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ہوں</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="مزید اختیارات" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="ذاتی آلات" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">ذاتی آلات</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div 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title="کھاتے میں داخل ہونے کی سفارش کی جاتی ہے؛ تاہم یہ ضروری نہیں [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>داخل ہوں</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%86%D8%AA:%D8%AA%D8%B9%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%81" aria-label="ترمیم کاری کے متعلق مزید تفصیلات"><span>مزید تفصیلات</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D8%AE%D8%A7%D8%B5:%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%B1%DB%8C_%D8%B4%D8%B1%D8%A7%DA%A9%D8%AA%DB%8C%DA%BA" title="اس آئی پی پتے سے انجام دی جانے والی تمام ترامیم کی فہرست [y]" accesskey="y"><span>شراکتیں</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D8%AE%D8%A7%D8%B5:%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%A7_%D8%AA%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%84%DB%81_%D8%AE%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%84" title="اس آئی پی پتے کی ترامیم سے متعلق گفتگو [n]" accesskey="n"><span>تبادلۂ خیال</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="ویب گاہ"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="مندرجات" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">مندرجات</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">بغلی پٹی پر جائیں</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">چھپائیں</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">دیباچہ</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-حوالہ_جات" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#حوالہ_جات"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>حوالہ جات</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-حوالہ_جات-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="مندرجات" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="فہرست عناوین دیکھیں" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">فہرست عناوین دیکھیں</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">مشرقی سلاو</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 50 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-50" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">50 زبانیں</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%81_%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%86" title="سلاف شرقيون – عربی" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="سلاف شرقيون" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="عربی" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%87%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%82%DB%8C" title="اسلاوهای شرقی – فارسی" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="اسلاوهای شرقی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="فارسی" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Slavs" title="East Slavs – انگریزی" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="East Slavs" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="انگریزی" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eslavos_orientales" title="Eslavos orientales – اسٹوریائی" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Eslavos orientales" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="اسٹوریائی" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%BA%D9%88_%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B1" title="دوغو ایسلاولار – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="دوغو ایسلاولار" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%81%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%8F_%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%B5" title="Усходнія славяне – بیلاروسی" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Усходнія славяне" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="بیلاروسی" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%81%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%8F_%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%B5" title="Усходнія славяне – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Усходнія славяне" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%B7%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Източни славяни – بلغاری" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Източни славяни" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="بلغاری" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isto%C4%8Dni_Slaveni" title="Istočni Slaveni – بوسنیائی" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Istočni Slaveni" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="بوسنیائی" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eslaus_orientals" title="Eslaus orientals – کیٹالان" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Eslaus orientals" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="کیٹالان" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%BDchodn%C3%AD_Slovan%C3%A9" title="Východní Slované – چیک" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Východní Slované" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="چیک" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%98stslavere" title="Østslavere – ڈینش" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Østslavere" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="ڈینش" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ostslawen" title="Ostslawen – جرمن" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Ostslawen" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="جرمن" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idaslaavlased" title="Idaslaavlased – اسٹونین" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Idaslaavlased" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="اسٹونین" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CE%BD%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%BB%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%BF%CE%AF_%CE%A3%CE%BB%CE%AC%CE%B2%CE%BF%CE%B9" title="Ανατολικοί Σλάβοι – یونانی" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ανατολικοί Σλάβοι" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="یونانی" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eslavos_orientales" title="Eslavos orientales – ہسپانوی" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Eslavos orientales" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="ہسپانوی" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekialdeko_eslaviar" title="Ekialdeko eslaviar – باسکی" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Ekialdeko eslaviar" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="باسکی" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slaves_orientaux" title="Slaves orientaux – فرانسیسی" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Slaves orientaux" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="فرانسیسی" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%8F%99%EC%8A%AC%EB%9D%BC%EB%B8%8C%EC%A1%B1" title="동슬라브족 – کوریائی" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="동슬라브족" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="کوریائی" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D6%80%D6%87%D5%A5%D5%AC%D5%B5%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%BD%D5%AC%D5%A1%D5%BE%D5%B8%D5%B6%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Արևելյան սլավոններ – آرمینیائی" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Արևելյան սլավոններ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="آرمینیائی" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B5_%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%97" title="पूर्वी स्लाव लोग – ہندی" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="पूर्वी स्लाव लोग" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="ہندی" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isto%C4%8Dni_Slaveni" title="Istočni Slaveni – کراتی" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Istočni Slaveni" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="کراتی" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slavia_Timur" title="Slavia Timur – انڈونیثیائی" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Slavia Timur" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="انڈونیثیائی" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BA%C3%A6%D1%81%C3%A6%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B3_%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%8F%D0%B9%D0%BD%C3%A6%D0%B3%D1%82%C3%A6" title="Скæсæйнаг славяйнæгтæ – اوسیٹک" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Скæсæйнаг славяйнæгтæ" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="اوسیٹک" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slavi_orientali" title="Slavi orientali – اطالوی" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Slavi orientali" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="اطالوی" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A1%D7%9C%D7%90%D7%91%D7%99%D7%9D_%D7%9E%D7%96%D7%A8%D7%97%D7%99%D7%99%D7%9D" title="סלאבים מזרחיים – عبرانی" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="סלאבים מזרחיים" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="عبرانی" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austrumsl%C4%81vi" title="Austrumslāvi – لیٹوین" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Austrumslāvi" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="لیٹوین" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryt%C5%B3_slavai" title="Rytų slavai – لیتھوینین" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Rytų slavai" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="لیتھوینین" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%A1%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Источни Словени – مقدونیائی" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Источни Словени" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="مقدونیائی" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oostelijke_Slaven" title="Oostelijke Slaven – ڈچ" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Oostelijke Slaven" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="ڈچ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9D%B1%E3%82%B9%E3%83%A9%E3%83%B4%E4%BA%BA" title="東スラヴ人 – جاپانی" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="東スラヴ人" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="جاپانی" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%85%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%88" title="Малхбален славянаш – چیچن" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Малхбален славянаш" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="چیچن" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%98stslavere" title="Østslavere – نارویجین بوکمل" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Østslavere" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="نارویجین بوکمل" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C5%82owianie_wschodni" title="Słowianie wschodni – پولش" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Słowianie wschodni" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="پولش" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eslavos_orientais" title="Eslavos orientais – پُرتگالی" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Eslavos