div\",\"5\",{\"children\":[\"\\n\",[\"$\",\"h3\",\"1\",{\"id\":\"evaluating-existing-investments-at-renewal\",\"tabIndex\":\"-1\",\"children\":\"Evaluating existing investments at renewal\"}],\"\\n\",[\"$\",\"p\",\"3\",{\"children\":\"As investments are up for renewal, we re-evaluate whether to continue support.\\n Unless there has been a change in its design, we do not resubmit investments to\\n our intake form. There are basic considerations we take into account, such as\\n the renewal price and whether it will still fit in the budget. For investments\\n that are intended to make more content open, we look for evidence of success,\\n such as increased usage.\"}],\"\\n\",[\"$\",\"p\",\"5\",{\"children\":\"With the investments in OA through the BTAA, we are monitoring which are renewed\\n (these decisions are made outside of our internal review process). If any that\\n closely align with our criteria are canceled, we will need to decide if and how\\n we can fund them through our OA investment budget.\"}],\"\\n\",[\"$\",\"p\",\"7\",{\"children\":[\"For many of our diamond OA journal investments we made multi-year payments and\\n have not been through a renewal. For these journals, we expect to follow the\\n same process we currently use for S2O journals. The OA investment review group\\n will seek input from the relevant selector(s) who best understand how materials\\n are used by the researchers they support. For STEM (and some social sciences)\\n journals, selectors typically evaluate renewals based on quantitative usage\\n data: COUNTER (Counting Online Usage of Networked Electronic Resources; an\\n international non-profit organization that oversees a standard Code of Practice\\n for providing usage statistics to libraries and consortia\",[\"$\",\"span\",\"1\",{\"className\":\"xref\",\"children\":[\"$\",\"strong\",null,{\"children\":[\"$\",\"$L3e\",null,{\"scrollId\":\"B19\",\"linkProps\":{\"href\":\"#B19\",\"data-scroll\":\"#B19\",\"rel\":\"footnote\",\"id\":\"main-text-B19\",\"className\":\"scroll-link\"},\"children\":\"19\"}]}]}],\") statistics, citations to the content by our researchers\\n and publications from our researchers. We recognize that view/download data for\\n OA journals need to be considered differently and will take into consideration\\n reduced usage captured in COUNTER reports. We will also consider global views\\n and downloads, not just those from UMN researchers – we consider this type\\n of usage valuable, as supporting global access aligns with the\\n University’s mission statement, which emphasizes sharing of the knowledge\\n it generates to ‘benefit the people of the state, the nation, and the\\n world’.\",[\"$\",\"span\",\"3\",{\"className\":\"xref\",\"children\":[\"$\",\"strong\",null,{\"children\":[\"$\",\"$L3e\",null,{\"scrollId\":\"B20\",\"linkProps\":{\"href\":\"#B20\",\"data-scroll\":\"#B20\",\"rel\":\"footnote\",\"id\":\"main-text-B20\",\"className\":\"scroll-link\"},\"children\":\"20\"}]}]}]]}],\"\\n\",[\"$\",\"p\",\"9\",{\"children\":\"The process is somewhat different for humanities and social sciences journals, in\\n which collections’ decision-making processes are typically less\\n quantitative. Selectors in these disciplines have a deep knowledge of the\\n particular areas of interest to UMN researchers. Decisions to add or cancel\\n might be based on the needs of individual or small groups of researchers.\\n Publishing rates and volumes are also generally lower for these journals, which\\n means we might not see citations or publications at a high rate, or not at all\\n before the renewal. We anticipate considering global views and downloads for\\n these disciplines as well.