CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE HTML> <html> <head> <title>Assyrian / Neo-Assyrian language and alphabet</title> <meta name="description" content="Assyrian / Neo-Assyrian is an Aramaic language spoken in parts of Iran, Iraq, Turkey and Syria by about 3 million people." />  <script>(function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start': new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0], j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src= 'https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f); })(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-WB7PSHBG');</script>  <meta charset="UTF-8"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://www.omniglot.com/images/logos/omniglot_thumbnail.jpg" /> <meta property="og:type" content="https://www.facebook.com/pg/Omniglot-100430558332117/posts/" /> <link href="/styles/style.css" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" /> <script src="https://the.gatekeeperconsent.com/cmp.min.js" data-cfasync="false"></script> <script async src="//www.ezojs.com/ezoic/sa.min.js"></script> <script> window.ezstandalone = window.ezstandalone || {}; ezstandalone.cmd = ezstandalone.cmd || []; </script></head> <body> <div id="header">  <noscript><iframe src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/ns.html?id=GTM-WB7PSHBG" height="0" width="0" style="display:none;visibility:hidden"></iframe></noscript>  <p><a href="/index.htm"><img src="/images/logos/header_omniglot.png" width="600" height="70" alt="Omniglot - the online encyclopedia of writing systems & languages" /></a></p> <ul> <li><a href="/index.htm">Home</a></li> <li><a href="/writing/index.htm">Alphabets</a></li> <li><a href="/conscripts/index.htm">Constructed scripts</a></li> <li><a href="/writing/languages.htm">Languages</a></li> <li><a href="/language/phrases/phraseindex.htm">Phrases</a></li> <li><a href="/language/numbers/index.htm">Numbers</a></li> <li><a href="/language/ml.htm">Multilingual Pages</a></li> <li><a href="/search.htm">Search</a></li> <li><a href="/news/index.htm">News</a></li> <li><a href="/about.htm">About</a></li> <li><a href="/contact.htm">Contact</a></li> </ul></div> <div id="bodybox"> <span style="text-align:center;"><div id="ezoic-pub-ad-placeholder-162"></div> <script> ezstandalone.cmd.push(function() { ezstandalone.showAds(162); }); </script></span><div id="body"> <h1>Assyrian / Neo-Assyrian (Lišānā Āshûrāya / <span dir="rtl">ܐܵܬ݂ܘܼܪܵܝܲܐ ܠܸܫܵܢܵܐ</span>)</h1> <p>Assyrian / Neo-Assyrian is spoken by some 3 million people in parts of Iran, Iraq, Turkey and Syria, and among the Assyrian diaspora mainly in the USA and Europe. Assyrian is also known as Assyrian Neo-Aramaic. </p> <p>The Assyrian language and it's dialects are usually classified as belonging to the Aramaic branch of Semitic languages, which belong to the Afro-Asiatic language family. The better term for it would be "Ashuric" or "Ashuro-Mesopotamian", however scholars are still debating its proper classification. Assyrian prefer not to use the term Semitic as it is a religiously-based term which derives from the Greek form (Σημ - Sēm) of Shem, one of the sons of Noah in the Bible, and the Assyrians predate Shem by thousands of years, thus