orientais" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="پُرتگالی" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slavi_estici" title="Slavi estici – رومینین" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Slavi estici" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="رومینین" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B5_%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%B5" title="Восточные славяне – روسی" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Восточные славяне" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="روسی" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Slavs" title="East Slavs – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="East Slavs" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%BDchodn%C3%AD_Slovania" title="Východní Slovania – سلوواک" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Východní Slovania" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="سلوواک" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%A1%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Источни Словени – سربین" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Источни Словени" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="سربین" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isto%C4%8Dni_Slaveni" title="Istočni Slaveni – سربو-کروئیشین" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Istočni Slaveni" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="سربو-کروئیشین" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/It%C3%A4slaavit" title="Itäslaavit – فینیش" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Itäslaavit" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="فینیش" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%96stslaver" title="Östslaver – سویڈش" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Östslaver" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="سویڈش" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D3%A9%D0%BD%D1%87%D1%8B%D0%B3%D1%8B%D1%88_%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Көнчыгыш славяннар – تاتار" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Көнчыгыш славяннар" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="تاتار" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%81" title="ชาวสลาฟตะวันออก – تھائی" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ชาวสลาฟตะวันออก" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="تھائی" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Do%C4%9Fu_Slavlar%C4%B1" title="Doğu Slavları – ترکی" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Doğu Slavları" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="ترکی" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%85%D1%96%D0%B4%D0%BD%D1%96_%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%27%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Східні слов'яни – یوکرینیائی" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Східні слов'яни" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="یوکرینیائی" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ng%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Di_Slav_%C4%90%C3%B4ng" title="Người Slav Đông – ویتنامی" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Người Slav Đông" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="ویتنامی" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9D%B1%E6%96%AF%E6%8B%89%E5%A4%AB%E4%BA%BA" title="東斯拉夫人 – کینٹونیز" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="東斯拉夫人" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="کینٹونیز" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9D%B1%E6%96%AF%E6%8B%89%E5%A4%AB%E6%B0%91%E6%97%8F" title="東斯拉夫民族 – چینی" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="東斯拉夫民族" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="چینی" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q211052#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="ترمیم بین اللسانی روابط" class="wbc-editpage">ترمیم روابط</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="فضائے نام"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul 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</div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> عمومی </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D8%AE%D8%A7%D8%B5:%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%B7_%D8%B5%D9%81%D8%AD%D8%A7%D8%AA/%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%82%DB%8C_%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%88" title="اُن تمام ویکی صفحات کی فہرست جو اس صفحہ سے مربوط ہیں [j]" accesskey="j"><span>مربوط صفحات</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D8%AE%D8%A7%D8%B5:%D9%85%D8%AA%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%82%DB%81_%D8%AD%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C%DB%81_%D8%AA%D8%A8%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%A7%DA%BA/%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%82%DB%8C_%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%88" rel="nofollow" title="اِس صفحہ سے مربوط صفحات میں حالیہ تبدیلیاں [k]" accesskey="k"><span>متعلقہ تبدیلیاں</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a 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class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">بغلی پٹی پر جائیں</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">چھپائیں</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">آزاد دائرۃ المعارف، ویکیپیڈیا سے</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-rtl mw-parser-output" lang="ur" dir="rtl"><table class="plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div style="width:52px"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%84:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">اس مضمون میں <b>مزید حوالہ جات کی ضرورت ہے تاکہ مضمون میں تحریر کردہ معلومات کی <a href="/wiki/%D9%88%DB%8C%DA%A9%DB%8C%D9%BE%DB%8C%DA%88%DB%8C%D8%A7:%D8%AA%D8%B5%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%82%DB%8C%D8%AA" title="ویکیپیڈیا:تصدیقیت">تصدیق کی جاسکے</a></b>۔