\"}],\"\\n\",[\"$\",\"p\",\"11\",{\"children\":\"We have not yet re-evaluated our participation in delayed monograph models, which\\n are new, multi-year investments made through the BTAA, but recognize that\\n evaluation will be difficult because monograph publication data and OA monograph\\n usage data is difficult to obtain. Similarly for infrastructure, we do not have\\n the same types of usage data as we do for journals and ‘return on\\n investment’ is difficult to define, especially as many have no substitute.\\n For these, it is essential we review for aim and scope to ensure they still\\n align with our values.\"}],\"\\n\",[\"$\",\"p\",\"13\",{\"children\":\"$40\"}],\"\\n\"]}],\"\\n\"]}],\"\\n\",[\"$\",\"div\",\"11\",{\"children\":[\"\\n\",[\"$\",\"h2\",\"1\",{\"id\":\"conclusion\",\"className\":\"article-division\",\"tabIndex\":\"-1\",\"children\":\"Conclusion\"}],\"\\n\",[\"$\",\"p\",\"3\",{\"children\":\"UMN Libraries is consciously choosing to invest in OA and has created a specific\\n fund, criteria for choosing and evaluating opportunities, and is developing\\n processes for its continued operations.\"}],\"\\n\",[\"$\",\"p\",\"5\",{\"children\":\"The fund and decision-making processes are still rather new, and we have not carried\\n out a formal review of the fund or our process. We are continually considering and\\n reconsidering our criteria as we receive investment suggestions – new types of\\n OA support opportunities are still emerging, and we recognize that we may need to\\n make adjustments.\"}],\"\\n\",[\"$\",\"p\",\"7\",{\"children\":\"As we move forward, we will ensure our investment portfolio is balanced –\\n across types of projects, across disciplines. We will see how our current\\n investments ‘perform’, and as new developments and opportunities for\\n investment arise, we will adjust our portfolio accordingly. One particular area we\\n hope to see increased opportunities in is with open access monographs. OA journal\\n models are not easily translated to monographs: book processing charges have been\\n much higher than journal APCs and there are limited funding sources for researchers\\n in fields that traditionally publish monographs. The landscape is changing; the\\n delayed OA models are examples, but more experimentation is needed.\"}],\"\\n\"]}],\"\\n\"]}],\"\\n\",[\"$\",\"div\",\"3\",{\"id\":\"back\",\"className\":\"article-references\",\"children\":[\"\\n\",[\"$\",\"div\",\"1\",{\"className\":\"capture-id\",\"children\":[\"\\n\",[\"$\",\"h2\",\"1\",{\"id\":\"acknowledgements\",\"className\":\"article-division\",\"tabIndex\":\"-1\",\"children\":\"Acknowledgements\"}],\"\\n\",[\"$\",\"p\",\"3\",{\"children\":\"The authors would like to thank Kate Sheridan for comments that greatly improved the\\n manuscript.\"}],\"\\n\"]}],\"\\n\",[\"$\",\"div\",\"3\",{\"children\":[\"\\n\",[\"$\",\"h2\",\"1\",{\"id\":\"abbreviations-and-acronyms\",\"tabIndex\":\"-1\",\"children\":\"Abbreviations and Acronyms\"}],\"\\n\",[\"$\",\"p\",\"3\",{\"children\":[\"A list of the abbreviations and acronyms used in this and other\\n \",[\"$\",\"em\",\"1\",{\"children\":\"Insight\"}],\"s articles can be accessed here – click on the URL\\n below and then select the ‘full list of industry A\u0026As’ link:\\n \",[\"$\",\"a\",\"3\",{\"target\":\"_blank\",\"rel\":\"noopener noreferrer\",\"href\":\"http://www.uksg.org/publications#aa\",\"ref\":\"$undefined\",\"children\":\"http://www.uksg.org/publications#aa\"}],\".\"]}],\"\\n\"]}],\"\\n\",[\"$\",\"div\",\"5\",{\"children\":[\"\\n\",[\"$\",\"h2\",\"1\",{\"id\":\"competing-interests\",\"tabIndex\":\"-1\",\"children\":\"Competing interests\"}],\"\\n\",[\"$\",\"p\",\"3\",{\"children\":\"The authors have declared no competing interests.