predating the term Semitic itself. </p> <p>Assyrian / Neo-Assyrian is usually written in the <em>madnhāyā</em> version of the Syriac alphabet. Ways of writing the language with the Latin and Cyrillic alphabets were developed in the Soviet Union during the 1930s. </p> <h2>Eastern Syriac script for Assyrian / Neo-Assyrian (Ālafbēṯ Maḏĕnḥāyā / <span dir="rtl">ܡܲܕ݂ܢܚܵܝܵܐ ܐܵܠܲܦܒܹܝܬ݂</span>)</h2> <p>This chart shows the main letters used to write Assyrian / Neo-Assyrian with their names and pronunciation in the IPA, and their Latin transliteration. </p> <p class="right"><img src="../images/writing/assyrianneoaramaic.gif" width="600" height="410" alt="Eastern Syriac script for Assyrian / Neo-Assyrian" /> </p> <p>Hear the Eastern Syriac script, with example words: </p> <div class="intrinsic-container intrinsic-container-16x9"> <iframe src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/-ZIouhxcGWY" allowfullscreen></iframe> </div> <h2>Esṭrangelā Syriac script for Assyrian / Neo-Assyrian<br />(Ālafbêṯ Esṭrangelā / <span dir="rtl">ܐܣܛܪܢܓܠܐ ܐܠܦܒܝܬ</span>)</h2> <p class="right"><img src="../images/writing/assyrianneoaramaic2.gif" width="600" height="400" alt="Esṭrangelā Syriac script for Assyrian / Neo-Assyrian" /> </p> <p>A video about how to write and pronounce the Esṭrangelā Syriac script: </p> <div class="intrinsic-container intrinsic-container-16x9"> <iframe src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/uZK9_2c9WwA" allowfullscreen></iframe> </div> <h2>Cyrillic alphabet for Assyrian / Neo-Assyrian (Лышана Атураја)</h2> <p><img src="../images/writing/assyrianneoaramaic_cyr.gif" width="582" height="564" alt="Cyrillic alphabet for Assyrian / Neo-Assyrian" /> </p> <p><a href="../charts/neoassyrian.pdf">Download Assyrian / Neo-Assyrian charts provided by Wolfram Siegel</a> (PDF in German) </p> <p><a href="../charts/neoassyrian.xls">Download alphabet charts for Neo-Assyrian</a> (Excel) </p> <h2>Sample text in Eastern Assyrian (Lishana Ashuraya)</h2> <p>Kulleh birnasheh ina biryeh kheereh U' damyaneh B' iqara U' zitqeh. Biryena B' parmeta U' hona, U' shart awi min oudaleh B' roukha D' akhunawoota. </p> <h3>Translation</h3> <p>All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.<br /> <em>(Article 1 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights)</em> </p> <p><em>Translation by Alen Barsin</em> </p> <h2>Sample videos in and about Assyrian</h2> <div class="intrinsic-container intrinsic-container-16x9"> <iframe src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/rOPyLa7Uiik" allowfullscreen></iframe> </div> <div class="intrinsic-container intrinsic-container-16x9"> <iframe src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/eMfM7cZBPsw" allowfullscreen></iframe> </div> <p class="info"><a href="/writing/assyrianneoaramaic.htm">Information about Assyrian</a> | <a href="/language/phrases/assyrian.htm">Phrases</a></p> <h2>Links</h2> <p>Information about Assyrian / Neo-Assyrian<br /> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assyrian_Neo-Aramaic">http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assyrian_Neo-Aramaic</a><br /> <a href="http://www.ethnologue.com/language/aii/">http://www.ethnologue.com/language/aii/</a> </p> <p>Learn Assyrian (Syriac-Aramaic) online<br /> <a href="http://www.learnassyrian.com/aramaic/">http://www.learnassyrian.com/aramaic/</a></p> <h2>Languages written with the <a href="syriac.htm" title="עברית">Syriac script</a></h2> <p><a href="/writing/syriac.htm">Aramaic</a>, <a href="/writing/assyrianneoaramaic.htm" title="Lišānā Āṯûrāya / ܐܵܬ݂ܘܼܪܵܝܲܐ ܠܸܫܵܢܵܐ">Assyrian / Neo-Assyrian</a>, <a href="/writing/chaldeanneoaramaic.htm" title="ܟܠܕܝܐ (Kaldāyâ) / ܣܘܼܪܲܝܬ (Sōreth))">Chaldean Neo-Aramaic</a>, <a href="/writing/neomandaic.htm">Neo-Mandaic</a>, <a href="/writing/suriyanimalayalam.htm" title="ܣܘܼܝܲܢܝܼ ܡܲܠܲܝܵܠܲܡ">Suriyani Malayalam</a>, <a href="/writing/turoyo.htm" title="ܛܘܪܝܐ / Ṭûrāyā">Turoyo</a>, <a href="/writing/westernneoaramaic.htm" title="ܐܪܡܝܐ">Western Neo-Aramaic</a></p> <h2>Semitic languages</h2> <p><a href="/writing/akkadian.htm">Akkadian</a>, <a href="/writing/amharic.htm">Amharic</a>, <a href="/writing/arabic_algerian.htm">Arabic (Algerian)</a>, <a href="/writing/arabic_bedawi.htm">Arabic (Bedawi)</a>, <a href="/writing/arabic_chadian.htm">Arabic (Chadian)</a>, <a href="/writing/arabic_egypt.htm">Arabic (Egyptian)</a>, <a href="/writing/arabic_gulf.htm">Arabic (Gulf)</a>, <a href="/writing/arabic_hassaniya.htm">Arabic (Hassaniya)</a>, <a href="/writing/arabic_hejazi.htm">Arabic (Hejazi)</a>, <a href="/writing/lebanese.htm">Arabic (Lebanese)</a>, <a href="/writing/arabic.htm">Arabic (Modern Standard)</a>, <a href="/writing/arabic_moroccan.htm">Arabic (Moroccan)</a>, <a href="/writing/arabic_najdi.htm">Arabic (Najdi)</a>, <a href="/writing/arabic_sudanese.htm">Arabic (Sudanese)</a>, <a href="/writing/arabic_syrian.htm">Arabic (Syrian)</a>, <a href="/writing/aramaic.htm">Aramaic</a>, <a href="/writing/argobba.htm">Argobba</a>, <a href="/writing/assyrianneoaramaic.htm">Assyrian / Neo-Assyrian</a>, <a href="/writing/protosinaitc.htm">Canaanite</a>, <a href="/writing/chaha.htm">Chaha</a>, <a href="/writing/chaldeanneoaramaic.htm">Chaldean Neo-Aramaic</a>, <a href="/writing/ethiopic.htm">Ge'ez</a>, <a href="/writing/southarabian.htm">Hadhramautic</a>, <a href="/writing/harari.htm">Harari</a>, <a href="/writing/hebrew.htm">Hebrew</a>, <a href="/writing/southarabian.htm">Himyaritic</a>, <a href="/writing/jewishneoaramaic.htm">Jewish Neo-Aramaic</a>, <a href="/writing/maltese.htm">Maltese</a>, <a href="/writing/mandaic.htm">Mandaic</a>, <a href="/writing/nabataean.htm">Nabataean</a>, <a href="/writing/neomandaic.htm">Neo-Mandaic</a>, <a href="/writing/phoenician.htm">Phoenician</a>, <a href="/writing/punic.htm">Punic</a>, <a href="/writing/southarabian.htm">Qatabanic</a>, <a href="/writing/sabaean.htm">Sabaean</a>, <a href="/writing/southarabian.htm">Sabaic</a>, <a href="/writing/silte.htm">Silt'e</a>, <a href="/writing/syriac.htm">Syriac</a>, <a href="/writing/tigre.htm">Tigre</a>, <a href="/writing/tigrinya.htm">Tigrinya</a>, <a href="/writing/turoyo.htm">Turoyo</a>, <a href="/writing/ugaritic.htm">Ugaritic</a>, <a href="/writing/westernneoaramaic.htm">Western Neo-Aramaic</a></p> <h2>Languages written with the <a href="cyrillic.htm">Cyrillic alphabet</a></h2> <p><a href="/writing/abaza.htm">Abaza</a>, <a href="/writing/abkhaz.htm">Abkhaz</a>, <a href="/writing/adyghe.htm">Adyghe</a>, <a