<span class="hide-when-compact"> براہ کرم <a class="external text" href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%82%DB%8C_%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%88&action=edit">مضمون میں</a> قابل اعتماد مآخذ کے <a href="/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%86%D8%AA:%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AC_%D8%AD%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%81_%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%AA_%DA%A9%D8%A7_%D8%AA%D8%B9%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%81/1" class="mw-redirect" title="معاونت:اندراج حوالہ جات کا تعارف/1">حوالہ جات درج کرنے میں</a> مدد کریں۔ بلا حوالہ مواد قابل اعتراض ہوتا ہے اس لیے ممکن ہے اسے حذف کر دیا جائے۔</span> <small><i>(June 2022)</i></small></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%84:Slavic_girl.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Slavic_girl.jpg/200px-Slavic_girl.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="275" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Slavic_girl.jpg/300px-Slavic_girl.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Slavic_girl.jpg/399px-Slavic_girl.jpg 2x" data-file-width="744" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption>لوک لباس میں ایک نوجوان یوکرائنی لڑکی، نکولے راچکوف کی پینٹنگ۔ </figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%84:East_Slavic_tribes_peoples_8th_9th_century.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/East_Slavic_tribes_peoples_8th_9th_century.jpg/250px-East_Slavic_tribes_peoples_8th_9th_century.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="310" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/East_Slavic_tribes_peoples_8th_9th_century.jpg/375px-East_Slavic_tribes_peoples_8th_9th_century.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/East_Slavic_tribes_peoples_8th_9th_century.jpg/499px-East_Slavic_tribes_peoples_8th_9th_century.jpg 2x" data-file-width="767" data-file-height="952" /></a><figcaption>یورپی علاقے کی زیادہ سے زیادہ حد جس میں مشرقی سلاو قبائل آباد تھے — کیوان روس کے پیشرو، پہلی مشرقی سلاو ریاست — آٹھویں اور نویں صدیوں میں۔</figcaption></figure> <p><b>مشرقی سلاو</b> <a href="/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%88" title="سلاو">سلاووں</a> کا سب سے زیادہ آبادی والا ذیلی گروپ ہے۔ <sup id="cite_ref-GRE1_1-0" class="reference" style="font-size: 75%;"><a href="#cite_note-GRE1-1">[1]</a></sup> وہ <a href="/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%82%DB%8C_%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%88%DB%8C_%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C%DA%BA" title="مشرقی سلاوی زبانیں">مشرقی سلاوی زبانیں</a> بولتے ہیں، <sup id="cite_ref-GRE2_2-0" class="reference" style="font-size: 75%;"><a href="#cite_note-GRE2-2">[2]</a></sup> اور قرون وسطیٰ کی ریاست <a href="/wiki/%DA%A9%DB%8C%D9%88%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%8C_%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B3" title="کیویائی روس">کیوان روس</a> کی آبادی کی اکثریت بناتے ہیں، جسے وہ اپنے ثقافتی <a href="/wiki/%D8%A2%D8%A8%D8%A7_%D8%A4_%D8%A7%D8%AC%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%AF" title="آبا ؤ اجداد">آباؤ اجداد</a> کا دعویٰ کرتے ہیں۔ <sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference" style="font-size: 75%;"><a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a></sup> <sup id="cite_ref-channon_4-0" class="reference" style="font-size: 75%;"><a href="#cite_note-channon-4">[4]</a></sup> آج، مشرقی سلاو <a href="/wiki/%D8%A8%DB%8C%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B3%DB%8C" title="بیلاروسی">بیلاروسیوں</a>، <a href="/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B3%DB%8C" title="روسی">روسیوں</a>، رسینوں اور <a href="/wiki/%DB%8C%D9%88%DA%A9%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%8C" title="یوکرینی">یوکرینیوں</a> پر مشتمل ہے۔ </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="حوالہ_جات"><span id=".D8.AD.D9.88.D8.A7.D9.84.DB.81_.D8.AC.D8.A7.D8.AA"></span>حوالہ جات</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%82%DB%8C_%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%88&action=edit&section=1" title="تدوینِ قطعہ: حوالہ جات"><span>ترمیم</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r4721619">.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-GRE1-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-GRE1_1-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book">Ilya Gavritukhin, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Vladimir_Petrukhin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vladimir Petrukhin (صفحہ موجود نہیں)">Vladimir Petrukhin</a> (2015)۔ مدیر: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Yury_Osipov&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yury Osipov (صفحہ موجود نہیں)">Yury Osipov</a>۔ <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220803062631/https://bigenc.ru/ethnology/text/3625013">Slavs</a>۔ <a href="/w/index.php?title=Great_Russian_Encyclopedia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Great Russian Encyclopedia (صفحہ موجود نہیں)">Great Russian Encyclopedia</a> (in 35 vol.) Vol. 30.۔ صفحہ: 388–389۔ 03 اگست 2022 میں <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bigenc.ru/ethnology/text/3625013">اصل</a> سے آرکائیو شدہ<span class="reference-accessdate">۔ اخذ شدہ بتاریخ 22 اگست 2022</span></span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fur.wikipedia.org%3A%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%82%DB%8C+%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%88&rft.au=Ilya+Gavritukhin%2C+Vladimir+Petrukhin&rft.btitle=Slavs&rft.date=2015&rft.genre=book&rft.pages=388-389&rft.pub=Great+Russian+Encyclopedia+%28in+35+vol.%29+Vol.+30.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbigenc.ru%2Fethnology%2Ftext%2F3625013&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">الوسيط <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|url-status=</code> تم تجاهله (<a href="/w/index.php?title=%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%86%D8%AA:%D8%AD%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%81_%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%AA_%DA%A9%DB%8C_%D8%BA%D9%84%D8%B7%D9%8A%D8%A7%DA%BA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="معاونت:حوالہ جات کی غلطياں (صفحہ موجود نہیں)">معاونت</a>)</span><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r6342468">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-right:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-GRE2-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-GRE2_2-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book">Sergey Skorvid (2015)۔ مدیر: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Yury_Osipov&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yury Osipov (صفحہ موجود نہیں)">Yury Osipov</a>۔ <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190904000000/https://bigenc.ru/linguistics/text/3625253">Slavic languages</a>۔ <a href="/w/index.php?title=Great_Russian_Encyclopedia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Great Russian Encyclopedia (صفحہ موجود نہیں)">Great Russian Encyclopedia</a> (in 35 vol.) Vol. 30.۔ صفحہ: 396–397–389۔ 04 ستمبر 2019 میں <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bigenc.ru/linguistics/text/3625253">اصل</a> سے آرکائیو شدہ<span class="reference-accessdate">۔ اخذ شدہ بتاریخ 22 اگست 2022</span></span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fur.wikipedia.org%3A%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%82%DB%8C+%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%88&rft.au=Sergey+Skorvid&rft.btitle=Slavic+languages&rft.date=2015&rft.genre=book&rft.pages=396-397-389&rft.pub=Great+Russian+Encyclopedia+%28in+35+vol.%29+Vol.+30.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbigenc.ru%2Flinguistics%2Ftext%2F3625253&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">الوسيط <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|url-status=</code> تم تجاهله (<a href="/w/index.php?title=%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%86%D8%AA:%D8%AD%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%81_%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%AA_%DA%A9%DB%8C_%D8%BA%D9%84%D8%B7%D9%8A%D8%A7%DA%BA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="معاونت:حوالہ جات کی غلطياں (صفحہ موجود نہیں)">معاونت</a>)</span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r6342468"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book">Serhii Plokhy (2006)۔ <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://assets.cambridge.org/97805218/64039/excerpt/9780521864039_excerpt.pdf">The Origins of the Slavic Nations: Premodern Identities in Russia, Ukraine, and Belarus</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>۔ <a href="/w/index.php?title=New_York_City&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="New York City (صفحہ موجود نہیں)">New York City</a>: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cambridge_University_Press&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cambridge University Press (صفحہ موجود نہیں)">Cambridge University Press</a>۔ صفحہ: 10–15۔ <a href="/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%82%D9%85_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B9%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%84%D9%8A" class="mw-redirect" title="رقم الكتاب المعياري الدولي">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%D8%AE%D8%A7%D8%B5:%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8%DB%8C_%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%84/978-0-521-86403-9" title="خاص:کتابی وسائل/978-0-521-86403-9">978-0-521-86403-9</a><span class="reference-accessdate">۔ اخذ شدہ بتاریخ 27 اپریل 2010</span>۔ <q>For all the salient differences between these three post-Soviet nations, they have much in common when it comes to their culture and history, which goes back to Kievan Rus', the medieval East Slavic state based in the capital of present-day Ukraine,</q></span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fur.wikipedia.org%3A%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%82%DB%8C+%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%88&rft.aufirst=Serhii&rft.aulast=Plokhy&rft.btitle=The+Origins+of+the+Slavic+Nations%3A+Premodern+Identities+in+Russia%2C+Ukraine%2C+and+Belarus&rft.date=2006&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0-521-86403-9&rft.pages=10-15&rft.place=New+York+City&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fassets.cambridge.org%2F97805218%2F64039%2Fexcerpt%2F9780521864039_excerpt.pdf&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r6342468"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-channon-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-channon_4-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">John Channon & Robert Hudson, <i>Penguin Historical Atlas of Russia</i> (Penguin, 1995), p. 16.</span> </li> </ol></div></div>    </div><noscript><img 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