\"}],\"\\n\"]}],\"\\n\",[\"$\",\"div\",\"7\",{\"id\":\"references\",\"children\":[\"\\n\",[\"$\",\"h2\",\"1\",{\"id\":\"references\",\"tabIndex\":\"-1\",\"children\":\"References\"}],\"\\n\",[\"$\",\"ol\",\"3\",{\"className\":\"reference-list\",\"children\":[\"\\n\",[\"$\",\"li\",\"1\",{\"id\":\"B1\",\"children\":[\"\\n\",[\"$\",\"$L1e\",\"1\",{\"noMatchAs\":\"span\",\"href\":\"#B1\",\"rel\":\"footnote\",\"style\":{\"display\":\"none\"},\"children\":[],\"ref\":\"$undefined\"}],[\"$\",\"p\",\"2\",{\"children\":[\"“Faculty and Staff\\n Headcounts,”\\nInstitutional Data and Research (IDR), University of\\n Minnesota, \",[\"$\",\"a\",\"1\",{\"target\":\"_blank\",\"rel\":\"noopener noreferrer\",\"href\":\"https://idr.umn.edu/reports-by-topic-faculty-staff/faculty-and-staff-headcounts\",\"ref\":\"$undefined\",\"children\":\"https://idr.umn.edu/reports-by-topic-faculty-staff/faculty-and-staff-headcounts\"}],\"\\n (accessed 13 September 2024); “About Us,” University of Minnesota,\\n \",[\"$\",\"a\",\"3\",{\"target\":\"_blank\",\"rel\":\"noopener noreferrer\",\"href\":\"https://twin-cities.umn.edu/about-us\",\"ref\":\"$undefined\",\"children\":\"https://twin-cities.umn.edu/about-us\"}],\" (accessed 13 September\\n 2024).\",[\"$\",\"$L1e\",\"5\",{\"noMatchAs\":\"span\",\"href\":\"#main-text-B1\",\"data-scroll\":\"#main-text-B1\",\"className\":\"scroll-link\",\"children\":[\" \",[\"$\",\"svg\",\"1\",{\"aria-hidden\":true,\"className\":\"kXATDT fibjxV eAGTFX nVRGN cHjsHT\",\"viewBox\":\"0 0 960 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September 2024).\",[\"$\",\"$L1e\",\"3\",{\"noMatchAs\":\"span\",\"href\":\"#main-text-B2\",\"data-scroll\":\"#main-text-B2\",\"className\":\"scroll-link\",\"children\":[\" \",[\"$\",\"svg\",\"1\",{\"aria-hidden\":true,\"className\":\"kXATDT fibjxV eAGTFX nVRGN cHjsHT\",\"viewBox\":\"0 0 960 960\",\"style\":{\"--svg-width\":\"1.5em\",\"--svg-height\":\"$undefined\"},\"children\":[\"$undefined\",[\"$\",\"use\",null,{\"href\":\"/api/1.7.10/spritesheet#arrow-upward\"}]]}]],\"ref\":\"$undefined\"}]]}],\"\\n\"]}],\"\\n\",[\"$\",\"li\",\"5\",{\"id\":\"B3\",\"children\":[\"\\n\",[\"$\",\"$L1e\",\"1\",{\"noMatchAs\":\"span\",\"href\":\"#B3\",\"rel\":\"footnote\",\"style\":{\"display\":\"none\"},\"children\":[],\"ref\":\"$undefined\"}],[\"$\",\"p\",\"2\",{\"children\":[\"“AgEcon Search Overview and\\n History,”\\nAgEcon Search,\\n \",[\"$\",\"a\",\"1\",{\"target\":\"_blank\",\"rel\":\"noopener noreferrer\",\"href\":\"https://ageconsearch.umn.edu/pages/?page=about/\",\"ref\":\"$undefined\",\"children\":\"https://ageconsearch.umn.edu/pages/?page=about/\"}],\" (accessed 16\\n September 2024).\",[\"$\",\"$L1e\",\"3\",{\"noMatchAs\":\"span\",\"href\":\"#main-text-B3\",\"data-scroll\":\"#main-text-B3\",\"className\":\"scroll-link\",\"children\":[\" \",[\"$\",\"svg\",\"1\",{\"aria-hidden\":true,\"className\":\"kXATDT fibjxV eAGTFX nVRGN cHjsHT\",\"viewBox\":\"0 0 960 960\",\"style\":{\"--svg-width\":\"1.5em\",\"--svg-height\":\"$undefined\"},\"children\":[\"$undefined\",[\"$\",\"use\",null,{\"href\":\"/api/1.7.10/spritesheet#arrow-upward\"}]]}]],\"ref\":\"$undefined\"}]]}],\"\\n\"]}],\"\\n\",[\"$\",\"li\",\"7\",{\"id\":\"B4\",\"children\":[\"\\n\",[\"$\",\"$L1e\",\"1\",{\"noMatchAs\":\"span\",\"href\":\"#B4\",\"rel\":\"footnote\",\"style\":{\"display\":\"none\"},\"children\":[],\"ref\":\"$undefined\"}],[\"$\",\"p\",\"2\",{\"children\":[\"Shaun\\n Yon-Seng\\nKhoo, “Article\\n processing charge hyperinflation and price insensitivity: An open access\\n sequel to the serials crisis,”\\n\",[\"$\",\"em\",\"1\",{\"children\":\"Liber Quarterly\"}],\"\\n29, no. 1 (2019):\\n 1–18, DOI: \",[\"$\",\"a\",\"3\",{\"target\":\"_blank\",\"rel\":\"noopener noreferrer\",\"href\":\"https://doi.org/10.18352/lq.10280\",\"ref\":\"$undefined\",\"children\":\"https://doi.org/10.18352/lq.10280\"}],\" (accessed 13 September 2024).