href="/writing/aghul.htm">Aghul</a>, <a href="/writing/akhvakh.htm">Akhvakh</a>, <a href="/writing/akkalasami.htm">Akkala Sámi</a>, <a href="/writing/aleut.htm">Aleut</a>, <a href="/writing/altay.htm">Altay</a>, <a href="/writing/alyutor.htm">Alyutor</a>, <a href="/writing/andi.htm">Andi</a>, <a href="/writing/archi.htm">Archi</a>, <a href="/writing/assyrianneoaramaic.htm">Assyrian / Neo-Assyrian</a>, <a href="/writing/avar.htm">Avar</a>, <a href="/writing/azeri.htm">Azeri</a>, <a href="/writing/bagvalal.htm">Bagvalal</a>, <a href="/writing/balkar.htm">Balkar</a>, <a href="/writing/bashkir.htm">Bashkir</a>, <a href="/writing/belarusian.htm">Belarusian</a>, <a href="/writing/bezhta.htm">Bezhta</a>, <a href="/writing/bosnian.htm">Bosnian</a>, <a href="/writing/botlikh.htm">Botlikh</a>, <a href="/writing/budukh.htm">Budukh</a>, <a href="/writing/bulgarian.htm">Bulgarian</a>, <a href="/writing/buryat.htm">Buryat</a>, <a href="/writing/chamalal.htm">Chamalal</a>, <a href="/writing/chechen.htm">Chechen</a>, <a href="/writing/chelkan.htm">Chelkan</a>, <a href="/writing/chukchi.htm">Chukchi</a>, <a href="/writing/chulym.htm">Chulym</a>, <a href="/writing/chuvash.htm">Chuvash</a>, <a href="/writing/crimeantatar.php">Crimean Tatar</a>, <a href="/writing/dargwa.htm">Dargwa</a>, <a href="/writing/daur.htm">Daur</a>, <a href="/writing/dolgan.htm">Dolgan</a>, <a href="/chinese/dungan.htm">Dungan</a>, <a href="/writing/enets.htm">Enets</a>, <a href="/writing/erzya.htm">Erzya</a>, <a href="/writing/even.htm">Even</a>, <a href="/writing/evenki.htm">Evenki</a>, <a href="/writing/gagauz.htm">Gagauz</a>, <a href="/writing/godoberi.htm">Godoberi</a>, <a href="/writing/hinukh.htm">Hinukh</a>, <a href="/writing/hunzib.htm">Hunzib</a>, <a href="/writing/ingush.htm">Ingush</a>, <a href="/writing/interslavic.htm">Interslavic</a>, <a href="/writing/itelmen.htm">Itelmen</a>, <a href="/writing/juhuri.htm">Juhuri</a>, <a href="/writing/kabardian.htm">Kabardian</a>, <a href="/writing/kaitag.htm">Kaitag</a>, <a href="/writing/kalderash.htm">Kalderash Romani</a>, <a href="/writing/kalmyk.htm">Kalmyk</a>, <a href="/writing/karaim.htm">Karaim</a>, <a href="/writing/karakalpak.php">Karakalpak</a>, <a href="/writing/karata.htm">Karata</a>, <a href="/writing/karelian.htm">Karelian</a>, <a href="/writing/kazakh.htm">Kazakh</a>, <a href="/writing/ket.htm">Ket</a>, <a href="/writing/khakas.htm">Khakas</a>, <a href="/writing/khanty.htm">Khanty</a>, <a href="/writing/khinalug.htm">Khinalug</a>, <a href="/writing/khorasaniturkic.htm">Khorasani Turkic</a>, <a href="/writing/khwarshi.htm">Khwarshi</a>, <a href="/writing/kildinsami.htm">Kildin Sámi</a>, <a href="/writing/kili.htm">Kili</a>, <a href="/writing/komi.htm">Komi</a>, <a href="/writing/koryak.htm">Koryak</a>, <a href="/writing/krymchak.htm">Krymchak</a>, <a href="/writing/kryts.htm">Kryts</a>, <a href="/writing/kubachi.htm">Kubachi</a>, <a href="/writing/kumandy.htm">Kumandy</a>, <a href="/writing/kumyk.php">Kumyk</a>, <a href="/writing/kurdish.htm">Kurdish</a>, <a href="/writing/kirghiz.htm">Kyrgyz</a>, <a href="/writing/lak.htm">Lak</a>, <a href="/writing/lezgi.htm">Lezgi</a>, <a href="/writing/lfn.htm">Lingua Franca Nova</a>, <a href="/writing/lithuanian.htm">Lithuanian</a>, <a href="/writing/ludic.htm">Ludic</a>, <a href="/writing/macedonian.htm">Macedonian</a>, <a href="/writing/mansi.htm">Mansi</a>, <a href="/writing/mari.htm">Mari</a>, <a href="/writing/moksha.htm">Moksha</a>, <a href="/writing/moldovan.htm">Moldovan</a>, <a href="/writing/mongolian.htm">Mongolian</a>, <a href="/writing/montenegrin.htm">Montenegrin</a>, <a href="/writing/nanai.htm">Nanai</a>, <a href="/writing/negidal.htm">Negidal</a>, <a href="/writing/nenets.htm">Nenets</a>, <a href="/writing/nganasan.htm">Nganasan</a>, <a href="/writing/nivkh.htm">Nivkh</a>, <a href="/writing/nogai.htm">Nogai</a>, <a href="/writing/ocslavonic.htm">Old Church Slavonic</a>, <a href="/writing/oroch.htm">Oroch</a>, <a href="/writing/orok.htm">Orok</a>, <a href="/writing/ossetian.htm">Ossetian</a>, <a href="/writing/pontic.htm">Pontic Greek</a>, <a href="/writing/romanian.htm">Romanian</a>, <a href="/writing/rushani.htm">Rushani</a>, <a href="/writing/russian.htm">Russian</a>, <a href="/writing/rusyn.htm">Rusyn</a>, <a href="/writing/rutul.htm">Rutul</a>, <a href="/writing/selkup.htm">Selkup</a>, <a href="/writing/serbian.htm">Serbian</a>, <a href="/writing/shor.htm">Shor</a>, <a href="/writing/shughni.htm">Shughni</a>, <a href="/writing/siberiantatar.htm">Siberian Tatar</a>, <a href="/writing/sirenik.htm">Sirenik</a>, <a href="/writing/slovio.htm">Slovio</a>, <a href="/writing/soyot.htm">Soyot</a>, <a href="/writing/tabassaran.htm">Tabassaran</a>, <a href="/writing/tajik.htm">Tajik</a>, <a href="/writing/talysh.htm">Talysh</a>, <a href="/writing/tat.htm">Tat</a>, <a href="/writing/tatar.htm">Tatar</a>, <a href="/writing/teleut.htm">Teleut</a>, <a href="/writing/tersami.htm">Ter Sámi</a>, <a href="/writing/tindi.htm">Tindi</a>, <a href="/writing/tofa.htm">Tofa</a>, <a href="/writing/tsakhur.htm">Tsakhur</a>, <a href="/writing/tsez.htm">Tsez</a>, <a href="/writing/turkmen.htm">Turkmen</a>, <a href="/writing/tuvan.php">Tuvan</a>, <a href="/writing/ubykh.htm">Ubykh</a>, <a href="/writing/udege.htm">Udege</a>, <a href="/writing/udi.htm">Udi</a>, <a href="/writing/udmurt.htm">Udmurt</a>, <a href="/writing/ukrainian.htm">Ukrainian</a>, <a href="/writing/ulch.htm">Ulch</a>, <a href="/writing/urum.htm">Urum</a>, <a href="/writing/uyghur.htm">Uyghur</a>, <a href="/writing/uzbek.htm">Uzbek</a>, <a href="/writing/veps.htm">Veps</a>, <a href="/writing/votic.htm">Votic</a>, <a href="/writing/wakhi.php">Wakhi</a>, <a href="/writing/westpolesian.htm">West Polesian</a>, <a href="/writing/xibe.htm">Xibe</a>, <a href="/writing/yaghnobi.htm">Yaghnobi</a>, <a href="/writing/yakut.htm">Yakut</a>, <a href="/writing/yazghulami.htm">Yazghulami</a>, <a href="/writing/yukaghir.php">Yukaghir (Northern / Tundra)</a>, <a href="/writing/southernyukaghir.htm">Yukaghir (Southern / Kolyma)</a>, <a href="/writing/siberianyupik.htm">Yupik (Central Siberian)</a></p> <p><a href="/writing/langalph.htm#latin">Languages written with the Latin alphabet</a> </p><p><em>Page last modified: 23.04.21</em> </p> <p class="right"><script type="text/javascript" src="https://cdnjs.buymeacoffee.com/1.0.0/button.prod.min.js" data-name="bmc-button" data-slug="omniglot" data-color="#FFDD00" data-emoji="" data-font="Cookie" data-text="Buy me a