\",[\"$\",\"$L1e\",\"5\",{\"noMatchAs\":\"span\",\"href\":\"#main-text-B4\",\"data-scroll\":\"#main-text-B4\",\"className\":\"scroll-link\",\"children\":[\" \",[\"$\",\"svg\",\"1\",{\"aria-hidden\":true,\"className\":\"kXATDT fibjxV eAGTFX nVRGN cHjsHT\",\"viewBox\":\"0 0 960 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noreferrer\",\"href\":\"https://hdl.handle.net/11299/218543\",\"ref\":\"$undefined\",\"children\":\"https://hdl.handle.net/11299/218543\"}],\" (accessed 13\\n September 2024).\",[\"$\",\"$L1e\",\"3\",{\"noMatchAs\":\"span\",\"href\":\"#main-text-B6\",\"data-scroll\":\"#main-text-B6\",\"className\":\"scroll-link\",\"children\":[\" \",[\"$\",\"svg\",\"1\",{\"aria-hidden\":true,\"className\":\"kXATDT fibjxV eAGTFX nVRGN cHjsHT\",\"viewBox\":\"0 0 960 960\",\"style\":{\"--svg-width\":\"1.5em\",\"--svg-height\":\"$undefined\"},\"children\":[\"$undefined\",[\"$\",\"use\",null,{\"href\":\"/api/1.7.10/spritesheet#arrow-upward\"}]]}]],\"ref\":\"$undefined\"}]]}],\"\\n\"]}],\"\\n\",[\"$\",\"li\",\"13\",{\"id\":\"B7\",\"children\":[\"\\n\",[\"$\",\"$L1e\",\"1\",{\"noMatchAs\":\"span\",\"href\":\"#B7\",\"rel\":\"footnote\",\"style\":{\"display\":\"none\"},\"children\":[],\"ref\":\"$undefined\"}],[\"$\",\"p\",\"2\",{\"children\":[\"University of Minnesota\\n Libraries, “Towards Open Access at the\\n University of Minnesota,”\\nUniversity of Minnesota, 2021,\\n \",[\"$\",\"a\",\"1\",{\"target\":\"_blank\",\"rel\":\"noopener noreferrer\",\"href\":\"https://hdl.handle.net/11299/225221\",\"ref\":\"$undefined\",\"children\":\"https://hdl.handle.net/11299/225221\"}],\" (accessed 13 September\\n 2024).\",[\"$\",\"$L1e\",\"3\",{\"noMatchAs\":\"span\",\"href\":\"#main-text-B7\",\"data-scroll\":\"#main-text-B7\",\"className\":\"scroll-link\",\"children\":[\" \",[\"$\",\"svg\",\"1\",{\"aria-hidden\":true,\"className\":\"kXATDT fibjxV eAGTFX nVRGN cHjsHT\",\"viewBox\":\"0 0 960 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noreferrer\",\"href\":\"https://libraries.universityofcalifornia.edu/sclg/star/scholarly-transformation-advice-and-review-star-team-criteria-summary\",\"ref\":\"$undefined\",\"children\":\"https://libraries.universityofcalifornia.edu/sclg/star/scholarly-transformation-advice-and-review-star-team-criteria-summary\"}],\"\\n (accessed 13 September 2024).\",[\"$\",\"$L1e\",\"3\",{\"noMatchAs\":\"span\",\"href\":\"#main-text-B9\",\"data-scroll\":\"#main-text-B9\",\"className\":\"scroll-link\",\"children\":[\" \",[\"$\",\"svg\",\"1\",{\"aria-hidden\":true,\"className\":\"kXATDT fibjxV eAGTFX nVRGN cHjsHT\",\"viewBox\":\"0 0 960 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noreferrer\",\"href\":\"https://connect.ala.org/acrl/communities/community-home?CommunityKey=9573532d-f79a-4321-bcaa-ee896d81761c\",\"ref\":\"$undefined\",\"children\":\"https://connect.ala.org/acrl/communities/community-home?CommunityKey=9573532d-f79a-4321-bcaa-ee896d81761c\"}],\"\\n (accessed 13 September 2024).\",[\"$\",\"$L1e\",\"3\",{\"noMatchAs\":\"span\",\"href\":\"#main-text-B11\",\"data-scroll\":\"#main-text-B11\",\"className\":\"scroll-link\",\"children\":[\" \",[\"$\",\"svg\",\"1\",{\"aria-hidden\":true,\"className\":\"kXATDT fibjxV eAGTFX nVRGN cHjsHT\",\"viewBox\":\"0 0 960 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