coffee" data-outline-color="#000000" data-font-color="#000000" data-coffee-color="#ffffff"></script> </p> <p class="right">[<a href="#top">top</a>] </p> <hr /> <div id="ezoic-pub-ad-placeholder-171"></div> <script> ezstandalone.cmd.push(function() { ezstandalone.showAds(171); }); </script> <p><a href="http://my.kualo.com/uk/go/00572"><img src="https://images.kualo.com/rewards/greenhosting-light.gif" width="162" height="62" class="rightfloat" alt="Green Web Hosting - Kualo"/></a> </p> <p>You can support this site by <a href="https://buymeacoffee.com/omniglot">Buying Me A Coffee</a>, and if you like what you see on this page, you can use the buttons below to share it with people you know. </p>  <div class="a2a_kit a2a_kit_size_32 a2a_default_style"> <a class="a2a_dd" href="https://www.addtoany.com/share"></a> <a class="a2a_button_facebook"></a> <a class="a2a_button_bluesky"></a> <a class="a2a_button_threads"></a> <a class="a2a_button_mastodon"></a> <a class="a2a_button_copy_link"></a> </div> <script defer src="https://static.addtoany.com/menu/page.js"></script>  <p> </p> <a href="http://www.koreanclass101.com/member/go.php?r=614&i=b0" rel="nofollow"><img src="http://www.koreanclass101.com/images/aff_banner/468_60.gif" alt="The Fastest Way to Learn Korean with KoreanClass101" width="630" height="81" /></a><p>If you like this site and find it useful, you can support it by making a donation via <a href="https://www.paypal.com/donate?hosted_button_id=7ZJDTZECMH3SJ">PayPal</a> or <a href="https://www.patreon.com/omniglot">Patreon</a>, or by <a href="/donations.htm">contributing in other ways</a>. Omniglot is how I make my living. </p> <form action="https://www.paypal.com/donate" method="post" target="_top"> <input type="hidden" name="hosted_button_id" value="7ZJDTZECMH3SJ" /> <input type="image" src="https://www.paypalobjects.com/en_GB/i/btn/btn_donate_LG.gif" border="0" name="submit" title="PayPal - The safer, easier way to pay online!" alt="Donate with PayPal button" /> <img alt="" border="0" src="https://www.paypal.com/en_GB/i/scr/pixel.gif" width="1" height="1" /> </form> <p> </p> <p><strong>Note</strong>: all links on this site to <a target="_blank" href="https://www.amazon.com?&_encoding=UTF8&tag=omniglot-20&linkCode=ur2&linkId=61fa7b5f59036aa5bdc6b68aa138acfa&camp=1789&creative=9325">Amazon.com</a><img src="//ir-na.amazon-adsystem.com/e/ir?t=omniglot-20&l=ur2&o=1" width="1" height="1" alt="" style="border:none !important; margin:0px !important;" />, <a target="_blank" href="https://www.amazon.co.uk/?&_encoding=UTF8&tag=omniglot-21&linkCode=ur2&linkId=ecf52b987141620aecad3eedbb023718&camp=1634&creative=6738">Amazon.co.uk</a><img src="//ir-uk.amazon-adsystem.com/e/ir?t=omniglot-21&l=ur2&o=2" width="1" height="1" alt="" style="border:none !important; margin:0px !important;" /> and <a target="_blank" href="https://www.amazon.fr/?&_encoding=UTF8&tag=omniglot09-21&linkCode=ur2&linkId=18835fb93f11fbd0601e1d2ae2ef371b&camp=1642&creative=6746">Amazon.fr</a><img src="//ir-fr.amazon-adsystem.com/e/ir?t=omniglot09-21&l=ur2&o=8" width="1" height="1" alt="" style="border:none !important; margin:0px !important;" /> are affiliate links. This means I earn a commission if you click on any of them and buy something. So by clicking on these links you can help to support this site. </p> <p class="right">[<a href="#top">top</a>] </p> <p><div id="ezoic-pub-ad-placeholder-171"></div> <script> ezstandalone.cmd.push(function() { ezstandalone.showAds(171); }); </script> </p> </div> <div id="footerads"> <ul> <li><a href="https://omniglot.krtra.com/t/F3SkAIlcW9Za">Learn languages quickly</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.echineselearning.com/free-trial/?ecl=refEEEEE&aff=Simon0902">One-to-one Chinese lessons</a></li> <li><a href="http://varsitytutors.pxf.io/c/1242341/488377/4893" rel="nofollow">Learn languages with Varsity Tutors</a></li> <li><a href="http://my.kualo.com/uk/go/00572" target="_blank">Green Web Hosting</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.maayot.com?via=omniglot">Daily bite-size stories in Mandarin</a></li> <li><a href="https://tutors.englishscore.com/gen/usd/?sc=AFF_Global_OGT-SITE">EnglishScore Tutors</a></li> <li><a href="https://englishlikeanative.co.uk/103-10.html">English Like a Native</a></li> <li><a href="/french/frantastique.htm">Learn French Online</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.ivisa.com?utm_source=omniglot&utm_medium=affiliate">iVisa</a></li> <li> <a href="https://academy.mosalingua.com/mosaweb/?ref=1322">Learn languages with MosaLingua</a></li> <li><a href="https://ling-app.com/offer-yearly-subscription/?affiliateId=omniglot">Learn languages with Ling</a></li> <li><a href="https://privadovpn.com/#a_aid=Omniglot">PrivadoVPN</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.ivisa.com?utm_source=omniglot&utm_medium=affiliate">Find Visa information for all countries</a></li> </ul> </div>  <div id="footer"> <ul> <li><a href="/index.htm">Home</a></li> <li><a href="/news/index.htm" title="New material appears on Omniglot every week - see the latest additions here">News</a></li> <li><a href="/writing/index.htm" title="An alphabetic index of all the writing systems and languages featured on Omniglot">Writing systems</a></li> <li><a href="/conscripts/index.htm" title="Writing systems invented by visitors to Omniglot">Con-scripts</a></li> <li><a href="/writing/languages.htm" title="An index of the languages featured on Omniglot">Languages</a></li> <li><a href="/language/phrases/index.htm" title="A selection of phrases in numerous languages">Useful phrases</a></li> <li><a href="/language/index.htm" title="Advice on learning languages">Language learning</a></li> <li><a href="/language/ml.htm" title="Language names in their own scripts and languages">Multilingual pages</a></li> <li><a href="/events/index.htm">Events</a></li> <li><a href="/language/articles/index.htm" title="Articles about writing systems, language, translation and related topics">Articles</a></li> <li><a href="/links/index.htm" title="A large collection of links to writing and language-related sites">Links</a></li> <li><a href="/books/index.htm" title="Language courses, dictionaries and other language learning materials">Book store</a></li> <li><a href="/gallery/index.htm" title="A gallery of writing and language-related art sent in by visitors to Omniglot">Gallery</a></li> <li><a href="/puzzles.htm" title="Questions about writing systems and languages sent in by visitors to Omniglot">Puzzles</a></li> <li><a href="/faqs.htm" title="Frequently Asked Questions">FAQs</a></li> <li><a href="/about.htm" title="A guide to the contents of Omniglot">About</a></li> <li><a href="/sitemap.htm">Sitemap</a></li> <li><a href="/search.htm">Search</a></li> <li><a href="/contact.htm">Contact</a></li> <li><a href="/media.htm">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/donations.htm">Contribute</a></li> <li><a href="/advertising.htm">Advertising</a></li> </ul> <p class="icons"><a href="http://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/"><img src="/images/buttons/blog.png" width="50" height="50" alt="Omniglot Blog" /></a> <a href="http://www.omniglot.com/radio/"><img src="/images/buttons/podcast.png" width="50" height="50" alt="Radio Omniglot Podcast" /></a> <a href="http://www.omniglot.com/celtiadur/"><img src="/images/buttons/celtiadur.png" width="50" height="50" alt="Celtiadur" /></a> <a href="http://www.youtube.com/user/omniglot"><img src="/images/buttons/youtube.png" width="50" height="50" alt="Omniglot YouTube Channel" /></a> <a href="https://soundcloud.com/simon-ager"><img src="/images/buttons/soundcloud.png" width="50" height="50" alt="Tunes, songs and podcasts on SoundCloud" /></a> <a href="https://www.facebook.com/groups/omniglot/"><img src="/images/buttons/facebook.png" width="50" height="50" alt="Omniglot Facebook Fan Club" /></a> <a href="https://www.instagram.com/ieithgi/"><img src="/images/buttons/instagram.png" width="50" height="50" alt="Instagram" /></a> <a href="https://www.tiktok.com/@ommiglot"><img src="/images/buttons/tiktok.png" width="50" height="50" alt="TikTok" /></a> <a href="https://bsky.app/profile/omniglot.bsky.social"><img src="/images/buttons/bluesky.png" width="50" height="50" alt="Bluesky" /></a> <a href="https://polyglot.city/@omniglot"><img src="/images/buttons/mastadon.png" width="50" height="50" alt="Polyglot City (Mastadon" /></a> </p> <p class="copyright"><a href="/copyright.htm">Copyright</a> © 1998–2025 <a href="/aboutme.htm">Simon Ager</a> | Email: <a href="/contact.htm"><img src="/images/various/email.gif" width="177" height="15" style="vertical-align:middle;" alt="The email address to contact Omniglot" /></a> | <a href="http://my.kualo.com/uk/go/00572" rel="nofollow">Hosted by Kualo</a> </p> </div> <script data-cfasync="false" type="text/javascript" id="clever-core"> /* <![CDATA[ */ (function (document, window) { var a, c = document.createElement("script"), f = window.frameElement; c.id = "CleverCoreLoader85823"; c.src = "https://scripts.cleverwebserver.com/2cb306f9d0669fac735e1e109054e46d.js"; c.async = !0; c.type = "text/javascript"; c.setAttribute("data-target", window.name || (f && f.getAttribute("id"))); c.setAttribute("data-callback", "put-your-callback-function-here"); c.setAttribute("data-callback-url-click", "put-your-click-macro-here"); c.setAttribute("data-callback-url-view", "put-your-view-macro-here"); try { a = parent.document.getElementsByTagName("script")[0] || document.getElementsByTagName("script")[0]; } catch (e) { a = !1; } a || (a = document.getElementsByTagName("head")[0] || document.getElementsByTagName("body")[0]); a.parentNode.insertBefore(c, a); })(document, window); /* ]]> */ </script></body> </html>